397:
377:
197:
217:
413:
370:, region of the central rift hosts an inflating mid-crustal sill-like magma body at a depth of 19 km that is responsible for anomalously high earthquake activity in the vicinity, including the largest rift-associated earthquakes in historic times (two events of approximately magnitude 5.8) in July and November 1906. Earth and space-based geodetic measurements indicate ongoing surface uplift above the Socorro magma body at approximately 2 mm/year.
430:
33:
523:
offered are that the extension is driven by mantle forces, such as large-scale mantle upwelling or small-scale mantle convection at the edge of the stable craton; collapse of over-thickened continental crust; initiation of transform faulting along the western margin of the North
American plate; or detachment of a fragment of the Farallon plate beneath the Rio Grande region that enhanced asthenospheric upwelling in the slab window.
250:
412:
376:
396:
245:
increases to the north beneath the rift, where it may be as much as 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) thicker than it is in the south. The crustal thickness underneath the rift is on average 30–35 kilometres (19–22 mi), thinner by 10–15 kilometres (6.2–9.3 mi) than the
Colorado Plateau on the west
257:
Formation of the rift began with significant deformation and faulting with offsets of many kilometers starting about 35 Ma. The largest-scale manifestation of rifting involves a pure-shear rifting mechanism, in which both sides of the rift pull apart evenly and slowly, with the lower crust and
167:
Basin size generally decreases to the north in the rift, though the Española covers approximately 120 kilometres (75 mi) north–south and 40 kilometres (25 mi) east–west, and the San Luis is roughly 120 by 80 kilometres (75 by 50 mi). These basins may contain smaller units within them,
135:
The Rio Grande rift represents the easternmost manifestation of widespread extension in the western U.S. during the past 35 million years. The rift consists of three major basins and many smaller basins, less than 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi). The three major basins (from northernmost
1661:
Ricketts, Jason W.; Kelley, Shari A.; Karlstrom, Karl E.; Schmandt, Brandon; Donahue, Magdalena S.; van Wijk, Jolante (March 2016). "Synchronous opening of the Rio Grande rift along its entire length at 25–10 Ma supported by apatite (U-Th)/He and fission-track thermochronology, and evaluation of
232:
boundaries on one side and a downward hinge on the other. Which side of the basin has the major fault or the hinge alternates along the rift. The alternation between these half-grabens occurs along transfer faults, which trend across the rift to connect the major basin-bounding faults and occur
522:
One theory is that the
Colorado Plateau acts as a semi-independent microplate and one way of explaining the creation of the Rio Grande rift is by the simple rotation of the Colorado Plateau 1-1.5° in a clockwise direction relative to the North American craton. Other explanations that have been
485:. Crustal thickening occurred due to Laramide compression. After the Laramide Orogeny and until 20 Ma, a major period of volcanic activity occurred throughout the southwestern United States. Injection of hot magmas weakened the lithosphere and allowed for later extension of the region.
176:
in the east. The
Albuquerque basin is the largest of the three basins, spanning 160 kilometres (99 mi) north–south and 86 kilometres (53 mi) east–west at its widest points. It is the oldest of the three major basins, and contains 7,350 metres (24,110 ft) of
233:
between basins or, in places, within basins. The
Precambrian basement changes relief sharply in this area, from 8,700 metres (28,500 ft) below sea level at the bottom of the Albuquerque basin to 3,300 metres (10,800 ft) above sea level in the nearby
514:
was hot, the brittle-ductile transition was relatively shallow. There is evidence that the second period of extension began earlier in the central and northern Rio Grande rift than in the south. A third period of extension may have begun in the early
270:. This extension is associated with very low seismic velocities in the upper mantle above approximately 400 kilometres (250 mi) depth associated with relatively hot mantle and low degrees of partial melting. This intrusion of the
418:
A brief timeline showing extension and volcanism in the Rio Grande rift area. The end of the
Laramide orogeny was followed by volcanism and then extension. Changes in lava chemistry are also found, resulting from changes in magmatic
1512:
Moucha, Robert; Forte, Alessandro M.; Rowley, David B.; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Simmons, Nathan A.; Grand, Stephen P. (2008). "Mantle convection and the recent evolution of the
Colorado Plateau and the Rio Grande Rift valley".
2097:
716:
Brister, B.; Gries, R. (1994). "Tertiary stratigraphy and development of the
Alamosa basin (northern San Luis basin), Rio Grande Rift, south-central Colorado". In Keller, G. Randy; Cather, Steven M. (eds.).
220:
A generalized cross section of the San Luis basin from east to west. Being further north, this basin has experienced less extension (up to 12%). Also note the lack of pre-rift sediments and thinner profile.
652:
Russell, L.; Snelson, S. (1994). "Structure and tectonics of the
Albuquerque basin segment of the Rio Grande Rift: Insights from reflection seismic data". In Keller, G. Randy; Cather, Steven M. (eds.).
825:
Wilson, David; Aster, Richard; West, Michael; Ni, James; Grand, Steve; Gao, Wei; Baldridge, W. Scott; Semken, Steve; Pate, Paresh (24 February 2005). "Lithospheric structure of the Rio Grande rift".
156:. Further south, the rift is defined by a network of smaller, less topographically distinct alternating basins and ranges. The distinction between these smaller basins and those of the
906:
Gao, W.; Grand, S.; Baldridge, S.; Wilson, D.; West, M.; Ni, J.; Aster, R. (2004). "Upper mantle convection beneath the central Rio Grande rift imaged by P and S wave tomography".
590:
Chapin, Charles E.; Cather, Steven M. (1994). "Tectonic setting of the axial basins of the northern and central Rio Grande rift". In Keller, G. Randy; Cather, Steven M. (eds.).
2013:
502:. The first period of extension produced broad, shallow basins bounded by low-angle faults. The crust may have been extended as much as 50% during this episode. Widespread
1334:
Karlstrom, K.E.; Daniel, C. G.; Taira, Asahiko (1993). "Restoration of
Laramide right-lateral strike-slip in northern New Mexico by using Proterozoic piercing points".
744:"Role of Asthenosphere and Lithosphere in the Genesis of Late Cenozoic Basaltic rocks from the Rio Grande rift and adjacent regions of the Southwestern United States"
2087:
402:
Deep seismic image of the Rio Grande rift compiled from the seismic transect shown in the previous figure, showing inferred mantle flow and imaged crust-mantle (
237:, which flanks the Albuquerque basin to the east. Flanking mountains are generally taller along the east side of the rift (although some of this relief may be
72:, in the south. The rift zone consists of four basins that have an average width of 50 kilometres (31 mi). The rift can be observed on location at
1442:
GOLOMBEK, MATTHEW P. (1983). "Geology, structure, and tectonics of the Pajarito fault zone in the Española basin of the Rio Grande rift, New Mexico".
1407:
Seager, W. R.; Shafiqullah, M.; Hawley, J. W.; Marvin, R. F. (1984). "New K-Ar dates from basalts and the evolution of the southern Rio Grande Rift".
2101:
2038:
783:"Guides to understanding the aeromagnetic expression of faults in sedimentary basins: Lessons learned from the central Rio Grande rift, New Mexico"
91:
The Rio Grande rift has been an important site for humans for a long time, because it provides a north–south route that follows a major river. The
1715:
390:
structure. Note the magma lenses and volcanics caused by the welling up of the asthenosphere into the crust, and the thinning of the lithosphere
1215:
1032:
2023:
537:
1548:
van Wijk, J.; van Hunen, J.; Goes, S. (2008). "Small-scale convection during continental rifting: Evidence from the Rio Grande rift".
2147:
1180:
Schlue, J.; Aster, R.; Meyer, R. (1996). "A lower-crustal extension to a mid-crustal magma body in the Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico".
2218:
1063:
1372:
Morgan, P.; Sedger, W.R.; Golombek, M.P. (1986). "Cenozoic thermal, mechanical, and tectonic evolution of the Rio Grande rift".
1781:
1477:
Steiner, M. B. (1988). "Paleomagnetism of the late Pennsylvanian and Permian: A test of the rotation of the Colorado Plateau".
481:
in New Mexico. This deformation may have been a result of the coupling between the subducting Farallon plate and the overlying
1235:"Evidence for on-going inflation of the Socorro magma body, New Mexico, from interferometric synthetic aperture radar imaging"
1277:
Morgan, P.; Golombek, M. (1984). "Factors controlling the phases and styles of extension in the northern Rio Grande rift".
1618:
Dickinson, William R.; Snyder, Walter S. (November 1979). "Geometry of Subducted Slabs Related to San Andreas Transform".
2203:
1708:
1293:
2107:
657:. Geological Society of America Special Paper No. 291. Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America. pp. 83–112.
721:. Geological Society of America Special Paper No. 291. Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America. pp. 39–58.
626:. Geological Society of America Special Paper No. 291. Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America. pp. 27–37.
2213:
1805:
726:
662:
631:
599:
594:. Geological Society of America Special Paper No. 291. Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America. pp. 1–3.
1982:
1124:
Sanford, A.R.; Balch, R.S.; Lin, K.W. (1995). "A seismic anomaly in the Rio Grande Rift near Socorro, New Mexico".
445:
evolution is fairly complex. The fundamental change in the western margin of the North American plate from one of
329:
2158:
17:
1355:
95:
follows the course of the rift from southern Colorado to El Paso, where it turns southeast and flows toward the
2223:
2092:
1701:
403:
1463:
1891:
1833:
1769:
1428:
1315:
Chapin, C.E.; Cather, S.M. "Eocene tectonics and sedimentation in the Colorado Plateau-Rocky Mountain area".
433:
Seismic profile from the Rio Grande Rift Seismic Transect (RISTRA) experiment crossing the rift system, with
2153:
678:
Keller, G. Randy; Baldridge, W. Scot (1999). "The Rio Grande Rift: a geological and geophysical overview".
297:
lavas erupted outside the rift. The sediments that were deposited during rifting are commonly known as the
351:
transition zone from the Mazaztl Province proper. Also on the Colorado Plateau but further north lies the
1946:
1863:
1757:
876:
Fleck, John (24 February 2005). "Study Sheds Light on 30 Million Years of Rio Grande Valley Stretching".
461:
continued to be subducted beneath western North America for at least 100 million years during Late
2233:
2069:
1853:
173:
73:
2228:
77:
1146:
172:
basin within the San Luis, which is bounded by the San Juan and Tusas mountains on the west and the
36:
Locality map showing the Rio Grande rift extending from southern Colorado to Chihuahua, Mexico. The
1763:
1751:
1693:
298:
157:
81:
282:
is thought to be responsible for nearly all of the volcanism associated with the Rio Grande rift.
2059:
1941:
1828:
552:
470:
352:
100:
494:
started about 30 million years ago (Ma). There are two phases of extension observed: late
112:
1961:
1219:
306:
116:
85:
944:
Baldridge, W.; Olsen, K.; Callender, J. (1984). "Rio Grande Rift: Problems and Perspectives".
618:
Kluth, C.; Schaftenaar, C. (1994). "Depth and geometry of the northern Rio Grande rift in the
2163:
2142:
2117:
1843:
1583:
Eaton, Gordon P. (December 1986). "A tectonic redefinition of the Southern Rocky Mountains".
1133:
1128:. Socorro, NM: New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Geophysics Open-File Report: 17.
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542:
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1189:
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915:
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794:
755:
687:
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259:
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basins. The rift's northern extent is delineated by the upper Arkansas River basin between
104:
891:
Hill, Karl (25 February 2005). "The Rio Grande Rift: a continent "stretched like taffy"".
8:
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1965:
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363:
310:
279:
242:
193:, while the central and northern portions contain volcanics erupted during rifting.
145:
65:
1089:
Reid, H.G. (1911). "Remarkable earthquakes in central New Mexico in 1906 and 1907".
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extended terrain of the rift and southern Great Basin tectonic provinces indicated.
348:
238:
234:
153:
108:
53:
336:. The Jemez Lineament is thought to be a hydrous subduction zone scar, separating
253:
Cañones Fault on southeastern margin of Colorado Plateau, near Abiquiú, New Mexico
124:
1926:
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1745:
1728:
450:
344:
333:
317:
229:
200:
A generalized cross section of the Albuquerque basin from east to west. Note the
196:
316:
The Rio Grande rift is intersected in northern New Mexico by the NE-SW trending
2054:
2018:
619:
458:
212:
sediments that existed pre-rift, and the large (up to 28%) amount of extension.
141:
137:
120:
96:
1298:
Paleotectonics and Sedimentation in the Rocky Mountain Region: Tulsa, Oklahoma
224:
In cross-section, the geometry of the basins within the rift are asymmetrical
2197:
2169:
2137:
1997:
1931:
1900:
1811:
961:"Tectonics of the Jemez Lineament in the Jemez Mountains and Rio Grande Rift"
387:
340:
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216:
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767:
32:
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854:
719:
Basins of the Rio Grande Rift: Structure, statigraphy, and tectonic setting
655:
Basins of the Rio Grande Rift: Structure, statigraphy, and tectonic setting
624:
Basins of the Rio Grande Rift: Structure, statigraphy, and tectonic setting
592:
Basins of the Rio Grande Rift: Structure, statigraphy, and tectonic setting
532:
286:
1166:
622:, south-central Colorado". In Keller, G. Randy; Cather, Steven M. (eds.).
2028:
1992:
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1234:
927:
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1987:
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1016:
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61:
324:. The lineament is defined by aligned volcanic fields and several
499:
321:
294:
169:
249:
1660:
366:, New Mexico, and are approximately 5,400 years old. The
189:
basement. The southernmost Albuquerque basin contains pre-rift
161:
69:
57:
1279:
New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 35th field conference
946:
New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook, 35th field conference
1406:
503:
478:
290:
1000:"Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America"
382:
A generalized cross section of the Rio Grande Rift, showing
1356:
10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0188:TPUOHH>2.3.CO;2
1294:"Memoir 41: Laramide Paleotectonics in southern New Mexico"
742:
Perry, Frank; Baldridge, W.; DePaolo, D. (10 August 1987).
49:
1511:
1464:
10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<192:gsatot>2.0.co;2
1429:
10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<87:nkdfba>2.0.co;2
1304:. American Association of Petroleum Geologists: 669–685.
943:
905:
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The sedimentary fill of the basins consists largely of
1611:
1547:
741:
362:
The youngest eruptions in the rift region are in the
1371:
1333:
56:
in the west from the interior of the North American
27:
Continental rift zone in the southwest United States
1654:
1541:
997:
824:
2195:
1505:
1179:
939:
937:
617:
1617:
1123:
677:
1276:
998:Whitmeyer, Steven; Karlstrom, Karl E. (2007).
651:
1709:
1435:
1367:
1365:
1327:
934:
711:
709:
647:
645:
643:
471:Compressional and transpressional deformation
1232:
820:
818:
780:
715:
589:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
1470:
958:
952:
613:
611:
60:on the east. The rift extends from central
1716:
1702:
1576:
1400:
1362:
1308:
1291:
1285:
1270:
706:
640:
538:Geologic timeline of Western North America
406:) topography (after Wilson et al.)(2005).\
1258:
1015:
815:
806:
671:
570:
40:follows this rift for much of its course.
2098:Middleton Place–Summerville Seismic Zone
1441:
1314:
781:Grauch, V.J.S.; Hudson, Mark R. (2007).
735:
608:
428:
248:
215:
195:
31:
1476:
14:
2196:
2024:Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system
1782:Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
1664:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1444:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1409:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1061:
991:
2148:Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone
1697:
1582:
1062:Veatch, Steven Wade (20 March 1998).
875:
1088:
890:
1233:Fialko, Yuri; Simons, Mark (2001).
424:
24:
2108:Northern Appalachians Seismic Zone
246:and the Great Plains to the east.
241:in origin). The thickness of the
25:
2245:
1806:Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone
1292:Seager, W.R.; Mack, G.H. (1986).
313:are also present in some basins.
1983:Independence Valley fault system
1030:
411:
395:
375:
330:Valles Caldera National Preserve
48:is a north-trending continental
2159:Lesser Antilles subduction zone
1479:Journal of Geophysical Research
1374:Journal of Geophysical Research
1226:
1208:
1173:
1117:
1082:
1055:
1024:
965:Journal of Geophysical Research
899:
884:
748:Journal of Geophysical Research
2219:Geologic provinces of Colorado
2093:Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone
1662:possible driving mechanisms".
1155:Seismological Research Letters
869:
774:
99:. Important cities, including
13:
1:
1834:Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone
1770:Clarendon-Linden fault system
1161:(2). page 44 of 15–61. 1995.
563:
64:in the north to the state of
2154:Gulf of California Rift Zone
1605:10.1016/0040-1951(86)90031-4
1239:Geophysical Research Letters
160:becomes blurred in northern
7:
2014:Central Oklahoma Fault Zone
1864:Western Quebec Seismic Zone
1758:Canadian Arctic Rift System
959:Aldrich Jr., M. J. (1986).
526:
477:lasted until about 40
328:in the area, including the
10:
2250:
2204:Cenozoic rifts and grabens
2070:Wabash Valley Seismic Zone
1854:Saint Lawrence rift system
1739:(crosses national borders)
174:Sangre de Cristo Mountains
130:
74:Rio Grande National Forest
2130:
2078:
2047:
2006:
1975:
1919:
1892:Olympic–Wallowa Lineament
1879:
1872:
1821:
1736:
1317:Arizona Geological Digest
1037:GO 568 Structural Geology
293:volcanic flows. The most
136:to southernmost) are the
88:, among other locations.
78:White Sands National Park
2214:Basin and Range Province
1764:Cascadia subduction zone
1752:Basin and Range Province
1188:(B11): 25, 283–25, 291.
320:which extends well into
158:Basin and Range Province
82:Santa Fe National Forest
2060:New Madrid Seismic Zone
1947:Newport–Inglewood Fault
1942:Mendocino Fracture Zone
1829:Charlevoix Seismic Zone
1499:10.1029/JB093iB03p02201
1394:10.1029/JB091iB06p06263
985:10.1029/JB091iB02p01753
768:10.1029/JB092iB09p09193
553:Potrillo volcanic field
510:time suggests that the
353:San Juan volcanic field
127:, lie within the rift.
52:zone. It separates the
1962:San Jacinto Fault Zone
1620:The Journal of Geology
1141:Cite journal requires
1111:10.1785/BSSA0010010010
1091:Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am
680:Rocky Mountain Geology
441:The Rio Grande rift's
438:
301:. This group contains
254:
221:
213:
86:Cibola National Forest
41:
2224:Geology of New Mexico
2164:Middle America Trench
2143:Chixoy-Polochic Fault
2118:Virginia Seismic Zone
2079:Appalachian Mountains
1880:Washington and Oregon
1844:Queen Charlotte Fault
1266:(Doi fails redirect.)
1167:10.1785/gssrl.66.2.15
1064:"The Rio Grande Rift"
543:Lucero volcanic field
432:
252:
219:
199:
35:
2131:Caribbean and Mexico
1260:10.1029/2001GL013318
1216:"Socorro Magma Body"
928:10.1029/2003JB002743
483:North American Plate
2088:Aiken–Augusta Fault
2065:Sandwich Fault Zone
1966:Elsinore Fault Zone
1887:Brothers Fault Zone
1676:2016GSAB..128..397R
1632:1979JG.....87..609D
1597:1986Tectp.132..163E
1562:2008Geo....36..575V
1527:2008Geo....36..439M
1491:1988JGR....93.2201S
1456:1983GSAB...94..192G
1421:1984GSAB...95...87S
1386:1986JGR....91.6263M
1348:1993Geo....21..188C
1251:2001GeoRL..28.3549F
1194:1996JGR...10125283S
1103:1911BuSSA...1...10R
1070:on 20 December 2005
977:1986JGR....91.1753A
920:2004JGRB..109.3305G
878:Albuquerque Journal
847:10.1038/nature03297
839:2005Natur.433..851W
799:2007Geosp...3..596G
760:1987JGR....92.9193P
692:1999RMGeo..34..121K
368:Socorro, New Mexico
2181:Puerto Rico Trench
2176:Pedro Miguel Fault
2081:and Atlantic Coast
1952:Puente Hills Fault
1937:Hayward Fault Zone
1859:Timiskaming Graben
1788:Puget Sound faults
1726:seismically active
1153:"Annual Meeting".
1043:on 29 January 2006
1017:10.1130/GES00055.1
808:10.1130/GES00128.1
451:transform boundary
439:
357:San Juan Mountains
266:) stretching like
255:
222:
214:
42:
2234:Geology of Mexico
2189:
2188:
2172:(Central America)
2166:(Central America)
2126:
2125:
2034:Nemaha Fault Zone
1957:Rose Canyon Fault
1839:Leech River Fault
1800:San Andreas Fault
1570:10.1130/G24691A.1
1535:10.1130/G24577A.1
1485:(B3): 2201–2215.
1281:. pp. 13–20.
1267:
1245:(18): 3549–3552.
1202:10.1029/96JB02464
1033:"Rio Grande Rift"
971:(B2): 1753–1762.
893:NMSU News Release
833:(7028): 851–855.
754:(B9): 9193–9213.
309:, and volcanics.
280:continental crust
191:volcanic deposits
16:(Redirected from
2241:
2229:Geology of Texas
1877:
1876:
1731:of North America
1718:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1684:10.1130/B31223.1
1670:(3–4): 397–424.
1658:
1652:
1651:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1591:(1–3): 163–193.
1580:
1574:
1573:
1545:
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1538:
1509:
1503:
1502:
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1439:
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1265:
1264:
1262:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1222:on 15 June 2010.
1218:. Archived from
1212:
1206:
1205:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1066:. Archived from
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1039:. Archived from
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
995:
989:
988:
956:
950:
949:
948:. pp. 1–11.
941:
932:
931:
903:
897:
896:
888:
882:
881:
873:
867:
866:
822:
813:
812:
810:
778:
772:
771:
739:
733:
732:
713:
704:
703:
700:10.2113/34.1.121
675:
669:
668:
649:
638:
637:
615:
606:
605:
587:
558:Rio Grande Trail
548:Pajarito Plateau
475:Laramide Orogeny
473:incurred by the
453:occurred during
425:Geologic history
415:
399:
379:
311:Aeolian deposits
235:Sandia Mountains
154:Salida, Colorado
54:Colorado Plateau
21:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2122:
2102:Woodstock Fault
2080:
2074:
2043:
2002:
1971:
1927:Calaveras Fault
1915:
1868:
1849:Saguenay Graben
1817:
1794:Rio Grande rift
1746:Aleutian Trench
1738:
1732:
1722:
1692:
1691:
1659:
1655:
1616:
1612:
1581:
1577:
1546:
1542:
1510:
1506:
1475:
1471:
1440:
1436:
1405:
1401:
1370:
1363:
1332:
1328:
1313:
1309:
1290:
1286:
1275:
1271:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1182:J. Geophys. Res
1178:
1174:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1031:Aber, James S.
1029:
1025:
996:
992:
957:
953:
942:
935:
908:J. Geophys. Res
904:
900:
889:
885:
874:
870:
823:
816:
779:
775:
740:
736:
729:
714:
707:
676:
672:
665:
650:
641:
634:
616:
609:
602:
588:
571:
566:
529:
427:
420:
416:
407:
400:
391:
380:
364:Valley of Fires
334:Jemez Mountains
318:Jemez Lineament
133:
46:Rio Grande rift
28:
23:
22:
18:Rio Grande Rift
15:
12:
11:
5:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2055:Marianna Fault
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2039:Wilzetta Fault
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:Humboldt Fault
2016:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1653:
1640:10.1086/628456
1626:(6): 609–627.
1610:
1585:Tectonophysics
1575:
1540:
1504:
1469:
1434:
1399:
1361:
1342:(2): 188–211.
1326:
1307:
1284:
1269:
1225:
1207:
1172:
1143:|journal=
1116:
1081:
1054:
1023:
990:
951:
933:
914:(B3): B03305.
898:
883:
868:
814:
773:
734:
727:
705:
686:(1): 121–130.
670:
663:
639:
632:
620:San Luis basin
607:
600:
568:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
528:
525:
459:Farallon plate
426:
423:
422:
421:
417:
410:
408:
401:
394:
392:
388:asthenospheric
381:
374:
299:Santa Fe Group
132:
129:
97:Gulf of Mexico
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2246:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2192:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:Motagua Fault
2168:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:Cayman Trough
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1998:Wasatch Fault
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Garlock Fault
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1901:Seattle Fault
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:United States
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1812:Tintina Fault
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:North America
1735:
1730:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:: 6263–6276.
1379:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:Abstract at:
1148:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
947:
940:
938:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
894:
887:
879:
872:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
819:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
738:
730:
728:0-8137-2291-8
724:
720:
712:
710:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
666:
664:0-8137-2291-8
660:
656:
648:
646:
644:
635:
633:0-8137-2291-8
629:
625:
621:
614:
612:
603:
601:0-8137-2291-8
597:
593:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
569:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
524:
520:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
436:
431:
414:
409:
405:
398:
393:
389:
385:
378:
373:
372:
371:
369:
365:
360:
359:of Colorado.
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:basement rock
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
307:conglomerates
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
272:asthenosphere
269:
265:
261:
251:
247:
244:
240:
236:
231:
228:, with major
227:
218:
211:
207:
203:
198:
194:
192:
188:
185:deposited on
184:
180:
175:
171:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
128:
126:
125:Ciudad Juárez
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2191:
2113:Ramapo Fault
2007:Great Plains
1905:Tacoma Fault
1793:
1776:Denali Fault
1667:
1663:
1656:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1415:(1): 87–99.
1412:
1408:
1402:
1377:
1373:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1220:the original
1210:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1158:
1154:
1134:cite journal
1125:
1119:
1097:(1): 10–16.
1094:
1090:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:the original
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1041:the original
1036:
1026:
1007:
1003:
993:
968:
964:
954:
945:
911:
907:
901:
892:
886:
877:
871:
830:
826:
790:
786:
776:
751:
747:
737:
718:
683:
679:
673:
654:
623:
591:
533:Caja del Rio
521:
487:
440:
384:lithospheric
361:
315:
287:alluvial fan
284:
260:upper mantle
256:
226:half-grabens
223:
168:such as the
166:
134:
90:
45:
43:
29:
2029:Meers Fault
1993:Teton Fault
1976:Great Basin
1911:Walker Lane
1897:Puget Sound
512:lithosphere
498:and middle
457:time. The
338:Precambrian
276:lithosphere
264:lithosphere
202:half-graben
187:Precambrian
146:Albuquerque
101:Albuquerque
2209:Rio Grande
2198:Categories
1988:Moab Fault
1920:California
1556:(7): 575.
1521:(6): 439.
1450:(2): 192.
1323:: 173–198.
1074:8 February
1047:8 February
1010:(4): 220.
793:(6): 596.
564:References
465:and early
447:subduction
303:sandstones
204:geometry,
117:Las Cruces
93:Rio Grande
38:Rio Grande
1648:129169733
1004:Geosphere
787:Geosphere
504:magmatism
496:Oligocene
492:extension
274:into the
206:paleozoic
183:sediments
179:Paleogene
150:Leadville
66:Chihuahua
855:15729338
527:See also
517:Pliocene
508:Cenozoic
489:Cenozoic
467:Cenozoic
463:Mesozoic
455:Cenozoic
443:tectonic
435:Cenozoic
419:sources.
349:Mazatzal
326:calderas
239:Laramide
210:mesozoic
181:clastic
142:Española
138:San Luis
113:Española
105:Santa Fe
62:Colorado
2048:Midwest
1814:(US–CA)
1808:(US–CA)
1802:(US–MX)
1796:(US–MX)
1790:(US–CA)
1784:(CA–US)
1778:(US–CA)
1772:(US–CA)
1766:(US–CA)
1760:(CA–GL)
1754:(US–MX)
1748:(US–RU)
1672:Bibcode
1628:Bibcode
1593:Bibcode
1558:Bibcode
1550:Geology
1523:Bibcode
1515:Geology
1487:Bibcode
1452:Bibcode
1417:Bibcode
1382:Bibcode
1344:Bibcode
1336:Geology
1247:Bibcode
1190:Bibcode
1099:Bibcode
973:Bibcode
916:Bibcode
863:4387908
835:Bibcode
795:Bibcode
756:Bibcode
688:Bibcode
506:in mid-
500:Miocene
355:in the
345:Yavapai
343:of the
332:in the
322:Arizona
295:alkalic
170:Alamosa
131:Geology
121:El Paso
2150:(Cuba)
1822:Canada
1729:faults
1724:Major
1646:
861:
853:
827:Nature
725:
661:
630:
598:
469:time.
162:Mexico
144:, and
123:, and
84:, and
70:Mexico
58:craton
1644:S2CID
859:S2CID
449:to a
291:mafic
268:taffy
262:(the
243:crust
230:fault
1147:help
1076:2006
1049:2006
851:PMID
723:ISBN
659:ISBN
628:ISBN
596:ISBN
404:Moho
386:and
289:and
278:and
208:and
152:and
109:Taos
50:rift
44:The
1680:doi
1668:128
1636:doi
1601:doi
1589:132
1566:doi
1531:doi
1495:doi
1460:doi
1425:doi
1390:doi
1352:doi
1302:155
1255:doi
1198:doi
1186:101
1163:doi
1107:doi
1012:doi
981:doi
924:doi
912:109
843:doi
831:433
803:doi
764:doi
696:doi
2200::
1903:,
1678:.
1666:.
1642:.
1634:.
1624:87
1622:.
1599:.
1587:.
1564:.
1554:36
1552:.
1529:.
1519:36
1517:.
1493:.
1483:93
1481:.
1458:.
1448:94
1446:.
1423:.
1413:95
1411:.
1388:.
1378:91
1376:.
1364:^
1350:.
1340:21
1338:.
1319:.
1300:.
1296:.
1253:.
1243:28
1241:.
1237:.
1196:.
1184:.
1159:66
1157:.
1138::
1136:}}
1132:{{
1126:78
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1093:.
1035:.
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1002:.
979:.
969:91
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963:.
936:^
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857:.
849:.
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817:^
801:.
789:.
785:.
762:.
752:92
750:.
746:.
708:^
694:.
684:34
682:.
642:^
610:^
572:^
519:.
479:Ma
305:,
164:.
140:,
119:,
115:,
111:,
107:,
103:,
80:,
76:,
68:,
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2100:(
1968:)
1964:(
1907:)
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1686:.
1682::
1674::
1650:.
1638::
1630::
1607:.
1603::
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1572:.
1568::
1560::
1537:.
1533::
1525::
1501:.
1497::
1489::
1466:.
1462::
1454::
1431:.
1427::
1419::
1396:.
1392::
1384::
1358:.
1354::
1346::
1321:4
1263:.
1257::
1249::
1204:.
1200::
1192::
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1165::
1149:)
1145:(
1113:.
1109::
1101::
1095:1
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1051:.
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1014::
1008:3
987:.
983::
975::
930:.
926::
918::
895:.
880:.
865:.
845::
837::
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805::
797::
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766::
758::
731:.
702:.
698::
690::
667:.
636:.
604:.
347:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
