191:
38:
208:
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which house the city's
Criminal and Supreme Courts, city offices, and various departments, including the headquarters of the Department of Corrections. The northern tower is freestanding, with the separate address of 125 White Street. It was officially named the Manhattan House of Detention for Men (MHD), although it was still referred to popularly as The Tombs.
424:
after an informational picket of City Hall by union correctional officers drawing attention to the pressures. Rioters took command of the entire ninth floor, and five officers were held hostage for eight hours, until state officials agreed to hear prisoner grievances and take no punitive action against the rioters. Despite that promise, Mayor
966:
Manhattan
Detention Complex – capacity: 898. This lower Manhattan command consists of two buildings designated the North and South Towers, connected by a bridge. The North Tower was opened in 1990. The South Tower, formerly the Manhattan House of Detention, or the "Tombs," was opened in 1983, after a
493:
reported that the city planned to close the complex prior to the end of
November 2020. The demolition of the Tombs attracted criticism from landlords, local residents, and prison-reform advocates. Opponents claimed the redevelopment would harm local residents and businesses. An injunction preventing
456:
The
Manhattan Detention Complex consisted of a South Tower, the former Manhattan House of Detention remodeled and reopened in 1983, and a North Tower across White Street, completed in 1990. The complex housed only male inmates, most of them pretrial detainees. The total capacity of the two buildings
423:
By 1969, the Tombs ranked as the worst of the city's jails, both in overall conditions and in overcrowding. It held an average of 2,000 inmates in spaces designed for 925. Inmates rioted on August 10, 1970, after multiple warnings about falling budgets, aging facilities, and rising populations, and
295:
The Tombs' formal title was The New York Halls of
Justice and House of Detention, as it housed the city's courts, police, and detention facilities. It was a notable example of Egyptian Revival architecture, although opinion varied greatly concerning its actual merit. As Dickens wrote: "What is this
419:
The facility is the northernmost of the four 15-story towers of the New York City
Criminal Courts Building at 100 Centre Street, bounded by Centre Street, White Street, Baxter Street, and Hogan Place. The three southern towers are wings of a single integrated structure sharing a five-story "crown"
276:
that was the principal water source for
Colonial New York City. Industrialization and population density by the late 18th century resulted in the severe pollution of the Collect, so it was condemned, drained, and filled in by 1817. The landfill job was poorly done, however, and the ground began to
281:
by the time that prison construction started in 1838. The heavy masonry of
Haviland's design was built atop vertical piles of lashed hemlock tree trunks in a bid for stability, but the entire structure began to sink soon after it was opened. This damp foundation was primarily responsible for its
314:, a prison relief worker and missionary, became known as "the Tombs Angel" for her efforts to help and advocate on behalf of the many poor people held in squalid conditions at the Tombs. A monument to her, built in 1902 and put in storage in 1940, was rededicated in 2019 in the
375:
and Walter
Dickson from Albany, who had been partners since the 1880s. This was their final major commission. In September 1900, the architects complained that construction would be delayed for a year and cost an additional $ 250,000 due to the unnecessary insertion of corrupt
439:
Within a month after the riot, the New York City Legal Aid
Society filed a landmark class action suit on behalf of pre-trial detainees held in the Tombs. The city decided to close the Tombs on December 20, 1974, after years of litigation and after federal judge
502:
declined to grant an injunction, and seven murals were subsequently removed. The demolition of the Tombs was finally approved in April 2023 but was paused after further objections. Demolition continued despite objection by local residents.
299:
The prison was well known for its corruption and was the scene of numerous scandals and escapes during its early history. A fire destroyed part of the building on November 18, 1842, the same day that a notorious killer named
383:
The building was connected to the 1892 Manhattan Criminal Courts Building with a "Bridge of Sighs", crossing four stories above Franklin Street. There was also an Annex with another 144 cells that was finished in 1884.
549:, American educator, writer, radical political activist, historian, and magazine editor, incarcerated in the Tombs after a 1941 perjury conviction obtained in association with testimony before the
304:
was due to be hanged. Apparently it was an escape attempt on Colt's part that failed, and he fatally stabbed himself in his cell. Convicted murderer and New York City politician
2069:
269:. It initially accommodated about 300 prisoners, and $ 250,000 was allocated in 1835 to build it, but various cost overruns occurred prior to completion of the project.
821:
257:, although this appears to be untrue. The building was 253 feet, 3 inches in length and 200 feet, 5 inches wide, and it occupied a full block, surrounded by
1668:
1040:
498:
in 2020 but was overturned the next year. Two artists also filed a lawsuit to preserve artwork that was displayed on the Tombs' facade, but U.S. district judge
2109:
2104:
2099:
153:. It may have been this style that caused it to be called "the Tombs", although other theories exist. It was built as a replacement for the Colonial-era
1311:
Gilfoyle, Timothy J. (2003). ""America's Greatest Criminal Barracks": The Tombs and the Experience of Criminal Justice in New York City, 1838–1897".
1091:
2064:
967:
complete remodeling. The complex houses male detainees, most of them undergoing the intake process or facing trial in New York County (Manhattan).
2124:
2089:
2084:
2079:
861:
308:
earned national notoriety for escaping from the prison disguised as a woman on November 22, 1872. He was never captured and his fate is unknown.
926:
States of Siege : U.S. Prison Riots, 1971–1986, by Public Safety Research at the Urban Research Institute University of Louisville, page 26
337:
The "Bridge of Sighs" connecting the 1902 Tombs prison at left with the 1894 Manhattan Criminal Courts building, looking west from Centre Street
1585:
190:
1534:
945:
782:
368:
facade with conical towers along Centre Street, bounded by Centre Street, White Street, Elm Street (today's Lafayette), and Leonard Street.
1904:
1014:
468:
was commissioner of the New York City Department of Corrections from 1998 to 2000 before becoming police commissioner. New York City mayor
408:
The 1902 prison was replaced in 1941 by a high-rise facility across the street on the east side of Centre Street. The 795,000 square foot
1899:
1747:
1688:
2094:
1833:
1693:
1204:
249:
completed in 1838. There was a rumor at the time that the building was inspired by a picture of an Egyptian tomb that appeared in
1737:
1118:
99:
277:
subside in less than 10 years. The resulting swampy, foul-smelling conditions transformed the neighborhood into a slum known as
157:
located in City Hall Park, built in 1735. The new structure incorporated material from the demolished Bridewell to save money.
1485:
1454:
1395:
1357:
404:. It became the South Tower of the expanded and renamed Manhattan Detention Complex once the new North Tower opened in 1990.
1383:
695:
292:: "Such indecent and disgusting dungeons as these cells, would bring disgrace upon the most despotic empire in the world!"
1256:
634:"Mayor Giuliani and Correction Commissioner Fraser rename the Manhattan Detention Complex 'The Bernard B. Kerik Complex'"
1066:
530:
1578:
664:
1282:
1152:
2134:
2129:
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agreed that the prison's conditions were so bad as to be unconstitutional. They shipped the remaining 400 inmates to
731:
473:
2119:
1177:
1230:
2114:
2074:
847:
154:
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242:
195:
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The two existing buildings began demolition in 2023, in preparation for a planned replacement jail building.
1965:
1848:
1721:
429:
315:
262:
2045:
2041:
1995:
1950:
1768:
1652:
935:
Courts, Corrections, and the Constitution: The Impact of Judicial ... edited by John J. DiIulio, page 149
917:
Courts, Corrections, and the Constitution: The Impact of Judicial ... edited by John J. DiIulio, page 143
908:
Courts, Corrections, and the Constitution: The Impact of Judicial ... edited by John J. DiIulio, page 140
460:
The jail was named The Bernard B. Kerik Complex in December 2001 at the direction of New York City mayor
1980:
1716:
1631:
1390:(Columbia University Press Morningside ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 23–35.
564:
266:
20:
865:
1960:
1673:
1621:
1041:"NYC to close two city jails by November: 'The Tombs' in Lower Manhattan and a jail on Rikers Island"
512:
258:
1515:
1975:
1823:
1742:
953:
372:
790:
364:
In 1902, the 1838 building was replaced by a million-dollar City Prison featuring an eight-story
135:
1509:
170:
1941–2023, Manhattan House of Detention (became Manhattan Detention Complex South Tower in 1983)
2015:
550:
495:
278:
131:
982:
1909:
1869:
1828:
518:
480:
409:
311:
37:
859:
601:
198:-style Tombs building in a photograph from 1893. Leonard Street, left. Centre Street, right.
1890:
1594:
602:
413:
130:, New York City. It was also the nickname for three previous city-run jails in the former
8:
1843:
1683:
1678:
1425:
524:
489:
250:
633:
1783:
1336:
822:"Long-Forgotten Monument to Prison Reformer Will Be Reinstalled in New York Courthouse"
700:
546:
433:
231:
1231:"City Hits Pause on Demolition of Manhattan Detention Center After Outcry From Locals"
1647:
1491:
1481:
1474:
1460:
1450:
1433:
1401:
1391:
1363:
1353:
1340:
1328:
1153:"Artists mourn loss of Manhattan Detention Center murals as buildings are demolished"
1126:
887:
843:
678:
670:
660:
469:
296:
dismal fronted pile of bastard Egyptian, like an enchanter's palace in a melodrama?"
1813:
1788:
1320:
559:
536:
461:
441:
146:
2020:
1945:
1864:
1838:
1409:
1067:"New York is building the world's tallest jail in Chinatown. Can anyone stop it?"
499:
283:
127:
1324:
757:
Reminiscences of the Old Fire Laddies and Volunteer Fire Departments of New York
563:
radio show were arrested and held in The Tombs overnight during a promotion for
365:
345:
1970:
1940:
1763:
608:
288:
1520:
1119:"Demolition for Jail Can Go Forward, Judge Rules in a Suit Brought by Artists"
2058:
1990:
1955:
1930:
1607:
1549:
1536:
1130:
682:
484:
465:
445:
246:
55:
1495:
1464:
1367:
1332:
1925:
1626:
1405:
540:
425:
377:
301:
273:
214:
1437:
1985:
400:
was built in 1941, at the same time as the Manhattan Criminal Courthouse
543:
political ring, spent a year in the Tombs after his second trial in 1873
392:
1563:
331:
696:"Doom of the Old Tombs; Soon to be Removed to Make Way for New Prison"
1818:
1778:
1603:
840:
New York, 15 Walking Tours: An Architectural Guide to the Metropolis.
717:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1978. p. 165
568:
185:
1092:"Residents fight plans for 'mega jail' in New York City's Chinatown"
732:"New York's Tribute to the 'Tombs Angel': Lost, Found, Now Restored"
715:
The Egyptian Revival: Its Sources, Monuments, and Meaning, 1808–1858
657:
The Egyptian revival: its sources, monuments, and meaning, 1808–1858
1015:"Rikers Jail Replacement Plan Pits Chinatown Against New York City"
860:
Department of Citywide Administrative Services, City of New York.
126:
during 2001–2006), a former municipal jail at 125 White Street in
1773:
1205:"Teardown of Manhattan jail set to begin amid Rikers uncertainty"
603:"Disgraced and Penalized, Kerik Finds His Name Stripped Off Jail"
487:, including a high-rise jail tower on the site of the Tombs. The
150:
674:
225:
164:
1838–1902, New York City Halls of Justice and House of Detention
1935:
1793:
207:
1516:
New York Correction History Society timeline (includes photo)
428:
had the primary troublemakers shipped upstate to the state's
134:
neighborhood of lower Manhattan, in an area now known as the
483:
announced plans to build four new jails citywide to replace
387:
1528:
at the website of the New York Correction History Society
1170:
772:. New York: Caxton Book Concern, Ltd., 1887. pp. 292–296.
659:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 165.
476:
in 2006, committed during his tenure as a city employee.
451:
1388:
The Eight Million: Journal of a New York Correspondent
1521:"Irish in New York" site, Census of prisoners in 1860
1447:
Forms of Constraint: A History of Prison Architecture
272:
The building site had been created by filling in the
42:
The North Tower of the complex as it appeared in 2013
1257:"Anger in New York Over Huge Chinatown Jail Project"
636:(Press release). City of New York. December 12, 2001
282:
unsanitary conditions in the decades that followed.
1144:
567:, a mostly glass bus carting topless women through
2070:Egyptian Revival architecture in the United States
1473:
725:
723:
553:(investigating Communism in education in New York)
186:Halls of Justice and House of Detention, 1838–1902
173:1990–2023, Manhattan Detention Complex North Tower
1350:Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia
1222:
1084:
1008:
1006:
1004:
527:, prison relief worker known as "The Tombs Angel"
521:, prison relief worker known as "The Tombs Angel"
380:architects Horgan and Slattery into the project.
2056:
1196:
946:"Facilities Overview – Department of Correction"
557:In November 2000, 16 people associated with the
494:the jail tower's construction was issued by the
720:
515:, first criminal executed at the prison in 1839
141:The original Tombs was officially known as the
1430:Stone Walls: Prisons from Fetters to Furloughs
1058:
1001:
241:The first complex to have the nickname was an
91:Halls of Justice, Manhattan House of Detention
1579:
1255:Chen, Stefanos; Chan, Mable (April 1, 2024).
160:The four buildings known as The Tombs were:
1748:Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
1178:"Demolition to start on White Street jails"
770:Recollections of a New York Chief of Police
2110:Buildings and structures completed in 1941
2105:Buildings and structures completed in 1902
2100:Buildings and structures completed in 1838
1586:
1572:
1352:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1283:"Escort of Voyeur Bus Suspended by Police"
149:architectural style, similar in form to a
36:
1150:
1039:Marcius, Chelsia Rose (October 9, 2020).
888:"Criminal Courts Building, New York City"
448:, where conditions were not much better.
321:
1593:
1449:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
1310:
1280:
1254:
1151:Duddridge, Natalie (November 10, 2023).
391:
189:
16:Detention complex in Manhattan, New York
2065:1838 establishments in New York (state)
1738:Charles B. Wang Community Health Center
1471:
1444:
1281:Rashbaum, William (February 12, 2000).
1228:
1038:
654:
628:
626:
388:Manhattan House of Detention, 1941–1974
100:New York City Department of Corrections
2125:New York City Department of Correction
2090:Government buildings completed in 1941
2085:Government buildings completed in 1902
2080:Government buildings completed in 1838
2057:
1424:
1381:
1202:
977:
975:
729:
595:
593:
591:
589:
472:ordered Kerik's name removed after he
452:Manhattan Detention Complex, 1983–2023
1857:
1567:
1116:
853:
842:(New York: McGraw-Hill Professional (
213:Artist's depiction of the wedding of
1476:The Encyclopedia of American Prisons
1347:
1064:
1012:
623:
599:
412:facility was designed by architects
1229:Johnson, Stephon (April 26, 2023).
972:
862:"Manhattan Criminal Court Building"
586:
13:
1375:
474:pleaded guilty to two misdemeanors
14:
2146:
2095:Government buildings in Manhattan
1503:
1065:Chan, Wilfred (August 21, 2023).
819:
506:
396:The Manhattan House of Detention
432:which likely contributed to the
344:
330:
224:
206:
1689:St. James Roman Catholic Church
1526:Article on the building complex
1304:
1274:
1248:
1203:Garber, Nick (April 20, 2023).
1117:Small, Zachary (May 19, 2022).
1110:
1032:
938:
929:
920:
911:
902:
880:
832:
813:
800:
730:Libbey, Peter (June 16, 2019).
775:
762:
749:
707:
689:
648:
1:
1669:Church of the Transfiguration
1013:Poon, Linda (June 17, 2022).
600:Chan, Sewell (July 3, 2006).
574:
352:
31:(Manhattan Detention Complex)
1849:Stephen Van Rensselaer House
1834:Bowery Savings Bank Building
1722:Museum of Chinese in America
655:Carrott, Richard G. (1978).
430:Attica Correctional Facility
316:New York State Supreme Court
255:Incidents of Travel in Egypt
118:was the colloquial name for
7:
2046:Manhattan Community Board 3
2042:Manhattan Community Board 2
1769:Chinatown Ice Cream Factory
1653:Pace University High School
1510:Manhattan Detention Complex
1480:. New York: Facts on File.
1325:10.1177/0096144203029005002
806:"City Prison Alterations",
120:Manhattan Detention Complex
10:
2151:
1717:Asian American Arts Centre
1632:Sara Delano Roosevelt Park
1445:Johnson, James A. (2000).
983:"Bernard Kerik Fast Facts"
180:
21:The Tombs (disambiguation)
18:
2036:
2008:
1918:
1889:
1882:
1806:
1756:
1730:
1709:
1702:
1674:Eldridge Street Synagogue
1661:
1640:
1614:
1601:
1432:. Philadelphia: Chilton.
1348:Roth, Mitchel p. (2006).
1209:Crain's New York Business
265:(today's Lafayette), and
109:Commissioner Joseph Ponte
105:
95:
87:
79:
71:
61:
51:
47:
35:
2135:Skyscrapers in Manhattan
2130:Prisons in New York City
1743:Chinese Community Center
1313:Journal of Urban History
1096:South China Morning Post
838:Wolfe, Gerard R. (2003)
787:www.nyc-architecture.com
579:
373:Frederick Clarke Withers
286:wrote about the jail in
124:Bernard B. Kerik Complex
83:1838 (original building)
2120:John Haviland buildings
1382:Berger, Meyer (1983) .
457:was nearly 900 people.
416:and Charles B. Meyers.
2115:Jails in New York City
2075:Five Points, Manhattan
1550:40.716611°N 74.00139°W
1472:Sifakis, Carl (2003).
826:www.smithsonianmag.com
571:with a police escort.
551:Rapp-Coudert Committee
496:New York Supreme Court
405:
322:City Prison, 1902–1941
199:
167:1902–1941, City Prison
145:, built in 1838 in an
1829:Alfred E. Smith House
1412:on September 27, 2007
531:Vojislav Stanimirović
519:Rebecca Salome Foster
481:New York City Council
410:Art Deco architecture
395:
312:Rebecca Salome Foster
193:
1824:254–260 Canal Street
1595:Chinatown, Manhattan
1555:40.716611; -74.00139
1426:DeFord, Miriam Allen
890:. SkyscraperPage.com
868:on February 21, 2009
713:Carrott, Richard G.
436:about a year later.
414:Harvey Wiley Corbett
371:The architects were
351:The Bridge of Sighs
19:For other uses, see
1844:Edward Mooney House
1684:Sea and Land Church
1546: /
1235:THE CITY – NYC News
1045:New York Daily News
810:, September 7, 1900
796:on October 5, 2020.
768:Walling, George W.
525:Ernestine Schaffner
490:New York Daily News
261:, Franklin Street,
251:John Lloyd Stephens
32:
1870:Bull's Head Tavern
1784:Nom Wah Tea Parlor
1287:The New York Times
1261:The New York Times
1123:The New York Times
808:The New York Times
755:Kernan, J. Frank.
736:The New York Times
701:The New York Times
547:Morris U. Schappes
434:Attica Prison riot
406:
306:William J. Sharkey
232:Harry Kendall Thaw
217:in The Tombs, 1842
200:
28:
2052:
2051:
2004:
2003:
1878:
1877:
1802:
1801:
1694:St. Joseph Church
1648:Shuang Wen School
1627:Collect Pond Park
1487:978-0-8160-4511-2
1456:978-0-252-02557-0
1397:978-0-231-05710-3
1359:978-0-313-32856-5
956:on April 20, 2014
783:"New City Prison"
533:(crime boss) YACS
470:Michael Bloomberg
234:in his cell, 1912
113:
112:
2142:
1966:Elizabeth Street
1887:
1886:
1855:
1854:
1814:51 Market Street
1789:Pearl River Mart
1707:
1706:
1679:Mariner's Temple
1588:
1581:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1512:on prisonpro.com
1499:
1479:
1468:
1441:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1408:. Archived from
1371:
1344:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1252:
1246:
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1243:
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1200:
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1189:
1184:. April 20, 2023
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1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
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1114:
1108:
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1105:
1103:
1098:. April 22, 2022
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1029:
1027:
1025:
1010:
999:
998:
996:
994:
979:
970:
969:
963:
961:
952:. Archived from
950:City of New York
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933:
927:
924:
918:
915:
909:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
884:
878:
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875:
873:
864:. Archived from
857:
851:
836:
830:
829:
817:
811:
804:
798:
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795:
789:. Archived from
779:
773:
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753:
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742:
727:
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693:
687:
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652:
646:
645:
643:
641:
630:
621:
620:
618:
616:
605:
597:
565:"The Voyeur Bus"
560:Opie and Anthony
537:William M. Tweed
462:Rudolph Giuliani
442:Morris E. Lasker
357:
354:
348:
334:
243:Egyptian Revival
228:
210:
196:Egyptian-Revival
155:Bridewell Prison
147:Egyptian Revival
143:Halls of Justice
40:
33:
27:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2032:
2021:The Old Brewery
2000:
1996:Mulberry Street
1951:Division Street
1946:Chrystie Street
1914:
1874:
1865:Atlantic Garden
1853:
1839:Confucius Plaza
1807:Other buildings
1798:
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1726:
1698:
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1610:
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1537:
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1488:
1457:
1415:
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1398:
1378:
1376:Further reading
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1249:
1239:
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1187:
1185:
1182:Tribeca Citizen
1176:
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992:
990:
989:. March 4, 2020
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1926:Allen Street
1905:Grand Street
1900:Canal Street
1615:Green spaces
1538:40°42′59.8″N
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1429:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:the original
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1305:Bibliography
1290:. Retrieved
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1157:CBS New York
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1071:the Guardian
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993:February 16,
991:. Retrieved
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954:the original
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892:. Retrieved
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872:December 30,
870:. Retrieved
866:the original
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791:the original
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638:. Retrieved
615:February 16,
613:. Retrieved
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488:
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366:Châteauesque
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274:Collect Pond
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136:Civic Center
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2016:Five Points
1986:Mott Street
1553: /
1416:October 10,
1384:"The Tombs"
1050:October 18,
356: 1896
279:Five Points
132:Five Points
88:Former name
2059:Categories
1757:Businesses
1541:74°00′05″W
848:0071411852
575:References
318:'s lobby.
263:Elm Street
245:design by
96:Managed by
2039:See also:
2026:The Tombs
1819:97 Bowery
1779:Jing Fong
1731:Community
1641:Education
1604:Manhattan
1341:144410853
1266:April 13,
1131:0362-4331
850:), p. 102
683:633069010
569:Manhattan
116:The Tombs
29:The Tombs
1893:stations
1662:Religion
1496:49225908
1465:42434965
1428:(1962).
1368:60835344
1333:88513081
1240:March 2,
1214:March 2,
1188:March 2,
1162:March 2,
1136:March 2,
1102:March 2,
1076:March 2,
1024:March 2,
960:March 7,
741:June 17,
675:76024579
106:Director
52:Location
1919:Streets
1774:Hop Kee
1710:Museums
1703:Culture
1406:9066227
1292:July 5,
402:(right)
181:History
151:mastaba
1936:Bowery
1891:Subway
1858:Former
1794:Wo Hop
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398:(left)
80:Opened
66:Active
62:Status
1337:S2CID
794:(JPG)
580:Notes
466:Kerik
1492:OCLC
1482:ISBN
1461:OCLC
1451:ISBN
1434:OCLC
1418:2007
1402:OCLC
1392:ISBN
1364:OCLC
1354:ISBN
1329:OCLC
1294:2007
1268:2024
1242:2024
1216:2024
1190:2024
1164:2024
1138:2024
1127:ISSN
1104:2024
1078:2024
1052:2020
1026:2024
995:2021
962:2018
896:2022
874:2008
844:ISBN
743:2019
679:OCLC
671:LCCN
661:ISBN
642:2021
617:2021
1321:doi
987:CNN
2061::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_pg501_THE_TOMBS._THE_PLACE_OF_DETENTION_FOR_CRIMINALS_AWAITING_TRIAL_(cropped).jpg)
