27:
153:, act as platforms in which normal faulted blocks tilt or slide along. However, instead of the whole block subsiding only one side, the block may slip along the detachment fault, tilting toward the fault plane, again creating mountains (ranges) and valleys (basins), many tilted slightly in one direction at their tops due to the motion of their bottoms along the main detachment fault. This basin and range topography has one steep side and the other is more gradual.
173:
74:
124:
199:
epoch. Opinions vary regarding the total extension of the region; however, the median estimate is about 100% total lateral extension. The tectonic mechanisms responsible for lithospheric extension in the Basin and Range province are controversial, and several competing hypotheses attempt to explain
262:
Though the Aegean Sea Plate is more difficult to study because it is underwater, efforts have been made to conduct GPS surveys of the seafloor and surrounding area. Some studies show regions of extension within the plate, while others suggest a four-microplate model to represent the motion. The
254:
surveys to map the deformation of the Basin and Range province. In the study, Thatcher et al. discovered that most deformation was happening in the west, adjacent to the Sierra Nevada block, while less deformation was happening in the east. This coincides with the northwestward movement of the
45:, gravitational collapse, crustal thickening, or relaxation of confining stresses. The extension results in the thinning and deformation of the upper crust, causing it to fracture and create a series of long parallel
593:
222:
to the south, causing extensive normal faulting and the formation of horsts and grabens on the seafloor. Many of the islands are the result of peaks reaching above sea level.
184:
compared the many narrow parallel mountain ranges that distinguish the unique topography of the Basin and Range to an "army of caterpillars crawling northward."
61:, or tilt. The movement of these blocks results in the alternating valleys and mountains. As the crust thins, it also allows heat from the mantle to more easily
420:
525:
Yamano, Makoto; Kinoshita, Masataka; Goto, Shusaku (2008). "High heat flow anomalies on an old oceanic plate observed seaward of the Japan Trench".
752:
703:
642:
434:
382:
327:
397:
846:
Sodoudi, F.; Kind, R.; Hatzfeld, D.; Priestley, K.; Hanka, W.; Wylegalla, K.; Stavrakakis, G.; Vafidis, A.; Harjes, H.-P.; Bohnhoff, M. (2006).
214:
The Aegean Sea Plate consists of thinned continental crust. The northern part of the plate is currently a region of crustal extension caused by
585:
717:
Unruh, J., Humphrey, J., & Barron, A. (2003). "Transtensional model for the Sierra Nevada frontal fault system, eastern
California".
477:
100:
which occur in groups, form in close proximity and dipping in opposite directions. As the crust extends it fractures in series of
256:
120:. This basin and range topography is symmetrical having equal slopes on both sides of the valleys and mountain ranges.
900:
930:
149:
or rotational block faulting, can also occur during extension. Large gently dipping normal faults, also known as
738:
655:
920:
768:"New constraints on the active tectonic deformation of the Aegean: GPS CONSTRAINTS ON AEGEAN DEFORMATION"
405:
454:
Sixth Annual Report of the United States
Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1884-1885
251:
231:
219:
167:
20:
607:
Thompson, G. A., and Burke, D. B. (1974). "Regional geophysics of the Basin and Range
Province".
306:
264:
746:
697:
636:
481:
376:
343:"Crustal collapse, mantle upwelling, and cenozoic extension in the north american cordillera"
192:
142:
137:
104:, some blocks sink down due to gravity, creating long linear valleys or basins also known as
93:
62:
38:
26:
859:
726:
669:
616:
534:
354:
235:
180:
The Basin and Range
Province is the most well known example of basin and range topography.
882:
8:
863:
730:
673:
628:
620:
538:
418:
358:
37:
is characterized by alternating parallel mountain ranges and valleys. It is a result of
925:
915:
828:
656:
Thatcher, W., Foulger, G., Julian, B., Svarc, J., Quilty, E., & Bawden, G. (1999).
550:
188:
108:, while the blocks remaining up or uplifted produce mountains or ranges, also known as
307:"Extension of the Basin and Range Province: Late orogenic collapse or something else?"
832:
820:
685:
569:
554:
428:
321:
247:
658:"Present-Day Deformation Across the Basin and Range Province, Western United States"
449:
877:
867:
810:
779:
734:
677:
624:
542:
457:
362:
209:
150:
117:
87:
681:
285:
239:
181:
109:
101:
58:
848:"Lithospheric structure of the Aegean obtained from P and S receiver functions"
30:
Basin and range topography has alternating parallel mountain ranges and valleys
815:
798:
546:
909:
824:
215:
767:
689:
97:
46:
42:
872:
847:
783:
716:
146:
50:
242:. The extension of the province was believed to have begun in the late
172:
54:
367:
342:
73:
657:
271:
14 Ma) combined with slab rollback on the
Hellenic Subduction Zone.
478:"Geologic Provinces of the United States: Basin and Range Province"
243:
113:
606:
196:
123:
462:
280:
116:
of the normal fault. This is a type of block faulting known as
105:
65:
rock and form magma, resulting in increased volcanic activity.
419:
Hutson, P., Middleton, J., Miller, D., & Wallenstein, A.
131:
112:. Fault scarps are exposed on the horst block and expose the
16:
Alternating landscape of parallel mountain ranges and valleys
845:
304:
230:
One of the most studied basin and range topographies is the
53:, where the blocks of rock between the normal faults either
739:
10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0327:tmftsn>2.0.co;2
514:(Class Notes), Dallas, Texas: University of Texas at Dallas
81:
799:"Compressional origin of the Aegean Orogeny, Greece"
797:
Searle, Michael P.; Lamont, Thomas N. (2020-08-07).
195:
that began around 17 million years ago in the early
901:
Southern
California Earthquake Data Center Glossary
524:
398:"The Basin and Range Province of the United States"
340:
234:in the western United States, located between the
263:plate's deformation is thought to be a result of
907:
574:. Duckworth Publishers, London. pp. 16–25.
571:A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean
176:View of the Basin and Range Province from space
567:
766:Nyst, Marleen; Thatcher, Wayne (2004-11-24).
609:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
250:. Between 1992 and 1998 scientists conducted
852:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
796:
772:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
765:
751:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
702:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
641:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
433:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
381:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
326:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
161:
132:Asymmetric faulting: tilted block faulting
881:
871:
814:
461:
366:
512:Physics and Chemistry of the Solid Earth
171:
122:
72:
25:
527:International Journal of Earth Sciences
510:Stern, Robert J (2010-09-01), "Rifts",
494:
908:
488:
447:
82:Symmetrical faulting: horst and graben
509:
395:
225:
68:
629:10.1146/annurev.ea.02.050174.001241
456:. U.S. Geological Survey: 113–198.
450:"Mount Taylor and the Zuni Plateau"
203:
13:
578:
421:"Structures of Sedimentary Basins"
127:Timelapse of tilted block faulting
14:
942:
894:
441:
396:Scott, Nicolle (April 17, 2012).
305:Gans, P. B., & Miller, E. L.
191:of the province is the result of
596:from the original on 2011-03-12.
568:Higgins, MD; Higgins, R (1996).
839:
790:
759:
710:
649:
600:
561:
883:11858/00-1735-0000-0001-3290-3
518:
503:
470:
412:
389:
334:
298:
1:
682:10.1126/science.283.5408.1714
291:
268:
7:
341:Liu, M., Shenm, Y. (1998).
274:
156:
10:
947:
207:
165:
135:
85:
77:Horst and graben structure
35:Basin and range topography
18:
816:10.1016/j.gsf.2020.07.008
547:10.1007/s00531-007-0280-1
448:Dutton, Clarence (1885).
402:Emporia State University
257:Sierra Nevada microplate
232:Basin and Range Province
220:Hellenic Subduction Zone
168:Basin and Range Province
162:Basin and Range Province
21:Basin and Range Province
19:Not to be confused with
590:Encyclopædia Britannica
931:Mountain geomorphology
480:. USGS. Archived from
408:on September 12, 2019.
177:
128:
78:
31:
175:
143:Tilted block faulting
138:Tilted block faulting
126:
76:
29:
873:10.1029/2005jb003932
803:Geoscience Frontiers
784:10.1029/2003JB002830
499:. New York: Freeman.
497:Earth system history
495:Stanley, SM (2005).
864:2006JGRB..11112307S
731:2003Geo....31..327U
674:1999Sci...283.1714T
668:(5408): 1714–1718.
621:1974AREPS...2..213T
586:"Basins and ranges"
539:2008IJEaS..97..345Y
359:1998Tecto..17..311L
921:Structural geology
193:tectonic extension
178:
129:
118:grabens and horsts
79:
49:. This results in
32:
368:10.1029/98tc00313
226:Mapping extension
151:detachment faults
94:crustal extension
69:Types of faulting
39:crustal extension
938:
888:
887:
885:
875:
843:
837:
836:
818:
794:
788:
787:
763:
757:
756:
750:
742:
714:
708:
707:
701:
693:
653:
647:
646:
640:
632:
604:
598:
597:
582:
576:
575:
565:
559:
558:
522:
516:
515:
507:
501:
500:
492:
486:
485:
474:
468:
467:
465:
445:
439:
438:
432:
424:
416:
410:
409:
404:. Archived from
393:
387:
386:
380:
372:
370:
338:
332:
331:
325:
317:
315:
313:
302:
270:
265:crustal collapse
246:Era, roughly 20
210:Aegean Sea Plate
204:Aegean Sea Plate
145:, also known as
88:Horst and graben
43:mantle upwelling
946:
945:
941:
940:
939:
937:
936:
935:
906:
905:
897:
892:
891:
844:
840:
795:
791:
764:
760:
744:
743:
715:
711:
695:
694:
654:
650:
634:
633:
605:
601:
584:
583:
579:
566:
562:
523:
519:
508:
504:
493:
489:
476:
475:
471:
446:
442:
426:
425:
417:
413:
394:
390:
374:
373:
339:
335:
319:
318:
311:
309:
303:
299:
294:
286:Endorheic basin
277:
240:Rocky Mountains
228:
212:
206:
182:Clarence Dutton
170:
164:
159:
140:
134:
90:
84:
71:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
944:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
904:
903:
896:
895:External links
893:
890:
889:
838:
789:
758:
709:
648:
599:
577:
560:
517:
502:
487:
484:on 2009-01-25.
469:
440:
411:
388:
353:(2): 311–321.
333:
296:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
283:
276:
273:
227:
224:
208:Main article:
205:
202:
166:Main article:
163:
160:
158:
155:
136:Main article:
133:
130:
96:, a series of
86:Main article:
83:
80:
70:
67:
51:block faulting
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
943:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
911:
902:
899:
898:
884:
879:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
812:
809:(2): 101049.
808:
804:
800:
793:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
754:
748:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
705:
699:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
644:
638:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
595:
591:
587:
581:
573:
572:
564:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:(2): 345–52.
532:
528:
521:
513:
506:
498:
491:
483:
479:
473:
464:
459:
455:
451:
444:
436:
430:
422:
415:
407:
403:
399:
392:
384:
378:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
337:
329:
323:
308:
301:
297:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
272:
266:
260:
258:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:Sierra Nevada
233:
223:
221:
217:
216:slab rollback
211:
201:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
174:
169:
154:
152:
148:
144:
139:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:normal faults
95:
89:
75:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:normal faults
44:
40:
36:
28:
22:
855:
851:
841:
806:
802:
792:
775:
771:
761:
747:cite journal
722:
718:
712:
698:cite journal
665:
661:
651:
637:cite journal
612:
608:
602:
589:
580:
570:
563:
530:
526:
520:
511:
505:
496:
490:
482:the original
472:
453:
443:
414:
406:the original
401:
391:
377:cite journal
350:
346:
336:
310:. Retrieved
300:
261:
229:
213:
189:physiography
186:
179:
141:
102:fault planes
91:
34:
33:
615:: 213–238.
463:10.3133/ar6
267:(beginning
147:half-graben
910:Categories
725:(4): 327.
292:References
926:Tectonics
916:Landforms
833:225356710
825:1674-9871
555:129417881
347:Tectonics
690:10073932
594:Archived
429:cite web
322:cite web
275:See also
244:Cenozoic
238:and the
157:Examples
114:footwall
860:Bibcode
858:(B12).
778:(B11).
727:Bibcode
719:Geology
670:Bibcode
662:Science
617:Bibcode
535:Bibcode
355:Bibcode
312:May 11,
218:on the
197:Miocene
106:grabens
55:subside
41:due to
831:
823:
688:
553:
281:Bolson
200:them.
110:horsts
59:uplift
829:S2CID
551:S2CID
92:With
821:ISSN
753:link
704:link
686:PMID
643:link
435:link
383:link
328:link
314:2017
187:The
63:melt
878:hdl
868:doi
856:111
811:doi
780:doi
776:109
735:doi
678:doi
666:283
625:doi
543:doi
458:doi
363:doi
252:GPS
912::
876:.
866:.
854:.
850:.
827:.
819:.
807:13
805:.
801:.
774:.
770:.
749:}}
745:{{
733:.
723:31
721:.
700:}}
696:{{
684:.
676:.
664:.
660:.
639:}}
635:{{
623:.
611:.
592:.
588:.
549:.
541:.
531:97
529:.
452:.
431:}}
427:{{
400:.
379:}}
375:{{
361:.
351:17
349:.
345:.
324:}}
320:{{
269:c.
259:.
248:Ma
57:,
886:.
880::
870::
862::
835:.
813::
786:.
782::
755:)
741:.
737::
729::
706:)
692:.
680::
672::
645:)
631:.
627::
619::
613:2
557:.
545::
537::
466:.
460::
437:)
423:.
385:)
371:.
365::
357::
330:)
316:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
