Bar Kokhba revolt - Knowledge

6035:, pp. 95–96: "Returning to the Bar Kokhba revolt, we should note that up until the discovery of the first Bar Kokhba documents in Wadi Murabba'at in 1951, Bar Kokhba coins were the sole archaeological evidence available for dating the revolt. Based on coins overstock by the Bar Kokhba administration, scholars dated the beginning of the Bar Kokhba regime to the conquest of Jerusalem by the rebels. The coins in question bear the following inscriptions: "Year One of the redemption of Israel", "Year Two of the freedom of Israel", and "For the freedom of Jerusalem". Up until 1948 some scholars argued that the "Freedom of Jerusalem" coins predated the others, based upon their assumption that the dating of the Bar Kokhba regime began with the rebel capture Jerusalem." L. Mildenberg's study of the dies of the Bar Kokhba definitely established that the "Freedom of Jerusalem" coins were struck later than the ones inscribed "Year Two of the freedom of Israel". He dated them to the third year of the revolt.' Thus, the view that the dating of the Bar Kokhba regime began with the conquest of Jerusalem is untenable. lndeed, archeological finds from the past quarter-century, and the absence of Bar Kokhba coins in Jerusalem in particular, support the view that the rebels failed to take Jerusalem at all." 1948: 6785: 1691: 5010:, pp. 483–484: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it." 1190: 1358:. This theory was proposed by Werner Eck in 1999, as part of his general maximalist work which did put the Bar Kokhba revolt as a very prominent event on the course of the Roman Empire's history. Next to the camp, archaeologists unearthed the remnants of a triumphal arch, which featured a dedication to Emperor Hadrian, which most likely refers to the defeat of Bar Kokhba's army. Additional finds at Tel Shalem, including a bust of Emperor Hadrian, specifically link the site to the period. The theory for a major decisive battle in Tel Shalem implies a significant extension of the area of the rebellion, with Werner Eck suggesting the war encompassed also northern Valleys together with Galilee. 947:, over the ruins of Jerusalem and the erection of a temple to Jupiter on the Temple mount. Until recently, some historians had tried to question the Colonia foundation event as one of the causes of the revolt, suggesting to rather time the Colonia establishment to the aftermath of the revolt as a punishment. However, the 2014 archaeological finding of the Legio Fretensis inscription in Jerusalem dedicated to Hadrian and dated to 129/130 CE, as well as identification of Colonia Aelia Capitolina struck coins have since been largely accepted as confirmation to the sequence of events depicted in Jewish traditional literature. One interpretation involves the visit in 130 CE of 3236:

no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction

2201: 1397: 4983:, 62-87. "The consequences of the Second Revolt were infinitely more catastrophic for the Jewish population than were those of the First Revolt. The chilling evidence found in the caves of Nahal Hever illustrates the scale of the killing and suffering. However, the Jewish settlement at Ein Gedi survived. As suggested above, relatives of refugees who had fled to the caves traveled to those sites at some point after the revolt to give the deceased a proper burial. The results of the excavations at Ein Gedi indicate a continuity of settlement during the transition from the Late Roman (Stratum III) to the Byzantine (II) period." 1272:, which were created in large numbers in almost every population center. Many houses utilized underground hideouts, where Judean rebels hoped to withstand Roman superiority by the narrowness of the passages and even ambushes from underground. The cave systems were often interconnected and used not only as hideouts for the rebels but also for storage and refuge for their families. Hideout systems were employed in the Judean hills, the Judean desert, northern Negev, and to some degree also in Galilee, Samaria and Jordan Valley. As of July 2015, some 350 hideout systems have been mapped within the ruins of 140 Jewish villages. 67: 4013:). The historical credibility of this remark is controversial The earliest evidence for circumcision in Roman legislation is an edict by Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE), Hadrian's successor t is not utterly impossible that Hadrian indeed considered circumcision as a 'barbarous mutilation' and tried to prohibit it. However, this proposal cannot be more than a conjecture, and, of course, it does not solve the questions of when Hadrian issued the decree (before or during/after the Bar Kokhba war) and whether it was directed solely against Jews or also against other peoples. 1533:, thought the numbers to be exaggerations, they nonetheless indicate the large scale of the disaster for Judea's Jewish population. Archaeological evidence confirms widespread destruction in Judea, as every village in the region exhibits signs of devastation from the revolt. The majority of Roman-period settlements in Judea that have been excavated exhibit destruction or abandonment layers, indicating a significant settlement gap above these layers. It appears that Jewish settlement in Judea was almost completely eradicated by the end of the revolt. 866: 1166: 4735:

populations into the same region, created the conditions for the diffusion of Christians into that area during the fifth and sixth centuries. This regional population, originally pagan and during the Byzantine period gradually adopting Christianity, was one of the main reasons that the monks chose to settle there. They erected their monasteries near local villages that during this period reached their climax in size and wealth, thus providing fertile ground for the planting of new ideas.

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destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it."

8583: 7124: 2380:. The bulk of the coins were discovered near Roman military locations, including multiple legionary and auxiliary camps, though not necessarily in a strict military context. It has been suggested to attribute these findings to Roman soldiers who took part in the uprising and brought the coins as souvenirs or commemorative relics, or to Jewish captives, slaves or immigrants who arrived in those areas in the aftermath of the revolt. 2111: 7134: 2486:

Bar Kokhba coins had been found outside Jerusalem, but only four within the city (out of more than 22,000 found within the city). The Israel Antiques Authority's archaeologists Moran Hagbi and Dr. Joe Uziel speculated that "It is possible that a Roman soldier from the Tenth Legion found the coin during one of the battles across the country and brought it to their camp in Jerusalem as a souvenir."

1362: 1621: 974:, arrived in the province to maintain order. Works on Aelia Capitolina, as Jerusalem was to be called, commenced in 131 CE. The governor of Judea, Tineius Rufus, performed the foundation ceremony, which involved ploughing over the designated city limits. "Ploughing up the Temple", seen as a religious offence, turned many Jews against the Roman authorities. The Romans issued a coin inscribed 875: 4500: 2028:, the last of the Constantinian dynasty, who, unlike his predecessors, defied Christianity. In 363, not long before Julian left Antioch to launch his campaign against Sassanian Persia, he ordered the Jewish Temple rebuilt in his effort to foster religions other than Christianity. The failure to rebuild the Temple has mostly been ascribed to the dramatic 5087:. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name - one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus - Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." 924:, the second large-scale Jewish insurrection in the Eastern Mediterranean during 115–117, the final stages of which saw fighting in Judea. Mismanagement of the province during the early 2nd century might well have led to the proximate causes of the revolt, largely bringing governors with clear anti-Jewish sentiments to run the province. 809:

between 500,000–600,000 Jews are estimated to have been killed in the conflict. Judea was heavily depopulated as a result of the number of Jews killed or expelled by Roman troops, with a significant number of captives sold into slavery. Following the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt, the center of Jewish society shifted from Judea to

1982:, dated to 121 CE, contained the known inscriptions of two senior officers who were deputy commanders of the Ninth in 120 CE, and lived on for several decades to lead distinguished public careers. It was concluded that the Legion was disbanded between 120 and 197 CE—either as a result of fighting the Bar Kokhba revolt, or in 2615:(book 69), even though the writings of the Roman historian concerning the Bar Kokhba revolt survived only as fragments. The account extends on about two pages and is largely an historical perspective with the general course of the rebellion and its disastrous results, without mentioning specific names and locations. 2103:. Most of the villages in Judea's larger region show signs of devastation or abandonment that dates to the Bar-Kokhba revolt. Buildings and underground installations carved out beneath or close to towns, such as hiding complexes, burial caves, storage facilities, and field towers, have both been found to have 1960:

army are in health.'" Some argue that the exceptional number of preserved Roman veteran diplomas from the late 150s and 160s CE indicate an unprecedented conscription across the Roman Empire to replenish heavy losses within military legions and auxiliary units between 133 and 135, corresponding to the revolt.

2055:, the heads of the Community in Galilee issued a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews" which began: "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come!" However, the Christian population of the city saw this as a threat to their primacy, and a riot erupted which chased Jews from the city. 2652: 2494:

Among those findings are the rebel hideout systems in the Galilee, which greatly resemble the Bar Kokhba hideouts in Judea, and though are less numerous, are nevertheless important. The fact that Galilee retained its Jewish character after the end of the revolt has been taken as an indication by some

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In 2020, the fourth Bar Kokhba minted coin and the first inscribed with the word "Jerusalem" was found in Jerusalem Old City excavations. Despite this discovery, the Israel Antiques Authority still maintained the opinion that Jerusalem was not taken by the rebels, due to the fact that of thousands of

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reports that following the war, "innumerable people of diverse ages and both sexes were sold at the marketplace of Terebinthus. For this reason it is an accursed thing among the Jews to visit this acclaimed marketplace." In another work, he notes that thousands of people were sold at this market. The

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The killing of Bar Kokhba and the subsequent defeat of his rebels yielded disastrous consequences for Judea's Jewish populace, even more so than the crackdown that had taken place during and after the First Jewish–Roman War. Based on archeological evidence, ancient sources, and contemporary analysis,

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The phenomenon was most prominent in Judea, and can be explained by the demographic changes that this region underwent after the second Jewish revolt of 132-135 C.E. The expulsion of Jews from the area of Jerusalem following the suppression of the revolt, in combination with the penetration of pagan

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These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tell us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that

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have demonstrated that these Jewish villages were destroyed in the revolt, and were only resettled by pagan populations in the third century. Discoveries from towns like Gophna, known to be Jewish before the revolt, demonstrate that pagans of Hellenistic and Roman culture lived there during the Late

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writes that: " all the families of the Jewish nation have suffered pain worthy of wailing and lamentation because God's hand has struck them, delivering their mother-city over to strange nations, laying their Temple low, and driving them from their country, to serve their enemies in a hostile land."

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Dio also states that the Jews manufactured their own weapons in preparation for the revolt: "The Jews purposely made of poor quality such weapons as they were called upon to furnish, in order that the Romans might reject them and that they themselves might thus have the use of them." However, there

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was the sole archaeological evidence for dating the revolt. These coins include references to "Year One of the redemption of Israel", "Year Two of the freedom of Israel", and "For the freedom of Jerusalem". Despite the reference to Jerusalem, as of early 2000s, archaeological finds, and the lack of

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The location was identified as a Roman military post during the 20th century, with archaeological excavation performed in the late 20th century following an accidental discovery of Hadrian's bronze statue in the vicinity of the site in 1975. Remains of a large Roman military camp and fragments of a

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The inscription was dedicated by Legio X Fretensis to the emperor Hadrian in the year 129/130 CE. The inscription is considered to greatly strengthen the claim that indeed the emperor visited Jerusalem that year, supporting the traditional claim that Hadrian's visit was among the main causes of the

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all over Judea. The Jews who hid those hoards were unable to collect them due to the presence of Roman garrisons, or because they were killed during the revolt's suppression. It is reasonable to believe that the extensive destruction played a part in the loss of the hiding locations as well. Thirty

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Herodium was excavated by archaeologist Ehud Netzer in the 1980s, publishing results in 1985. According to findings, during the later Bar-Kokhba revolt, complex tunnels were dug, connecting the earlier cisterns with one another. These led from the Herodium fortress to hidden openings, which allowed

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following the revolt, perhaps due to serious losses. Cassius Dio wrote that "Many Romans, moreover, perished in this war. Therefore, Hadrian, in writing to the Senate, did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the emperors: 'If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the

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as an intended punishment for the Jews and as a result of the desires of the region’s non-Jewish inhabitants. The Jews were also subjected to a series of religious edicts by the Romans, including an edict that barred all Jews from entering Jerusalem. The Bar Kokhba revolt also had philosophical and

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nature reserve. Analysis of the sword types and the discovery of a Bar Kokhba revolt coin within the cave strongly support the hypothesis put forth by archaeologists, which suggests that these items were concealed by Jewish rebels during the Bar Kokhba revolt, serving as a precautionary measure to

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evidence from post-revolt Judea indicates that the Roman authorities resettled the region with a diverse population. This included Roman veterans and immigrants from the western parts of the empire, who settled in Aelia Capitolina and its surroundings, administrative centers, and along main roads.

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After Hadrian's death in 138, the Romans scaled back on their crackdown across Judea, but the ban on Jewish entry into Jerusalem remained in place, exempting only those Jews who wished to enter the city for Tisha B'Av. By destroying the association of Jews with Judea and forbidding the practice of

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Shimeon Applebaum estimates that about two-thirds of the Jewish population of Judea died during the revolt. In 2003, Cotton described Dio's figures as highly plausible, given accurate Roman census declarations. In 2021, an ethno-archaeological comparison analysis by Dvir Raviv and Chaim Ben David

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The Jews did not dare try conclusions with the Romans in the open field, but they occupied the advantageous positions in the country and strengthened them with mines and walls, in order that they might have places of refuge whenever they should be hard pressed, and might meet together unobserved

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notes that "Hadrian then commanded that by a legal decree and ordinances the whole nation should be absolutely prevented from entering from thenceforth even the district round Jerusalem, so that it could not even see from a distance its ancestral home Thus when the city came to be bereft of the

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Lacking detailed historical records or surviving accounts from Roman or Jewish sources, reconstructing the Bar Kokhba revolt is challenging. Reliance on sources with varying objectives, reliability, and dates leaves many crucial questions unresolved. Only one brief account survives: an abridged

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was the main force to execute this last phase of the campaign. Historians disagree on the duration of the Roman campaign following the fall of Betar. While some claim further resistance was broken quickly, others argue that pockets of Jewish rebels continued to hide with their families into the

936:, alterations in agricultural practice with a shift from landowning to sharecropping, the impact of a possible period of economic decline, and an upsurge of nationalism, the latter influenced by similar revolts among the Jewish communities in Egypt, Cyrenaica and Mesopotamia during the reign of 1793:

In the vicinity of Jerusalem, villages were depopulated, and arable land owned by Jews was confiscated. In the following centuries, the lack of an alternative population to fill the empty villages led Roman and later Byzantine authorities to seek a different approach to benefit the nobles, and

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In 2014, one half of a Latin inscription was discovered in Jerusalem during excavations near the Damascus Gate. It was identified as the right half of a complete inscription, the other part of which was discovered nearby in the late 19th century and is currently on display in the courtyard of

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were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been

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in the Dead Sea area, dubbed as "Bar Kokhba archive", which contained letters actually written by Bar Kokhba and his followers, has added much new primary source data, indicating among other things that either a pronounced part of the Jewish population spoke only Greek or there was a foreign

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Several historians, notably W. Eck of the University of Cologne, theorized that the Tel Shalem arch depicted a major battle between Roman armies and Bar Kokhba's rebels in Bet Shean valley, thus extending the battle areas some 50 km northwards from Judea. The 2013 discovery of the

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50 of their most important outposts and 985 of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. 580,000 men were slain in the various raids and battles, and the number of those that perished by famine, disease and fire was past finding out, Thus nearly the whole of Judaea was made

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They carried luxury goods, cash, arms, papers and deeds, and even the keys to their homes as a hint that they intended to return there once the fighting was over. These items were frequently discovered with their owners' bones in caverns, which is evidence of their tragic fate. The

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disappeared from daily use. Before the revolt, Hebrew was still used as a living language among a very significant part of the Jewish population in this region of the country. In the 3rd century sages no longer knew how to identify the Hebrew names of many plants mentioned in the

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were killed and suffered "all kinds of persecutions" at the hands of rebel Jews when they refused to help Bar Kokhba against the Roman troops. Although Christians regarded Jesus as the Messiah and did not support Bar Kokhba, they were barred from Jerusalem along with the Jews.

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To the Imperator Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, son of the deified Traianus Parthicus, grandson of the deified Nerva, high priest, invested with tribunician power for the 14th time, consul for the third time, father of the country (dedicated by) the 10th legion Fretensis

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A popular children's song, included in the curriculum of Israeli kindergartens, has the refrain "Bar Kokhba was a Hero/He fought for Liberty," and its words describe Bar Kokhba as being captured and thrown into a lion's den, but managing to escape riding on the lion's back.

4188: 2680:, where the remains of Jewish refugees from the rebellion were discovered along with fragments of letters and writings. Several briefer sources have been uncovered in the area over the past century, including references to the revolt from Nabatea and Roman Syria. 2343:

is the name given to Cave 8, where the skeletons of 40 Jewish refugees from the Bar Kokhba revolt, including men, women and children, were discovered. Three potsherds with the names of three of the deceased were also found alongside the skeletons in the cave.

1057:, abundant springs, and defensible position. Excavations have revealed fortifications likely built by Bar Kokhba's forces, though determining whether these defenses were constructed at the beginning of the revolt or later in the conflict remains unresolved. 931:

Historians have suggested multiple reasons for the sparking of the Bar Kokhba revolt, long-term and proximate. Several elements are believed to have contributed to the rebellion; changes in administrative law, the widespread presence of legally-privileged

2219:'s writings, which reported that the rebels used underground networks as part of their tactics to avoid direct confrontations with the Romans. Many were hewn in earlier times and were utilized by rebels during the revolt as indicated by the usage of the 1818:

underwent a romanization process, with Roman citizens and Roman veterans settling in the area during the Late Roman period. Indications for the settlement of Roman veterans in other parts of Judea proper includes a magnificent marble sarcophagus showing

1690: 3695: 1858:, a Roman military presence in the middle of the second century CE suggests that the Jews there were also victims of the revolt. The name of a Roman veteran from the village of Meason in Perea appears on a papyrus that was signed in 2516:. However, Eck's theory on battle in Tel Shalem is rejected by M. Mor, who considers the location implausible given Galilee's minimal (if any) participation in the Revolt and distance from the main conflict flareup in Judea proper. 818:

religious ramifications; Jewish belief in the Messiah was abstracted and spiritualized, and rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative. The rebellion was also among the events that helped differentiate

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provides a similar account: "in Hadrian's reign, when Jerusalem was completely destroyed and the Jewish nation was massacred in large groups at a time, with the result that they were even expelled from the borders of Judaea."

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to the ruins of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. At first sympathetic towards the Jews, Hadrian promised to rebuild the Temple, but the Jews felt betrayed when they found out that he intended to build a temple dedicated to

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was abstracted and spiritualized, and rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative. The Talmud, for instance, refers to Bar Kokhba as "Ben-Kusiba", a derogatory term used to indicate that he was a

2635:). Though Eusebius lived one and a half centuries after the revolt and wrote the brief account from the Christian theological perspective, his account provides important details on the revolt and its aftermath in Judea. 1444:. The precise date of Akiva's execution is disputed, some dating it to the beginning of the revolt based on the midrash, while others link it to final phases. The rabbinic account describes agonizing tortures: Akiva was 5074:, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature." 1974:'s disbandment in the mid-2nd century could have been a result of this war. Previously it had generally been accepted that the Ninth disappeared around 108 CE, possibly suffering its demise in Britain, according to 1385:, the ninth day of the lunar month Av, a day of mourning for the destruction of the First and the Second Jewish Temple. Rabbinical literature ascribes the defeat to Bar Kokhba killing his maternal uncle, Rabbi 1302:

sixty years earlier - nearly one third of the Roman army took part in the campaign against Bar Kokhba. It is estimated that forces from at least 10 legions participated in Severus' campaign in Judea, including

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Bar Kokba, the hero of the third war against Rome, appears under this name only among ecclesiastical writers: heathen authors do not mention him; and Jewish sources call him Ben (or Bar) Koziba or Kozba...

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Several archaeological excavations have been performed during the 20th and 21st centuries in ruins of Roman-period Jewish villages across Judea and Samaria, as well in the Roman-dominated cities on the

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A 2015 archaeological survey in Samaria identified some 40 hideout cave systems from the period, some containing Bar Kokhba's minted coins, suggesting that the war raged in Samaria at high intensity.

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is no archaeological evidence to support Dio's claim that the Jews produced defective weapons. In fact, weapons found at sites controlled by the insurgents are identical to those used by the Romans.

1592:(15 BCE), and the Pannonian War (c. 12 BCE). Sources indicate that Jewish captives were sold into slavery and sent to various parts of the empire, and the slave market was flooded with new slaves. 1347:

was among the legions Severus brought with him from Europe, and that its demise occurred during Severus' campaign, as its disappearance during the second century is often attributed to this war.

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Rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative, with Jewish belief in the Messiah becoming abstracted and spiritualized. The Talmud refers to Bar Kokhba as "Ben Koziva" (

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What I see for them is not yet, What I behold will not be soon: A star rises from Jacob, A scepter comes forth from Israel; It smashes the brow of Moab, The foundation of all children of

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in the year 151 CE, implying that lands there had been expropriated and given to Roman settlers. A building inscription of the Sixth Legion from the second century CE was discovered at

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in 70. The Romans had also continued to maintain a large military presence across the province; pushed unpopular changes in administrative and economic life; constructed the colony of

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to stabilize conflict zones. In the aftermath of the war, Jews were expelled from Jerusalem and its surroundings. Menahem Mor notes that Jews were also expelled from the districts of

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The fourth martyr was Hananiah ben Teradion, who was wrapped in a scroll of the Law and placed on a pyre of green brushwood; to prolong his agony, wet wool was placed on his chest.

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and abandonment deposits. Furthermore, there is a gap in settlement above these levels. Fragmentary material from Transjordan and the Galilee adds to the discoveries from Judea.

2599:. Although archaeological discoveries from 1952 onwards, particularly papyrological evidence, provide some insights, they do not offer a comprehensive narrative of the events. 3299:

This provoked the last Jewish war, which seems from our meager accounts to have resulted in the desolation of Judaea and the practical extermination of its Jewish population.

1393:. The Jerusalem Talmud relates that the number of dead in Betar was enormous, that the Romans "went on killing until their horses were submerged in blood to their nostrils." 2211:

The Bar Kokhba revolt has been better understood thanks to the discovery of artificially carved hiding complexes under many sites across Judea, and on a lesser level in the

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Following the Fall of Betar, the Roman forces went on a rampage of systematic killing, eliminating all remaining Jewish villages in the region and seeking out the refugees.

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With the onset of the conflict, initial rebel victories established an independent Jewish enclave covering much of the province for several years. Bar Kokhba was appointed

4749:, pp. 483–484: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the 5130:

Klein, E. (2010), “The Origins of the Rural Settlers in Judean Mountains and Foothills during the Late Roman Period”, In: E. Baruch., A. Levy-Reifer and A. Faust (eds.),

1009:. The claim is often considered suspect, and it may in reality have been intended to constitute a form of mockery of Jewish traditions which seemed absurd to the Romans. 5106: 1389:, after suspecting him of collaborating with the enemy, thereby forfeiting Divine protection. The horrendous scene after the city's capture could be best described as a 572: 508: 1268:

With the slowly advancing Roman army cutting supply lines, the rebels engaged in long-term defense. The defense system of Judean towns and villages was based mainly on

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contingent among Bar Kokhba's forces, accounted for by the fact that his military correspondence was, in part, conducted in Greek. Close to the Cave of Letters is the

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Sagiv, N. 2013. “Jewish Finds from Peraea (Transjordan) from the Second Temple Period until the Bar-Kokhba Revolt.” Jerusalem and Eretz-Israel 8–9: 191–210. (Hebrew)

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David Goodblatt, 'The political and social history of the Jewish community in the Land of Israel,' in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.)

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David Goodblatt, 'The political and social history of the Jewish community in the Land of Israel,' in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.)

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compilation, notably mentioning Bar Chochebas (which means “star” according to Eusebius) as the leader of the Jewish rebels and their last stand at Beththera (i.e.,

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As of 2023, twenty-four coins from the Bar Kokhba revolt have been discovered outside of Judaea in various parts of Europe, including what was then the provinces of

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Steiner, M., Mulder-Hymans, N., and Boertien, J.. 2013. “Een joods huishouden in Perea? De resultaten van de eerste opgravingscampagne op Tell Abu Sarbut in 2012.”

5053:, page 334: "Jews were forbidden to live in the city and were allowed to visit it only once a year, on the Ninth of Ab, to mourn on the ruins of their holy Temple." 1730:

writes that Jews were only allowed to visit the city to mourn its ruins, paying for the privilege. Under the argument to ensure the prosperity of the newly founded

6417: 1714:, another of himself. These proclamations remained in effect until Hadrian’s death in 138, which marked a significant relief to the surviving Jewish communities. 2548:. There is also evidence for Roman military presence in Perea in the middle of the century, as well as evidence of the settlement of Roman veterans in the area. 483: 3066:

Davies, W. D. (William David); Finkelstein, Louis; Horbury, William; Sturdy, John; Katz, Steven T.; Hart, Mitchell Bryan; Michels, Tony; Karp, Jonathan (1984).

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Kloner, A., Zissu, B., (2003). Hiding Complexes in Judaea: An Archaeological and Geographical Update on the Area of the Bar Kokhba Revolt. In P. SCHÄFER (ed),

1891:) both demonstrate that Hebrew was used mostly as a literary and artificial language. Hebrew is only found on a small percentage of cemeteries and synagogues. 523: 3381: 2409:

A number of locations have been identified with Roman Legionary camps in the time of the Bar Kokhba War, including in Tel Shalem, Jerusalem, Lajjun and more.

842:, it is also known as the Third Jewish–Roman War or the Third Jewish Revolt. Some historians also refer to it as the Second Revolt of Judea, not counting the 7200: 4005:

Hadrian's ban on circumcision, allegedly imposed sometime between 128 and 132 CE . The only proof for Hadrian's ban on circumcision is the short note in the

3827: 3508:(abstract with link to full pdf article) which suggests Aelia Capitolina was founded during the last stage of the revolt which halted earlier reconstruction 786: 3803: 1651:, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Galilee. Jewish communities continued to live on the edges of Judea, including 5231:הר, משה דוד (2022). "היהודים בארץ-ישראל בימי האימפריה הרומית הנוצרית" [The Jews in the Land of Israel in the Days of the Christian Roman Empire]. 2066:

province. Especially violent were the third and the fourth revolts, which resulted in near annihilation of the Samaritan community. It is likely that the

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was surveyed in explorations conducted in 1960–1961, when letters and fragments of papyri were found dating back to the period of the Bar Kokhba revolt.

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While Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt, there was a continuous small Jewish presence, and

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The Jerusalem Talmud contains descriptions of the results of the rebellion, including the Roman executions of Judean leaders and religious persecution.

1698:

After the suppression of the revolt, Hadrian promulgated a series of religious edicts aimed at uprooting the Jewish nationalism in Judea. He prohibited

8003: 7758: 2036:. Sabotage is a possibility, as is an accidental fire, though Christian historians of the time ascribed it to divine intervention. Julian's support of 1678:

In the aftermath of the defeat, the maintenance of Jewish settlement in Palestine became a major concern of the rabbis. They endeavored to halt Jewish

3104: 1077:(meaning "son of disappointment") a later derogatory term, documents discovered in the 1950s in the Judaean Desert confirm that his original name was 988: 6504: 3410: 2302:. The majority of these caves are large natural caverns (with few man-made modifications) that are situated in nearly inaccessible vertical cliffs. 1491:, with profound loss of life, extensive forced displacements, and widespread enslavement. The scale of suffering surpassed even the aftermath of the 4993: 3569: 3311: 1706:

and executed Judaic scholars. The sacred scrolls of Judaism were ceremonially burned at the large Temple complex for Jupiter which he built on the

8652: 8548: 8453: 6330: 5190: 3161: 1866:, which is identified as Gadara, one of the principal Jewish settlements in Perea, and provides more proof of the Roman military presence there. 883:

The first coin issued at the mint of Aelia Capitolina about 130/132 CE. Reverse: COL AEL CAPIT COND ('The founding of Colonia Aelia Capitolina').

565: 6070: 5898: 5709:

Klein, E, 2011, “Gophna during the Late Roman Period in Light of Artistic and Epigraphic Finds”, in: A. Tavger., Z. Amar and M. Billig (eds.),

4575: 2912: 3737: 3369: 3327: 8672: 2449:, who claim that the revolt spread through the entire Judea Province and beyond it into neighboring provinces. The second one is that of the 2020:, provoking heavy retribution. The Gallus revolt came during the rising influence of early Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire, under the 3672: 2570:

to the revolt, claiming "a greater spread of hostilities than had formerly been thought... the extension of the Jewish revolt into northern

3194: 7693: 7600: 7434: 6729: 1605:

puts the overall number of enslaved captives taken during the revolt at higher than 100,000. Those who were not sold were transported to

1537:

supported the accuracy of Dio's depopulation claims, describing his account as "reliable" and "based on contemporaneous documentation."

928:

may have preceded Rufus during the 120s. The Church Fathers and rabbinic literature emphasize the role of Rufus in provoking the revolt.

476: 5751:

Zissu, B., & Kloner, A. (2010). The Archaeology of the Second Jewish Revolt against Rome (The Bar Kokhba Revolt)–Some New Insights.

5260: 1694:

Expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem during the reign of Hadrian. A miniature from the 15th-century manuscript "Histoire des Empereurs".

1343:, along with 30–50 auxiliary units, for a total force of 60,000–120,000 Roman soldiers facing Bar Kokhba's rebels. It is plausible that 6871: 3574: 1128: 925: 558: 207: 6045: 2290:

Near the end of the uprising, many Jews fleeing for their life sought asylum in refuge caves, the most of which are found in Israel's

7622: 5596: 5386: 5454: 5446: 4909: 7678: 7535: 7205: 7172: 6671: 5683:

Yitzhak Magen, Yoav Zionit, and Erna Sirkis, "Kiryat Sefer‒A Jewish Village and Synagogue of the Second Temple Period" (in Hebrew)

5172:

Seligman, J. (2019). Were There Villages in Jerusalem's Hinterland During the Byzantine Period? In. Peleg- Barkat O. et.al. (Eds.)

3512:

and "Eusebius and Hadrian's Founding of Aelia Capitolina in Jerusalem" by Miriam Ben Zeev Hofman, ELECTRUM Vol. 26 (2019): 119–128

2773: 2017: 1951:

Schematic reconstruction of the Arch of Hadrian in Tel Shalem, dedicated to the Emperor for defeating the Jewish revolt of 132–135

7943: 7683: 7673: 7429: 7056: 6288: 5845: 3182:

Known as the Bar Kokhba Revolt, after its charismatic leader, Simon Bar Kokhba, whom many Jews regarded as their promised messiah

2749: 2555:

that dates to 130 CE, and a decline in settlement from the Early Roman to the Late Roman periods discovered in the survey of the

1999: 1601:, drawing on earlier sources, mentions that Hadrian sold Jewish captives "for the price of a daily portion of food for a horse." 4317: 1381:

are said to have taken part in the siege. According to Jewish tradition, the fortress was breached and destroyed on the fast of

7751: 5493: 2933: 2495:

that either the revolt was never joined by Galilee or that the rebellion was crushed relatively early there compared to Judea.

1127:

After Legio X and Legio VI failed to subdue the rebels, additional reinforcements were dispatched from neighbouring provinces.

469: 5569: 1939:

The rebellion contributed to the differentiation between early Christianity and Judaism, and their eventual clear separation.

7588: 7583: 6603: 6462: 6436: 6365: 6344: 6319: 6101: 5244: 4892: 4794: 4672: 4610: 3389: 3347: 3274: 3133: 3077: 2823: 2122:

dating to the revolt, along with a mass grave containing the remains of 15 individuals, including one with signs of beheading

2712:' "Epistle to Yemen," would seem to have its origins in the attempt to deal with the trauma of a failed Messianic uprising. 1794:

ultimately the church, by constructing estate farms and monasteries on the empty village lands. The Roman legionary tomb at

1464:

winter months of late 135 and possibly even spring 136. By early 136 however, it is clear that the revolt was defeated. The

8543: 8156: 7605: 7316: 7109: 5696:

Boaz Zisu, Amir Ganor, "Horvat 'Etri‒The Ruins of a Second Temple Period Jewish Village on the Coastal Plain" (in Hebrew).

2694: 1639:

became its religious center. Some of the Judean survivors resettled in Galilee, with some rabbinical families gathering in

2070:

was joined by the Jewish community, which had also suffered brutal suppression of their religion under Emperor Justinian.

7268: 7250: 5420:

Bernard Lazare and Robert Wistrich, Antisemitism: Its History and Causes, University of Nebraska Press, 1995, I, pp.46-7.

3835: 1746: 6503:

Vol. 3, "Hebrew, Aramaic and Nabatean–Aramaic Papyri", edited Yigael Yadin, Jonas C. Greenfield, Ada Yardeni,

6405: 7288: 7137: 6861: 6691: 2798: 2205: 743: 197: 6484:

Vol. 2, "Greek Papyri", edited by Naphtali Lewis; "Aramaic and Nabatean Signatures and Subscriptions", edited by

5286:

From One Identity to Another: The Mother Church of Jerusalem Between the Two Jewish Revolts Against Rome (66-135/6 EC)

4072:

The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest,

4054:

The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest,

3935:

The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest,

1757:. Despite such name changes taking place elsewhere, rebellions have never resulted in a nation's name being expunged. 8637: 8166: 7920: 7744: 6651: 6636: 6628: 6588: 6573: 6565: 6550: 5606: 5579: 5503: 5345: 5116: 5092: 5071: 4327: 4128: 3992: 3894: 3590: 3551:

The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest

3228: 3175: 3037: 2853: 2005: 1848: 1745:

A further, more lasting punishment was also implemented by the Romans. In an attempt to erase any memory of Judea or

17: 6176:

Mitchel, L. A. 1992. Hesban 7: Hellenistic and Roman Strata. Berrien Springs, MI: Institute of Archaeology. p. 62-63

3776: 8518: 5186: 4120: 3067: 1922: 1726:

nation of the Jews, and its ancient inhabitants had completely perished, it was settled by foreigners." Similarly,

1156: 987:, a text which is problematic when used as a source for historical fact, states tensions rose after Hadrian banned 964:

convinced him not to. The reference to a malevolent Samaritan is, however, a familiar device of Jewish literature.

518: 4962:

Zissu, B., Ecker, A., and Klein, E, 2017, "Archaeological Explorations North of Bet Guvrin (Eleutheropolis)", in:

3614: 2318:, which yielded a plethora of written records from the time of the revolt, are among the best-known refuge caves. 8677: 8647: 8553: 8445: 7593: 7540: 7530: 7444: 7225: 6722: 6665: 3609:

has a segment: "n the 9th of Ab...and the city was ploughed up." on mas. Taanith, Chapter 4, Mishnah no. 6. See:

2976:"Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?" 2785: 2074: 5922:(in Hebrew). Vol. יט. אריאל: מו"פ אזורי השומרון ובקעת הירדן; המרכז האוניברסיטאי אריאל בשומרון. p. 70. 1162:

According to Rabbinic sources some 400,000 men were at the disposal of Bar Kokhba at the peak of the rebellion.

8235: 7925: 6512: 6497: 5318: 3962:

Aharon Oppenheimer, ‘The Ban on Circumcision as a Cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration,’ Aharon Oppenheimer,

3869: 960:. A rabbinic version of this story claims that Hadrian planned on rebuilding the Temple, but that a malevolent 710:

Roman rule in Judea was not well-received among the Jewish population, especially after the destruction of the

1761:

the Jewish faith, Hadrian aimed to root out a nation that had inflicted heavy casualties on the Roman Empire.

8111: 7439: 2928: 2923:, 9 volumes, Greek texts and facing English translation: Harvard University Press, 1914 thru 1927. Online in 1546: 1189: 1136: 1108:

Jewish leaders carefully planned the second revolt to avoid the numerous mistakes that had plagued the first

212: 1369:

After losing many of their strongholds, Bar Kokhba and the remnants of his army withdrew to the fortress of

707:

in 135 and the Jewish rebels who remained after his death were all killed or enslaved within the next year.

703:, the Bar Kokhba revolt resulted in a total Jewish defeat; Bar Kokhba himself was killed by Roman troops at 8682: 8458: 8207: 8176: 7610: 7449: 7195: 7165: 6945: 3645: 1097:) rises from Jacob." However, this claim was contested by other contemporary sages like Yohanan ben Torta. 4267: 2945: 2067: 1682:, and even banned emigration from Palestine, branding those who settled outside its borders as idolaters. 1031:

underground; and they pierced these subterranean passages from above at intervals to let in air and light.

8657: 8484: 8116: 7459: 7454: 7298: 7278: 6892: 6250: 6185:

Ji, C. C., and Lee, J. K.. 2002. “The survey in the regions of 'Iraq al-Amir and Wadi al-Kafrayn, 2000.”

3919:

BRILL (Volume 177 of Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava. 177: Supplementum), 1998 pp.220-252, 226-227

3628: 2461:

It is generally accepted that the Bar Kokhba revolt encompassed all of Judea, namely the villages of the

2195: 1983: 1269: 1036: 1018: 599: 538: 6217:. University of Pennsylvania Press. The Jewish Quarterly Review Vol. 77, No. 1 (Jul., 1986), pp. 15-43. 5371:

The bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View. The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 89 (1999), pp. 76-89.

5288:. Paris: Éditions du Cerf, collection Judaïsme ancien et Christianisme primitive, (French), pp. 127-175. 8662: 8607: 8514: 8121: 7240: 7235: 7127: 6769: 6715: 6311: 6117: 5198: 4590: 3752: 3729:

AND THE CITY WAS PLOUGHED UP. It has been taught: When Turnus Rufus the wicked destroyed the Temple,...

3504:"Jerusalem and the Bar Kokhba Revolt Again: A Note" by Eran Almagor, ELECTRUM Vol. 26 (2019): 141–157, 2759: 2560: 1888: 1783: 1492: 1109: 890: 715: 696: 626: 6276: 5207: 3909:

Benjamin H. Isaac, Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Revolt of Bar Kochba:Ideology and Modern Scholarship,' in

2720:

In the post-rabbinical era, the Bar Kokhba Revolt became a symbol of valiant national resistance. The

2418:

Jerusalem's Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum. The complete inscription was translated as follows:

2200: 1396: 8502: 8396: 7963: 7953: 7897: 7382: 7009: 5297:

Justin, "Apologia", ii.71, compare "Dial." cx; Eusebius "Hist. Eccl." iv.6,§2; Orosius "Hist." vii.13

4293: 2705: 2628: 2478: 2397: 2377: 2220: 2029: 1254: 609: 5868:

Eshel, H., Zissu, B., & Barkay, G. (2009). Sixteen Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in Europe.

1561:. Additionally, the revolt prompted a widespread migration of Jews from Judea to coastal cities and 1100:

Seventeen letters discovered in the Judaean Desert reveal some details on Bar Kokhba's personality.

8667: 8510: 8361: 3710: 3382:

10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1056#acrefore-9780199381135-e-1056

2282:, where several documents of the period, including letters from Simeon bar Kokhba to the people of 750:

nature of Bar Kokhba may have also been a factor in popularizing the uprising across all of Judea.

614: 6263: 2544:

Valley, and by abandonment deposits from the same period that were discovered at al-Mukhayyat and

31: 8642: 8498: 8409: 7871: 7550: 7215: 7210: 7158: 6965: 6764: 6696: 6091: 5781:

Kloner A., and Zissu B., 2009, Underground Hiding Complexes in Israel and the Bar Kokhba Revolt,

5161:בין נחל רבה לנחל שילה: תפרוסת היישוב הכפרי בתקופות ההלניסטית, הרומית והביזנטית לאור חפירות וסקרים 4514: 4298: 4009:: 'At this time also the Jews began war, because they were forbidden to mutilate their genitals ( 3680: 3583:

Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome

2482:

revolt coinage found in Jerusalem, supported the view that the revolt did not capture Jerusalem.

2259: 2143: 1750: 1488: 1320: 1050: 746:, the erstwhile Roman governor of Judea, in provoking the Bar Kokhba revolt. The charismatic and 704: 680: 528: 333: 217: 105: 3198: 2708:. The deeply ambivalent rabbinical position regarding Messianism, as expressed most famously in 2226:

Hiding complexes were found at more than 130 archaeological sites in Judea; most of them in the

1350:

According to some views one of the crucial battles of the war took place near Tel Shalem in the

874: 805:—and launch an extensive military campaign across Judea in 134, ultimately crushing the revolt. 8494: 8376: 7986: 7968: 7576: 7377: 7094: 4917: 3953:

BRILL 2001 p.185:'moverunt ea tempestate et Iudaei bellum, quod vetabantur mutilare genitalia.'

3624: 2920: 2803: 2721: 1964: 1956: 1148: 894: 440: 328: 6534:

Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Ban of Circumcision as a Cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration', in

5403: 5308: 5023: 4939: 4379: 4065:

Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Ban on Circumcision as a cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration,' in

4025: 3963: 3948: 3928:

Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Ban on Circumcision as a cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration,' in

3914: 3492:"Ancient Inscription Identifies Gargilius Antiques as Roman Ruler on Eve of Bar Kochva Revolt" 3339: 3218: 3165: 2731:, Israel's first prime minister, took his Hebrew last name from one of Bar Kokhba's generals. 8586: 8225: 7910: 7815: 7648: 7627: 7566: 7561: 7387: 7321: 6866: 6838: 6749: 6450: 5264: 5174:

Between Sea and Desert: On Kings, Nomads, Cities and Monks. Essays in Honor of Joseph Patrich

4549: 4070: 3933: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3027: 2754: 2100: 2021: 1545:

Jewish survivors of the revolt faced harsh punitive measures from the Romans, who often used

1386: 1340: 1298:

The size of the Roman army amassed against the rebels was much larger than that commanded by

1276: 1117: 855: 839: 802: 692: 582: 373: 243: 202: 58: 1717:

Hadrian's post-war policy included a prohibition against Jews living in or even approaching

8526: 8522: 8479: 8381: 8220: 7992: 7876: 7799: 7308: 7293: 5383: 4650:

The Impact of Rome on the Periphery: The Case of Palestina - Roman Period (63 BCE - 324 CE)

2571: 2158:. A stone inscription bearing Latin characters and discovered near the site shows that the 2004:

Relations between the Jews in the region and the Roman Empire continued to be complicated.

1470: 1421: 6621:

Bar-Kokhba: The Rediscovery of the Legendary Hero of the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome

6558:

The Ruling Class of Judaea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome, A.D. 66–70

6455:

The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome

5770:

The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt against Rome

4319:

The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome

4041:

The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome

2024:. In 355, however, the relations with the Roman rulers improved, upon the rise of Emperor 8: 8489: 8320: 8230: 8186: 8146: 8042: 8037: 8029: 7958: 7845: 7835: 7653: 7493: 7326: 7083: 6581:

The Image of Bar Kokhba in Traditional Jewish Literature: False Messiah and National Hero

6489: 6075: 6011:. U-ty of Haifa / U-ty of Denver. SCRIPTA JUDAICA CRACOVIENSIA. Vol. 11 (2013) pp. 79–96. 5443: 4486: 4461: 4457: 3565: 2545: 2392:

contains a rabbinic depiction of a widespread archeological phenomenon: the discovery of

2041: 1460: 1425: 1336: 1316: 1223: 1198: 1178: 1174: 1144: 953: 755: 735: 365: 308: 6612:

David Ussishkin: "Archaeological Soundings at Betar, Bar-Kochba's Last Stronghold", in:

4964:

Speleology and Spelestology, Proceedings of the VIII International Scientific Conference

691:

in 132 CE. Lasting until 135 or early 136, it was the third and final escalation of the

8568: 8278: 8240: 8079: 7855: 7830: 7668: 7283: 7263: 7099: 7077: 6983: 6828: 6479:

The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters (Judean Desert studies)

6392: 5985: 5977: 5808: 5666: 5658: 5550: 4839: 4725: 4717: 4569: 4426: 4237: 3530: 3005: 2871: 2699:

The disastrous end of the revolt occasioned major changes in Jewish religious thought.

2315: 2159: 1887:

and the classic legend midrashes (in which the majority of the acts and stories are in

1598: 1433: 1429: 1374: 1328: 1090: 898: 819: 782: 747: 349: 267: 66: 5826: 5284:

Bourgel, Jonathan, ″The Jewish-Christians in the storm of the Bar Kokhba Revolt″, in:

1970:

may have been disbanded after serious losses. In addition, some historians argue that

8245: 7820: 7700: 7571: 7486: 7372: 7336: 7019: 7014: 6647: 6632: 6624: 6599: 6584: 6569: 6561: 6546: 6508: 6493: 6458: 6432: 6384: 6361: 6340: 6315: 6097: 5989: 5923: 5722:

Netzer E. and Arzi S., 1985. “Herodium Tunnels”, Qadmoniot 18, Pp. 33–38. (in Hebrew)

5670: 5650: 5602: 5575: 5499: 5341: 5314: 5240: 5112: 5088: 5067: 4888: 4831: 4790: 4729: 4709: 4668: 4606: 4323: 4241: 4229: 3988: 3890: 3865: 3661: 3586: 3404: 3385: 3343: 3270: 3224: 3171: 3129: 3073: 3033: 3009: 2997: 2931: 2849: 2779: 2700: 2537: 2437:

triumphal arc dedicated to Emperor Hadrian were consequently discovered at the site.

2369: 2231: 2119: 2104: 2073:

In the belief of restoration to come, in the early seventh century, the Jews made an

2059: 1987: 1859: 1836: 1664: 1602: 1499:

in a state of desolation. Some scholars characterize these consequences as an act of

1465: 1449: 1448:

with iron combs, Ishmael had the skin of his head pulled off slowly, and Haninah was

1312: 1304: 1132: 914: 781:) of the rebels' provisional state, and much of Judea's populace regarded him as the 450: 323: 313: 7881: 3526:"WATCH: 2,000-year-old inscription dedicated to Roman emperor unveiled in Jerusalem" 1584:

large numbers of prisoners of war, a practice also observed after the revolt of the

8424: 8346: 8336: 8202: 8094: 7840: 7825: 7481: 7367: 7362: 7341: 7273: 7220: 7051: 6940: 6823: 6774: 6646:. Switzerland: Schweizerische Numismatische Gesellschaft, Zurich, 1984 (hardcover, 6218: 5969: 5642: 5631:"Rural Monasticism as a Key Element in the Christianization of Byzantine Palestine" 4823: 4701: 4690:"Rural Monasticism as a Key Element in the Christianization of Byzantine Palestine" 4598: 4219: 3665: 3638:

Sola, D. A.; Raphall, M. J., eds. (1843). "XX. Treatise Taanith, chapter IV, §6.".

3377: 3335: 2987: 2941: 2728: 2632: 2509: 2453:, who restrict the revolt to the area of the Judaean hills and immediate environs. 2239: 2163: 2082: 2063: 2025: 1971: 1932: 1884: 1815: 1754: 1735: 1648: 1378: 1370: 1355: 1344: 1332: 1308: 1292: 1113: 1066: 983: 968: 944: 893:(66–73 CE), Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province of 865: 835: 814: 719: 684: 604: 445: 357: 343: 318: 271: 247: 233: 229: 122: 72: 6071:"'Year 2 of freedom': Ancient coin from Bar Kochba revolt found near Temple Mount" 5945:

WATCH: 2,000-YEAR-OLD INSCRIPTION DEDICATED TO ROMAN EMPEROR UNVEILED IN JERUSALEM

4352: 4066: 3978: 3929: 3546: 1955:

Roman casualties are also considered to have been heavy; the Roman army disbanded

1778:

Additionally, immigrants from the coastal plain and neighboring provinces such as

1530: 8371: 8356: 8341: 8273: 8161: 8089: 7902: 7643: 7473: 7421: 7397: 7392: 6993: 6978: 6935: 6920: 6426: 6306:

Eshel, Hanan (2006). "The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132–135". In Katz, Steven T. (ed.).

5915: 5450: 5390: 4345: 3982: 3748: 3639: 3264: 2937: 2672: 2660: 2445:

Over the years, two schools formed in the analysis of the Revolt. One of them is

2347:

In 2023, archaeologists discovered a cache consisting of four Roman swords and a

2322: 2307: 2279: 2269: 2078: 2048: 1975: 1875: 1731: 1703: 1679: 1614: 1589: 1487:

The Bar Kokhba Revolt had catastrophic consequences for the Jewish population in

1251: 1235:, who was the spiritual leader of the revolt, identified Simon Bar Koziba as the 660: 631: 80: 6248:'New Insight into the Bar Kokhba War and a Reappraisal of Dio Cassius 69.12-13,' 5539:"The Status of the Jews in Roman Legislation: The Reign of Justinian 527-565 Ce" 5191:"A Rock-Cut Burial Cave from the Roman Period at Beit Nattif, Judaean Foothills" 3619:(in Hebrew and English). New York: Judaica. p. 432 – via HebrewBooks. 2822:

Legion was also possibly disbanded as a result of the campaigns in Brittania or

2659:

containing Bar Kokhba's orders during the last year of the revolt, found at the

1883:. Only a small number of sages who resided in the south still spoke Hebrew. The 1159:

on its way to Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem), and possibly disbanded as a result.

8558: 8430: 8419: 8386: 8366: 8084: 8069: 7794: 7663: 7331: 7230: 7181: 6973: 6915: 6905: 6800: 6281: 4535:. 2003. P160. "Thus it is very likely that the revolt ended only in early 136." 4509: 4224: 4207: 3910: 2677: 2340: 2291: 2265: 1828: 1787: 1668: 1629: 1558: 1441: 1437: 1351: 1324: 1288: 1240: 1236: 1165: 1152: 906: 801:

and other elements from up to six additional legions, all under the command of

739: 533: 338: 8464:

Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount

6702: 6335:. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament (WUNT I) 60. Tübingen: 5646: 4705: 4602: 3668:

both explicate the segment refers to Rufus: Babylonian: mas. Taanith 29a. See

2992: 2975: 1287:. In 133/4, Severus landed in Judea with three legions from Europe (including 1231:

that was virtually independent for over two and a half years. The Jewish sage

8601: 8563: 8351: 8315: 8181: 8171: 8106: 8101: 8059: 8054: 8008: 7850: 7688: 6930: 6910: 6900: 6388: 6215:

New insight into the Bar Kokhba War and a reappraisal of Dio Cassius 69.12-13

6118:"Roman Legion Camp Unearthed in Megiddo - Inside Israel - News - Arutz Sheva" 5927: 5654: 4835: 4713: 4504: 4233: 3831: 3001: 2365: 2299: 2235: 2212: 2009: 1739: 1711: 1672: 1400:

Roman Inscription found near Battir mentioning the 5th and 11th Roman Legions

1382: 1280: 1247: 1002: 957: 933: 727: 711: 261: 6355: 4772:

Jerome, Commentary on Daniel (translation by Gleason L. Archer), III, ix, 24

4400: 3784: 3072:. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press. p. 106. 2559:

region. However, it is still unclear whether this decline was caused by the

2204:

Entrance to a hiding complex dating from the revolt which was discovered in

1847:

and a Roman mansion with western elements discovered at Arak el-Khala, near

1053:

was selected as the rebels' headquarters due to its strategic location near

943:

The proximate reasons seem to centre around the construction of a new city,

8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8414: 8310: 8138: 8128: 7767: 7725: 7346: 6848: 6485: 6336: 6165:

Fouilles archéologiques de ʿAïn ez-Zâra/Callirrhoé, villégiature hérodienne

5239:] (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. ירושלים: יד יצחק בן-צבי. pp. 218–219. 4787:

The Bar Kokhba War AD 132-136: the last Jewish revolt against imperial Rome

4665:

The Bar Kokhba War AD 132-136: the last Jewish revolt against imperial Rome

3266:

The Bar Kokhba War AD 132–136: The last Jewish revolt against Imperial Rome

3109:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period,

2924: 2664: 2556: 2462: 2155: 2131: 2052: 2033: 2013: 1803: 1707: 1660: 1453: 1206: 1140: 910: 794: 731: 688: 170: 4995:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

3313:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

1213: 7736: 7072: 7046: 6988: 6925: 6833: 6446: 5495:

Remains of the Jews: The Holy Land and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity

4129:"The Bar Kochba Revolt: A Disaster Celebrated by Zionists on Lag Ba'Omer" 2908: 2651: 2608: 2592: 2513: 2412: 2373: 2311: 2216: 2127: 2115: 1844: 1824: 1799: 1779: 1774: 1652: 1610: 1504: 1417: 1413: 1232: 1086: 1023: 256: 76: 6614:

Tel Aviv. Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University

6396: 6375:

Feldman, Louis H. (1990). "Some Observations on the Name of Palestine".

5812: 5554: 4503: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2875: 2536:

are thought to have taken part in the revolt. This is demonstrated by a

1993: 1295:), cohorts of additional legions and between 30 and 50 auxiliary units. 8404: 8268: 8074: 8047: 7948: 7915: 7705: 7258: 7104: 6955: 6247: 5796: 5725: 5662: 5630: 5538: 5467: 4843: 4811: 4721: 4689: 4597:. Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times (vol. 40). Brill. p. 157. 3811: 2709: 2574:

and an additional reason to consider the spread of local support among

2567: 1764: 1121: 1006: 997: 961: 422:

6–7 full legions, cohorts of 5–6 more, 30–50 auxiliary units – 120,000

396: 5981: 5957: 5373: 2274: 8263: 8151: 7998: 7498: 7402: 6950: 4750: 4399:

Journal of Roman Archaeology , Volume 12 , 1999 , pp. 294 - 313 DOI:

3846: 2765: 2541: 2227: 1840: 1811: 1770: 1718: 1640: 1606: 1409: 1202: 1054: 1040: 921: 843: 723: 700: 636: 137: 6707: 6679: 6292:

by Edna Lomsky-Feder, Eyal Ben-Ari]." Retrieved on September 3, 2010

6222: 5711:

In the Highland’s Depth: Ephraim Range and Binyamin Research Studies

4827: 2469:

desert. It is not known whether the revolt spread outside of Judea.

1035:

Dio's account has been corroborated by the discovery of hundreds of

550: 461: 7658: 7518: 6545:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing, 2004 (hardcover, 6093:

The Bar Kokhba Syndrome: Risk and Realism in International Politics

5973: 2624: 2575: 2352: 2295: 2283: 2110: 2081:, joining the invasion of Palaestina Prima in 614 to overwhelm the 1979: 1928: 1820: 1722: 1656: 1568: 1554: 1500: 1474:

93b) says that Bar Kokhba reigned for a mere two and a half years.

1390: 6475:, Revised Edition, pp. 164–65 (1968 & 1977 by Carta Ltd.) 5102: 5100: 4871:

Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society

3107:

in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.)

2401:

hoards from this era have been found, more than any other decade.

2008:

allowed Jews to mourn their defeat and humiliation once a year on

1620: 1503:. Several decades after the revolt's suppression, Roman historian 7779: 7771: 7513: 7508: 7150: 7026: 6856: 6684: 4445:

Archaeological Researches in Palestine during the Years 1873-1874

3606: 2727:

took its name from Bar Kokhba's traditional last stronghold, and

2656: 2552: 2540:

dating from the early second century at Tel Abu al-Sarbut in the

2389: 2333: 2243: 2037: 1880: 1863: 1832: 1663:. There were also Jewish communities along the coastal plain, in 1644: 1636: 1625: 1585: 1581: 1562: 1445: 1405: 1365:

Ruined walls of the Beitar fortress, the last stand of Bar Kokhba

1194: 1170: 1124:

across the country, cutting off the Roman garrison in Jerusalem.

1001:. Were the claim true it has been conjectured that Hadrian, as a 948: 920:, in the area. Tensions continued to build up in the wake of the 902: 823: 810: 798: 790: 191: 131: 6520:

W. Eck, 'The Bar Kokhba Revolt: the Roman point of view' in the

4208:"Ezekiel 40–48 as a Model for Bar Kokhba's Title "Nasi Israel"?" 2431: 2328: 1197:: Grapes, the text reads: "year 1 to the redemption of Israel". 8283: 8215: 8064: 7615: 7523: 7503: 6666:

Wars between the Jews and Romans: Simon ben Kosiba (130-136 CE)

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Archaeological Researches in Palestine during the Years 1873-74

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Eck, Werner. "The bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View".

4150:

Eck, Werner. "The bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View".

2579: 2151: 1727: 1593: 1573: 1284: 1262: 1073:(meaning "son of the star") was the leader's original name and 937: 6583:: University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press: 1994: 3065: 2146:, the last standing stronghold of Bar Kokhba, can be found at 1738:, Jews were forbidden to enter the city, except on the day of 846:(115–117 CE), which had only marginally been fought in Judea. 7089: 6680:

Archaeologists find tunnels from Jewish revolt against Romans

6197: 6195: 6046:"Rare Bar Kochba-Era Coin Discovered at Foot of Temple Mount" 5332: 5330: 4427:"What Does Tel Shalem Have To Do with the Bar Kokhba Revolt?" 3119: 3117: 2724: 2533: 2505: 2466: 2393: 2348: 2247: 2174:

There were three categories of underground refuges: man-made

1855: 1795: 1699: 1550: 1496: 1361: 1354:

valley, near what is now identified as the legionary camp of

1299: 1258: 1182: 175: 5453:(Fordham University, The Jesuit University of New York) and 3772:

The Jerusalem Talmud relates it to the Temple, Taanith 25b:

2032:, and traditionally also to the Jews' ambivalence about the 1749:, the name Judaea was dropped from the provincial name, and 1373:, which subsequently came under siege in the summer of 135. 6009:

WHAT DOES TEL SHALEM HAVE TO DO WITH THE BAR KOKHBA REVOLT?

5887:

Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in Europe: A Reappraisal.

5145:היבטים בתרבות החומרית של יהודה הכפרית בתקופה הרומית המאוחרת 4652:. The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. p. 449. 4277: 3984:

Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World

3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 2627:

of Caesarea wrote a brief account of the revolt within the

2093: 1894: 1807: 1275:

Following a series of setbacks, Hadrian called his general

1005:, would have viewed circumcision as an undesirable form of 676: 6560:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987 (hardcover, 6329:

Schwartz, Daniel R. (1992). "On Barnabas and Bar-Kokhba".

6192: 5846:"Four 1,900-year-old Roman swords found in cave in Israel" 5327: 4975:

Hirschfeld, Y. (2004). Ein Gedi: A Large Jewish Village1.

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Eusebius of Caesarea, Demonstratio Evangelica, VIII, 4, 23

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Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches and resources.

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http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15015/

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http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15015/

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http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15133/

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Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia

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Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity: Introductions and Studies

5163:. עבודת דוקטור, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן. עמ' 271–275. (Hebrew) 5150:. עבודת דוקטור, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן. עמ' 314–315. (Hebrew) 6428:

The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE

4108: 3417: 2892:

The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132–136 CE

2351:

concealed within a crevice in a cave located within the

4789:. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 80–81. 4667:. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 80–81. 4098: 4096: 4083: 4081: 3720:. Translated by I Epstein. Halakhah.com. pp. 92–93 3553:. Translated by David Chowcat. Routledge. p. 146. 2413:

Jerusalem inscription dedicated to Hadrian (129/30 CE)

130:

Suppression of Jewish religious/political autonomy by

6631:); London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971 (hardcover, 5899:

Bar Kokhba’s bronze coin from Kolovare Beach in Zadar

5518:

Shalev-Hurvitz, V. Oxford University Press 2015. p235

4998:, Cambridge University Press, 2006 pp.404-430, p.406. 3472: 3316:, Cambridge University Press, 2006 pp.404-430, p.406. 3246: 3244: 1994:

Later relations between the Jews and the Roman Empire

1685: 675:) was a large-scale armed rebellion initiated by the 6481:. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1963–2002. 5827:"Rare ancient scroll found in Israel Cave of Horror" 5753:

Bollettino di Archeologia online I Volume speciale F

4189:"The Creators of the Mishna, Rabbi Akiba ben Joseph" 4093: 4078: 3633:. London: . p. 32 – via Internet Archive. 3460: 2139:

surprise attacks on Roman units besieging the hill.

2085:

garrison, and briefly gained autonomy in Jerusalem.

1814:

are all indications that the rural area surrounding

1765:

Confiscation of lands, colonization and resettlement

667: 6357:

The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian

6310:. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4th. 6014: 5897:

Cesarik, N., Filipčić, D., Kramberger, V. (2018). "

5377: 2253: 2150:, an archeological site located in the vicinity of 1869: 1710:. At this Temple, he installed two statues, one of 1424:; the interpreter of the Sanhedrin, Rabbi Huspith; 1408:, the Romans executed eight leading members of the 1169:Bar Kokhba's tetradrachm overstruck on a denarius. 6089: 4648:Anderson, James Donald; Levy, Thomas Evan (1995). 4477:4:5 (24a); Midrash Rabba (Lamentations Rabba 2:5). 4357: 4248: 3950:Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies, 3828:"Roman provincial coin of Hadrian [image]" 3802: 3241: 2440: 2058:During the fifth and sixth centuries, a series of 1147:. Later on it is proposed by some historians that 6187:Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 5568:Evans, James Allan Stewart (September 10, 2005). 5536: 5338:Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971-2000 5077: 4986: 3916:The Near East Under Roman Rule: Selected Papers , 3630:The Mishna tractate Taanith (On the public fasts) 3142: 3021: 3019: 2846:Legions and veterans: Roman army papers 1971–2000 2551:This view is supported by a destruction layer in 2428:Bar Kokhba Revolt, and not the other way around. 1580:Roman post-war policy also involved removing and 8599: 6543:Apocalypse: The Great Jewish Revolt Against Rome 6332:Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity 3304: 1802:at Ein Yael, Khirbet er-Ras, Rephaim Valley and 1613:and other regions, significantly increasing the 1482: 1131:, the Legate of Roman Syria, arrived commanding 1112:sixty years earlier. In 132, the revolt, led by 27:Jewish rebellion against Roman rule (132–136 CE) 6253:, Vol. 77, No. 1 (Jul., 1986), pp. 15-43, p.40. 6003: 6001: 5999: 5594: 3269:. Campaign. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 80. 3187: 2715: 2465:, the Judean desert, and northern parts of the 1185:, the text reads: "to the freedom of Jerusalem" 834:The Bar Kokhba revolt is named for its leader, 32:Hadrian § Third Roman–Jewish War (132–136) 6703:Sam Aronow - The Bar Kochba Revolt | 132 - 136 6538:, Peter Schäfer (editor), Tübingen: Mohr: 2003 6289:The military and militarism in Israeli society 5918:. "הר המלך עדיין חידה". In ביליג, מרים (ed.). 5571:The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire 5543:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 5085:The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine 4850: 3987:. Harvard University Press. pp. 103–105. 3887:The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage 3054:The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View 3016: 2973: 2663:in the Judean desert by Israeli archaeologist 2234:, and some also in Galilee. Examples include: 2016:. In 351–352 CE, the Jews of Galilee launched 1990:sustained heavy casualties during the revolt. 1456:wrapped around his body to prolong his death. 1261:". The name Bar Kokhba does not appear in the 1246:, meaning "Son of a Star", a reference to the 7752: 7166: 6723: 6451:"The Dates used during the Bar Kokhba Revolt" 5903:Journal of the Archaeological Museum in Zadar 4374: 4372: 4027:Ancient Rome a Military and Political History 3409:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 3160: 3029:Little-Known Wars of Great and Lasting Impact 2607:The best recognized source for the revolt is 2432:Tel Shalem triumphal arc and Hadrian's statue 1283:, and troops were brought from as far as the 566: 477: 6083: 5996: 5126: 5124: 4916:. University of South Dakota. Archived from 4882: 4869:Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. 4784: 4662: 4647: 4631:Mohr Siebek et al. Edited by Peter Schäfer. 4553: 4538: 4531:Mohr Siebek et al. Edited by Peter Schäfer. 4411:Mohr Siebek et al. Edited by Peter Schäfer. 3262: 2974:Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021-05-27). 2126:Excavations at archaeological sites such as 1900: 1540: 760: 44: 6623:. New York: Random House, 1971 (hardcover, 5939: 5937: 5794: 5179: 5134:, Vol. 16, Ramat-Gan, pp. 321-350 (Hebrew). 4508: 3864:. Princeton University Press. p. 199. 3637: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 1978:; but archaeological findings in 2015 from 1906: 1721:, as described by several ancient sources. 1609:for auction. Many others were relocated to 766: 734:, where the Jews' Second Temple had stood. 153: 7766: 7759: 7745: 7173: 7159: 6872:Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus 6730: 6716: 6471:Yohannan Aharoni & Michael Avi-Yonah, 5879: 5588: 5233:ארץ-ישראל בשלהי העת העתיקה: מבואות ומחקרים 5185: 5018: 5016: 4908:Lehmann, Clayton Miles (18 January 2007). 4812:"Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade" 4574:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4369: 4350:התגלית שהוכיחה: מרד בר כוכבא חל גם בשומרון 3862:Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire 3859: 3796:ונחרשה העיר. חרש רופוס שחיק עצמות את ההיכל 3575:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 3220:The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea 3128:. Cambridge University press. p. 35. 789:. This initial setback for the Romans led 573: 559: 484: 470: 65: 6353: 5455:"Julian the Apostate and the Holy Temple" 5121: 4588: 4401:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400018043 4223: 3295:The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces 3212: 3210: 3208: 2991: 2178:with living spaces connected by tunnels, 1209:; “Eleazar the Priest” (in Hebrew) around 1069:. While earlier scholars debated whether 6403: 6328: 6143:Tijdschrift voor Mediterrane Archeologie 6026: 5934: 5891: 5862: 5601:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 542–543. 5492:Jacobs, Andrew S. (September 10, 2004). 5436: 5351: 5306: 4860:, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, ç2017, p.81 3889:. Oxford University Press. p. 492. 3783:(in Hebrew). הלכה ה גמרא. Archived from 3612: 3484: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3332:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 2950: 2886: 2884: 2774:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus 2650: 2404: 2332:A scroll found in the cave, part of the 2327: 2273: 2199: 2109: 2094:Destroyed Jewish villages and fortresses 2051:removed the ban on Jews' praying at the 1946: 1895:Philosophical and religious consequences 1689: 1619: 1395: 1360: 1212: 1188: 1164: 1093:based on the biblical prophecy "A star ( 7057:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 6668:, with English translations of sources. 6374: 5013: 4907: 4816:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 4785:Powell, Lindsay; Dennis, Peter (2017). 4663:Powell, Lindsay; Dennis, Peter (2017). 4591:"Romanization and Indigenism in Judaea" 4559: 4315: 4205: 3977: 3884: 3623: 3564: 3545: 3455:The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule 3340:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3500 3025: 2750:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 2618: 2000:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 1524:Cassius Dio, History of Rome, 69.14.1–2 838:. Since it was the last of three major 14: 8653:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Asia 8600: 6593: 5955: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5491: 5466:A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews, 5313:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 279. 4950: 4809: 4780: 4778: 4643: 4641: 4341: 4339: 4291: 4018: 3216: 3205: 2688: 2356:elude detection by Roman authorities. 2169: 1827:, Latin-inscribed stone discovered at 7740: 7154: 6737: 6711: 6445: 6305: 6201: 6032: 5958:"The Tel Shalem Hadrian Reconsidered" 5567: 4595:Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times 4316:Schäfer, Peter (September 10, 2003). 4126: 4114: 4102: 4087: 4030:Cambridge University Press 2007 p.230 3585:. Taylor & Francis. p. 335. 3580: 3494:. The Jewish Press. December 1, 2016. 3466: 3440: 3434: 3325: 3297:(2nd ed.). Oxford. p. 277. 3292: 3288: 3286: 3086: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2881: 2838: 2215:. Their discovery is consistent with 1217:Territory held by the rebels in blue. 1103: 1085:was bestowed by supporters including 813:. The province of Judaea was renamed 726:; and erected a place of worship for 580: 554: 491: 465: 96:(main phase: autumn 132 – summer 135) 8673:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire 8157:The Western Wall Heritage Foundation 7317:Timeline of the Second Temple period 7133: 7110:Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt 3860:Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro (2003). 3123: 2865: 2809: 2695:Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt 2040:caused Jews to call him "Julian the 1769:According to Eitan Klein, artistic, 6424: 6020: 5843: 5738: 5628: 5224: 5037: 5007: 5001: 4914:Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces 4775: 4746: 4687: 4638: 4425:Mor, Menahem (September 10, 2013). 4424: 4363: 4349: 4336: 4254: 4206:Bourgel, Jonathan (23 March 2023). 3478: 3367: 3250: 3148: 2638: 2566:Bowersock suggested of linking the 2498: 2223:and other archaeological findings. 2189: 2182:carved into steep cliff faces, and 1901: 1790:settled in the Judean countryside. 761: 664: 45: 24: 7201:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine 7180: 6420:from the original on 7 April 2022. 5230: 5176:. Jerusalem; Tzemach. Pp. 167-179. 5066:, Harvard University Press, 1976, 4656: 4075:Mohr Siebeck 2003 pp.55-69 pp.55f. 4011:quot vetabantur mutilare genitalia 3938:Mohr Siebeck 2003 pp.55-69 pp.55f. 3641:Eighteen Treatises from the Mishna 3283: 3217:Taylor, J. E. (15 November 2012). 2897: 2799:List of conflicts in the Near East 2646: 1686:Religious and cultural suppression 793:to assemble a large army—six full 25: 8694: 6659: 6644:The Coinage of the Bar Kokhba War 5914: 5797:"Expedition B—The Cave of Horror" 4966:. Nabereznye Chelny, pp. 183-203. 4518:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 4302:. Vol. 2. pp. 506–507. 3696:"Bab. Taanith; ch.4.1-8, 26a-31a" 3616:MISHNAYOTH, VOLUME II, ORDER MOED 3105:'The Bar Kochba revolt, 132-135,' 430:• 12,000 Bar Kokhba's guard force 8582: 8581: 7132: 7123: 7122: 6783: 6457:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 95–96. 6269: 6256: 6240: 6227: 6207: 6179: 6170: 6167:, by C. Clamer. BASOR 312: 86–89 6157: 6148: 6135: 6110: 6063: 6038: 5949: 5943:Jerusalem Post. 21 October 2014 5908: 5837: 5819: 5788: 5775: 5762: 5716: 5713:, Beit-El, pp. 119-134 (Hebrew). 5703: 5690: 5677: 5622: 5561: 5530: 5521: 5512: 5485: 5472: 5460: 5444:"Julian and the Jews 361–363 CE" 5423: 5414: 5396: 5363: 5300: 5291: 5278: 5253: 5166: 5153: 4498: 3968:Mohr Siebeck 2005 pp.243-254 pp. 3126:The Cambridge history of Judaism 3069:The Cambridge history of Judaism 3032:. Fair Winds Press. p. 29. 2254:Cliff shelters and natural caves 1870:Sharp decline of Hebrew language 1529:While several scholars, such as 1221:Simon bar Kokhba took the title 873: 864: 615:Jacob and Simon uprising (46 CE) 260: 8284:Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer 7531:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 7289:Judah's revolts against Babylon 6298: 6235:The Bar Kokhba War reconsidered 5962:American Journal of Archaeology 5261:"Texts on Bar Kochba: Eusebius" 5137: 5108:The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered 5043: 5031: 4969: 4956: 4944: 4932: 4901: 4876: 4863: 4803: 4766: 4757: 4740: 4681: 4633:The Bar Kokhba War reconsidered 4625: 4582: 4533:The Bar Kokhba War reconsidered 4525: 4492: 4480: 4467: 4450: 4437: 4433:(11) – via www.ceeol.com. 4418: 4413:The Bar Kokhba War reconsidered 4405: 4393: 4309: 4285: 4260: 4199: 4181: 4168: 4162: 4149: 4143: 4059: 4046: 4033: 3971: 3956: 3941: 3922: 3903: 3885:Metcalf, William (2012-02-23). 3878: 3853: 3820: 3766: 3654: 3599: 3557: 3539: 3518: 3498: 3361: 3319: 3263:Powell, L.; Dennis, P. (2017). 3256: 3154: 3052:for the year 136, see: W. Eck, 2786:Jewish revolt against Heraclius 2456: 2441:Geographic extent of the revolt 2294:on high cliffs overlooking the 1986:(161), or at the Danube (162). 1942: 1265:but in ecclesiastical sources. 1227:and ruled over an entity named 1012: 127:Massacre of the Judean populace 6672:Photographs from Yadin's book 6308:The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period 5635:The Harvard Theological Review 5574:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 5404:"Legio VIIII Hispana - Livius" 5064:A History of the Jewish People 5051:A History of the Jewish People 4694:The Harvard Theological Review 3613:Blackman, Philip, ed. (1963). 3326:Isaac, Benjamin (2015-12-22), 3197:. 27 July 2010. Archived from 3195:"Israel Tour Daily Newsletter" 3059: 3046: 2859: 2816: 2602: 2527: 2221:coinage produced by Bar Kokhba 2088: 1416:includes two earlier rabbis): 644:Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE) 13: 1: 8544:Status quo of Holy Land sites 6692:"Bar Kokba and Bar Kokba War" 6406:"When Palestine Meant Israel" 5498:. Stanford University Press. 4858:The Bar Kokhba War AD 132-136 4294:"BAR KOKBA AND BAR KOKBA WAR" 2832: 2824:Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 1508: 1483:Destruction and extermination 1177:facade with the rising star. 1060: 849: 8459:Temple Mount Sifting Project 7611:Expulsion of Jews from Spain 5206:(2): 196–216. Archived from 4431:Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 4296:. In Singer, Isidore (ed.). 4171:The Journal of Roman Studies 4152:The Journal of Roman Studies 3646:Internet Sacred Text Archive 2980:Journal of Roman Archaeology 2744:Jewish and Samaritan revolts 2716:In Zionism and modern Israel 2472: 2047:In 438 CE, when the Empress 1588:(25 BCE), the wars with the 1477: 1270:underground hiding complexes 787:Jewish national independence 632:Diaspora Revolt (115–117 CE) 7: 8485:Assassination of Abdullah I 8117:Holyland Model of Jerusalem 6893:Bar Kokhba hiding complexes 6596:Handbook of Decision Making 6425:Mor, Menahem (4 May 2016). 6410:Biblical Archaeology Review 6377:Hebrew Union College Annual 6354:Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). 6251:The Jewish Quarterly Review 6163:Gerber, Y. 1998. Review of 6090:Yehoshafat Harkabi (1983). 5956:Gergel, Richard A. (1991). 5735:, London 1899, pp. 263-270. 5700:132, vol. 35. (2000). 18-27 4873:. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2. 4810:Harris, William V. (1980). 4564:. Tübingen. pp. 131ff. 3673:"Shas Soncino: Taanith 29a" 3374:Oxford Classical Dictionary 3223:. Oxford University Press. 2868:Two Legions: The Same Fate? 2738: 2196:Bar Kokhba hiding complexes 1019:Bar Kokhba hiding complexes 722:over the destroyed city of 668: 600:Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE) 152:Destruction of the rebels' 136:Expulsion of the Jews from 10: 8699: 8507:2015–2016 wave of violence 8236:Pro–Wailing Wall Committee 8122:Schick models of Jerusalem 6453:. In Peter Schäfer (ed.). 6312:Cambridge University Press 5801:Israel Exploration Journal 5537:Brewer, Catherine (2005). 5199:Israel Exploration Journal 4883:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). 4589:Applebaum, Shimon (1989). 4447:, London 1899, pp. 463-470 4443:Charles Clermont-Ganneau, 4225:10.30965/21967954-bja10037 4212:Journal of Ancient Judaism 4127:Gilad, Elon (6 May 2015). 3368:Eck, Werner (2015-07-30), 3167:The Prophecies of Daniel 2 2692: 2585: 2563:or the Bar Kokhba revolt. 2519: 2489: 2359: 2263: 2257: 2193: 1997: 1874:Following the revolt, the 1452:, with wet wool held by a 1089:, who endorsed him as the 1016: 967:An additional legion, the 853: 453:sustained heavy casualties 428:200,000–400,000 militiamen 121:Restructuring of Judea as 29: 8577: 8536: 8472: 8444: 8395: 8329: 8303: 8296: 8256: 8195: 8137: 8028: 8021: 7979: 7936: 7890: 7864: 7808: 7787: 7778: 7716: 7636: 7549: 7472: 7420: 7355: 7307: 7249: 7188: 7118: 7065: 7039: 7010:Bar Kokhba revolt coinage 7002: 6964: 6891: 6884: 6847: 6816: 6809: 6792: 6781: 6757: 6745: 6682:by the Associated Press. 6473:The MacMillan Bible Atlas 6096:. SP Books. pp. 1–. 5870:Israel Numismatic Journal 5687:117. Vol 32 (1999) 25-32. 5647:10.1017/S0017816005000854 5584:– via Google Books. 5508:– via Google Books. 4887:. Routledge. p. 58. 4706:10.1017/S0017816005000854 4603:10.1163/9789004666641_017 4332:– via Google Books. 4043:, Mohr Siebeck 2003. p.68 3965:Between Rome and Babylon, 3718:Soncino Babylonian Talmud 3578:– via LacusCurtius. 2993:10.1017/S1047759421000271 2683: 2629:Church History (Eusebius) 2479:Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage 2383: 2030:Galilee earthquake of 363 1921:), placing him among the 1806:, and the Tenth Legion's 1541:Expulsion and enslavement 1129:Gaius Poblicius Marcellus 829: 592: 503: 434: 406: 299: 208:Gaius Poblicius Marcellus 181: 164: 86: 64: 56: 46: 40: 8638:130s in the Roman Empire 8362:Monastery of the Virgins 7541:Revolt against Heraclius 7269:Ancient Israel and Judah 7251:Ancient Israel and Judah 6810:Belligerents and leaders 6527:Peter Schäfer (editor), 6522:Journal of Roman Studies 6404:Jacobson, David (2001). 5844:Guy, Jack (2023-09-06). 5595:Edward Lipiński (2004). 5482:(Tel Aviv, 1943), p. 46. 5393:(Legio XXII Deiotariana) 5307:Davidson, Linda (2002). 5132:New Studies on Jerusalem 3810:(in Hebrew) – via 3124:Katz, Steven T. (2006). 2848:. Franz Steiner Verlag. 2844:L. J. F. Keppie (2000). 2166:took part in the siege. 2164:Eleventh Claudian Legion 1404:According to a rabbinic 909:and stationed an entire 716:Roman siege of Jerusalem 8549:Hashemite custodianship 8454:Archaeological remnants 8208:Western Wall Commission 7872:Fountain of Qasim Pasha 7226:Expulsions and exoduses 6966:Bar Kokhba refuge caves 6697:The Jewish Encyclopedia 6594:Morçöl, Göktuğ (2006). 6536:Bar Kokhba reconsidered 6529:Bar Kokhba reconsidered 5336:L. J. F. Keppie (2000) 5189:; Klein, Eitan (2011). 4885:Atlas of Jewish History 4562:Der Bar Kochba-Aufstand 4515:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4299:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4056:Routledge, 2003 p. 146. 3625:Greenup, Albert William 3581:Gates, Charles (2011). 3457:, Jerusalem 1984 p. 143 3384:(inactive 2024-04-25), 2260:Bar Kokhba refuge caves 2160:Fifth Macedonian Legion 2068:Samaritan revolt of 556 1931:of Caesarea wrote that 1321:Legio II Traiana Fortis 701:Second Jewish–Roman War 627:Great Revolt (66–74 CE) 218:Quintus Lollius Urbicus 8678:Judea (Roman province) 8648:2nd-century rebellions 8495:Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes 7987:Jerusalem Islamic Waqf 7577:Invasion of Banu Nadir 7378:First Jewish-Roman War 7095:Legio XXII Deiotariana 6770:First Jewish–Roman War 6531:, Tübingen: Mohr: 2003 5429:Ammianus Marcellinus, 5340:Franz Steiner Verlag, 3293:Jones, A.H.M. (1971). 3026:Axelrod, Alan (2009). 2921:Loeb Classical Library 2919:, book 69, 12.1-14.3. 2894:. Brill, 2016. p. 334. 2804:Sicaricon (Jewish law) 2760:First Jewish–Roman War 2722:Zionist youth movement 2668: 2561:First Jewish–Roman War 2425: 2337: 2287: 2208: 2123: 1957:Legio XXII Deiotariana 1952: 1695: 1632: 1527: 1493:First Jewish–Roman War 1401: 1366: 1218: 1210: 1186: 1157:ambushed and massacred 1149:Legio XXII Deiotariana 1120:, quickly spread from 1110:First Jewish–Roman War 1065:The revolt was led by 1033: 956:upon the ruins of the 891:First Jewish–Roman War 742:emphasize the role of 697:First Jewish–Roman War 456:500,000–600,000 killed 441:Legio XXII Deiotariana 329:Legio XXII Deiotariana 182:Commanders and leaders 8226:Temple Mount Faithful 7816:Dome of the Ascension 7628:Medieval antisemitism 7567:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa 7562:Siege of Banu Qurayza 7536:Revolt against Gallus 7322:Second Temple Judaism 6867:Sextus Julius Severus 6862:Quintus Tineius Rufus 5731:C. Clermont-Ganneau, 5025:The Targum of Judges, 4380:"Legio VIIII Hispana" 3805:ירושלמי תענית דף כה ב 2671:The discovery of the 2654: 2623:The Christian author 2420: 2405:Roman legionary camps 2331: 2277: 2264:Further information: 2203: 2113: 2062:broke out across the 2022:Constantinian dynasty 1950: 1693: 1623: 1516: 1399: 1364: 1341:Legio IV Flavia Felix 1277:Sextus Julius Severus 1257:: "A star rises from 1216: 1205:with two branches of 1192: 1168: 1028: 1017:Further information: 803:Sextus Julius Severus 744:Quintus Tineius Rufus 605:Judas uprising (6 CE) 435:Casualties and losses 374:Legio IV Flavia Felix 203:Sextus Julius Severus 198:Quintus Tineius Rufus 8221:The Temple Institute 7993:Al-Aqsa is in danger 7877:Fountain of Qayt Bay 7589:Sephardic Golden Age 7383:Battle of Beth Horon 7309:Second Temple period 7294:Babylonian captivity 6793:Military engagements 6568:); 1993 (paperback, 6339:. pp. 147–153. 6204:, pp. 105, 127. 5795:AHARONI, Y. (1962). 5598:Itineraria Phoenicia 4560:Schäfer, P. (1981). 4024:Christopher Mackay, 3747:. The Aleph Society/ 3698:. RabbinicTraditions 3566:Platner, Samuel Ball 2619:Eusebius of Caesarea 1422:Haninah ben Teradion 1137:Titus Haterius Nepos 1039:, especially in the 665:מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא 390:* Bar Kokhba's guard 213:Titus Haterius Nepos 47:מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא 8683:Religion-based wars 8321:Hall of Hewn Stones 8231:Platoon of the Wall 8187:Western Wall Tunnel 8147:Little Western Wall 8043:Ark of the Covenant 7846:Dome of the Spirits 7836:Dome of the Prophet 7800:Marwani Prayer Hall 7327:Hellenistic Judaism 7236:Political movements 7084:Lamentations Rabbah 6490:Jonas C. Greenfield 6076:The Times of Israel 6050:www.israelhayom.com 5920:מחקרי יהודה ושומרון 5772:. Tübingen, 181–216 5629:Bar, Doron (2005). 5480:Igrot Eretz Yisrael 4688:Bar, Doron (2005). 4462:Lamentations Rabbah 4292:Krauss, S. (1906). 4117:, pp. 109–110. 3437:, pp. 105–127. 3328:"Judaea-Palaestina" 2856:. pp. 228–229. 2689:In Rabbinic Judaism 2578:tribes and even at 2314:and the caverns in 2170:Underground refuges 1461:Legio III Cyrenaica 1426:Eleazar ben Shammua 1337:Legio XII Fulminata 1317:Legio III Cyrenaica 1239:, and gave him the 1193:Bar Kokhba's coin. 1145:Legio III Cyrenaica 901:, they installed a 736:Rabbinic literature 417:5 legions – 80,000 412:2 legions – 20,000 366:Legio XII Fulminata 309:Legio III Cyrenaica 283:Masbelah ben Shimon 8658:Jewish nationalism 8569:Navel of the World 8554:Entry restrictions 8241:Women for the Wall 7856:Dome of Yusuf Agha 7831:Dome of al-Khalili 7284:Assyrian Captivity 7264:Origins of Judaism 7206:Population history 7078:Messiah in Judaism 7027:Archive of Babatha 7015:Bar Kokhba weights 6839:Eleazar of Modi'im 6829:Yeshua ben Galgula 6246:Mordechai Gichon, 6213:Mordechai, Gihon. 5905:, Vol. 32. No. 32. 5885:Grull, T. (2023), 5815:– via JSTOR. 5557:– via JSTOR. 5527:Weinberger, p. 143 5449:2012-05-20 at the 5389:2015-03-17 at the 5384:livius.org account 5143:קליין, א' (2011). 5111:by Peter Schäfer, 5022:Willem F. Smelik, 4473:Jerusalem Talmud, 4354:NRG. 15 July 2015. 4193:www.sefaria.org.il 3531:The Jerusalem Post 3481:, pp. i–xxiv. 3111:pp.105-127, p.105. 2936:2016-08-13 at the 2669: 2398:Bar Kokhba coinage 2338: 2288: 2230:, but also in the 2209: 2124: 2105:destruction layers 2018:yet another revolt 1953: 1696: 1633: 1599:Chronicon Paschale 1547:social engineering 1434:Jeshbab the Scribe 1430:Hanina ben Hakinai 1402: 1375:Legio V Macedonica 1367: 1329:Legio V Macedonica 1291:and possibly also 1241:Aramaic patronymic 1219: 1211: 1187: 1139:, the governor of 1104:Timeline of events 993:mutilare genitalia 940:in the Kitos War. 926:Gargilius Antiques 820:Early Christianity 785:who would restore 783:Messiah of Judaism 610:Alexandria (38 CE) 448:possibly disbanded 443:possibly destroyed 350:Legio V Macedonica 292:Shimon ben Matanya 289:Yehuda bar Menashe 280:Yonatan ben Bai'in 268:Yeshua ben Galgula 244:Eleazar of Modi'im 8663:Jewish rebellions 8608:Bar Kokhba revolt 8595: 8594: 8440: 8439: 8382:Solomon's Stables 8292: 8291: 8246:Women of the Wall 8017: 8016: 7964:Cotton Merchants' 7937:Walls and entries 7821:Dome of the Chain 7734: 7733: 7726:WP:Jewish history 7584:Under Muslim rule 7572:Battle of Khaybar 7487:Synagogal Judaism 7468: 7467: 7410:Bar Kokhba revolt 7373:Jewish-Roman Wars 7337:Hasmonean kingdom 7279:Kingdom of Israel 7148: 7147: 7035: 7034: 6880: 6879: 6750:Jewish–Roman wars 6739:Bar Kokhba revolt 6642:Mildenberg, Leo. 6605:978-1-57444-548-0 6556:Goodman, Martin. 6464:978-3-16-148076-8 6438:978-90-04-31463-4 6367:978-90-04-50204-8 6346:978-3-16-157327-9 6321:978-0-521-77248-8 6103:978-0-940646-01-8 5833:. March 16, 2021. 5246:978-965-217-444-4 5159:שדמן, ע' (2016). 5062:H.H. Ben-Sasson, 5049:H.H. Ben-Sasson, 5028:BRILL 1995 p.434. 4938:Miller, 1984, p. 4894:978-0-415-08800-8 4796:978-1-4728-1798-3 4674:978-1-4728-1798-3 4612:978-90-04-66664-1 4456:Jerusalem Talmud 3911:Benjamin H. Isaac 3662:Babylonian Talmud 3391:978-0-19-938113-5 3349:978-0-19-938113-5 3276:978-1-4728-1799-0 3135:978-0-521-77248-8 3079:978-0-521-21880-1 2911:, Translation by 2810:Explanatory notes 2780:Samaritan revolts 2755:Jewish–Roman wars 2701:Jewish messianism 2538:destruction layer 2286:, were discovered 2232:Judaean Mountains 2132:Khirbet Badd ‘Isa 2120:destruction layer 2060:Samaritan revolts 1988:Legio X Fretensis 1837:Khirbat al-Mafjar 1659:and the southern 1603:William V. Harris 1466:Babylonian Talmud 1450:burned at a stake 1313:Legio III Gallica 1305:Legio X Fretensis 1133:Legio III Gallica 1079:Simeon ben Kosiba 991:, referred to as 856:Jewish–Roman wars 840:Jewish–Roman wars 693:Jewish–Roman wars 657:Bar Kokhba revolt 652: 651: 584:Jewish–Roman wars 548: 547: 495:Bar Kokhba revolt 460: 459: 451:Legio X Fretensis 425: 420: 415: 387:Bar Kokhba's army 378: 370: 362: 354: 324:Legio III Gallica 314:Legio X Fretensis 286:Eleazar ben Khita 160: 159: 156:by the Roman army 59:Jewish–Roman wars 41:Bar Kokhba revolt 18:Bar Kochba revolt 16:(Redirected from 8690: 8585: 8584: 8347:Antonia Fortress 8337:Foundation Stone 8301: 8300: 8297:Other components 8212:Advocacy groups 8203:Kotel compromise 8038:Solomon's Temple 8026: 8025: 8004:Al-Aqsa massacre 7891:Other structures 7841:Dome of the Rock 7826:Dome of al-Khidr 7785: 7784: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7738: 7737: 7722: 7558:Mohammedan Wars 7482:Rabbinic Judaism 7435:Byzantine Empire 7388:Galilee campaign 7368:Judean Civil War 7363:Maccabean Revolt 7356:Wars and revolts 7353: 7352: 7342:Herodian kingdom 7299:Babylonian Yehud 7274:Kingdom of Judah 7211:Military history 7175: 7168: 7161: 7152: 7151: 7136: 7135: 7126: 7125: 7052:Syria Palaestina 6889: 6888: 6824:Simon bar Kokhba 6817:Bar Kokhba state 6814: 6813: 6787: 6775:Aelia Capitolina 6732: 6725: 6718: 6709: 6708: 6688:, March 13, 2006 6609: 6541:Faulkner, Neil. 6468: 6442: 6421: 6400: 6371: 6350: 6325: 6293: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6264:Epistle to Yemen 6260: 6254: 6244: 6238: 6231: 6225: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6190: 6183: 6177: 6174: 6168: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6146: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6005: 5994: 5993: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5912: 5906: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5807:(3/4): 186–199. 5792: 5786: 5785:1/2009, pp. 9-28 5779: 5773: 5766: 5760: 5749: 5736: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5714: 5707: 5701: 5694: 5688: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5534: 5528: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5489: 5483: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5440: 5434: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5400: 5394: 5381: 5375: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5289: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5263:. 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Evans, 3945: 3939: 3926: 3920: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3834:. Archived from 3824: 3818: 3815: 3809: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3751:. Archived from 3742: 3731: 3726: 3725: 3715: 3711:"Ta'anis 2a-31a" 3706: 3704: 3703: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3679:. Archived from 3666:Jerusalem Talmud 3658: 3652: 3649: 3634: 3620: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3579: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3533:| Jpost.com 3522: 3516: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3451: 3438: 3432: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3323: 3317: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3214: 3203: 3202: 3201:on 16 June 2011. 3191: 3185: 3184: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3121: 3112: 3101: 3084: 3083: 3063: 3057: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3023: 3014: 3013: 2995: 2971: 2948: 2942:Internet Archive 2906: 2895: 2888: 2879: 2878: 2863: 2857: 2842: 2826: 2820: 2729:David Ben-Gurion 2639:Jerusalem Talmud 2510:Legio VI Ferrata 2499:Northern valleys 2228:Judaean Lowlands 2190:Hiding complexes 2176:hiding complexes 2148:Khirbet al-Yahud 2064:Palaestina Prima 1972:Legio IX Hispana 1963:As noted above, 1920: 1917: 1916:Son of Deception 1914: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1885:Jerusalem Talmud 1816:Aelia Capitolina 1810:discovered near 1755:Syria Palaestina 1751:Provincia Iudaea 1736:Aelia Capitolina 1647:and part of the 1525: 1513: 1510: 1379:Legio XI Claudia 1356:Legio VI Ferrata 1345:Legio IX Hispana 1333:Legio XI Claudia 1309:Legio VI Ferrata 1293:Legio IX Hispana 1114:Simon bar Kokhba 1067:Simon bar Kokhba 1037:hiding complexes 995:, taken to mean 984:Historia Augusta 976:Aelia Capitolina 945:Aelia Capitolina 877: 868: 836:Simon bar Kokhba 815:Syria Palaestina 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 764: 763: 720:Aelia Capitolina 685:Simon bar Kokhba 674: 672: 669:Mereḏ Bar Kōḵḇāʾ 666: 587: 585: 575: 568: 561: 552: 551: 498: 496: 486: 479: 472: 463: 462: 446:Legio IX Hispana 423: 418: 413: 393:* Local militias 376: 368: 360: 358:Legio XI Claudia 352: 344:Legio IX Hispana 334:Legio II Traiana 319:Legio VI Ferrata 276: 264: 257:Akiva ben Joseph 252: 238: 230:Simon bar Kokhba 123:Syria Palaestina 88: 87: 73:Simon bar Kokhba 69: 52: 51: 50: 48: 38: 37: 21: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8668:Jewish refugees 8598: 8597: 8596: 8591: 8573: 8532: 8468: 8436: 8391: 8372:Ptolemaic Baris 8357:Hasmonean Baris 8325: 8288: 8279:Robinson's Arch 8274:Boaz and Jachin 8252: 8191: 8162:Mughrabi Bridge 8133: 8090:Temple treasury 8080:Solomon's Porch 8022:Jewish elements 8013: 7975: 7932: 7886: 7860: 7804: 7774: 7765: 7735: 7730: 7720: 7712: 7701:Israeli history 7644:Jewish question 7632: 7545: 7474:Rabbinic period 7464: 7416: 7398:Diaspora revolt 7393:Siege of Masada 7351: 7303: 7245: 7216:Genetic history 7184: 7179: 7149: 7144: 7114: 7061: 7031: 6998: 6984:Wadi Murabba'at 6979:Cave of Letters 6960: 6921:Khirbet el-Qutt 6876: 6843: 6805: 6794: 6788: 6779: 6753: 6741: 6736: 6662: 6657: 6619:Yadin, Yigael. 6616:20 (1993) 66ff. 6606: 6579:Richard Marks: 6524:89 (1999) 76ff. 6505:BaruchA. Levine 6465: 6439: 6368: 6347: 6322: 6301: 6296: 6286: 6282: 6274: 6270: 6261: 6257: 6245: 6241: 6233:Peter Schäfer. 6232: 6228: 6223:10.2307/1454444 6212: 6208: 6200: 6193: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6140: 6136: 6127: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6088: 6084: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6055: 6053: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6006: 5997: 5954: 5950: 5942: 5935: 5913: 5909: 5896: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5867: 5863: 5854: 5852: 5842: 5838: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5793: 5789: 5780: 5776: 5767: 5763: 5750: 5739: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5708: 5704: 5695: 5691: 5682: 5678: 5627: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5490: 5486: 5478:Avraham Yaari, 5477: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5451:Wayback Machine 5441: 5437: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5391:Wayback Machine 5382: 5378: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5335: 5328: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5279: 5270: 5268: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5229: 5225: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5193: 5184: 5180: 5171: 5167: 5158: 5154: 5148:(135–324 לסה"נ) 5142: 5138: 5129: 5122: 5105: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5021: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4991: 4987: 4974: 4970: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4920:on 7 April 2013 4906: 4902: 4895: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4864: 4855: 4851: 4828:10.2307/4238700 4808: 4804: 4797: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4745: 4741: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4661: 4657: 4646: 4639: 4635:. 2003. P142-3. 4630: 4626: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4587: 4583: 4567: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4543: 4539: 4530: 4526: 4510:Singer, Isidore 4499: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4468: 4455: 4451: 4442: 4438: 4423: 4419: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4314: 4310: 4290: 4286: 4272:www.sefaria.org 4268:"Numbers 24:17" 4266: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4204: 4200: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4167: 4163: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4105:, pp. 109. 4101: 4094: 4090:, pp. 108. 4086: 4079: 4064: 4060: 4052:Peter Schäfer, 4051: 4047: 4039:Peter Schäfer, 4038: 4034: 4023: 4019: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3976: 3972: 3961: 3957: 3946: 3942: 3927: 3923: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3858: 3854: 3841: 3839: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3801: 3790: 3788: 3777:"דף כה,ב פרק ד" 3775: 3771: 3767: 3758: 3756: 3749:Adin Steinsaltz 3745:Daf Yomi series 3740: 3738:"Ta'anit 29a-b" 3736: 3723: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3699: 3694: 3686: 3684: 3671: 3659: 3655: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3562: 3558: 3544: 3540: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3503: 3499: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3469:, pp. 105. 3465: 3461: 3452: 3441: 3433: 3418: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3324: 3320: 3309: 3305: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3242: 3231: 3215: 3206: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3170:. Xulon Press. 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3122: 3115: 3102: 3087: 3080: 3064: 3060: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3024: 3017: 2972: 2951: 2940:. Book scan in 2938:Wayback Machine 2930:and livius.org: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2882: 2866:Menachem, Mor, 2864: 2860: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2741: 2718: 2697: 2691: 2686: 2673:Cave of Letters 2661:Cave of Letters 2649: 2647:Primary sources 2641: 2621: 2605: 2588: 2530: 2522: 2501: 2492: 2475: 2459: 2443: 2434: 2415: 2407: 2386: 2362: 2323:Cave of Letters 2316:Wadi Murabba'at 2308:Cave of Letters 2280:Cave of Letters 2272: 2270:Cave of Letters 2262: 2256: 2198: 2192: 2172: 2096: 2091: 2079:Sasanian Empire 2002: 1996: 1945: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1902:בֶּן כּוֹזִיבָא 1897: 1876:Hebrew language 1872: 1798:, the ruins of 1767: 1704:Hebrew calendar 1688: 1615:Jewish diaspora 1543: 1526: 1523: 1511: 1485: 1480: 1387:Elazar Hamudaʻi 1339:and cohorts of 1106: 1063: 1021: 1015: 897:. Instead of a 887: 886: 885: 884: 880: 879: 878: 870: 869: 858: 852: 832: 778: 775: 772: 769: 730:on Jerusalem's 670: 653: 648: 621:Major conflicts 588: 583: 581: 579: 549: 544: 543: 499: 494: 492: 490: 449: 444: 429: 421: 416: 402: 381: 295: 272: 248: 234: 222: 148: 142: 109: 95: 81:Knesset Menorah 70: 43: 42: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8696: 8686: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8643:130s conflicts 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8578: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8559:Templum Domini 8556: 8551: 8546: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8450: 8448: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8431:Beautiful Gate 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8401: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8389: 8387:Struthion Pool 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8367:Pool of Raranj 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8307: 8305: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8210: 8205: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8143: 8141: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8085:Temple menorah 8082: 8077: 8072: 8070:Holy of Holies 8067: 8062: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8034: 8032: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7951: 7946: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7905: 7900: 7898:Islamic Museum 7894: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7882:An-Nāranj Pool 7879: 7874: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7795:Al-Aqsa Mosque 7791: 7789: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7764: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7741: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7664:Reform Judaism 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7623:Ottoman Empire 7620: 7619: 7618: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7555: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7478: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7370: 7365: 7359: 7357: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7332:Yehud Medinata 7329: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7255: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7196:Historiography 7192: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7182:Jewish history 7178: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7155: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7130: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7066:Related topics 7063: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7012: 7006: 7004: 7003:Small findings 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6974:Cave of Horror 6970: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6916:Khirbet Jamjum 6913: 6908: 6906:Khirbet Kelafa 6903: 6897: 6895: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6853: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6801:Siege of Betar 6797: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6689: 6677: 6669: 6661: 6660:External links 6658: 6656: 6655: 6640: 6617: 6610: 6604: 6591: 6577: 6554: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6501: 6476: 6469: 6463: 6443: 6437: 6422: 6401: 6372: 6366: 6351: 6345: 6326: 6320: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6280: 6268: 6255: 6239: 6226: 6206: 6191: 6178: 6169: 6156: 6147: 6134: 6109: 6102: 6082: 6062: 6052:. May 11, 2020 6037: 6025: 6023:, p. 152. 6013: 5995: 5974:10.2307/505724 5968:(2): 231–251. 5948: 5933: 5907: 5890: 5878: 5861: 5836: 5818: 5787: 5774: 5761: 5737: 5724: 5715: 5702: 5689: 5676: 5621: 5607: 5587: 5580: 5560: 5549:(2): 127–139. 5529: 5520: 5511: 5504: 5484: 5471: 5459: 5435: 5422: 5413: 5408:www.livius.org 5395: 5376: 5362: 5350: 5326: 5319: 5299: 5290: 5277: 5252: 5245: 5223: 5178: 5165: 5152: 5136: 5120: 5096: 5076: 5055: 5042: 5030: 5012: 5000: 4985: 4968: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4900: 4893: 4875: 4862: 4849: 4802: 4795: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4751:sikarikon laws 4739: 4680: 4673: 4655: 4637: 4624: 4611: 4581: 4552: 4537: 4524: 4491: 4479: 4466: 4449: 4436: 4417: 4404: 4392: 4368: 4366:, p. 491. 4356: 4335: 4328: 4308: 4284: 4259: 4257:, p. 466. 4247: 4218:(3): 446–481. 4198: 4180: 4161: 4142: 4119: 4107: 4092: 4077: 4058: 4045: 4032: 4017: 3993: 3979:Schäfer, Peter 3970: 3955: 3940: 3921: 3902: 3895: 3877: 3870: 3852: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3799: 3765: 3734: 3733: 3707: 3692: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3635: 3621: 3598: 3591: 3556: 3547:Schäfer, Peter 3538: 3517: 3497: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3453:M. Avi-Yonah, 3439: 3416: 3390: 3360: 3348: 3318: 3303: 3282: 3275: 3255: 3253:, p. 471. 3240: 3229: 3204: 3186: 3176: 3153: 3141: 3134: 3113: 3085: 3078: 3058: 3045: 3038: 3015: 2986:(2): 585–607. 2949: 2896: 2880: 2858: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2793:Related topics 2790: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2763: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2717: 2714: 2693:Main article: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2678:Cave of Horror 2648: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2620: 2617: 2604: 2601: 2587: 2584: 2529: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2474: 2471: 2458: 2455: 2442: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2385: 2382: 2361: 2358: 2341:Cave of Horror 2292:Judaean Desert 2266:Cave of Horror 2258:Main article: 2255: 2252: 2194:Main article: 2191: 2188: 2180:cliff shelters 2171: 2168: 2135:Roman period. 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 1998:Main article: 1995: 1992: 1944: 1941: 1923:false Messiahs 1896: 1893: 1871: 1868: 1839:, a tomb of a 1835:discovered at 1831:, a statue of 1829:Khirbet Tibnah 1823:discovered in 1766: 1763: 1747:Ancient Israel 1687: 1684: 1653:Eleutheropolis 1630:late antiquity 1542: 1539: 1521: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1442:Judah ben Bava 1438:Judah ben Dama 1325:Legio X Gemina 1289:Legio X Gemina 1237:Jewish messiah 1153:Arabia Petraea 1151:was sent from 1105: 1102: 1062: 1059: 1014: 1011: 934:Roman citizens 882: 881: 872: 871: 863: 862: 861: 860: 859: 854:Main article: 851: 848: 831: 828: 740:Church Fathers 687:, against the 650: 649: 647: 646: 641: 640: 639: 629: 618: 617: 612: 607: 602: 593: 590: 589: 578: 577: 570: 563: 555: 546: 545: 542: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 505: 504: 501: 500: 489: 488: 481: 474: 466: 458: 457: 454: 437: 436: 432: 431: 426: 409: 408: 404: 403: 401: 400: 394: 391: 388: 384: 382: 380: 379: 371: 363: 355: 347: 341: 339:Legio X Gemina 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 305: 302: 301: 300:Units involved 297: 296: 294: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 265: 254: 241: 225: 223: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 187: 184: 183: 179: 178: 173: 167: 166: 162: 161: 158: 157: 150: 144: 143: 141: 140: 134: 128: 125: 118: 115: 111: 110: 108:, Roman Empire 104: 102: 98: 97: 92: 84: 83: 62: 61: 54: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8695: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8588: 8580: 8579: 8576: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8564:Well of Souls 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8515:2017 shooting 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8432: 8428: 8426: 8425:Warren's Gate 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8352:Birket Israel 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8316:Southern Wall 8314: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8255: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8182:Western Stone 8180: 8178: 8177:Wilson's Arch 8175: 8173: 8172:Western Stone 8170: 8168: 8167:Placing notes 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8136: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8102:Temple denial 8100: 8096: 8095:Warren's Gate 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8055:Second Temple 8053: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8010: 8009:Al-Aqsa Flood 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7851:Dome of Yusuf 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7750: 7748: 7743: 7742: 7739: 7727: 7724: 7719: 7718: 7715: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7689:The Holocaust 7687: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7679:United States 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7659:Enlightenment 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7171: 7169: 7164: 7162: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7141: 7140: 7131: 7129: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 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CRC Press. 6597: 6592: 6590: 6589:0-271-00939-X 6586: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6574:0-521-44782-8 6571: 6567: 6566:0-521-33401-2 6563: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6551:0-7524-2573-0 6548: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6303: 6291: 6290: 6284: 6277: 6272: 6265: 6262:Wikisource: " 6259: 6252: 6249: 6243: 6237:. 2003. p184. 6236: 6230: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6203: 6198: 6196: 6188: 6182: 6173: 6166: 6160: 6151: 6144: 6138: 6124:. 9 July 2015 6123: 6119: 6113: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6086: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6010: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5904: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5778: 5771: 5765: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5712: 5706: 5699: 5693: 5686: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5625: 5610: 5608:9789042913448 5604: 5600: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5581:9780313325823 5577: 5573: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5524: 5515: 5507: 5505:9780804747059 5501: 5497: 5496: 5488: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5359:Roman History 5357:Cassius Dio, 5354: 5347: 5346:3-515-07744-8 5343: 5339: 5333: 5331: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5303: 5294: 5287: 5281: 5267:on 2014-10-07 5266: 5262: 5256: 5248: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5213:on 2014-08-16 5209: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5175: 5169: 5162: 5156: 5149: 5146: 5140: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5118: 5117:3-16-148076-7 5114: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5094: 5093:0-89236-800-4 5090: 5086: 5083:Ariel Lewin. 5080: 5073: 5072:0-674-39731-2 5069: 5065: 5059: 5052: 5046: 5040:, p. 473 5039: 5034: 5027: 5026: 5019: 5017: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4965: 4959: 4953:, p. 304 4952: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4859: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4779: 4769: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4644: 4642: 4634: 4628: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4577: 4571: 4563: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4534: 4528: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4505:public domain 4495: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4470: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4446: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4415:. 2003. P172. 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4331: 4329:9783161480768 4325: 4321: 4320: 4312: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4067:Peter Schäfer 4062: 4055: 4049: 4042: 4036: 4029: 4028: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4008: 3996: 3994:9780674043213 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3974: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3930:Peter Schäfer 3925: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3898: 3896:9780195305746 3892: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3848: 3838:on 2014-07-02 3837: 3833: 3832:Israel Museum 3829: 3823: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3787:on 2023-10-06 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3755:on 2018-10-05 3754: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3735:See notes on 3730: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3697: 3693: 3683:on 2020-02-09 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3602: 3594: 3592:9781136823282 3588: 3584: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3534: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3436: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3406: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3237: 3232: 3230:9780199554485 3226: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3179: 3177:9781604779035 3173: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3162:John S. Evans 3157: 3151:, p. 11. 3150: 3145: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3041: 3039:9781592333752 3035: 3031: 3030: 3022: 3020: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2917:Roman History 2914: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2854:3-515-07744-8 2851: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2825: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2788:, 614-617/625 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2706:false Messiah 2702: 2696: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2655:A cluster of 2653: 2644: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2613:Roman History 2610: 2600: 2598: 2597:Roman History 2594: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506:military camp 2496: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2410: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2301: 2300:Jordan Valley 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236:Hurvat Midras 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213:Lower Galilee 2207: 2206:Hurvat Midras 2202: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2184:natural caves 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2142:The ruins of 2140: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2114:The ruins of 2112: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2101:coastal plain 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006:Constantine I 2001: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1949: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1683: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1673:Golan Heights 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1531:Peter Schäfer 1520: 1515: 1514:–235) wrote: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497:central Judea 1494: 1490: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412:(The list of 1411: 1407: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335:, cohorts of 1334: 1331:, cohorts of 1330: 1327:, cohorts of 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248:Star Prophecy 1245: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1215: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175:Jewish Temple 1172: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1027: 1026:reports that: 1025: 1020: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999: 994: 990: 986: 985: 979: 977: 973: 972: 965: 963: 959: 958:Second Temple 955: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 929: 927: 923: 919: 918: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 876: 867: 857: 847: 845: 841: 837: 827: 825: 821: 816: 812: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 758: 757: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 712:Second Temple 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 662: 658: 645: 642: 638: 635: 634: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 623: 622: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 596: 591: 586: 576: 571: 569: 564: 562: 557: 556: 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7649:Disabilities 7430:Roman Empire 7409: 7347:Roman Judaea 7138: 7082: 6994:Te'omim Cave 6936:Horvat 'Eqed 6849:Roman Empire 6748:Part of the 6747: 6738: 6695: 6683: 6673: 6643: 6620: 6613: 6595: 6580: 6557: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6486:Yigael Yadin 6478: 6472: 6454: 6447:Eshel, Hanan 6427: 6413: 6409: 6380: 6376: 6356: 6337:Mohr Siebeck 6331: 6307: 6299:Bibliography 6287: 6283: 6271: 6258: 6242: 6234: 6229: 6214: 6209: 6186: 6181: 6172: 6164: 6159: 6150: 6142: 6137: 6126:. Retrieved 6121: 6112: 6092: 6085: 6074: 6065: 6054:. Retrieved 6049: 6040: 6028: 6016: 6008: 6007:M. Menahem. 5965: 5961: 5951: 5919: 5910: 5902: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5853:. Retrieved 5849: 5839: 5830: 5821: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5783:Opera Ipogea 5782: 5777: 5769: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5732: 5727: 5718: 5710: 5705: 5697: 5692: 5684: 5679: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5612:. Retrieved 5597: 5590: 5570: 5563: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5523: 5514: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5474: 5462: 5438: 5430: 5425: 5416: 5407: 5398: 5379: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5337: 5309: 5302: 5293: 5285: 5280: 5269:. Retrieved 5265:the original 5255: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5215:. Retrieved 5208:the original 5203: 5197: 5181: 5173: 5168: 5160: 5155: 5147: 5144: 5139: 5131: 5107: 5084: 5079: 5063: 5058: 5050: 5045: 5033: 5024: 5003: 4994: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4963: 4958: 4946: 4934: 4922:. Retrieved 4918:the original 4913: 4903: 4884: 4878: 4870: 4865: 4857: 4852: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4786: 4768: 4759: 4742: 4733: 4700:(1): 49–65. 4697: 4693: 4683: 4664: 4658: 4649: 4632: 4627: 4616:. Retrieved 4594: 4584: 4561: 4555: 4545: 4540: 4532: 4527: 4519: 4513: 4494: 4482: 4474: 4469: 4452: 4444: 4439: 4430: 4420: 4412: 4407: 4395: 4384:. Retrieved 4382:. livius.org 4359: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4297: 4287: 4275: 4271: 4262: 4250: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4133:. Retrieved 4122: 4110: 4071: 4061: 4053: 4048: 4040: 4035: 4026: 4020: 4010: 4006: 4004: 3998:. Retrieved 3983: 3973: 3964: 3958: 3949: 3943: 3934: 3924: 3915: 3905: 3886: 3880: 3861: 3855: 3845:– via 3840:. Retrieved 3836:the original 3822: 3804: 3795: 3789:. Retrieved 3785:the original 3781:Mechon Mamre 3780: 3768: 3757:. Retrieved 3753:the original 3744: 3728: 3722:. Retrieved 3717: 3700:. Retrieved 3685:. Retrieved 3681:the original 3676: 3656: 3644:– via 3640: 3629: 3615: 3601: 3582: 3573: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3529: 3520: 3500: 3486: 3474: 3462: 3454: 3395:, retrieved 3373: 3370:"Bar Kokhba" 3363: 3353:, retrieved 3331: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3265: 3258: 3234: 3219: 3199:the original 3189: 3181: 3166: 3156: 3144: 3125: 3108: 3103:Hanan Eshel, 3068: 3061: 3056:, pp. 87–88. 3053: 3048: 3028: 2983: 2979: 2925:LacusCurtius 2916: 2913:Earnest Cary 2891: 2867: 2861: 2845: 2840: 2818: 2782:, 484–572 CE 2768:, 115–117 CE 2733: 2719: 2698: 2670: 2665:Yigael Yadin 2642: 2622: 2612: 2606: 2596: 2589: 2565: 2557:Iraq al-Amir 2550: 2531: 2523: 2502: 2493: 2484: 2477:Until 1951, 2476: 2463:Judean hills 2460: 2457:Judea proper 2450: 2446: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2423:Antoniniana. 2421: 2416: 2408: 2387: 2363: 2346: 2339: 2320: 2304: 2289: 2250:and others. 2225: 2210: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2173: 2156:Beitar Illit 2147: 2141: 2137: 2125: 2097: 2072: 2057: 2046: 2014:Western Wall 2003: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1943:Roman losses 1938: 1927: 1898: 1873: 1853: 1804:Ramat Rachel 1800:Roman villas 1792: 1768: 1759: 1753:was renamed 1744: 1732:Roman colony 1716: 1708:Temple Mount 1702:law and the 1697: 1677: 1661:Hebron Hills 1634: 1597:7th-century 1579: 1567: 1544: 1535: 1528: 1517: 1486: 1469: 1458: 1454:Torah scroll 1403: 1368: 1349: 1297: 1274: 1267: 1243: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1161: 1141:Roman Arabia 1126: 1107: 1099: 1094: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1049: 1045: 1034: 1029: 1022: 1013:Preparations 996: 992: 989:circumcision 982: 980: 975: 970: 966: 942: 930: 916: 888: 833: 807: 754: 752: 732:Temple Mount 709: 689:Roman Empire 656: 654: 643: 620: 619: 594: 493: 273: 249: 235: 228: 190: 171:Roman Empire 165:Belligerents 154:Jewish state 57:Part of the 35: 8519:2021 crisis 8511:2017 crisis 8446:Excavations 8420:Lions' Gate 8410:Golden Gate 8330:Antiquities 7959:Inspector's 7551:Middle Ages 7460:Mesopotamia 7073:Cassius Dio 7047:Ten Martyrs 6989:El-Jai cave 6926:Hazan caves 6885:Archaeology 6834:Rabbi Akiva 6122:Arutz Sheva 5433:, 23.1.2–3. 5369:E. Werner. 5187:Zissu, Boaz 4951:Morçöl 2006 4910:"Palestine" 4544:Totten, S. 2909:Cassius Dio 2609:Cassius Dio 2603:Dio Cassius 2593:Cassius Dio 2591:section of 2572:Transjordan 2528:Transjordan 2514:Tel Megiddo 2451:minimalists 2447:maximalists 2312:Nahal Hever 2217:Cassius Dio 2128:Hurvat Itri 2116:Hurvat Itri 2089:Archaeology 2053:Temple site 1967:Deiotariana 1849:Beit Guvrin 1845:Beit Nattif 1825:Turmus Ayya 1671:and on the 1669:Beit She'an 1505:Cassius Dio 1418:Rabbi Akiva 1414:Ten Martyrs 1352:Beit She'an 1233:Rabbi Akiva 1224:Nasi Israel 1087:Rabbi Akiva 1081:. The name 1024:Cassius Dio 895:Roman Judea 799:auxiliaries 714:during the 695:. Like the 519:Deiotariana 399:youth bands 147:Territorial 77:Benno Elkan 8602:Categories 8499:1990 riots 8490:1969 arson 8405:Al-Mawazin 8377:Royal Stoa 8269:Mercy seat 8107:Tisha B'Av 8075:Molten Sea 8048:Tabernacle 7949:Al-Mawazin 7926:Khatuniyya 7921:Uthmaniyya 7916:Tankiziyya 7911:Ashrafiyya 7706:New Yishuv 7694:Resistance 7259:Israelites 7105:Tur Shimon 6956:Tel Lavnin 6674:Bar Kokhba 6513:9652210463 6498:9652210099 6202:Eshel 2006 6189:46: 179–95 6128:2016-03-02 6056:2024-04-05 6033:Eshel 2003 5916:ספראי, זאב 5855:2023-09-07 5468:Avner Falk 5431:Res Gestae 5348:pp 228–229 5320:1576070042 5271:2020-03-26 5217:2014-08-16 4924:9 February 4618:2024-06-18 4386:2014-06-26 4115:Eshel 2006 4103:Eshel 2006 4088:Eshel 2006 4000:2014-02-01 3871:0691094934 3842:2014-07-01 3812:Wikisource 3791:2014-07-08 3759:2014-06-27 3724:2014-06-27 3702:2014-06-28 3687:2014-06-28 3677:dTorah.com 3570:"Pomerium" 3467:Eshel 2006 3435:Eshel 2006 3397:2024-04-09 3355:2024-04-09 2833:References 2762:, 66–73 CE 2710:Maimonides 2553:Tel Hesban 2546:Callirrhoe 2532:Jews from 2118:display a 2010:Tisha B'Av 1984:Cappadocia 1933:Christians 1812:Giv'at Ram 1775:numismatic 1771:epigraphic 1740:Tisha B'Av 1519:desolate." 1512: 155 1495:, leaving 1383:Tisha B'av 1244:bar Kokhba 1155:, but was 1143:, brought 1083:Bar Kokhba 1075:Bar Kosiba 1071:Bar Kokhba 1061:Bar Kokhba 1007:mutilation 998:brit milah 899:procurator 889:After the 850:Background 524:Tel Shalem 94:132–136 CE 71:Detail of 30:See also: 8473:Conflicts 8264:Shekhinah 8152:Dung Gate 8065:Sanctuary 7999:Murabitat 7907:Madrasas 7865:Fountains 7601:Byzantium 7499:Sanhedrin 7403:Kitos War 7221:Languages 7189:Overviews 7040:Aftermath 6951:Tel Goded 6431:. BRILL. 6389:0360-9049 6360:. Brill. 6145:50: 38–44 5990:193092889 5928:0792-8416 5698:Qadmoniot 5685:Qadmoniot 5671:162644246 5655:0017-8160 5641:(1): 64. 4977:Qadmoniot 4836:0065-6801 4730:162644246 4714:0017-8160 4570:cite book 4460:iv. 68d; 4242:257812293 4234:1869-3296 4131:. 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