980:
1028:
1175:
952:
272:
1147:
264:
105:
1044:
1012:
1089:
1225:
1237:
1301:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1429:
1389:
1325:
1313:
813:, but actually held the shares as a proxy for the Russian government which had provided the capital for the railway's construction. The share certificates of the railway were deposited at the Russo-Asiatic Bank in Saint Petersburg, and thus inaccessible following the Bolshevik takeover. As a consequence, various powers claimed rights to ownership of the railway, which was the bank's foremost non-Russian asset, and the resulting confusion lasted for a number of years. In early 1918, the Chinese government, then under dominant Japanese influence, was inclined to seize the China Eastern Railway and also to stop paying Russia's share of the
1405:
1131:
1377:
1365:
1417:
1337:
1353:
996:
38:
1104:
964:
1070:
836:, fled Russia in November 1917, first to Manchuria, then to Shanghai and later on to Paris, where he intrigued to retain control of the bank's operations. The French government at times supported Putilov, and at other times encouraged his rivals for control of the bank's assets, with no legal clarity as to who ultimately had management rights over the bank's non-Russian operations, and also uncertainty on whether the bank might ultimately reclaim its Russian assets subject to the outcome of the
1163:
979:
889:'s electoral victory in May, France eventually recognized the Soviet Union as well, and Krasin became its ambassador in Paris. Continuous rivalry among Russian factions, including between Putilov and Batolin, led to the failure in April 1926 of a last-ditch effort to restructure what remained of the Russo-Asiatic Bank. It was eventually placed under insolvency protection in Paris on 27 September 1926.
280:
918:
1054:
951:
1119:
884:
to recover at least some of its
Russian property assets. By then, the French government was starting to consider resuming some relations with the Soviet government, though that remained a highly contentious matter of French domestic politics. In May 1924, the Chinese government reached an agreement
291:
and Banque du Nord merged to form the Russo-Asiatic Bank. Former French diplomat
Maurice Verstraëte, who had managed the Banque du Nord since its creation, became the chief executive of the merged entity. By 1914 it was the largest Russian bank with 672 million rubles in total assets, well ahead of
840:
in which the bank kept financing various anti-Bolshevik factions. Putilov, in turn, negotiated with
Japanese and American financiers to gain autonomy from his French supporters. Meanwhile, the bank had to issue new equity capital, in large part to exiled Russian subscribers, which added further
1027:
1174:
1611:
1689:
885:
with the Soviet government that provided for
Chinese recognition of the latter and a provisional regime of management of the China Eastern Railway by the Soviet Union, putting a final end on the Russo-Asiatic Bank's claims to its ownership. On 28 October 1924, following the
876:
in the summer of 1919. Another restructuring plan led by another
Russian émigré financier, Procopy Petrovich Batolin, against Putilov and his French allies, similarly failed to gain traction in late 1919 and 1920 as the BPPB and Société Générale gradually lost interest.
1146:
1043:
808:
In
November 1917, the new Soviet government nationalized all Russian banks, including the Russo-Asiatic Bank. This generated considerable legal uncertainty. The bank was technically the sole owner of the strategically important
271:
263:
1088:
1568:
1224:
929:
1049:
828:) was located in Russia. French nationals initially held three-quarters of the bank's equity capital, but could not properly exercise their ownership rights as the bank was unable to hold a proper
1011:
104:
1103:
1114:
995:
1388:
1336:
942:
1300:
1272:
444:
1324:
1312:
1260:
924:
1236:
1248:
1404:
1069:
1376:
1364:
1653:
Watson, D.R. (January 1993). "The Rise and Fall of the Russo-Asiatic Bank. Problems of a
Russian Enterprise with French Shareholders, 1910-26".
293:
1352:
1130:
116:
bank in 1901 as a fully-owned subsidiary to develop a retail and commercial banking activity in Russia in the context of increasingly close
1806:
96:
with no compensation to its shareholders. Its activities in Europe and China lingered for a while, but were eventually liquidated in 1926.
941:
was initially at 2, rue Le
Peletier, where the Russo-Chinese was already established; it relocated around 1917 to the former seat of the
934:. The Banque du Nord acquired it from the ailing Azov Commercial Bank in 1901, and in 1910 it became the seat of the Russo-Asiatic Bank.
963:
1841:
1629:
A History of Modern
Shanghai Banking: The rise and decline of China's finance capitalism. Russo-Chinese Bank and Russo-Asiatic Bank
440:
88:), a large domestic Russian bank. By 1914, it was Russia's largest private-sector bank by total assets. In late 1917 following the
1428:
1416:
1826:
913:
1730:
1846:
1515:"From Revolution to Dissolution: The Quai d'Orsay, the Banque Russo-Asiatique, and the Chinese Eastern Railway, 1917-1926"
1836:
1821:
1831:
1740:
1637:
1460:
1811:
1095:
141:
93:
1816:
1195:
849:
868:'s advance in the Urals and towards the Volga. The effort floundered after Kolchak's troops were beaten on the
17:
861:
880:
In 1921 and 1922, Putilov ended up negotiating in secret with agents of the Soviet government including
72:: 俄亞銀行) was a major Russian bank between 1910 and 1917. It was formed in 1910 through the merger of the
853:
113:
1708:
1607:Весь Петербург на 1916 год. ("All Petersburg in 1916: Address and Reference Book of St. Petersburg")
1570:Весь Петербург на 1907 год. ("All Petersburg in 1907: Address and Reference Book of St. Petersburg")
1445:
671:
1455:
810:
579:
117:
1162:
1075:
957:
Headquarters of the Banque du Nord and then of the Russo-Asiatic Bank in Saint
Petersburg, 1914
829:
448:
1627:
1544:
897:
For the bank's branches inherited from the Russo-Chinese Bank, including those in China, see
873:
37:
1590:
Les Français dans la vie économique russe : Nouvelles sources et approches (1815-1917)
1450:
1199:
820:
In terms of governance, the bank's board had always met in Paris but its management board (
404:
200:
92:, like all other commercial banks in Russia, its Russian operations were absorbed into the
845:
8:
865:
619:
69:
1709:"The Anatomy and Pathology of Empire: Three Balance Sheets of Russian and Soviet Banks"
1670:
1526:
898:
886:
754:
607:
288:
120:. By 1909 it had about fifty branches in Russia, including particularly active ones in
89:
73:
1732:
Where Empires Collided: Russian and Soviet Relations with Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macao
1230:
50 dollars, Harbin (Russo-Chinese Bank, stamped Russo-Asiatic Bank presumably in 1910)
41:
Former headquarters building of the Banque du Nord, then of the Russo-Asiatic Bank in
1736:
1674:
1633:
1215:
1203:
857:
837:
539:
1662:
1545:"The Origins and Evolution of the Soviet Banking System: An Historical Perspective"
905:
821:
547:
81:
53:
42:
1585:
970:
909:
833:
814:
730:
623:
571:
512:
400:
316:
304:
244:
196:
129:
61:
832:
after 1917. The chairman of the management board, prominent Russian businessman
1666:
147:
By 1907, in addition to the head office in Saint Petersburg it had branches in
1764:
1800:
1194:
Like other foreign banks in China at the time, the Russo-Asiatic Bank issued
1137:
881:
663:
655:
643:
520:
516:
464:
432:
408:
336:
248:
224:
212:
204:
31:
1690:"Maurice Verstraëte, un banquier français en Russie au début du XXe siècle"
1207:
631:
412:
368:
332:
328:
160:
156:
1782:
1592:. Paris: Publications de l’École nationale des chartes. pp. 361–379.
1343:
1153:
1060:
1018:
683:
627:
599:
504:
484:
436:
396:
283:
The bank's Parisian head office during its final years at 9, rue Boudreau
232:
216:
1530:
1514:
1586:"De l'industrie à la banque, la Société générale en Russie (1870-1900)"
591:
416:
364:
176:
380:
180:
1279:
1110:
762:
758:
746:
710:
639:
611:
524:
372:
308:
134:
Société générale de l'industrie minière & métallurgique en Russie
1034:
869:
801:
770:
667:
651:
647:
615:
603:
559:
508:
384:
376:
324:
240:
152:
1291:
1287:
1181:
1002:
844:
In 1919, France for a while supported plans by Russian financier
789:
785:
774:
766:
750:
714:
698:
687:
659:
583:
575:
563:
555:
551:
543:
500:
496:
476:
468:
460:
452:
360:
356:
352:
340:
228:
172:
121:
1283:
793:
781:
742:
734:
726:
722:
718:
706:
702:
679:
675:
595:
528:
488:
472:
420:
392:
320:
252:
192:
1211:
986:
938:
797:
738:
694:
587:
567:
532:
480:
428:
424:
388:
348:
344:
303:
54 in the European and Caucasian part of the Russian Empire:
208:
188:
184:
168:
164:
76:, with activities in Russia, China and Central Asia, and the
279:
1395:
1079:
817:
for which the Russo-Asiatic Bank was the collecting agent.
635:
492:
456:
312:
236:
220:
148:
137:
1588:. In Annie Charon; Bruno Delmas; Armelle Le Goff (eds.).
30:"Banque du Nord" redirects here. Not to be confused with
848:
to shore up the bank's capital in coordination with the
1202:
where it had established branch offices, as well as in
1765:"Русско-Азиатский банк / Russian-Asian Bank 1895-1914"
1583:
1552:
Money, Financial Flows, and Credit in the Soviet Union
1512:
1762:
1346:, or 10 candareens, Ghulja/Chuguchak/Kashgar (1917)
1632:. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 70–72.
1330:2 gold candareens, Ghulja/Chuguchak/Kashgar (1917)
1318:2 gold candareens, Ghulja/Chuguchak/Kashgar (1917)
1306:1 gold candareen, Ghulja/Chuguchak/Kashgar (1910s)
1094:Same building in 2018, the central Baku branch of
267:Share certificate of the Russo-Asiatic Bank, 1912
1798:
943:Banque Française pour le Commerce et l'Industrie
1398:, or 10 maces, Ghulja/Chuguchak/Kashgar (1910s)
124:to finance the industrial concern known as the
1612:File:Реклама Русско-Азиатского банка, 1916.jpg
294:Saint Petersburg International Commercial Bank
1706:
1563:
1561:
1410:1 gold tael, Ghulja/Chuguchak/Kashgar (1910s)
1382:5 gold maces, Ghulja/Chuguchak/Kashgar (1917)
1370:5 gold maces, Ghulja/Chuguchak/Kashgar (1917)
1542:
1358:1 gold mace, Ghulja/Chuguchak/Kashgar (1917)
1266:100 dollars local currency, Shanghai (1914)
1254:10 dollars local currency, Shanghai (1914)
912:62, was reconstructed in 1896-1898 for the
841:confusion to its ownership and governance.
112:The Banque du Nord was created by France's
1558:
1005:with giant thermometer installation, 2018
1601:
1599:
278:
275:Advert for the Russo-Asiatic Bank, 1916
270:
262:
103:
36:
1687:
1554:. National Bureau of Economic Research.
1513:Michael Jabara Carley (November 1990),
14:
1799:
1652:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1728:
1646:
1596:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1214:for anti-Bolshevik forces during the
914:Saint-Petersburg-Azov Commercial Bank
258:
1763:Nigel Fowler Sutton (January 2020).
1621:
1619:
1536:
1525:(4), Taylor & Francis: 721–761,
904:The bank's headquarters building in
1807:Companies based in Saint Petersburg
1700:
1242:10 Mexican dollars, Shanghai (1914)
108:Advert for the Banque du Nord, 1907
24:
1625:
1473:
25:
1858:
1616:
1461:International Banking Corporation
969:Same building in 2012, hosting a
99:
1519:The International History Review
1427:
1415:
1403:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1173:
1161:
1145:
1129:
1102:
1096:International Bank of Azerbaijan
1087:
1068:
1042:
1026:
1010:
994:
978:
962:
950:
1842:1926 disestablishments in China
1775:
1756:
1722:
1714:. In Kimitaka Matsuzato (ed.).
1584:Jean-François Belhoste (2011).
850:Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas
296:which held 488 million rubles.
1707:Kazuhiko Yago (January 2013).
1681:
1577:
27:International bank (1910–1917)
13:
1:
1466:
299:By 1916 it had 105 branches:
1827:Banks disestablished in 1926
1735:. Chinese University Press.
1189:
892:
7:
1847:Banks of the Russian Empire
1439:
10:
1863:
1822:Defunct banks of Hong Kong
1787:Data for Financial History
1729:Share, Michael B. (2007).
1667:10.1177/026569149302300102
1655:European History Quarterly
1180:Former branch building in
1136:Former branch building in
1109:Former branch building in
1017:Former branch building in
1001:Former branch building in
985:Former branch building in
896:
29:
1832:Banks established in 1910
923:on a design by architect
825:
85:
57:
1783:"Banque Russo-Asiatique"
1210:'s rule. It also issued
1115:Astrakhan Puppet Theater
672:Ust-Charyshskaya Pristan
1812:Defunct banks of Russia
1716:Comparative Imperiology
1456:Deutsch-Asiatische Bank
1434:3 rubles, Harbin (1917)
811:Chinese Eastern Railway
140:to finance the booming
118:Franco-Russian Alliance
1837:China–Russia relations
1817:Defunct banks of China
1422:1 ruble, Harbin (1917)
1076:Northern Bank building
1050:Former branch building
830:annual general meeting
284:
276:
268:
133:
109:
66:Banque russo-asiatique
65:
45:
1543:George Garvy (1977).
1446:Banque de l'Indochine
1168:Same building in 2013
937:Its branch office in
282:
274:
266:
107:
58:Русско-Азиатский банк
40:
1626:Ji, Zhaojin (2003).
1609:, A.S. Suvorin, 1916
1573:, A.S. Suvorin, 1908
1451:Yokohama Specie Bank
1078:on Taghiyev Street,
945:at 9, rue Boudreau.
1152:Branch building in
1082:, completed in 1905
1033:Branch building in
620:Nikolayevsk-on-Amur
445:Pokrovskaya Sloboda
70:Traditional Chinese
899:Russo-Chinese Bank
887:Cartel des Gauches
441:Prokhladny Station
289:Russo-Chinese Bank
285:
277:
269:
259:Russo-Asiatic Bank
142:local oil industry
110:
90:Russian Revolution
80:("Northern Bank",
74:Russo-Chinese Bank
50:Russo-Asiatic Bank
46:
1718:. pp. 61–86.
1216:Russian Civil War
1204:Chinese Turkestan
858:Alexander Kolchak
846:Karol Jaroszyński
838:Russian Civil War
540:Russian Turkestan
16:(Redirected from
1854:
1791:
1790:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1510:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1177:
1165:
1149:
1133:
1123:
1113:, repurposed as
1106:
1091:
1072:
1058:
1046:
1030:
1014:
998:
982:
966:
954:
933:
925:Boris Girshovich
922:
906:Saint Petersburg
854:Société Générale
827:
548:Russian Far East
114:Société Générale
87:
59:
43:Saint Petersburg
21:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1727:
1723:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1686:
1682:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1624:
1617:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1582:
1578:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1511:
1474:
1469:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1371:
1368:
1359:
1356:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1304:
1295:
1276:
1267:
1264:
1255:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1231:
1228:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1125:
1117:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1083:
1073:
1064:
1052:
1047:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1006:
999:
990:
983:
974:
967:
958:
955:
927:
916:
910:Nevsky Prospect
902:
895:
834:Aleksei Putilov
815:Boxer Indemnity
624:Novonikolayevsk
572:Blagoveshchensk
401:Nizhny Novgorod
261:
197:Nizhny Novgorod
102:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1793:
1792:
1774:
1755:
1741:
1721:
1699:
1680:
1645:
1638:
1615:
1595:
1576:
1557:
1535:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1196:paper currency
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1000:
993:
991:
984:
977:
975:
968:
961:
959:
956:
949:
894:
891:
806:
805:
778:
691:
536:
363:, Kozlov (now
260:
257:
175:, Kozlov (now
101:
100:Banque du Nord
98:
78:Banque du Nord
26:
18:Banque du Nord
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1859:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1744:
1742:9789629963064
1738:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1688:Anna Kraatz.
1684:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1639:0-7656-1002-7
1635:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1138:Yekaterinburg
1132:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1037:(left), 1910s
1036:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1004:
997:
992:
988:
981:
976:
972:
965:
960:
953:
948:
947:
946:
944:
940:
935:
931:
926:
920:
915:
911:
907:
900:
890:
888:
883:
882:Leonid Krasin
878:
875:
874:Eastern Front
871:
867:
863:
862:Russian State
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
839:
835:
831:
823:
818:
816:
812:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:(now part of
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:Verkhneudinsk
661:
657:
656:Troitskosavsk
653:
649:
645:
644:Semipalatinsk
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:Yekaterinodar
518:
517:Yekaterinburg
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:Rostov-on-Don
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:Petrovsk-Port
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:Novocherkassk
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:
300:
297:
295:
290:
287:In 1910, the
281:
273:
265:
256:
254:
250:
249:Yekaterinburg
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:Rostov-on-Don
222:
218:
214:
213:Petrovsk-Port
210:
206:
205:Novocherkassk
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
106:
97:
95:
91:
86:Северный банк
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
51:
44:
39:
33:
32:Northern Bank
19:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1731:
1724:
1715:
1702:
1693:
1683:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1628:
1606:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1551:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1208:Yang Zengxin
1193:
936:
903:
879:
866:Russian Army
843:
819:
807:
755:Kuanchengtze
632:Novy Urgench
413:Novorossiysk
369:Krasnoufimsk
333:Buturlinovka
329:Borisoglebsk
298:
286:
161:Buturlinovka
157:Borisoglebsk
146:
125:
111:
77:
49:
47:
1200:concessions
1154:Novosibirsk
1118: [
1061:Vladikavkaz
1053: [
1019:Stary Oskol
928: [
917: [
852:(BPPB) and
684:Vladivostok
628:Novosibirsk
600:Krasnoyarsk
505:Vladikavkaz
485:Stary Oskol
437:Makhachkala
397:Nikolayevsk
233:Stary Oskol
217:Makhachkala
1801:Categories
1467:References
856:, backing
592:Khabarovsk
417:Novozybkov
365:Michurinsk
177:Michurinsk
94:State Bank
1748:17 August
1675:144169965
1661:: 39–49.
1288:Chuguchak
1280:candareen
1190:Banknotes
1111:Astrakhan
893:Buildings
826:правление
780:and 6 in
763:Newchwang
759:Changchun
757:(part of
747:Hong Kong
711:Chuguchak
640:Samarkand
612:Minusinsk
525:Krasnodar
373:Kronstadt
309:Astrakhan
1694:Obsfr.ru
1531:40106277
1440:See also
1035:Voronezh
870:Red Army
864:and its
802:Yokohama
771:Shanghai
668:Ulan-Ude
652:Tashkent
648:Sretensk
616:Namangan
604:Margilan
560:Ashgabat
546:and the
513:Yefremov
509:Voronezh
403:(during
385:Mariupol
377:Kuznetsk
337:Chișinău
325:Bezhetsk
317:Balashov
245:Yefremov
241:Voronezh
199:(during
153:Belgorod
1769:Youtube
1394:1 gold
1342:1 gold
1294:(1910s)
1292:Kashgar
1278:1 gold
1198:in the
1182:Yakutsk
1156:, 1910s
1003:Kharkiv
822:Russian
790:Karachi
786:Colombo
775:Tianjin
767:Yingkou
751:Kashgar
715:Tacheng
699:Beijing
688:Yakutsk
660:Kyakhta
584:Irkutsk
576:Bukhara
564:Barnaul
556:Andijan
552:Achinsk
544:Siberia
501:Vitebsk
497:Vilnius
477:Saratov
469:Rybinsk
461:Roslavl
453:Pryluky
381:Liepāja
361:Klintsy
357:Kherson
353:Kharkiv
341:Derbent
305:Armavir
229:Rybinsk
181:Liepāja
173:Kharkiv
136:), and
122:Kharkiv
82:Russian
54:Russian
1739:
1673:
1636:
1529:
1284:Ghulja
1212:rubles
1206:under
1184:, 2021
1140:, 2019
1124:, 2018
1063:, 2020
1021:, 2007
989:, 2012
973:outlet
800:, and
794:London
782:Bombay
773:, and
743:Harbin
735:Hankou
731:Hailar
727:Yining
723:Ghulja
719:Dalian
707:Yantai
703:Chefoo
693:14 in
686:, and
680:Almaty
676:Verniy
596:Kokand
538:31 in
531:, and
529:Yelets
489:Tuapse
473:Samara
449:Engels
421:Odessa
393:Moscow
321:Batumi
253:Yelets
251:, and
193:Moscow
130:French
126:Omnium
62:French
1712:(PDF)
1671:S2CID
1548:(PDF)
1527:JSTOR
1122:]
1057:]
987:Gomel
939:Paris
932:]
921:]
908:, on
798:Paris
765:(now
739:Wuhan
725:(now
713:(now
705:(now
695:China
678:(now
666:(now
658:(now
626:(now
588:Kerki
580:Chita
568:Biysk
533:Yeysk
523:(now
481:Sochi
447:(now
435:(now
429:Penza
425:Oryol
389:Minsk
349:Kazan
345:Gomel
215:(now
209:Oryol
189:Minsk
185:Livny
169:Kazan
165:Gomel
1750:2019
1737:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1523:12:4
1396:tael
1344:mace
1080:Baku
971:Zara
636:Omsk
608:Mary
493:Tver
457:Riga
405:fair
313:Baku
292:the
237:Tver
221:Riga
201:fair
149:Baku
138:Baku
48:The
1663:doi
1059:in
872:'s
860:'s
769:),
761:),
741:),
729:),
717:),
709:),
682:),
670:),
662:),
630:),
527:),
451:),
439:),
407:),
367:),
219:),
203:),
179:),
1803::
1785:.
1767:.
1692:.
1669:.
1659:23
1657:.
1618:^
1598:^
1560:^
1550:.
1521:,
1517:,
1475:^
1282:,
1218:.
1120:ru
1055:ru
930:ru
919:ru
824::
796:,
792:,
788:,
784:,
753:,
749:,
745:,
733:,
721:,
701:,
697::
674:,
654:,
650:,
646:,
642:,
638:,
634:,
622:,
618:,
614:,
610:,
606:,
602:,
598:,
594:,
590:,
586:,
582:,
578:,
574:,
570:,
566:,
562:,
558:,
554:,
550::
542:,
519:,
515:,
511:,
507:,
503:,
499:,
495:,
491:,
487:,
483:,
479:,
475:,
471:,
467:,
463:,
459:,
455:,
443:,
431:,
427:,
423:,
419:,
415:,
411:,
399:,
395:,
391:,
387:,
383:,
379:,
375:,
371:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
347:,
343:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
327:,
323:,
319:,
315:,
311:,
307:,
255:.
247:,
243:,
239:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
211:,
207:,
195:,
191:,
187:,
183:,
171:,
167:,
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
144:.
132::
84::
68:,
64::
60:,
56::
1789:.
1771:.
1752:.
1696:.
1677:.
1665::
1642:.
1290:/
1286:/
901:.
804:.
777:;
690:;
535:;
128:(
52:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
