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to ask for help in removing
Bartleby, and the narrator tells the man that he is not responsible for his former employee. A week or so after this, several other tenants of the narrator's former office building come to him with their landlord because Bartleby is still making a nuisance of himself; even though he has been put out of the office, he sits on the building stairs all day and sleeps in its doorway at night. The narrator agrees to visit Bartleby and attempts to reason with him. He suggests several jobs that Bartleby might try and even invites Bartleby to live with him until they figure out a better solution, but Bartleby declines these offers. The narrator leaves the building and flees the neighborhood for several days, in order not to be bothered by the landlord and tenants.
190:
Bartleby begins to perform fewer and fewer tasks and eventually none. He instead spends long periods of time staring out one of the office's windows at a brick wall. The narrator makes several attempts to reason with
Bartleby or to learn something about him, but never has any success. When the narrator stops by the office one Sunday morning, he discovers that Bartleby is living there. He is saddened by the thought of the life the young man must lead.
381:. Edwards states that free will requires the will to be isolated from the moment of decision, in which case Bartleby's isolation from the world would allow him to be completely free. He has the ability to do whatever he pleases. The reference to Priestley and Edwards in connection with determinism may suggest that Bartleby's exceptional exercise of his personal will, even though it leads to his death, spares him from an externally determined fate.
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186:, Turkey and Nippers, to copy documents by hand, but an increase in business leads him to advertise for a third. He hires the forlorn-looking Bartleby in the hope that his calmness will soothe the other two, each of whom displays an irascible temperament during an opposite half of the day. An errand boy nicknamed Ginger Nut completes the staff.
412:. Bartleby's passivity has no place in a legal and economic system that increasingly sides with the "reasonable" and economically active individual. His fate, an innocent decline into unemployment, prison, and starvation, dramatizes the effect of the new prudence on the economically inactive members of society.
193:
Tension builds as business associates wonder why
Bartleby is always present in the office yet does not appear to do any work. Sensing the threat to his reputation, but emotionally unable to evict Bartleby, the narrator moves his business to a different building. The new tenant of his old office comes
333:
says the main focus of the story is the narrator, whose "willingness to tolerate work stoppage is what needs to be explained ... As the story proceeds, it becomes increasingly clear that the lawyer identifies with his clerk. To be sure, it is an ambivalent identification, but that only makes it all
325:
Bartleby has been interpreted as a "psychological double" for the narrator that criticizes the "sterility, impersonality, and mechanical adjustments of the world which the lawyer inhabits." Until the end of the story, Bartleby's background is unknown and may have sprung from the narrator's mind. The
232:
on
February 18, 1853. The book, published anonymously later that year, was written by popular novelist James A. Maitland. This advertisement included the complete first chapter, which started: "In the summer of 1843, having an extraordinary quantity of deeds to copy, I engaged, temporarily, an extra
189:
At first, Bartleby produces a large volume of high-quality work, but one day, when asked to help proofread a document, Bartleby answers with what soon becomes his perpetual response to every request: "I would prefer not to." To the dismay of the narrator and the irritation of the other employees,
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had sold a mere 283 copies by March 1853, causing
Melville to make so little from the two novels that he was actually in debt to Harpers, his American publisher ... Melville needed to do something to address both problems, and when George P. Putnam invited him, as one of seventy authors, to
317:, such as his lack of motivation. He is a passive person, and good at the work he agrees to do. He refuses to divulge any personal information to the narrator. Bartleby's death is consistent with depression—having no motivation to survive, he refrains from eating until he dies.
350:
connected the story's theme of alienation with
Melville's experiences and feelings of isolation, and Giles Gunn posited that Melville's personal struggles and disillusionment with the literary world influenced his portrayal of Bartleby as a withdrawn and passive character.
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398:." He wants to be humane, as shown by his accommodations of the four staff and especially of Bartleby, but this conflicts with the newer, pragmatic and economically based notion of prudence supported by changing legal theory. The 1850 case
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said nothing else in the chapter besides this "remarkably evocative sentence" was notable. Critic Andrew
Knighton said Melville may have been influenced by an obscure work from 1846, Robert Grant White's
528:; in 1977, by Israel Horovitz and Michael B Styer for Maryland Center for Public Broadcasting, starring Nicholas Kepros, which was an entry in the 1978 Peabody Awards competition for television; and in
201:
as a vagrant. He goes to visit
Bartleby, who spurns him, and bribes a cook to make sure Bartleby gets enough food. The narrator returns a few days later to check on Bartleby and discovers him dead of
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focused on managers trying to understand how to motivate their employees and to empathize with employees who "carry out their bosses' often bewildering orders, even when they would 'prefer not to'."
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Why
Melville turned to the short story form after working exclusively in the novel is difficult to say with any certainty. In all likelihood, economic necessity and his damaged reputation after
1930:
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Robert E. Abrams, Bartleby's prolonged silences (mutism) and prolonged periods of standing and staring are also symptoms of catatonia, a syndrome associated with depressive illness
326:
narrator screens off
Bartleby in a corner, which has been interpreted as symbolizing "the lawyer's compartmentalization of the unconscious forces which Bartleby represents."
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features a "rat creature" named Bartleby who declines to partake in the violence and savagery of his feral brethren. The Melville connection is reinforced by the fact that
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copying clerk, who interested me considerably, in consequence of his modest, quiet, gentlemanly demeanor, and his intense application to his duties." Melville biographer
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is named "after the humble character of its namesake scrivener, or copyist—publishes the classics of literature, nonfiction, and reference free of charge."
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have been published about the story, which scholar Robert Milder describes as "unquestionably the masterpiece of the short fiction" in the Melville canon.
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When the narrator returns to work, he learns that the landlord has called the police. The officers have arrested Bartleby and imprisoned him in
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The BBC Radio 4 adaptation dramatised by Martyn Wade, directed by Cherry Cookson, and broadcast in 2004 stars Adrian Scarborough as Bartleby,
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Machor, James L. (2008). "The American Reception of Melville's Short Fiction in the 1850s". In Goldstein, Philip; Machor, James L. (eds.).
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The protagonist Saleh Omar quotes Bartleby's mantra to explain his decision to abstain from speaking English on seeking asylum in the UK.
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Though no great success at the time of publication, "Bartleby, the Scrivener" is now among the most noted of American short stories.
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The narrator and the text do not explicitly explain the reason for Bartleby's behavior, leaving it open to interpretation.
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and reflects on how this might have affected him. The story ends with the narrator saying, "Ah Bartleby! Ah humanity!"
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The story was first published anonymously as "Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street" in two installments in
1990:
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392:." The story's narrator "struggles to decide whether his ethics will be governed by worldly prudence or Christian
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in November 2020. A December 3, 2020 conversation between Giamatti and Andrew Delbanco is archived on YouTube.
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or do any other task required of him, responding to any request with the words "I would prefer not to."
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242:, which features an idle scrivener, while Christopher Sten suggests that Melville found inspiration in
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1284:"Le spectacle de Daniel Pennac au coeur d'un documentaire télévisuel vendredi soir – La Voix du Nord"
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sees the story (and other Melville works) as explorations of the changing meaning of 19th-century "
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Scholars have long explored the possibility that Bartleby serves as an autobiographical portrait.
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1125:"'A New Race Has Sprung Up': Prudence, Social Consensus and the Law in 'Bartleby the Scrivener'"
1241:"Britannica Classic: Herman Melville's Bartleby the Scrivener – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
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The narrator is an unnamed elderly lawyer who works with legal documents and has an office on
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291:, published in by Dix & Edwards in the United States in May 1856 and in Britain in June.
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Melville may have written the story as an emotional response to the bad reviews garnered by
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Christopher W. Sten, "Bartleby, the Transcendentalist: Melville's Dead Letter to Emerson."
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Melville's major source of inspiration for the story was an advertisement for a new book,
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contribute to the new monthly magazine Putnam was about to commence, an avenue opened.
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McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama: An International Reference Work in 5 Volumes
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1469:. Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University Press and The Newberry Library 1987.
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Jones, James F. (March 1998). "Camus on Kafka and Melville: an unpublished letter".
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suggested that the scrivener may reflect Melville as disenchanted writer or artist,
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1445:. Volume 2, 1851–1891. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
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404:, three years before the story's publication, was important in establishing the "
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363:'s "Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will" and Jay Leyda, in his introduction to
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Parker 2002: 150. (The opening sentence of the source is quoted there as well.)
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fame in a small role. The story has been adapted for film four other times as
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lawyer hires a new clerk who, after an initial bout of hard work, refuses to
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Months later, the narrator hears a rumor that Bartleby had once worked in a
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Milder, Robert. (1988). "Herman Melville." Emory Elliott (General Editor),
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Educational Corporation in 1969. It was adapted, produced, and directed by
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259:, his preceding novel. Financial difficulties may also have played a part:
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Knighton, Andrew (2007). "The Bartleby Industry and Bartleby's Idleness".
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as the Lawyer, David Collings as Turkey, and Jonathan Keeble as Nippers.
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The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America
1043:"A Summary and Analysis of Herman Melville's 'Bartleby, the Scrivener'"
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presented a livestreamed and on-demand reading of the story by actor
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1421:: Melville's Debt to Dickens". Arlington, Virginia: The Mardi Press.
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The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.
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are two philosophical essays reconsidering many of Melville's ideas.
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Melville's Masks: Private and Public History in American Novels
287:, in November and December 1853. It was included in Melville's
159:
The story likely takes place between 1848 and 1853, during the
1263:"BBC Radio 4 Extra - Herman Melville - Bartleby the Scrivener"
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1643:
1380:"Introducing Bartleby, our new column on management and work"
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read the story on the stage of La Pépinière-Théâtre in Paris.
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around Daniel Pennac's reading of "Bartleby the Scrivener".
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A Study Guide for Herman Melville's Bartleby the Scrivener
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A Study Guide for Herman Melville's Bartleby the Scrivener
384:"Bartleby" is also seen as an inquiry into ethics. Critic
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sold so poorly that Melville was in debt to his publisher
893:""Bartleby the Scrivener," Poe, and the Duyckinck Circle"
309:
1230:, 2nd. ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984, vol. 2, p. 42.
377:. Both Edwards and Priestley wrote about free will and
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The Culture of Criticism and the Criticism of Culture
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Edited by Harrison Hayford, Alma A. MacDougall, and
1398:"Paul Giamatti in Conversation with Andrew Delbanco"
920:. Oxford (GB): Oxford University Press. p. 88.
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listed "Bartleby, the Scrivener" on its list of the
142:
and reprinted with minor textual alterations in his
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The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids
936:were factors. Following the disappointing sales of
1571:. Digital facsimile of first edition published in
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1276:
1195:"100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts"
1123:
978:, ELH, vol. 45, no. 3 (Autumn, 1978), pp. 488–500.
367:comments on the similarities between Bartleby and
1541:An omnibus collection of Melville's short fiction
1461:The Piazza Tales and Other Prose Pieces 1839-1860
976:'"Bartleby" and the Fragile Pageantry of the Ego"
42:"Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street"
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240:Law and Laziness: or, Students at Law of Leisure
2146:Works originally published in Putnam's Magazine
1428:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
1273:
1112:, vol. 31, no. 2 (September 1976), pp. 170–187.
992:"Melville's Bartleby As a Psychological Double"
557:The story was adapted for the stage in 2020 by
313:posits that Bartleby shows classic symptoms of
126:Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street
30:"Bartleby" redirects here. For other uses, see
2161:Literature critical of work and the work ethic
1121:
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786:Bergmann, Johannes Dietrich (November 1975). "
766:Columbia Literary History of the United States
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1610:
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448:
432:in 1998, cites Melville as a key influence.
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1458:(1987). "Historical Note" Herman Melville,
1224:Stanley Hochman (ed.), "Albee, Edward", in
642:is the series protagonist's favorite novel.
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1565:Bartleby, the Scrivener (Part I: Nov 1853)
1106:"The alternatives of Melville's "Bartleby"
918:New Directions in American Reception Study
904:ESQ: A Journal of the American Renaissance
846:ESQ: A Journal of the American Renaissance
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1807:Poor Man's Pudding and Rich Man's Crumbs
843:
785:
365:The Complete Stories of Herman Melville,
250:", which shows parallels to "Bartleby".
1400:. December 4, 2020 – via YouTube.
768:. New York: Columbia University Press.
482:The first filmed adaptation was by the
370:The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity
354:
320:
302:
14:
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1996:Herman Melville Memorial Room archives
1986:Herman Melville House (Troy, New York)
1577:. From the HathiTrust Digital Library.
1018:. Laphamsquarterly.org. Archived from
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479:, from January 1 to February 28, 1961.
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1931:Weeds and Wildings, and a Rose or Two
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359:"Bartleby, the Scrivener" alludes to
1899:Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War
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1016:"Pushing Paper – Lapham's Quarterly"
664:starred in a modernized adaptation,
593:Bartleby: La formula della creazione
182:in New York. He already employs two
24:
25:
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1991:Arrowhead (Herman Melville House)
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1286:. Lavoixdunord.fr. Archived from
906:, 21 (First Quarter 1975): 35–39.
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2156:Short stories adapted into films
2141:Short stories by Herman Melville
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532:, by Jonathan Parker, starring
205:, having preferred not to eat.
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656:is an adaptation of the story.
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27:Short story by Herman Melville
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2001:Herman Melville bibliography
1443:Herman Melville: A Biography
693:The electronic text archive
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110:November–December 1853
7:
1915:John Marr and Other Sailors
1692:Pierre; or, The Ambiguities
1588:public domain audiobook at
1062:University of Chicago Press
725:
494:and Patrick Campbell, with
443:100 most influential novels
10:
2192:
1407:
1110:Nineteenth-Century Fiction
1094:. Oxford University Press.
1079:. Oxford University Press.
1041:Oliver Tearle (May 2022).
800:(3). Durham, NC: 432–436.
617:throughout his 2001 novel
463:produced a one-act opera,
449:Adaptations and references
424:, in a personal letter to
29:
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1978:
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1355:"Welcome to Bartleby.com"
880:Modern Language Quarterly
706:maintains a column named
673:In 2011, French director
435:On November 5, 2019, the
284:Putnam's Monthly Magazine
246:'s essays, particularly "
148:in 1856. In the story, a
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32:Bartleby (disambiguation)
1950:Hawthorne and His Mosses
1002:January 7, 2011, at the
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2171:Short stories about law
2057:Bartleby, the Scrivener
1754:Bartleby, the Scrivener
1586:Bartelby, the Scrivener
1554:Bartleby, the Scrivener
1426:The Silence of Bartleby
1122:Matteson, John (2008).
1056:Lawrence Buell (1987).
882:35 (March 1974): 30–44.
615:Bartleby, the Scrivener
601:Bartleby, ou la formule
582:References to the story
573:(literal translation: "
550:In 2009, French author
484:Encyclopædia Britannica
173:
132:by the American writer
2151:Bureaucracy in fiction
1866:Published posthumously
1456:Sealts, Merton M., Jr.
1415:Bartleby the Scrivener
1413:Jaffé, David (1981). "
898:March 2, 2007, at the
2108:Bartleby en coulisses
1768:The Lightning-Rod Man
790:The Lawyer's Story".
680:Bartleby en coulisses
677:made the documentary
630:'s comic book series
271:Harper & Brothers
248:The Transcendentalist
163:in American history.
2166:Manhattan in fiction
2111:(French documentary)
1856:The Apple-Tree Table
1424:McCall, Dan (1989).
1090:Gunn, Giles (1987).
998:23 (1962): 365–368.
653:Bartleby (1970 film)
355:Free will and ethics
334:the more powerful."
321:Function of narrator
303:Bartleby's demeanour
1569:(Part II: Dec 1853)
1104:Allan Moore Emery,
965:Sealts (1987), 497.
956:Sealts (1987), 572.
793:American Literature
647:Film and television
475:with a libretto by
473:James J. Hinton Jr.
426:Liselotte Dieckmann
277:Publication history
244:Ralph Waldo Emerson
2131:1853 short stories
1934:(1924, posthumous)
1800:Cock-A-Doodle-Doo!
1719:(1924, posthumous)
1708:The Confidence-Man
1467:G. Thomas Tanselle
1203:. November 5, 2019
1075:Marx, Leo (2000).
858:10.1353/esq.0.0004
331:Christopher Bollas
307:A 1978 article in
222:The Lawyer's Story
210:dead letter office
2136:Fictional scribes
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2018:
1968:Isle of the Cross
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1814:The Happy Failure
1574:Putnam's Magazine
1559:Project Gutenberg
1169:The French Review
990:Mordecai Marcus,
891:Daniel A. Wells,
611:Abdulrazak Gurnah
563:Von Krahl Theatre
492:James Westerfield
430:The French Review
224:, printed in the
161:Antebellum Period
139:Putnam's Magazine
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92:Putnam's Magazine
16:(Redirected from
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2011:Melville Glacier
1849:I and My Chimney
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145:The Piazza Tales
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1294:September 4,
1292:. Retrieved
1288:the original
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1245:. Retrieved
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1205:. Retrieved
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1154:Project MUSE
1152:– via
1136:(1): 25–49.
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1821:The Fiddler
1792:Uncollected
1419:Bleak House
1319:October 16,
613:references
524:, starring
512:, starring
454:Adaptations
379:determinism
216:Composition
180:Wall Street
154:make copies
150:Wall Street
130:short story
82:Publication
77:Short story
48:Short story
2176:Starvation
2125:Categories
1835:Jimmy Rose
1747:The Piazza
1716:Billy Budd
1451:0801868920
1335:"Bartleby"
1310:"Pigem ei"
753:References
737:Pseudowork
628:Jeff Smith
620:By the Sea
595:(1993) by
587:Literature
575:Rather not
488:Larry Yust
410:negligence
315:depression
203:starvation
184:scriveners
102:Periodical
1971:(ca 1853)
1842:The 'Gees
1684:Moby-Dick
1314:Von Krahl
1150:143452766
1130:Leviathan
938:Moby-Dick
866:161627160
814:0002-9831
660:In 2001,
639:Moby Dick
416:Reception
262:Moby-Dick
199:the Tombs
166:Numerous
2089:Bartleby
2081:Bartleby
2073:Bartleby
2059:" (1853)
1960:Possible
1952:" (1850)
1923:Timoleon
1858:" (1856)
1851:" (1856)
1844:" (1856)
1837:" (1855)
1830:" (1855)
1823:" (1854)
1816:" (1854)
1809:" (1854)
1802:" (1853)
1590:LibriVox
1520:, 2015,
1493:, 2015,
1441:(2002).
1364:March 5,
1200:BBC News
1000:Archived
896:Archived
776:, p. 439
726:See also
708:Bartleby
667:Bartleby
571:Pigem ei
545:Ian Holm
506:Bartleby
465:Bartleby
438:BBC News
390:prudence
348:Leo Marx
228:and the
74:Genre(s)
66:Language
18:Bartleby
2100:Related
1979:Related
1668:Redburn
1629:(works)
1408:Sources
822:2925343
747:Slacker
567:Estonia
226:Tribune
128:" is a
69:English
58:Country
2092:(2001)
2076:(1970)
1942:Essays
1926:(1891)
1918:(1888)
1910:(1876)
1907:Clarel
1902:(1866)
1891:Poetry
1739:(1856)
1711:(1857)
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1695:(1852)
1687:(1851)
1679:(1850)
1671:(1849)
1663:(1849)
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1636:Novels
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942:Pierre
934:Pierre
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267:Pierre
256:Pierre
1660:Mardi
1644:Typee
1177:JSTOR
1146:S2CID
862:S2CID
818:JSTOR
688:Other
520:, by
508:: in
395:agape
230:Times
115:Pages
2065:Film
2055:'s "
1652:Omoo
1522:ISBN
1518:Gale
1495:ISBN
1491:Gale
1471:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1417:and
1366:2018
1340:IMDb
1321:2022
1296:2012
1249:2012
1209:2019
1028:2012
922:ISBN
810:ISSN
770:ISBN
713:The
633:Bone
599:and
561:for
536:and
530:2001
518:1976
510:1970
471:and
459:The
265:and
174:Plot
1557:at
1543:at
1267:BBC
1138:doi
854:doi
802:doi
603:by
577:").
569:as
565:in
498:of
373:by
310:ELH
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