3726:
749:
3695:
5805:, which has experienced progress in agricultural production, have agreed to share technology with Africa to increase agricultural production in the continent to make it a more viable trade partner. Increased investment in African agricultural technology in general has the potential to reduce poverty in Africa. The demand market for African cocoa has experienced a price boom in 2008. The Nigerian, South African and Ugandan governments have targeted policies to take advantage of the increased demand for certain agricultural products and plan to stimulate agricultural sectors. The African Union has plans to heavily invest in African agriculture and the situation is closely monitored by the UN.
3683:
3718:
737:, with the help of the Making Finance Work for Africa Partnership (MFW4A), surveyed 78 banks in Sub-Saharan Africa for the EIB Banking in Africa study. The banks that took part control nearly 30% of the continent's assets. Almost two-thirds of Banks surveyed tightened lending rules, but more than 80% expanded their use of restructuring or loan moratoriums. Few banks were required to modify their employee levels, while slightly under one-third adjusted their prices. Approximately half of the answering banks had employee guarantees, the majority of which came from the central bank, the government, or an international financial institution.
5846:
833:
5261:
4170:
3707:
741:
40:
579:
412:
6629:
4065:
4205:
6114:
5943:
4625:
1099:
764:. At the same time, developing markets adopted a package worth around 4% of GDP, whereas advanced countries executed a package worth approximately 16% of GDP. As African nations struggled to address the health and economic repercussions of the pandemic, the average fiscal deficit throughout Africa increased from 5% of GDP in 2019 to over 8% in 2020. Due to a lack of fiscal headroom, the deficit resulted in increasing borrowing, which African countries have less capacity to absorb than other developed economies.
5768:
882:
1014:
4310:
6044:", referring to the 21st century potentially being the century when Africa's vast untapped labor, capital, and resource potentials might become a world player. This hope in manufacturing and industry is helped by the boom in communications technology and local mining industry in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Namibia has attracted industrial investments in recent years and South Africa has begun offering tax incentives to attract foreign direct investment projects in manufacturing.
5575:
4590:
6420:
6349:
5437:
5366:
3925:
5472:
4135:
3592:
6012:
5331:
4905:
4030:
5046:
4800:
4485:
6074:. Their various brands of vehicle are currently available in Nigeria, Ghana and other West African Nations. Nigeria also has few Electronic manufacturers like Zinox, the first Branded Nigerian Computer and Electronic gadgets (like tablet PCs) manufacturers. In 2013, Nigeria introduced a policy regarding import duty on vehicles to encourage local manufacturing companies in the country. In this regard, some foreign vehicle manufacturing companies like
4940:
548:
905:. It is becoming a more educated labour force, with nearly half expected to have some secondary-level education by 2020. A consumer class is also emerging in Africa and is expected to keep booming. Africa has around 90 million people with household incomes exceeding $ 5,000, meaning that they can direct more than half of their income towards discretionary spending rather than necessities. This number could reach a projected 128 million by 2020.
6595:
6560:
6314:
5715:
4415:
4240:
3890:
6384:
5540:
4380:
3995:
5610:
5151:
4730:
4345:
3960:
6525:
6179:
5401:
5296:
5081:
5011:
4695:
3785:
6490:
6455:
6279:
5680:
5645:
5226:
4835:
4555:
3820:
1238:. Out of the most diverse 25 countries according to this index, 18 (72%) are African. This includes 12 countries for which Greenberg's diversity index exceeds 0.9, meaning that a pair of randomly selected people will have less than 10% chance of having the same mother tongue. However, the primary language of government, political debate, academic discourse, and administration is often the language of the former colonial powers;
12035:
5505:
4450:
5116:
4765:
4660:
4520:
4275:
3855:
1223:
6643:
4870:
4100:
5186:
4975:
5902:
1211:
11946:
798:, African private investment was steady in 2020, rising to $ 4.3 billion from $ 3.9 billion in 2019 as pipeline and current transactions were closed. For resource-intensive nations, real per capita GDP is anticipated to stay below pre-pandemic levels until at least 2024, with growth of barely 1% per year in 2022 and 2023. Before the pandemic, 2% or more of growth had been anticipated.
3658:
across the continent is expected to accelerate to 4.5% in 2012 and 4.8% in 2013. Short-term problems for the world economy remain as Europe confronts its debt crisis. Commodity prices—crucial for Africa—have declined from their peak due to weaker demand and increased supply, and some could fall further. But prices are expected to remain at levels favourable for
African exporter.
967:(GDP) may decline by 2% as a result of a 1 °C rise in average world temperature, and by 12% as a result of a 4 °C rise in temperature. Crop yields are anticipated to drastically decrease as a result of rising temperatures and it is anticipated that heavy rains would fall more frequently and intensely throughout Africa, increasing the risk of floods.
3675:(COMESA), a particularly strong economic region, grew six-fold over the past decade up to 2012. Ghana and Kenya, for example, have developed markets within the region for construction materials, machinery, and finished products, quite different from the mining and agriculture products that make up the bulk of their international exports.
6201:, twice as many as it had 20 years earlier. Nonetheless, African stock exchanges still account for less than 1% of the world's stock exchange activity. The top ten stock exchanges in Africa by stock capital are (amounts are given in billions of United States dollars): but nowadays there are around 29 stock exchanges in Africa:
5951:
1147:. Analysis of the economies of African states finds that independent states such as Liberia and Ethiopia did not have better economic performance than their post-colonial counterparts. In particular the economic performance of former British colonies was better than both independent states and former French colonies.
1313:
subject to uncertain market conditions, farmers press for governmental intervention to suppress competition in their markets, resulting in competition being driven out of the market. As competition is driven out of the market, farmers innovate less and grow less food further undermining economic performance.
5797:
has estimated in 2003 that the impact of subsidies costs developing countries $ 24 billion in lost incomes going to agricultural and agro-industrial production; and more than $ 40Bn is displaced from net agricultural exports. The result of this is that the global price of such products is continually
1047:
It has been argued that infrastructure investments contributed to more than half of Africa's improved growth performance between 1990 and 2005 and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty. The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant, with on average
892:
Africa's economy—with expanding trade, English language skills (official in many Sub-Saharan countries), improving literacy and education, availability of splendid resources and cheaper labour force—is expected to continue to perform better into the future. Trade between Africa and China stood at US$
459:, brought the Portuguese to sub-Saharan Africa as an imperial force. Colonial interests created new industries to feed European appetites for goods such as palm oil, rubber, cotton, precious metals, spices, cash crops other goods, and integrated especially the coastal areas with the Atlantic economy.
422:
For millennia, Africa's economy has been diverse, driven by extensive trade routes that developed between cities and kingdoms. Some trade routes were overland, some involved navigating rivers, still others developed around port cities. Large
African empires became wealthy due to their trade networks,
6047:
Countries such as
Mauritius have plans for developing new "green technology" for manufacturing. Developments such as this have huge potential to open new markets for African countries as the demand for alternative "green" and clean technology is predicted to soar in the future as global oil reserves
5752:
Because Africa's export portfolio remains predominantly based on raw material, its export earnings are contingent on commodity price fluctuations. This exacerbates the continent's susceptibility to external shocks and bolsters the need for export diversification. Trade in services, mainly travel and
1173:
argues that sub-Saharan Africa was relatively wealthy and technologically advanced until at least the seventeenth century. Some scholars who believe that Africa was generally poorer than the rest of the world throughout its history make exceptions for certain parts of Africa. Acemoglue and
Robinson,
1130:
Historians L. H. Gann and Peter
Duignan have argued that Africa probably benefited from colonialism on balance. Although it had its faults, colonialism was probably "one of the most efficacious engines for cultural diffusion in world history". These views, however, are controversial and are rejected
1126:
continuing along this line, have argued that the true effects of colonialism are psychological and that domination by a foreign power creates a lasting sense of inferiority and subjugation that creates a barrier to growth and innovation. Such arguments posit that a new generation of
Africans free of
392:
reported Africa to be the world's second-fastest growing economy, and estimates that average growth will rebound to 3.4% in 2017, while growth increased to 4.2% in 2018. Growth has been present throughout the continent, with over one-third of
African countries posting 6% or higher growth rates, and
6034:
have outlined plans in modern years on how Africa can help itself industrialize and develop significant manufacturing sectors to levels proportional to the
African economy in the 1960s with 21st-century technology. This focus on growth and diversification of manufacturing and industrial production,
5958:
The mineral industry of Africa is one of the largest mineral industries in the world. Africa is the second biggest continent, with 30 million km of land, which implies large quantities of resources. For many
African countries, mineral exploration and production constitute significant parts of their
5792:
is well documented. Agricultural subsidies can help drive prices down to benefit consumers, but also mean that unsubsidised developing-country farmers have a more difficult time competing in the world market; and the effects on poverty are particularly negative when subsidies are provided for crops
6002:
has outlined a policy framework, the Africa Mining Vision, to leverage the continent’s mineral reserves in pursuit of sustainable development and socio-economic transformation. A key ambition in this vision is to transform Africa's economies from today's high levels of commodity export to a larger
1160:
that Africa has always been poor due to a number of ecological factors affecting historical development. These factors include low population density, lack of domesticated livestock and plants and the north–south orientation of Africa's geography. However
Diamond's theories have been criticized by
5990:
African mineral reserves rank first or second for bauxite, cobalt, diamonds, phosphate rocks, platinum-group metals (PGM), vermiculite, and zirconium. Many other minerals are also present in quantity. The 2005 share of world production from African soil is the following: bauxite 9%; aluminium 5%;
5915:
Railway projects were important in mining districts from the late 19th century. Large railway and road projects characterize the late 19th century. Railroads were emphasized in the colonial era, and roads in 'post-colonial' times. Jedwab & Storeygard find that in 1960–2015 there were strong
6140:
Remittances from the African diaspora and rising interest in investment from the West will be especially helpful for Africa's least developed and most devastated economies, such as Burundi, Togo and Comoros. However, experts lament the high fees involved in sending remittances to Africa due to a
5876:
such as solar, wind and geothermal). The lack of development and infrastructure means that little of this potential is actually in use today. The largest consumers of electric power in Africa are South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe, which each consume between 1000 and 5000
6078:
have made known their plans to have manufacturing plants in Nigeria. Apart from Electronics and vehicles, most consumer, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, building materials, textiles, home tools, plastics and so on are also manufactured in the country and exported to other west African and
3657:
After an initial rebound from the 2009 world economic crisis, Africa's economy was undermined in the year 2011 by the Arab uprisings. The continent's growth fell back from 5% in 2010 to 3.4% in 2011. With the recovery of North African economies and sustained improvement in other regions, growth
6157:
Angola has announced interests in investing in the EU, Portugal in particular. South Africa has attracted increasing attention from the United States as a new frontier of investment in manufacture, financial markets and small business, as has Liberia in recent years under their new leadership.
1312:
such as that of Jane Shaw suggest that protectionism operates in tandem with heavy State intervention combining to depress economic development. Farmers subject to import and export restrictions cater to localized markets, exposing them to higher market volatility and fewer opportunities. When
3666:
Economic activity has rebounded across Africa. However, the pace of recovery was uneven among groups of countries and subregions. Oil-exporting countries generally expanded more strongly than oil-importing countries. West Africa and East Africa were the two best-performing subregions in 2010.
3037:
promoted economic and political union of African countries, with the goal of independence. Since then, objectives, and organizations, have multiplied. Recent decades have brought efforts at various degrees of regional economic integration. Trade between African states accounts for only 11% of
462:
A significant factor on economic development was the gain of human capital by the elite. Between the 14th and 20th century, it can be observed that in regions with more elite violence and hence higher chances to die at a younger age the elite did not invest much in education. Therefore, their
6153:
Remittances continue to be the most important source of external financial flows to Africa, accounting for 3.8% of GDP in 2021. However, only approximately 30% of it is dedicated to economic activities, the majority of which are in the informal sector, limiting its potential for productive
5779:
48% of working people in Africa work in agriculture, the highest in the world. The situation whereby African nations export crops to the West while millions on the continent starve has been blamed on the economic policies of the developed countries. These advanced nations protect their own
1063:
In Africa, it is argued that to meet the MDGs by 2015, infrastructure investments would need to reach about 15% of GDP (around $ 93 billion a year). Currently, the source of financing varies significantly across sectors. Some sectors are dominated by state spending, others by overseas
2342:
has shown, most famines involve a local lack of income rather than of food. In such situations, food aid—as opposed to financial aid—has the effect of destroying local agriculture and serves mainly to benefit Western agribusiness which are vastly overproducing food as a result of
759:
in African countries through to mid-2020 amounted to roughly 1–2% of GDP, with monetary stimulus amounting to about 2% of GDP. This is close to the IMF's global average for low-income developing nations, which is around 2% of 2020 GDP over a one-year period from the start of the
6125:
Africa's US$ 107 billion financial services industry will log impressive growth for the rest of the decade as more banks target the continent's emerging middle class. The banking sector has been experiencing record growth, among others due to various technological innovations.
6094:
The manufacturing sector is small but growing in East Africa. The main industries are textile and clothing, leather processing, agribusiness, chemical products, electronics and vehicles. East African countries like Uganda also produce motorcycles for the domestic market.
372:
1,025 per person a year) by 2025 if current growth rates continue. There are a number of reasons for Africa's poor economy: historically, even though Africa had a number of empires trading with many parts of the world, many people lived in rural societies; in addition,
5884:
Petroleum and petroleum products are the main export of 14 African countries. Petroleum and petroleum products accounted for a 46.6% share of Africa's total exports in 2010; the second largest export of Africa as a whole is natural gas, in its gaseous state and as
7467:
5923:
Telecommunications infrastructure is also a growth area in Africa. Although Internet penetration lags other continents, it has still reached 9%. As of 2011, it was estimated that 500,000,000 mobile phones of all types were in use in Africa, including 15,000,000
1079:
financiers between them exceed state spending. The private sector spending alone equals state capital expenditure, though the majority is focused on ICT infrastructure investments. External financing increased from $ 7 billion (2002) to $ 27 billion (2009).
6169:
as their legal tender. The idea of a single currency union across Africa has been floated, and plans exist to have it established by 2020, though many issues, such as bringing continental inflation rates below 5 percent, remain hurdles in its finalization.
8745:
5998:, i.e. the transition to renewable energy technologies, the predicted increase in global demand for these critical minerals could become a driver of sustainable economic development on the continent, not least for the mineral-rich countries of Africa. The
6149:
that is controlling Africa's remittance market, making Africa is the most expensive cash transfer market in the world. According to some experts, the high processing fees involved in sending money to Africa are hampering African countries' development.
1122:, argue that these colonial policies are directly responsible for many of Africa's modern problems. Critics of colonialism charge colonial rule with injuring African pride, self-worth and belief in themselves. Other post-colonial scholars, most notably
2385:
has heightened the competition for foreign aid among developing countries, Africa has been trying to improve its struggle to receive foreign aid by taking more responsibility at the regional and international level. In addition, Africa has created the
5991:
chromite 44%; cobalt 57%; copper 5%; gold 21%; iron ore 4%; steel 2%; lead (Pb) 3%; manganese 39%; zinc 2%; cement 4%; natural diamond 46%; graphite 2%; phosphate rock 31%; coal 5%; mineral fuels (including coal) & petroleum 13%; uranium 16%.
896:
Africa will only experience a "demographic dividend" by 2035, when its young and growing labour force will have fewer children and retired people as dependents as a proportion of the population, making it more demographically comparable to the
5919:
Many large infrastructure projects are underway across Africa. By far, most of these projects are in the production and transportation of electric power. Many other projects include paved highways, railways, airports, and other construction.
3670:
Intra-African trade has been slowed by protectionist policies among countries and regions, and remains low at 17 percent, compared to Europe, where intra-regional trade is at 69 percent. Despite this, trade between countries belonging to the
6039:
of agricultural production, has fueled hopes that the 21st century will prove to be a century of economic and technological growth for Africa. This hope, coupled with the rise of new leaders in Africa in the future, inspired the term "the
3038:
Africa's total commerce as of 2012, around five times less than in Asia. Most of this intra-Africa trade originates from South Africa and most of the trade exports coming out of South Africa goes to abutting countries in Southern Africa.
3678:
The African Ministers of Trade agreed in 2010 to create a Pan-Africa Free Trade Zone. This would reduce countries' tariffs on imports and increase intra-African trade, and it is hoped, the diversification of the economy overall.
471:
Following the independence of African countries during the 20th century, economic, political and social upheaval consumed much of the continent. An economic rebound among some countries has been evident in recent years, however.
6129:
China and India have showed increasing interest in emerging African economies in the 21st century. Reciprocal investment between Africa and China increased dramatically in recent years amidst the current world financial crisis.
5916:
correlations between transportation investments and economic development. Influential political include pre-colonial centralization, ethnic fractionalization, European settlement, natural resource dependence, and democracy.
7167:
1273:
is dependent upon the poverty of the rest of the world, including Africa. Economists who subscribe to this theory believe that poorer regions must break their trading ties with the developed world in order to prosper.
12025:
628:
Sub-Saharan Africa was severely harmed when government revenue declined from 22% of GDP in 2011 to 17% in 2021. 15 African nations hold significant debt risk, and 7 are currently in financial crisis according to the
12988:
8742:
2380:
Today, Africa faces the problem of attracting foreign aid in areas where there is potential for high income from demand. It is in need of more economic policies and active participation in the world economy. As
7739:
2310:, particularly the land seizures from white farmers, led to the collapse of the country's agricultural economy, which had formerly been one of Africa's strongest; Mugabe had been previously supported by the
10714:
12903:
12743:
931:
will boost business activities between member states and within the continent. This will further reduce too much reliance on importation of finished products and raw materials in to the continent.
2365:
has been criticized for supplanting trade initiatives. Growing evidence shows that foreign aid has made the continent poorer. One of the biggest critics of the aid development model is economist
5912:
Lack of infrastructure creates barriers for African businesses. Although it has many ports, a lack of supporting transportation infrastructure adds 30–40% to costs, in contrast to Asian ports.
12763:
12023:
1281:
in developed countries hampers Africa's growth. When developing countries have harvested agricultural produce at low cost, they generally do not export as much as would be expected. Abundant
12193:
11272:
8013:
7958:
463:
numeracy (as a measure of human capital) tends to be lower than in less safe countries and vice versa. This can explain the difference in economic development between the African regions.•
11968:
10853:
10792:
11151:
821:. Over half of the banks studied in this report indicated a lower percentage of non-performing loans among enterprises run by women than males. Female-led firms also had lower rates of
6818:
6137:
abroad, especially in the EU and the United States, have increased efforts to use their businesses to invest in Africa and encourage African investment abroad in the European economy.
5793:
that are also grown in developing countries since developing-country farmers must then compete directly with subsidised developed-country farmers, for example in cotton and sugar. The
853:
are increasingly important trade partners; 12.5% of Africa's exports are to China, and 4% are to India, which accounts for 5% of China's imports and 8% of India's. The Group of Five (
526:
are potentially among the world's richest nations by natural resources, but have sunk into the list of the world's poorest nations due to pervasive political corruption, warfare, and
8038:
7729:
791:
or other uses of earnings, permitted the temporary release of capital buffers, eased capital or liquidity requirements, or made other temporary adjustments to prudential standards.
12079:
8156:
10822:
13014:
6702:
11073:
12778:
12024:
10224:
927:
about 27 of its members who average some of the most developing economies of the continent will further boost economic social and political integration of the continent. The
13061:
13057:
13331:
2235:
Although Africa and Asia had similar levels of income in the 1960s, Asia has since outpaced Africa, with the exception of a few extremely poor and war-torn countries like
7834:
7227:
6133:
The increased investment in Africa by China has attracted the attention of the European Union and has provoked talks of competitive investment by the EU. Members of the
9134:
12818:
11483:
11201:
9178:
8848:
13053:
12918:
12723:
10532:
7306:
6370:
1112:
The principal aim of colonial rule in Africa by European colonial powers was to exploit natural wealth in the African continent at a low cost. Some writers, such as
12123:
11701:
9053:
12933:
12823:
12753:
10403:
Jedwab, Remi; Storeygard, Adam (4 May 2019). "Economic and Political Factors in Infrastructure Investment: Evidence from Railroads and Roads in Africa 1960–2015".
10106:
7941:
7552:
6825:
6796:
610:
393:
another 40% growing between 4% and 6% per year. Several international business observers have also named Africa as the future economic growth engine of the world.
12993:
12913:
12878:
12863:
12803:
12738:
10884:
6165:: the West African Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) and the Central African Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale (BEAC). Both use the
13044:
11458:
8344:
12868:
10197:
6737:
5959:
economies and remain keys to future economic growth. Africa is richly endowed with mineral reserves and ranks first or second in quantity of world reserves of
2279:
2222:
706:
Debt relief is being addressed by some international institutions in the interests of supporting economic development in Africa. In 1996, the UN sponsored the
10558:
7141:
1005:
According to The Economist, the most important factors are government corruption, political instability, socialist economics, and protectionist trade policy.
12788:
12768:
12733:
12718:
10281:
8925:
Africa and Africans in the Formation of the Atlantic World, 1400–1680 (New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1992, second expanded edition, 1998).
6767:
2390:’ in order to obtain new relationships with development partners to share responsibilities regarding discovering ways to receive aid from foreign investors.
12162:
10331:
10137:
6003:
share of industrial manufacturing of higher value-added products, an ambition that will require investments in capacity building, research and development.
1308:
Local conditions also affect exports; state over-regulation in several African nations can prevent their own exports from becoming competitive. Research in
1040:(MDGs). Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in
13541:
13040:
13031:
13022:
12953:
12923:
12908:
12873:
12838:
12833:
12783:
12728:
11125:
7006:
5954:
Somaliland Crude oil Genel Energy Concession schematic , Somaliland estimates of crude at 30Bn Barrels targets of Exploration and Production in 2024-2025
3008:
2387:
11048:
942:
Entrepreneurship is key to growth. Governments will need to ensure business friendly regulatory environments in order to help foster innovation. In 2019,
12963:
12898:
12853:
12813:
12708:
10658:
7808:
1191:
13454:
13018:
12938:
12843:
12808:
12713:
9550:
9518:
9486:
8281:
1496:
11258:
10800:
7658:
12948:
12858:
12748:
8469:
6722:
2816:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13908:
13903:
13898:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13873:
9472:
9020:
963:
Africa is warming faster than the rest of the world on average. Large portions of the continent may become uninhabitable as a result and Africa's
418:
market scene: Two of the customers are seen carrying little boxes on their shoulders, suspected to have contained pieces of metal used as payment.
13792:
12758:
12564:
12334:
11609:
10861:
9993:
8056:
8791:
7683:
1135:
has taken a kind of middle position, arguing that the effects of colonialism were actually limited and their main weakness wasn't in deliberate
11336:
9447:
8495:
7307:"European Trade, Colonialism, and Human Capital Accumulation in Senegal, Gambia and Western Mali, 1770–1900 – African Economic History Network"
6687:
5788:
of such commodities as grain, cotton and milk. The impact of agricultural subsidies in developed countries upon developing-country farmers and
917:
11569:
11155:
10493:
10453:
7631:
2326:
was left as one of the world's poorest and most aid-dependent nations, and has taken decades to recover. Since the abolition of the socialist
9111:
6762:
6747:
6657:
3672:
3461:
2655:
1075:
and water supply and sanitation, the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure. Overall, aid, the private sector and non-
8264:
2885:
969:
Additionally, Africa loses between $ 7 billion and $ 15 billion a year due to climate change, projected to reach up to $ 50 billion by 2030.
151:
13814:
11081:
6707:
6087:
is considered to be Nigeria's industrial hub (as most factories are located in Ogun and even more companies are moving there), followed by
5794:
3774:
3169:
2611:
1446:
1194:
have argued that the poverty of Africa at the onset of the colonial period was principally due to the demographic loss associated with the
12229:
1068:(ODA) and yet others by private investors. In sub-Saharan Africa, the state spends around $ 9.4 billion out of a total of $ 24.9 billion.
13829:
13336:
13269:
12110:
11365:
6732:
5762:
2362:
345:
in Africa. Africa is a resource-rich continent. Recent growth has been due to growth in sales, commodities, services, and manufacturing.
11427:
11181:
7168:"Despite Global Slowdown, African Economies Growing Strongly― New Oil, Gas, and Mineral Wealth an Opportunity for Inclusive Development"
946:
startup funding grew to 1.3 billion dollars, increasing rapidly. The causes are as of yet unclear, but education is certainly a factor.
156:
13531:
10830:
9655:
3725:
3293:
2566:
2215:
1072:
11519:
10915:
8548:
6757:
3754:
3711:
3061:
2544:
12208:
10179:
9951:
8102:
7546:
7517:
13444:
6226:(regional stock exchange whose members include Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo: 6.6)
3001:
2839:
12479:
13787:
13152:
13140:
13099:
12319:
10765:
10632:
6847:
1302:
338:
300:
99:
8181:
1071:
In irrigation, SSA states represent almost all spending; in transport and energy a majority of investment is state spending; in
779:, for example, has decreased policy rates by 200 basis points or more. The most used measure has been to modify the handling of
13707:
13536:
13429:
12680:
12256:
7988:
6712:
6104:
3223:
2633:
597:
predicts Africa's economic growth will reach 3.5% in 2018 and 3.7% in 2019. As of 2007, growth in Africa had surpassed that of
11520:"Reducing Remittance Costs to Africa: A Path to Resilient Financing for Development | Office of the Special Adviser on Africa"
11360:
10996:
10739:
2965:
excludes all disputed territories, while 710,850 km would include the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts of
723:
13473:
11897:
11864:
9918:
9858:
9158:
9144:
8875:
8453:
8314:
8139:
7818:
7641:
7560:
7384:
2677:
2208:
1923:
1436:
1190: ... were probably as developed as their contemporaries anywhere in the world." A number of people including Rodney and
104:
11494:
11209:
10165:
10081:
9679:
6051:
Nigeria in recent years has been embracing industrialization, It currently has an indigenous vehicle manufacturing company,
986:
and unrest, widespread corruption, and despotic regimes are both causes and effects of the continued economic problems. The
916:
7 billion plan to further develop infrastructure and work more intensively with African heads of state. A new program named
13760:
13493:
12339:
10684:
8845:
1868:
202:
8370:
748:
13740:
12120:
11859:
Laouisset, Djamel (2009). A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry. New York City: Nova Publishers.
11709:
10536:
10114:
9628:
9060:
6662:
2994:
2453:
2256:
1426:
928:
727:
13252:
10250:
7934:
609:
reports the economy of Sub-Saharan African countries grew at rates that match or surpass global rates. According to the
9182:
6742:
6717:
3744:
2255:
overseas instead of investing at home; the stereotype of African dictators with Swiss bank accounts is often accurate.
1431:
633:. The region went on to receive IMF Special Drawing Rights of $ 23 billion in 2021 to assist critical public spending.
11129:
10892:
9842:
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
7253:
2330:
in 1992 and the transition to democracy, Tanzania has experienced rapid economic growth, with growth of 6.5% in 2017.
13745:
13434:
12040:
11994:
11927:
11912:
11880:
11853:
11799:
11791:
11783:
9208:
9163:
8948:
8903:
3699:
3335:
2402:
is the largest international economic grouping on the continent. The confederation's goals include the creation of a
1441:
17:
12177:
12157:
11231:
10357:
10201:
956:
744:
Probability of going bankrupt due to COVID-19 – difference between female-led firms and male-led firms. (as of 2023)
13955:
13341:
13112:
10566:
7145:
6727:
5798:
reduced until Africans are unable to compete, except for cash crops that do not grow easily in a northern climate.
4175:
2970:
2271:
and James K. Boyce estimate that from 1970 to 2008, capital flight from 33 sub-Saharan countries totalled $ 700bn.
2038:
1883:
1305:, are thought to be the cause. Although these subsidies and tariffs have been gradually reduced, they remain high.
1118:
920:, designed to boost trade within the continent as well as between Africa and the U.S., was also unveiled by Obama.
685:
12147:
10614:
8765:
7193:
6819:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"
13995:
13804:
13581:
13526:
11308:
10335:
8081:
6772:
6108:
2064:
1506:
707:
9733:
9424:
13184:
13179:
8753:
6752:
6265:
2793:
2458:
2192:
1973:
1025:
11624:
10942:
10662:
9791:
6872:
13546:
12590:
11388:
7909:
6898:
6648:
6617:
Between 2009 and 2012, a total of 72 companies were launched on the stock exchanges of 13 African countries.
6546:
6053:
1968:
1963:
1782:
1018:
11103:
9557:
9525:
9493:
8288:
5266:
3423:
3209:
12354:
10025:
9362:
8521:
7288:
6979:
6925:
6036:
3694:
3521:
3267:
3197:
3023:
1037:
523:
12182:
8157:"Comment: Africa has the highest proportion of women entrepreneurs. How can we make sure they get funded?"
7331:
Baten, Jörg; Alexopoulou, Kleoniki. "Elite violence and elite numeracy in Africa from 1400 CE to 1950 CE".
13566:
13262:
13092:
12637:
12633:
11544:
9582:
9221:
6952:
6405:
3682:
2423:
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630:
293:
216:
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13300:
13257:
13242:
12673:
12249:
12203:
9266:
6682:
6667:
6118:
5937:
5840:
5753:
tourism, continued to rise in year 2012, underscoring the continent's strong potential in this sphere.
3717:
2770:
2698:
2475:
2427:
1822:
1591:
1581:
1298:
1231:
402:
10000:
9821:
6079:
African countries. Nigeria is currently the largest manufacturer of cement in Sub-saharan Africa. and
5845:
2302:
they have enacted, have also contributed to economic stagnation in Africa. For example, the regime of
601:. Data suggest parts of the continent are now experiencing fast growth, thanks to their resources and
13824:
13630:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13285:
13214:
13135:
12646:
12059:
9704:
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13226:
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11976:
11972:
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7371:, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 301–372,
6672:
6335:
4070:
3351:
3189:
2908:
2080:
1958:
1948:
1827:
1807:
1747:
1742:
1692:
1662:
1652:
1132:
987:
818:
734:
719:
475:
The dawn of the African economic boom (which is in place since the 2000s) has been compared to the
389:
269:
264:
12093:
9119:
8836:, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World and Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire
8014:"The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis and recovery across levels of government"
7959:"The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis and recovery across levels of government"
7447:
3041:
There are currently eight regional organizations that assist with economic development in Africa:
934:
The gap between rich and poor countries is predicted to continue to grow over the coming decades.
13615:
13610:
13500:
13295:
12928:
12629:
12504:
12494:
12299:
11676:
11183:
Eastern Africa' manufacturing sector: Promoting technology, innovation, productivity and linkages
9305:
8443:
8129:
6581:
6511:
6300:
2443:
2431:
2182:
2166:
2121:
2105:
1943:
1797:
1787:
1707:
1551:
1348:
1309:
476:
82:
10969:
740:
447:. Some parts of Africa had close trade relationships with Arab kingdoms, and by the time of the
13819:
13799:
13779:
13662:
13478:
13439:
13305:
13290:
13189:
13085:
12509:
12399:
12329:
12225:
9910:
9903:
8865:
7835:"Hundreds of African financial professionals benefit from EIB banking and microfinance academy"
6677:
3135:
2522:
2419:
2344:
2151:
2141:
2100:
2013:
2008:
1988:
1873:
1812:
1777:
1757:
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1626:
1606:
1516:
1481:
1476:
1156:
1093:
964:
832:
286:
66:
39:
12107:
11595:
8057:"Global Growth to Slow through 2023, Adding to Risk of 'Hard Landing' in Developing Economies"
7093:
7030:
990:
was fraught with instability aggravated by cold war conflict. Since the mid-20th century, the
809:
had the lowest. In a recent report, female-led businesses were found more likely to invest in
483:
since late 1970s. In 2013, Africa was home to seven of the world's fastest-growing economies.
364:
In March 2013, Africa was identified as the world's poorest inhabited continent; however, the
13449:
12848:
12666:
12569:
12489:
12454:
12439:
12424:
12379:
12314:
12242:
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7734:
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5850:
4210:
3193:
2435:
2161:
2146:
2126:
2033:
1993:
1953:
1918:
1913:
1903:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1832:
1762:
1752:
1697:
1657:
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1586:
1576:
1571:
1561:
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1536:
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1403:
1383:
700:
689:
411:
374:
12620:
12172:
11731:
9652:
3706:
613:, the improvement in the region's aggregate growth is largely attributable to a recovery in
451:, Africans had begun converting to Islam in large numbers. This development, along with the
13199:
12444:
12197:
12055:
11964:
10286:
9768:
8694:
8586:
5820:
2463:
2439:
2355:
2244:
2131:
2059:
2054:
2023:
2003:
1998:
1983:
1978:
1938:
1933:
1908:
1898:
1817:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1687:
1672:
1667:
1621:
1616:
1546:
1471:
1324:
1282:
1127:
colonial thought and mindset is emerging and that this is driving economic transformation.
1029:
995:
913:
870:
771:, with an average of 14 measures per country. 34 African nations adopted steps to increase
756:
578:
527:
369:
368:
expects that most African countries will reach "middle income" status (defined as at least
226:
171:
12084:
11459:"Sending money home to Africa is cheaper than it was, but still higher than anywhere else"
9994:"How much does it hurt? The Impact of Agricultural Trade Policies on Developing Countries"
9755:
730:(MDRI). As of 2013, the initiative has given partial debt relief to 30 African countries.
384:
However, as of 2013, Africa was the world's fastest-growing continent at 5.6% a year, and
8:
13635:
13625:
13551:
13424:
13419:
13319:
13221:
13204:
13147:
12968:
12943:
12793:
12544:
12519:
12369:
12364:
12344:
12309:
12294:
9948:
9840:
7753:
7492:
7056:
6697:
2358:. Foreign aid has been an integral part of African economic development since the 1980s.
2136:
2095:
2018:
1928:
1837:
1802:
1767:
1727:
1702:
1682:
1601:
1566:
1531:
1521:
1501:
1247:
780:
531:
406:
8846:
http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/41656700/alexandra_hrituleac_thesis_1_dec.pdf
8590:
923:
With the introduction of the new economic growth and development plan introduced by the
561:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
388:
is expected to rise by an average of over 6% a year between 2013 and 2023. In 2017, the
13809:
13702:
13682:
13640:
13605:
13561:
13488:
13169:
12893:
12883:
12703:
12616:
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12598:
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12409:
12359:
12304:
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11871:
11831:
11823:
10420:
9875:
8609:
8574:
8241:
8208:
7390:
7369:
Economic Development in the Twenty-first Century: Lessons for Africa Throughout History
5968:
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3551:
2933:
2862:
2588:
2319:
2156:
2085:
1717:
1712:
1486:
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1230:
African countries suffer from communication difficulties caused by language diversity.
1162:
1049:
814:
784:
768:
602:
452:
342:
274:
12152:
10636:
8470:"Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa"
6113:
703:, the rate of return on investment in Africa was the highest in the developing world.
220:
13948:
13765:
13650:
13571:
13194:
13162:
13120:
12958:
12689:
12539:
12534:
12474:
12429:
12389:
12284:
11923:
11908:
11893:
11876:
11860:
11849:
11835:
11795:
11787:
11779:
11382:
10494:"Yesterday mineral supplier, tomorrow battery producer - The Nordic Africa Institute"
10454:"Yesterday mineral supplier, tomorrow battery producer - The Nordic Africa Institute"
10424:
10313:
10251:"Though making 'very good progress,' Africa still faces challenges, says UN official"
9914:
9854:
9466:
9204:
8899:
8871:
8640:
8614:
8449:
8246:
8228:
8135:
8103:"Africa banks maintain resilience amid difficulty, EIB survey shows – Businessamlive"
7814:
7637:
7556:
7422:
7394:
7380:
7261:
7201:
6059:
5995:
4315:
2351:
2252:
1258:
1195:
979:
826:
795:
761:
499:
322:
259:
12215:
African Development Hindered by Vast US Corporate Interests in Continent’s Resources
9402:
9247:
8131:
Finance in Africa: Uncertain times, resilient banks: African finance at a crossroads
7778:
5942:
2370:
2338:
Food shipments in case of dire local shortage are generally uncontroversial; but as
767:
Northern and Southern African countries took the most total measures to address the
13735:
13672:
13464:
12888:
12828:
12798:
12773:
12594:
12514:
12464:
12419:
12404:
12384:
12374:
12349:
12289:
12173:
IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) – September 2003 – Public Debt in Emerging Markets
11815:
10412:
10308:
Sarl, Etnium, ed. (2013). "2013 Guide economique du continent Bourses Africaines".
9846:
9556:. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). p. 47. Archived from
9524:. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). p. 46. Archived from
9492:. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). p. 45. Archived from
9086:
8675:
8604:
8594:
8287:. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). p. 44. Archived from
8236:
8220:
7372:
7254:
https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/AFQ/DZA/ZAF/MAR/NGA/EGY?year=2018
6134:
5873:
5865:
5836:
2275:
2268:
1239:
1170:
1136:
845:
Trade has driven much of the growth in Africa's economy in the early 21st century.
444:
10416:
10138:"Private sector invests N1.7 trillion in Nigeria's agricultural sector – Jonathan"
9287:
7709:
7605:
7078:
13964:
13836:
13717:
13697:
13692:
13687:
13677:
13376:
13247:
13174:
13157:
12524:
12434:
12324:
12127:
12114:
12074:
11844:
10589:
10362:
9955:
9659:
9203:
Skinner, Annabel (2005). Tanzania & Zanzibar. New Holland Publishers. p. 19.
9139:
8893:
8852:
8749:
7452:
6183:
6041:
2974:
2403:
2327:
1417:
1353:
1243:
1098:
1065:
1033:
983:
943:
886:
480:
358:
330:
254:
12108:
Africa in the World Economy: the national, regional and international challenges
11286:
10692:
8666:
Bhattacharyya, S. (1 November 2009). "Root Causes of African Underdevelopment".
8652:
7583:
7376:
2247:
lies in local investment. Corruption in Africa consists primarily of extracting
1013:
881:
829:. 65% of banks in Africa were found to have a gender focused strategy in place.
13913:
13868:
13863:
13858:
13483:
13361:
12219:
12132:
10967:
10559:"Resources Boom Represents Development Potential in Africa – Mining Technology"
9826:
9796:
9007:
Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism
8833:
6551:
6198:
6162:
6080:
6031:
5972:
5905:
5785:
2966:
2260:
1294:
1286:
1140:
594:
448:
436:
354:
11337:"China to maintain aid, investment in Africa 'regardless of financial crisis'"
9968:
8811:
The Burden of Empire: A Reappraisal of Western Colonialism South of the Sahara
8224:
7989:"Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development"
7364:
5994:
Since Africa is home to large reserves of the minerals needed for the ongoing
5950:
5889:, accounting for a 6.3% share of Africa's exports. Only South Africa is using
5784:
and offer government subsidies to their farmers. which many contend leads the
1261:
asserts that the wealth and prosperity of the superpowers and their allies in
361:
in particular, are expected to reach a combined GDP of $ 29 trillion by 2050.
13984:
13969:
13730:
13414:
12214:
12187:
12069:
11888:
10317:
10142:
8880:
Guns, Germs and Steel: A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years
8232:
7884:
7859:
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7205:
7015:
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6634:
6142:
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5999:
5890:
5781:
4595:
3383:
3089:
3034:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2382:
2303:
2267:
countries totalled $ 187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. Authors
2248:
1398:
1358:
1278:
1266:
1235:
1174:
for example, argue that most of Africa has always been relatively poor, but "
1151:
1113:
424:
240:
75:
12043:
was created from a revision of this article dated 27 November 2009
11819:
8644:
8599:
8488:
7810:
Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development
5767:
2985:, making up about 22.8 km (8.8 sq mi) more claimed territory.
2434:
is meant to stimulate development. The AU plans also include a transitional
1143:
agrees with his last point, arguing that colonialism's main weaknesses were
680:. Growth was dismal, negative or sluggish in many parts of Africa including
13755:
13371:
11756:
Sarl, ed. (2013). "2013 Guide economique du continent Bourses Africaines".
11402:
10438:
Sarl, ed. (2013). "2013 Guide economique du continent Bourses Africaines".
10388:
Sarl, ed. (2013). "2013 Guide economique du continent Bourses Africaines".
10055:
9822:
Twenty-First-Century Land Grabs: Accumulation by Agricultural Dispossession
8796:
8618:
8250:
6425:
6411:
6354:
5858:
5824:
5442:
5371:
3930:
3431:
3347:
3121:
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2366:
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909:
862:
806:
776:
673:
622:
491:
456:
11661:
Sarl, ed. (2013). "2013 Guide economique du continentBourses Africaines".
11646:
Sarl, ed. (2013). "2013 Guide economique du continentBourses Africaines".
9384:
Sarl, ed. (2013). "2013 Guide economique du continentBourses Africaines".
9346:
Sarl, ed. (2013). "2013 Guide economique du continentBourses Africaines".
9331:
Sarl, ed. (2013). "2013 Guide economique du continentBourses Africaines".
8934:
Why is Africa Poor? (Economic History of Developing Regions Vol. 25: 2010)
8182:"The Business Case for Investing in African Women – Women's World Banking"
7555:, Development Policy and Analysis Division. 23 January 2018. p. 106.
6214:
Nigeria (5.11) (Actually has a market capitalisation value of $ 39.27 Bln)
6048:
dry up and fossil fuel-based technology becomes less economically viable.
752:
Probability of experiencing permanent closures due to COVID-19 (in %)
534:
stands out for its sustained strong and stable growth since independence.
13750:
13667:
13381:
13366:
11920:
Structural Adjustment Reconsidered: Economic Policy and Poverty in Africa
10282:"African researchers: Tick vaccines can stop use of dangerous pesticides"
9680:"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 2 regions"
8679:
7779:"Debt Relief Under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative"
7633:
Finance in Africa – Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times
7414:
7123:
5980:
5925:
5864:
Africa has significant resources for generating energy in several forms (
5772:
5477:
4630:
3387:
3325:
3097:
2339:
2299:
2264:
2236:
1373:
1368:
1102:
Railway map of Africa, including tracks proposed and under construction,
1053:
973:
802:
415:
350:
346:
326:
184:
13402:
10916:"Will the new automotive policy give us affordable made-in-Nigeria car?"
6011:
5881:, and Tanzania, where electricity consumption per person is negligible.
1131:
by some who, on balance, see colonialism as bad. The economic historian
12137:
11827:
11313:
9586:
6084:
5336:
5051:
4910:
4805:
4490:
4035:
3571:
3529:
3505:
3411:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3077:
2350:
Historically, food aid is more highly correlated with excess supply in
1388:
1199:
822:
810:
715:
661:
649:
637:
606:
440:
365:
11049:"Nigeria overtakes South Africa as biggest cement manufacturer in SSA"
10793:"Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing granted license to export its vehicles"
6083:
Factory, Obajana is the largest cement factory in sub-saharan Africa.
5191:
3591:
2290:
of between US$ 4 billion and $ 15 billion during his reign.
11341:
10854:"Zinox Introduces Tablet Range of Computers, Plans Commercial Launch"
9850:
9585:
data. If no data was available for a country from IMF, data from the
9001:, New York: Monthly Review Press.; Köhler, G., and A. Tausch (2001),
8549:"One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity"
6340:
6166:
6146:
5984:
5854:
5816:
5812:
4945:
3513:
3255:
2291:
1270:
1234:
is the chance that two randomly selected people would have different
999:
854:
783:
by lowering provisioning requirements. To help banks get through the
772:
598:
587:
167:
12658:
12234:
11806:
Goldsmith, Arthur A. (2001). "Foreign Aid and Statehood in Africa".
7730:"Lions on the move: The progress and potential of African economies"
6178:
5877:
KWh/m per person, in contrast with African states such as Ethiopia,
775:
and lower borrowing costs, mostly through lowering the policy rate.
605:
and 'has steadily increased levels of peacefulness since 2007'. The
12099:
Holding the door open for multinationals to extract Africa's wealth
11975:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
10968:
Awe, Olumide; Sholotan, Olugbenga; Asaolu, Olubunmi (5 June 2010).
9675:
8885:
8371:"The three reasons why the US is so interested in Africa right now"
7714:
7657:
Selassie, Abebe Aemro; Department, Shushanik Hakobyan IMF African.
6600:
6565:
6516:
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6389:
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3235:
3185:
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2323:
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2283:
1408:
1378:
1343:
1187:
991:
866:
858:
788:
681:
677:
583:
519:
518:
have emerged among the top economies since the 21st century, while
515:
378:
13077:
10026:"Farm Subsidies: Devastating the World's Poor and the Environment"
9786:
9784:
9782:
9780:
9778:
9776:
8435:
1222:
873:) are another increasingly important market for Africa's exports.
12141:
10479:
8695:"CORRUPTION AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: A DISCOURSE APPROACH"
8462:
8039:"FAQs on ECB supervisory measures in reaction to the coronavirus"
7062:. 2017 World Population Data Sheet – Population Reference Bureau.
6792:
6530:
6375:
6191:
6020:
5960:
5878:
5615:
5406:
5301:
5156:
5086:
5016:
4980:
4735:
4700:
4350:
4140:
3965:
3790:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3501:
3485:
3473:
3469:
3451:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3367:
3355:
3317:
3263:
3243:
3181:
3143:
3117:
3113:
3101:
2982:
2962:
2295:
1338:
693:
618:
503:
487:
12098:
11021:
10082:"Targeted agricultural investments will slash poverty in Africa"
10033:
9816:
9814:
9812:
9810:
9808:
9806:
9602:
7684:"Africa's Rapid Economic Growth Hasn't Fully Closed Income Gaps"
7049:
502:
has Africa's highest GDP per capita. Oil-rich countries such as
13108:
12088:
11256:
10633:"ECONOMY-MAURITIUS: Textile Manufacturing Goes Green and Clean"
9773:
9222:"Download entire World Economic Outlook database, October 2017"
8962:
Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
6703:
List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty
6642:
6586:
6495:
6460:
6446:
6284:
6270:
6075:
5964:
5901:
5802:
5685:
5650:
5231:
4840:
4560:
3825:
3687:
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3379:
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3313:
3279:
3251:
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1393:
1262:
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1041:
902:
657:
653:
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334:
11610:"Liberian Leaders Predict Boom for Poor West African Country"
10823:"I Couldn't Meet Cut-off Mark to Study Engineering – Innoson"
9803:
9734:"Figure 1 – Le PIB progresse de 2,2 % en volume en 2019"
9729:
9003:
Global Keynesianism: unequal exchange and global exploitation
8766:"Why is Africa so poor? You asked Google – here's the answer"
7754:"Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative – Questions and Answers"
7194:"Why is Africa so poor? You asked Google – here's the answer"
7005:
Shorrocks, Anthony; Davies, James; Lluberas, Rodrigo (2022).
6187:
6088:
6063:
5510:
5121:
4770:
4665:
4525:
4455:
4280:
3860:
3563:
3533:
3497:
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3415:
3399:
3391:
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3363:
3343:
3321:
3309:
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3147:
3109:
3085:
3069:
2978:
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2315:
2240:
1290:
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1179:
1175:
1081:
1057:
850:
846:
669:
645:
614:
511:
507:
495:
490:
is the biggest economy in Africa by nominal GDP, followed by
428:
318:
44:
11596:"Minnesota: Investment opportunities abound in South Africa"
11403:"Inter Press Service | News and Views from the Global South"
11232:"Africa's banking industry set for impressive growth: study"
10740:"Local vehicles manufacturing – INNOSON/FG pact commendable"
10358:"As Africa looks for clean power, interest in nuclear grows"
10056:"Inter Press Service | News and Views from the Global South"
9448:"Economic Diversification in Africa: How and Why It Matters"
8898:(10 August 2000 ed.). The Guilford Press. p. 228.
8342:
7659:"Six Charts Show the Challenges Faced by Sub-Saharan Africa"
8702:
International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management
7028:
6977:
6950:
6923:
6896:
6223:
5808:
5580:
4875:
4105:
3596:
3447:
3443:
3403:
3213:
3125:
3105:
2442:. Some parties support development of an even more unified
2311:
1183:
1076:
665:
432:
11202:"How manufacturing motorcycles can boost Uganda's economy"
10715:"Innoson cars will sell for N1 million in 2014 – Chukwuma"
9446:
Landry, Zainab Usman, David; Landry, Zainab Usman, David.
8637:
The British colonial lineages of despotism and development
4061:
2369:(a Zambian economist based in the US), who introduced the
10225:"African Union support crucial for agricultural progress"
9632:
8399:
6071:
6067:
2958:: Non-African members of GAFTA are excluded from figures.
1198:
as well as other related societal shifts. Others such as
711:
385:
11845:
The African Economy: Policy, Institutions and the Future
11179:
11028:. Nigeria Pharma Manufacturer Expo 2013. 19 October 2013
10659:"Market for renewable energy expected to boom in Africa"
9769:
https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/wp-09-02.pdf
7553:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
6826:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
6797:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
636:
In 2007, the fastest-growing nations in Africa included
611:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
12167:
11154:. Online Nigeria News. 27 November 2012. Archived from
11104:"Industrial hub: Why more companies are moving to Ogun"
11074:"Aliko Dangote Launches Nigeria's biggest cement plant"
10477:
7363:
Ocran, Matthew Kofi (2019), Ocran, Matthew Kofi (ed.),
7004:
5257:
2955:: Proposed for pillar REC, but objecting participation.
2243:. One school of economists argues that Asia's superior
1084:, in particular, has emerged as an important investor.
898:
10943:"Nissan to role out 1st made in Nigeria cars in April"
9756:"... dévoile ses propositions locales. "Enfin !""
6738:
List of countries by industrial production growth rate
5736:
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3876:
3871:
3866:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3806:
3801:
3796:
1032:
represents one of the most significant limitations to
974:
Causes of the economic underdevelopment over the years
11022:"Welcome to Nigeria Pharma Manufactures Expo 2013..!"
9969:"Agricultural Subsidies, Poverty and the Environment"
9597:
9595:
8428:
8426:
8345:"10 things you didn't know about the African economy"
6768:
List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP
836:
Outstanding sovereign debt in Africa ($ bn) in 2023.
11918:
Sahn, David E., Paul A. Dorosh, Stephen D. Younger,
8432:
The Economist, "The African century", 28 March 2020.
8209:"COVID-19 and Women-Led Businesses around the World"
6624:
5946:
Tanzania and Uganda Pipeline that costed 5Bn Dollars
3595:
Map of Africa by nominal GDP in billions USD (2020)
2469:
Major economic unions are shown in the chart below.
381:
created political, economic and social instability.
10519:"Africa strives to rebuild its domestic industries"
10249:Section, United Nations News Service (9 May 2008).
9705:"Comptes économiques rapides de La Réunion en 2019"
8343:Lund, Susan; Arend Van Wamelen (7 September 2012).
4306:
3729:
Global Horizontal Irradiation in Sub-Saharan Africa
3586:
2449:International monetary and banking unions include:
1218:
has only an 8.1% chance of sharing a mother tongue.
885:A mobile phone advertisement on the side of a van,
11732:"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"
11702:"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"
11677:"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"
11257:Geoffrey Muzigiti; Oliver Schmidt (January 2013).
10590:"Namibia: Congo Copper Giant to Invest in Country"
9902:
9592:
9397:
9395:
8743:Mapping the new infrastructure financing landscape
8522:"Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa"
8423:
8420:The Economist, The African Century, 28 March 2020.
5868:, reserves of petroleum and gas, coal production,
5819:have been commonly used by farmers here, they are
5747:
3028:
1289:in the developed world, most notably those set by
12230:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
12094:The Age of the Dragon: China's Conquest of Africa
11959:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
11273:"India to Step Up Trade and Investment in Africa"
10970:"Consumer goods businesses to do well in Nigeria"
10790:
9159:"How US nurtured dictators to Africa's detriment"
8265:"COVID-19 Impacts on Women in Emerging Economies"
6723:List of countries by future gross government debt
13982:
10402:
10198:"Govt targets agricultural boom – Daily Monitor"
9360:
8496:"Global warming: severe consequences for Africa"
7365:"Post-Independence African Economies: 1960–2015"
7118:
7116:
7114:
7073:
7071:
7069:
6824:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)").
1150:Africa's relative poverty predates colonialism.
1002:have also contributed to Africa's poor economy.
912:'s visit to Africa in July 2013, he announced a
805:had the largest crowding out pressures, whereas
710:(HIPC) initiative, subsequently taken up by the
11767:
11562:
9629:"World Economic Outlook Database, Octobre 2020"
9392:
8579:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8128:Bank, European Investment (27 September 2023).
6208:Egypt ($ 73.04 billion (30 November 2014 est.))
4586:
12144:analysis of Africa's continued economic crisis
11046:
10913:
10882:
10707:
10383:
10381:
10275:
10273:
10271:
8891:
8338:
8336:
8207:Liu, Yu; Wei, Siqi; Xu, Jian (November 2021).
7807:Bank, European Investment (18 November 2021).
7656:
6688:List of largest companies in Africa by revenue
6416:
6345:
6117:Many financial firms have offices in downtown
5827:are under development and may fill this void.
5433:
5362:
3921:
2943: Smallest value among the blocs compared.
982:has led to debate concerning its root causes.
13093:
12674:
12250:
12183:Africa's economy: A glimmer of light at last?
11625:"Could West Africa launch a single currency?"
11570:"Angola oil tiger plans investment in Europe"
11128:. Daily NewsWatch. 5 May 2013. Archived from
10829:. This Day Live. 1 March 2014. Archived from
10766:"CHUKWUMA: BUSINESSMAN WHO DEFIED THE LIMITS"
10135:
9112:"Should Africa challenge its "odious debts?""
8665:
7630:Bank, European Investment (19 October 2022).
7225:
7111:
7066:
6763:List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita
6748:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
6658:United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
5468:
4621:
3673:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
3462:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
3002:
2949: Largest value among the blocs compared.
2259:researchers estimate that from 1970 to 1996,
2216:
294:
11261:. D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu.
10997:"'Revamping Nigeria's manufacturing sector'"
10994:
10851:
9471:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8575:"Governance and poverty reduction in Africa"
7722:
7468:"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"
7330:
6708:List of countries by Human Development Index
6015:The Soucreye sugar factory in Sidi Bennour (
5327:
5042:
4901:
4796:
4026:
3170:Economic Community of Central African States
2377:has been a deterrent for local development.
1447:United Nations Convention against Corruption
1277:Less radical theories suggest that economic
225:All values, unless otherwise stated, are in
11623:Liedong, Tahiru Azaaviele (8 August 2017).
11369:. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008
11080:. Elombah.com. 11 June 2012. Archived from
10940:
10378:
10268:
9949:Agricultural Subsidies in the WTO Green Box
9698:
9696:
9670:
9668:
8999:Dependent Accumulation and Underdevelopment
8693:Awojobi, Oladayo Nathaniel (October 2014).
8368:
8333:
7548:World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018
6998:
6733:List of countries by leading trade partners
5811:are a constant pressure on the continent's
5763:Women and agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa
4936:
3056:Cumulative GDP (in millions of US dollars)
957:Climate change in Africa § Economic impacts
825:and were less likely to be affected by the
13100:
13086:
12681:
12667:
12257:
12243:
11152:"Ogun State: Nigeria's new Industrial hub"
10334:. African Economic Outlook. Archived from
9452:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
9143:. Top 15 Toppled Dictators. Archived from
8547:Rathi, Akshat; Rao, Mythili (2 May 2024).
6811:
6591:
6556:
6380:
6310:
5711:
5536:
4411:
4376:
4236:
4166:
3991:
3886:
3294:Intergovernmental Authority on Development
3009:
2995:
2394:Trade blocs and multilateral organizations
2223:
2209:
1073:Information and communication technologies
908:During the President of the United States
301:
287:
11995:Learn how and when to remove this message
11805:
11199:
9974:. World Resources Institute. January 2007
9800:, 1999, Volume 51, Issue 03 (July–August)
8608:
8598:
8442:Bank, European Investment (6 July 2022).
8312:
8240:
7518:"Botswana – an African economic miracle?"
6980:"Inflation rate, average consumer prices"
6758:List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
6521:
6098:
5606:
5397:
5292:
5182:
5147:
5077:
5007:
4971:
4726:
4691:
4341:
4131:
3956:
3781:
3062:Economic Community of West African States
1202:and David Eltis have rejected this view.
12211:News and analysis by Inter Press Service
12078:) is being considered for deletion. See
12051:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
12034:
11126:"Ogun State's rising investment profile"
10615:"Tax breaks for big investment projects"
9693:
9665:
9445:
9054:"Intellectual Tyranny of the Status Quo"
8737:
8735:
8546:
8206:
7191:
6486:
6451:
6275:
6177:
6112:
6010:
5949:
5941:
5900:
5844:
5766:
5676:
5641:
5222:
4831:
4551:
4481:
3816:
3724:
3716:
3705:
3693:
3681:
3590:
1221:
1209:
1097:
1012:
880:
831:
747:
739:
577:
466:
410:
12117:by Jan Joost Teunissen and Age Akkerman
11622:
10587:
10248:
10180:"Yara's GroHow sees 2008 profit stable"
10079:
9792:Sub-Saharan Africa in Global Capitalism
9623:
9621:
9619:
9405:. African Economic Outlook. 28 May 2012
9132:
8997:See, for example, Frank, A. G. (1979),
8733:
8731:
8729:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8721:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8692:
8123:
8121:
8119:
7625:
7623:
7541:
7539:
7460:
7091:
5501:
5112:
4761:
4656:
4516:
4446:
4271:
4201:
3851:
1303:United States Department of Agriculture
1253:
625:, three of Africa's largest economies.
14:
13983:
11175:
11173:
10791:Obaze, Oseloka H. (12 December 2013).
10405:Economic History of Developing Regions
10222:
9942:
9900:
9830:, 2013, Volume 65, Issue 06 (November)
9051:
7983:
7981:
7979:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7796:
6713:Central banks and currencies of Africa
6105:Central banks and currencies of Africa
5931:
5571:
4866:
4096:
3224:Southern African Development Community
3033:During the 1960s, Ghanaian politician
2426:. The current plan is to establish an
1214:A randomly selected pair of people in
13081:
12688:
12662:
12264:
12238:
11794:) (Knopf 1st American edition, 1978,
10279:
10166:"South Africa: Commodities lead boom"
9933:
9084:
8634:
8630:
8628:
8572:
8154:
7947:from the original on 26 January 2021.
7362:
6785:
3721:Mean Wind Speed in Sub-Saharan Africa
2929:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2474:
1437:International Anti-Corruption Academy
1205:
1028:, the lack of infrastructure in many
656:at 7.8%. Other fast growers included
582:The National Cement Share Company of
537:
11939:
11755:
11660:
11645:
11545:"Keep remittances flowing to Africa"
11309:"Chinese investment in Africa soars"
11026:Nigeria Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
10437:
10387:
10307:
9833:
9674:
9616:
9383:
9345:
9330:
9264:
9245:
9179:"The costs of the Robert Mugabe era"
9059:. Econ Journal Watch. Archived from
9026:. Econ Journal Watch. Archived from
9018:
9005:, Nova Publishers; Amin, S. (1976),
8712:
8445:EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021
8441:
8127:
8116:
7935:"World Economic Situation Prospects"
7806:
7629:
7620:
7536:
7029:International Monetary Fund (2022).
6978:International Monetary Fund (2022).
6951:International Monetary Fund (2022).
6924:International Monetary Fund (2022).
6897:International Monetary Fund (2022).
6865:
6840:
2952:: Economic bloc inside a pillar REC.
2430:with a single currency by 2023. The
1024:According to the researchers at the
978:The seemingly intractable nature of
541:
13107:
11922:(Cambridge University Press, 1997,
11170:
11047:Anudu, Odinaka (27 November 2013).
10885:"FG raises tariff on imported cars"
10080:Hareyan, Armine (1 December 2008).
9938:. UK: Portobello Books. p. 57.
9248:"Why Foreign Aid Is Hurting Africa"
9133:Tharoor, Ishaan (20 October 2011).
9021:"Overlooking the Obvious in Africa"
7976:
7793:
7710:"African growth 'steady but frail'"
7228:"Africa rising A hopeful continent"
5896:
2778:
2707:
2662:
2640:
2618:
2596:
2573:
2551:
2529:
2454:Central Bank of West African States
2257:University of Massachusetts Amherst
1427:International Anti-Corruption Court
937:
929:African Continental Free Trade Area
728:Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative
24:
12226:Africa: Going Forward or Backward?
12204:Economic analysis of Middle Africa
12021:
11889:African Economic Outlook 2006/2007
11456:
10914:Clement, Udeme (19 January 2014).
10533:"technology | IOL Business Report"
8625:
8526:United Nations Climate Change News
7606:"African economy 'to expand 6.2%'"
7584:"'Fast economic growth' in Africa"
6743:List of countries by GDP (nominal)
6718:List of countries by credit rating
6173:
5801:In recent years countries such as
3733:
2916:
2870:
2847:
2824:
2801:
2702:
2682:
2659:
1432:Group of States Against Corruption
25:
14007:
13746:Confederation of African Football
12082:to help reach a consensus. ›
11935:
11287:"China in Africa: Friend or foe?"
11180:African Development Bank (2014).
10995:Orya Roberts (29 December 2013).
10883:Onuba, Ifeanyi (4 October 2014).
10588:Grobler, John (16 October 2008).
10136:Usman, Talatu (30 January 2014).
9728:
9702:
9363:"Rise of the African Opportunity"
9361:Luce and Agarwal (22 June 2016).
9292:UN Economic Commission for Africa
9009:, New York: Monthly Review Press.
8878:). Also published with the title
8809:Lewis H. Gann and Peter Duignan,
7289:"Rise of the African opportunity"
7234:. The Economist Newspaper Limited
6793:"World Population Prospects 2022"
6070:with an upcoming introduction of
3336:Community of Sahel-Saharan States
2913:
2893:
2890:
2867:
2844:
2821:
2798:
2781:
2775:
2712:
2637:
2615:
2599:
2593:
2570:
2554:
2548:
2526:
1442:International Anti-Corruption Day
1008:
949:
498:is second biggest after Nigeria.
12989:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
12759:Democratic Republic of the Congo
12565:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
12335:Democratic Republic of the Congo
12194:Africa and the Knowledge Economy
12033:
11944:
11907:. (Washington: Howard UP, 1982,
11905:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
11749:
11724:
11694:
11669:
11654:
11639:
11616:
11602:
11588:
11537:
11512:
11476:
11450:
11420:
11395:
11361:"China outwits the EU in Africa"
11353:
11329:
11301:
11279:
11265:
11250:
11224:
11193:
11144:
11118:
11106:. Vanguard Nigeria. 19 June 2013
11096:
11066:
11040:
11014:
10988:
10961:
10934:
10907:
10876:
10852:Okonji, Emma (24 October 2013).
10845:
10815:
10784:
10758:
10732:
10677:
10651:
10625:
10607:
10581:
10551:
10525:
10511:
10486:
10471:
10446:
10431:
10396:
10350:
10324:
10301:
10242:
10216:
10190:
10172:
10158:
10129:
10099:
10073:
10048:
10018:
9986:
9961:
9927:
9894:
9762:
9748:
9722:
9646:
9575:
9551:"Economic Report on Africa 2012"
9543:
9519:"Economic Report on Africa 2012"
9511:
9487:"Economic Report on Africa 2012"
9479:
9439:
9417:
9377:
9354:
9339:
9324:
9298:
9085:Wrong, Michela (14 March 2005).
8945:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
8573:Hyden, Goran (23 October 2007).
8282:"Economic Report on Africa 2012"
8155:Blake, Jessica (12 April 2023).
7192:Anyangwe, Eliza (28 June 2017).
6728:List of countries by public debt
6641:
6627:
6593:
6558:
6523:
6488:
6453:
6418:
6382:
6347:
6312:
6277:
6006:
5713:
5678:
5643:
5608:
5573:
5538:
5503:
5470:
5435:
5399:
5364:
5329:
5294:
5259:
5224:
5184:
5149:
5114:
5079:
5044:
5009:
4973:
4938:
4903:
4868:
4833:
4798:
4763:
4728:
4693:
4658:
4623:
4588:
4553:
4518:
4483:
4448:
4413:
4378:
4343:
4308:
4273:
4238:
4203:
4168:
4133:
4098:
4063:
4028:
3993:
3958:
3923:
3888:
3853:
3818:
3783:
3587:Economic variants and indicators
2971:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2919:
2873:
2850:
2804:
2665:
2643:
2621:
2576:
2532:
1497:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1119:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
1052:(ICT) investments, over 40% for
955:This section is an excerpt from
686:Democratic Republic of the Congo
546:
455:in finding a trade route to the
38:
11200:Calabrese, Linda (March 2017).
10941:Agande, Ben (24 January 2014).
10860:. This Day Live. Archived from
10111:africanagriculture.blogspot.com
9425:"African Economic Outlook 2011"
9280:
9265:Moyo, Dambisa (26 March 2009).
9258:
9246:Moyo, Dambisa (21 March 2009).
9239:
9214:
9197:
9171:
9151:
9126:
9118:. 15 March 2012. Archived from
9104:
9078:
9045:
9012:
8991:
8966:
8954:
8937:
8928:
8919:
8857:
8839:
8827:
8815:
8803:
8792:"African Economic Outlook 2012"
8784:
8758:
8686:
8659:
8566:
8540:
8514:
8414:
8388:
8362:
8306:
8274:
8257:
8200:
8174:
8148:
8095:
8074:
8049:
8031:
8006:
7951:
7927:
7902:
7877:
7852:
7827:
7771:
7746:
7702:
7676:
7650:
7598:
7576:
7510:
7485:
7440:
7407:
7356:
7324:
7299:
7281:
7246:
7219:
7185:
7160:
7134:
7085:
7031:"General government gross debt"
7022:
6848:"GDP (Nominal), current prices"
6773:List of countries by GDP growth
6663:Africa–China economic relations
6109:List of African stock exchanges
5780:agricultural sectors with high
5748:Economic sectors and industries
3029:Regional economic organizations
2961:: The area 446,550 km used for
2827:
2807:
2602:
998:, poor governance, disease and
840:
708:Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
12168:African Development Bank Group
11778:(Routledge, 4th edition, 2001
11491:Overseas Development Institute
8949:Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications
8868:: The Fates of Human Societies
8754:Overseas Development Institute
8741:Christian K.M. Kingombe 2011.
7226:Oliver August (2 March 2013).
7142:"Get ready for an Africa boom"
6971:
6944:
6917:
6890:
6753:List of countries by GDP (PPP)
6266:Angola Debt and Stock Exchange
5756:
3702:(trillions USD), Credit Suisse
2922:
2899:
2896:
2876:
2853:
2830:
2784:
2717:
2668:
2646:
2624:
2579:
2557:
2535:
2459:Bank of Central African States
2333:
1087:
1026:Overseas Development Institute
603:increasing political stability
47:is the largest city in Africa.
13:
1:
12209:From Aid to Trade with Africa
12163:World Economic Forum – Africa
12067:
10799:. Elombah.com. Archived from
10478:African Mining Vision (AMV).
10417:10.1080/20780389.2019.1627190
9999:. IFPRI. 2010. Archived from
9790:John J. Saul and Colin Leys,
8635:Lange, Matthew Keith (2004).
7910:"Policy Responses to COVID19"
7522:LSE International Development
7037:. International Monetary Fund
6986:. International Monetary Fund
6959:. International Monetary Fund
6932:. International Monetary Fund
6905:. International Monetary Fund
6649:Business and economics portal
6547:Victoria Falls Stock Exchange
6054:Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing
2418:, and a common currency (see
1316:
1139:but in what it failed to do.
1019:Trans-African Highway network
12153:OECD work on African economy
12121:Africa: Living on the Fringe
11872:Africa in the Global Economy
11768:General and cited references
10772:. NBF News. 25 February 2012
9909:. Groundwood Books. p.
8895:Eight Eurocentric Historians
8823:The West and the Third World
8668:Journal of African Economies
8448:. European Investment Bank.
8134:. European Investment Bank.
7813:. European Investment Bank.
7636:. European Investment Bank.
6779:
3522:Democratic Republic of Congo
3268:Democratic Republic of Congo
3198:Democratic Republic of Congo
3024:Economy of the African Union
2722:
2671:
2649:
2627:
2560:
2373:model, which highlights how
1038:Millennium Development Goals
699:As of a June 2010 report by
524:Democratic Republic of Congo
337:. As of 2019, approximately
7:
13474:International organisations
10746:. Vanguard. 19 October 2013
10685:"Alternative Energy Africa"
9052:Pasour, E.C. (April 2004).
8369:Olga Khazan (3 July 2013).
7738:. June 2010. Archived from
7377:10.1007/978-3-030-10770-3_9
7094:"Why is Africa so unequal?"
7008:Global Wealth Databook 2022
6877:International Monetary Fund
6873:"GDP (PPP), current prices"
6852:International Monetary Fund
6620:
6406:Johannesburg Stock Exchange
2924:
2902:
2879:
2856:
2833:
2810:
2787:
2605:
2582:
2538:
2424:economic and monetary union
1232:Greenberg's diversity index
217:International Monetary Fund
132:$ 1,740 (nominal; 2023 est)
10:
14012:
13726:Africa Cricket Association
13532:Countries by GDP (nominal)
11808:International Organization
10891:. Punch NG. Archived from
10280:Agaba, John (2 May 2022).
9087:"When the money goes west"
8315:"China-Africa Trade Booms"
8313:Mike King (18 July 2012).
8186:www.womensworldbanking.org
6683:Economic history of Africa
6668:African Economic Community
6205:South Africa (82.88)(2014)
6197:As of 2012, Africa has 23
6119:Johannesburg, South Africa
6102:
5938:Mineral industry of Africa
5935:
5841:Renewable energy in Africa
5834:
5760:
3661:
3625:
3599:
3021:
2691:
2476:African Economic Community
2428:African Economic Community
2320:Zimbabwe War of Liberation
2294:governments influenced by
1299:Common Agricultural Policy
1091:
954:
403:Economic history of Africa
400:
396:
215:Most numbers are from the
13942:
13849:
13778:
13741:Australian-rules football
13716:
13658:
13649:
13601:
13594:
13522:
13513:
13410:
13401:
13332:Countries and territories
13327:
13318:
13278:
13235:
13128:
13119:
13002:
12977:
12696:
12578:
12553:
12272:
12126:24 September 2015 at the
11428:"FindArticles.com | CBSi"
11387:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
10563:www.mining-technology.com
10332:"Table 7 – Exports, 2010"
9019:Shaw, Jane (April 2004).
8870:. W.W. Norton & Co. (
8748:18 September 2012 at the
8225:10.1016/j.frl.2021.102012
5830:
5790:international development
2907:
2884:
2861:
2838:
2815:
2792:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2696:
2676:
2654:
2632:
2610:
2587:
2565:
2543:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2251:and moving the resulting
1167:environmental determinism
876:
555:This section needs to be
214:
200:
195:
182:
165:
142:
123:
113:
92:
65:
57:
52:
37:
12744:Central African Republic
12320:Central African Republic
12158:Africa Economic Analysis
12113:6 September 2010 at the
12080:templates for discussion
11484:"Lost in Intermediation"
10480:"The African Union (AU)"
9958:, ICTSD, September 2009.
9954:12 November 2011 at the
9306:"Profile: African Union"
8851:13 December 2016 at the
8213:Finance Research Letters
8089:African Development Bank
7993:European Investment Bank
7889:European Investment Bank
7885:"Finance in Africa 2023"
7864:European Investment Bank
7860:"Finance in Africa 2023"
7839:European Investment Bank
6926:"Nominal GDP per capita"
6673:African Economic Outlook
6336:Cape Town Stock Exchange
6240:African Stock Exchanges
4071:Central African Republic
3690:(in trillions USD), 2018
3686:Worlds regions by total
3352:Central African Republic
3190:Central African Republic
2422:), thereby establishing
1133:David Kenneth Fieldhouse
1105:The Statesman's Yearbook
1056:generation, and 80% for
988:decolonization of Africa
757:Fiscal stimulus packages
735:European Investment Bank
720:African Development Fund
390:African Development Bank
210:62.4% of GDP (2023 est.)
13788:Countries by population
13501:United States of Africa
12103:Foreign Policy in Focus
11842:Kayizzi-Mugerwa, Steve
11820:10.1162/002081801551432
10594:The Namibian (Windhoek)
10255:UN News Service Section
9901:Caplan, Gerald (2008).
9252:The Wall Street Journal
8892:James M. Blaut (2000).
8600:10.1073/pnas.0700696104
8319:The Journal of Commerce
7057:"2017 World population"
6582:Zimbabwe Stock Exchange
6512:Namibian Stock Exchange
6371:Eswatini Stock Exchange
6301:Botswana Stock Exchange
5908:, Africa's largest city
5821:becoming less effective
2977:). Morocco also claims
2937:2005, IMF WEO Database.
2444:United States of Africa
2432:African Investment Bank
2354:than with the needs of
1349:Economics of corruption
1310:Public Choice economics
1226:Nigeria Football Ground
1036:and achievement of the
135:$ 5,360 (PPP; 2023 est)
13996:Economies by continent
13537:Countries by GDP (PPP)
13479:Pan-African Parliament
13270:Science and technology
12029:
12009:Listen to this article
11875:(Lynne Rienner, 2000,
10976:. Trade Invest Nigeria
9905:The Betrayal of Africa
8866:Guns, Germs, and Steel
7781:. IMF. 10 January 2013
7735:McKinsey & Company
7344:Cite journal requires
6678:Demographics of Africa
6194:
6161:There are two African
6122:
6099:Investment and banking
6023:
5955:
5947:
5909:
5861:
5776:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3703:
3691:
3654:
3136:East African Community
2931:During 2004. Sources:
2420:African Monetary Union
2345:agricultural subsidies
1869:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1227:
1219:
1157:Guns, Germs, and Steel
1109:
1094:Colonisation of Africa
1021:
965:gross domestic product
889:
837:
787:, authorities limited
753:
745:
701:McKinsey & Company
640:with growth at 19.8%,
590:
419:
13190:European colonisation
13153:Pre-colonial kingdoms
12904:São Tomé and Príncipe
12764:Republic of the Congo
12480:São Tomé and Príncipe
12340:Republic of the Congo
12148:BBC: Africa's Economy
12028:
11869:Moshomba, Richard E.
11786:) (Hutchinson, 1978,
9658:29 April 2011 at the
9288:"African Action Plan"
9267:"Stop Aiding Africa!"
8043:European Central Bank
7092:Veselinovic, Milena.
6828:, Population Division
6799:, Population Division
6477:Malawi Stock Exchange
6442:Lusaka Stock Exchange
6181:
6116:
6014:
5977:platinum-group metals
5953:
5945:
5904:
5887:liquified natural gas
5851:Athlone Power Station
5848:
5835:Further information:
5770:
5267:São Tomé and Príncipe
3728:
3720:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3594:
3424:São Tomé and Príncipe
3210:São Tomé and Príncipe
3022:Further information:
2436:African Monetary Fund
2278:became notorious for
1455:Corruption by country
1404:State-corporate crime
1384:Pyrrhic defeat theory
1225:
1213:
1101:
1016:
925:African Union members
893:166 billion in 2011.
884:
835:
751:
743:
726:) in the form of the
690:Republic of the Congo
581:
477:Chinese economic boom
467:20th century upheaval
414:
401:Further information:
375:European colonization
27:AFRICAN CURRENC-0.001
13761:Stadiums by capacity
13708:World Heritage Sites
13185:European exploration
12198:World Bank Institute
12060:More spoken articles
11965:improve this article
11349:on 10 February 2009.
10569:on 12 September 2017
10287:Alliance for Science
8974:"Summary by country"
8321:. The JOC Group, Inc
7148:on 12 September 2017
6953:"GDP PPP per capita"
6574:United States Dollar
6245:Stock Exchange Name
4386:Eswatini (Swaziland)
3712:GDP (PPP) per capita
3047:Name of organization
2464:Common Monetary Area
2440:African Central Bank
2356:developing countries
2245:economic development
1325:Political corruption
1254:Trade-based theories
1030:developing countries
871:United Arab Emirates
479:that had emerged in
13445:Freedom of religion
13430:Heads of government
13222:Scramble for Africa
12979:States with limited
12555:States with limited
12178:Language and Africa
11977:footnote references
11776:A History of Africa
11712:on 11 December 2007
11158:on 29 November 2013
10895:on 27 November 2013
10744:Vanguard Newspapers
10639:on 22 February 2012
10338:on 12 February 2013
10186:. 22 February 2008.
9936:Stuffed and Starved
9934:Patel, Raj (2007).
9603:"Global Wind Atlas"
9147:on 22 October 2011.
8591:2007PNAS..10416751H
8585:(43): 16751–16756.
7690:. 21 September 2022
7421:. 3 December 2011.
7018:Research Institute.
6698:Languages of Africa
6241:
6060:Rapid Transit Buses
6058:which manufactures
5932:Mining and drilling
3745:Total GDP (nominal)
2274:Congolese dictator
1048:30–40% returns for
781:nonperforming loans
733:In early 2021, the
514:, and mineral-rich
494:; in terms of PPP,
407:Scramble for Africa
221:IMF Africa Datasets
152:6th (nominal; 2023)
144:GDP per capita rank
100:5th (nominal; 2023)
34:
13170:Indian Ocean trade
12690:Poverty in Africa
12266:Economy of Africa
12217:– video report by
12030:
11848:(Routledge, 1999,
11500:on 25 October 2020
11289:. 26 November 2007
10922:. Vanguard Nigeria
10864:on 27 October 2013
10833:on 12 October 2014
10827:This Day Newspaper
10770:The Nigerian Voice
10719:The Abuja Inquirer
10310:Africa 24 Magazine
9758:. 1 December 2006.
9403:"Economic Outlook"
9365:. Boston Analytics
9185:on 1 February 2018
9167:. 2 November 2018.
9164:Independent Online
9135:"Mobutu Sese Seko"
8821:D. K. Fieldhouse,
8680:10.1093/jae/ejp009
8402:on 19 October 2020
8188:. 15 December 2020
7586:. 14 November 2007
7311:www.aehnetwork.org
7130:. 3 December 2011.
6398:Eswatini lilangeni
6239:
6195:
6123:
6024:
5969:industrial diamond
5956:
5948:
5910:
5870:uranium production
5862:
5777:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3710:Countries by 2020
3704:
3692:
3655:
3552:Arab Maghreb Union
2934:The World Factbook
2388:Africa Action Plan
1364:Influence peddling
1331:Forms and concepts
1228:
1220:
1206:Language diversity
1163:James Morris Blaut
1110:
1050:telecommunications
1022:
890:
838:
815:goods and services
785:COVID-19 recession
769:COVID-19 recession
754:
746:
591:
538:Current conditions
453:economic potential
420:
339:1.3 billion people
32:
13991:Economy of Africa
13978:
13977:
13845:
13844:
13774:
13773:
13590:
13589:
13567:Natural resources
13509:
13508:
13455:Linguistic rights
13397:
13396:
13314:
13313:
13075:
13074:
13006:other territories
12779:Equatorial Guinea
12656:
12655:
12582:other territories
12355:Equatorial Guinea
12085:Economy of Africa
12026:
12005:
12004:
11997:
11898:978-92-64-03313-9
11865:978-1-61761-190-2
11576:on 4 October 2012
11317:. 13 October 2008
10947:Vanguard, Nigeria
10539:on 13 August 2022
10036:on 9 January 2018
9920:978-0-88899-825-5
9860:978-92-5-138262-2
8876:978-0-099-30278-0
8553:www.bloomberg.com
8528:. 27 October 2020
8502:. 7 December 2018
8476:. 18 October 2021
8455:978-92-861-5237-5
8141:978-92-861-5598-7
7820:978-92-861-5063-0
7643:978-92-861-5382-2
7562:978-92-1-109177-9
7524:. 28 January 2020
7386:978-3-030-10770-3
7269:Missing or empty
6899:"Real GDP growth"
6615:
6614:
6434:South Africa Rand
6363:South Africa Rand
5996:energy transition
5745:
5744:
4316:Equatorial Guinea
3761:
3751:
3653:
3652:
3584:
3583:
3020:
3019:
2765:
2760:
2748:
2739:
2517:
2512:
2500:
2491:
2352:Western countries
2253:financial capital
2233:
2232:
2200:
2199:
1507:Equatorial Guinea
1259:Dependency theory
1192:Joseph E. Inikori
827:COVID-19 pandemic
819:employee training
796:COVID-19 pandemic
762:COVID-19 pandemic
576:
575:
500:Equatorial Guinea
315:economy of Africa
311:
310:
235:
234:
178:15.5% (2023 est.)
81:$ 8.86 trillion (
33:Economy of Africa
18:Banking in Africa
16:(Redirected from
14003:
13958:
13951:
13736:Afro-Asian Games
13656:
13655:
13599:
13598:
13577:Renewable energy
13542:Countries by HDI
13520:
13519:
13408:
13407:
13325:
13324:
13126:
13125:
13102:
13095:
13088:
13079:
13078:
13067:
13066:(United Kingdom)
13062:Tristan da Cunha
13058:Ascension Island
13050:
13037:
13028:
13004:Dependencies and
12697:Sovereign states
12683:
12676:
12669:
12660:
12659:
12643:
12642:(United Kingdom)
12638:Tristan da Cunha
12634:Ascension Island
12626:
12613:
12604:
12580:Dependencies and
12273:Sovereign states
12259:
12252:
12245:
12236:
12235:
12050:
12048:
12037:
12036:
12027:
12017:
12015:
12010:
12000:
11993:
11989:
11986:
11980:
11948:
11947:
11940:
11903:Rodney, Walter.
11839:
11762:
11761:
11753:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11742:
11728:
11722:
11721:
11719:
11717:
11708:. Archived from
11698:
11692:
11691:
11689:
11687:
11673:
11667:
11666:
11658:
11652:
11651:
11643:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11620:
11614:
11613:
11606:
11600:
11599:
11592:
11586:
11585:
11583:
11581:
11572:. Archived from
11566:
11560:
11559:
11557:
11555:
11541:
11535:
11534:
11532:
11530:
11516:
11510:
11509:
11507:
11505:
11499:
11493:. Archived from
11488:
11480:
11474:
11473:
11471:
11469:
11454:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11443:
11434:. Archived from
11432:findarticles.com
11424:
11418:
11417:
11415:
11413:
11399:
11393:
11392:
11386:
11378:
11376:
11374:
11357:
11351:
11350:
11345:. Archived from
11333:
11327:
11326:
11324:
11322:
11305:
11299:
11298:
11296:
11294:
11283:
11277:
11276:
11269:
11263:
11262:
11259:"Moving forward"
11254:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11243:
11228:
11222:
11221:
11219:
11217:
11212:on 25 April 2019
11208:. Archived from
11197:
11191:
11190:
11188:
11177:
11168:
11167:
11165:
11163:
11148:
11142:
11141:
11139:
11137:
11132:on 14 March 2014
11122:
11116:
11115:
11113:
11111:
11100:
11094:
11093:
11091:
11089:
11084:on 23 April 2014
11070:
11064:
11063:
11061:
11059:
11044:
11038:
11037:
11035:
11033:
11018:
11012:
11011:
11009:
11007:
10992:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10981:
10965:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10954:
10938:
10932:
10931:
10929:
10927:
10911:
10905:
10904:
10902:
10900:
10880:
10874:
10873:
10871:
10869:
10849:
10843:
10842:
10840:
10838:
10819:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10803:on 23 April 2014
10788:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10777:
10762:
10756:
10755:
10753:
10751:
10736:
10730:
10729:
10727:
10725:
10711:
10705:
10704:
10702:
10700:
10691:. Archived from
10681:
10675:
10674:
10672:
10670:
10665:on 14 March 2012
10661:. Archived from
10655:
10649:
10648:
10646:
10644:
10635:. Archived from
10629:
10623:
10622:
10619:southafrica.info
10611:
10605:
10604:
10602:
10600:
10585:
10579:
10578:
10576:
10574:
10565:. Archived from
10555:
10549:
10548:
10546:
10544:
10535:. Archived from
10529:
10523:
10522:
10515:
10509:
10508:
10506:
10504:
10490:
10484:
10483:
10475:
10469:
10468:
10466:
10464:
10450:
10444:
10443:
10435:
10429:
10428:
10400:
10394:
10393:
10385:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10371:
10354:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10343:
10328:
10322:
10321:
10305:
10299:
10298:
10296:
10294:
10277:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10261:
10246:
10240:
10239:
10237:
10235:
10220:
10214:
10213:
10211:
10209:
10200:. Archived from
10194:
10188:
10187:
10176:
10170:
10169:
10162:
10156:
10155:
10153:
10151:
10133:
10127:
10126:
10124:
10122:
10117:on 14 March 2014
10113:. Archived from
10103:
10097:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10077:
10071:
10070:
10068:
10066:
10052:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10041:
10032:. Archived from
10022:
10016:
10015:
10013:
10011:
10005:
9998:
9990:
9984:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9973:
9965:
9959:
9946:
9940:
9939:
9931:
9925:
9924:
9908:
9898:
9892:
9891:
9885:
9881:
9879:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9851:10.4060/cc8166en
9837:
9831:
9818:
9801:
9788:
9771:
9766:
9760:
9759:
9752:
9746:
9745:
9743:
9741:
9726:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9715:
9709:
9700:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9672:
9663:
9650:
9644:
9643:
9641:
9639:
9625:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9609:
9599:
9590:
9579:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9568:
9563:on 14 March 2014
9562:
9555:
9547:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9531:on 14 March 2014
9530:
9523:
9515:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9504:
9499:on 14 March 2014
9498:
9491:
9483:
9477:
9476:
9470:
9462:
9460:
9458:
9443:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9432:
9421:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9410:
9399:
9390:
9389:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9358:
9352:
9351:
9343:
9337:
9336:
9328:
9322:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9302:
9296:
9295:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9275:
9273:
9262:
9256:
9255:
9243:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9232:
9218:
9212:
9201:
9195:
9194:
9192:
9190:
9181:. Archived from
9175:
9169:
9168:
9155:
9149:
9148:
9130:
9124:
9123:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9082:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9066:on 14 April 2023
9065:
9058:
9049:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9038:
9033:on 14 April 2023
9032:
9025:
9016:
9010:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8984:
8970:
8964:
8958:
8952:
8943:Rodney, Walter.
8941:
8935:
8932:
8926:
8923:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8912:
8889:
8883:
8861:
8855:
8843:
8837:
8831:
8825:
8819:
8813:
8807:
8801:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8762:
8756:
8739:
8710:
8709:
8699:
8690:
8684:
8683:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8632:
8623:
8622:
8612:
8602:
8570:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8535:
8533:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8481:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8439:
8433:
8430:
8421:
8418:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8398:. Archived from
8392:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8381:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8355:
8340:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8326:
8310:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8294:on 14 March 2014
8293:
8286:
8278:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8261:
8255:
8254:
8244:
8204:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8152:
8146:
8145:
8125:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8086:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8067:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8010:
8004:
8003:
8001:
7999:
7985:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7969:
7955:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7939:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7831:
7825:
7824:
7804:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7775:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7764:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7742:on 18 June 2012.
7726:
7720:
7719:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7680:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7669:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7627:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7602:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7543:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7514:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7456:. 10 March 2013.
7448:"Africa calling"
7444:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7411:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7360:
7354:
7353:
7347:
7342:
7340:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7293:Boston Analytics
7285:
7279:
7278:
7272:
7267:
7265:
7257:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7164:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7144:. Archived from
7138:
7132:
7131:
7120:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7075:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7013:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6823:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6789:
6651:
6646:
6645:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6603:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6568:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6533:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6498:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6463:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6428:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6392:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6357:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6322:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6287:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6242:
6238:
6229:Mauritius (0.55)
6186:headquarters in
6154:transformation.
6135:African diaspora
5874:renewable energy
5837:Energy in Africa
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5427:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5012:
4996:(nominal, 2018)
4995:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3759:
3749:
3738:
3737:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3556:17 February 1989
3298:25 November 1996
3274:, South Africa,
3140:30 November 1999
3053:Member countries
3044:
3043:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2969:(claimed as the
2948:
2942:
2763:
2758:
2746:
2737:
2515:
2510:
2498:
2489:
2472:
2471:
2276:Mobutu Sese Seko
2269:Leonce Ndikumana
2225:
2218:
2211:
2193:Papua New Guinea
1974:Northern Ireland
1461:
1460:
1321:
1320:
1171:John K. Thornton
1145:sins of omission
1137:underdevelopment
980:Africa's poverty
938:Entrepreneurship
586:'s new plant in
571:
568:
562:
550:
549:
542:
445:Ancient Carthage
317:consists of the
303:
296:
289:
237:
236:
205:
119:3.7% (2023 est.)
74:$ 3.1 trillion (
42:
35:
31:
21:
14011:
14010:
14006:
14005:
14004:
14002:
14001:
14000:
13981:
13980:
13979:
13974:
13961:
13954:
13947:
13938:
13841:
13837:Youth in Africa
13815:Life expectancy
13770:
13712:
13688:Africanfuturism
13645:
13586:
13582:Stock exchanges
13505:
13393:
13352:Natural history
13310:
13274:
13231:
13180:Muslim conquest
13175:Bantu expansion
13115:
13106:
13076:
13071:
13070:
13065:
13048:
13035:
13026:
13007:
13005:
12998:
12982:
12980:
12973:
12692:
12687:
12657:
12652:
12651:
12641:
12624:
12611:
12602:
12583:
12581:
12574:
12558:
12556:
12549:
12268:
12263:
12128:Wayback Machine
12115:Wayback Machine
12083:
12064:
12063:
12052:
12046:
12044:
12041:This audio file
12038:
12031:
12022:
12019:
12013:
12012:
12008:
12001:
11990:
11984:
11981:
11962:
11953:This section's
11949:
11945:
11938:
11933:
11770:
11765:
11754:
11750:
11740:
11738:
11730:
11729:
11725:
11715:
11713:
11700:
11699:
11695:
11685:
11683:
11675:
11674:
11670:
11659:
11655:
11644:
11640:
11630:
11628:
11621:
11617:
11608:
11607:
11603:
11594:
11593:
11589:
11579:
11577:
11568:
11567:
11563:
11553:
11551:
11543:
11542:
11538:
11528:
11526:
11518:
11517:
11513:
11503:
11501:
11497:
11486:
11482:
11481:
11477:
11467:
11465:
11455:
11451:
11441:
11439:
11438:on 13 July 2012
11426:
11425:
11421:
11411:
11409:
11401:
11400:
11396:
11380:
11379:
11372:
11370:
11359:
11358:
11354:
11335:
11334:
11330:
11320:
11318:
11307:
11306:
11302:
11292:
11290:
11285:
11284:
11280:
11271:
11270:
11266:
11255:
11251:
11241:
11239:
11230:
11229:
11225:
11215:
11213:
11198:
11194:
11186:
11178:
11171:
11161:
11159:
11150:
11149:
11145:
11135:
11133:
11124:
11123:
11119:
11109:
11107:
11102:
11101:
11097:
11087:
11085:
11072:
11071:
11067:
11057:
11055:
11045:
11041:
11031:
11029:
11020:
11019:
11015:
11005:
11003:
10993:
10989:
10979:
10977:
10966:
10962:
10952:
10950:
10939:
10935:
10925:
10923:
10912:
10908:
10898:
10896:
10889:Punch Newspaper
10881:
10877:
10867:
10865:
10850:
10846:
10836:
10834:
10821:
10820:
10816:
10806:
10804:
10789:
10785:
10775:
10773:
10764:
10763:
10759:
10749:
10747:
10738:
10737:
10733:
10723:
10721:
10713:
10712:
10708:
10698:
10696:
10695:on 8 March 2016
10683:
10682:
10678:
10668:
10666:
10657:
10656:
10652:
10642:
10640:
10631:
10630:
10626:
10613:
10612:
10608:
10598:
10596:
10586:
10582:
10572:
10570:
10557:
10556:
10552:
10542:
10540:
10531:
10530:
10526:
10517:
10516:
10512:
10502:
10500:
10492:
10491:
10487:
10476:
10472:
10462:
10460:
10452:
10451:
10447:
10436:
10432:
10401:
10397:
10386:
10379:
10369:
10367:
10366:. 10 April 2020
10363:The Japan Times
10356:
10355:
10351:
10341:
10339:
10330:
10329:
10325:
10306:
10302:
10292:
10290:
10278:
10269:
10259:
10257:
10247:
10243:
10233:
10231:
10221:
10217:
10207:
10205:
10204:on 20 June 2008
10196:
10195:
10191:
10178:
10177:
10173:
10164:
10163:
10159:
10149:
10147:
10134:
10130:
10120:
10118:
10105:
10104:
10100:
10090:
10088:
10078:
10074:
10064:
10062:
10054:
10053:
10049:
10039:
10037:
10024:
10023:
10019:
10009:
10007:
10006:on 26 July 2011
10003:
9996:
9992:
9991:
9987:
9977:
9975:
9971:
9967:
9966:
9962:
9956:Wayback Machine
9947:
9943:
9932:
9928:
9921:
9899:
9895:
9883:
9882:
9873:
9872:
9865:
9863:
9861:
9839:
9838:
9834:
9819:
9804:
9789:
9774:
9767:
9763:
9754:
9753:
9749:
9739:
9737:
9727:
9723:
9713:
9711:
9707:
9701:
9694:
9684:
9682:
9673:
9666:
9660:Wayback Machine
9651:
9647:
9637:
9635:
9627:
9626:
9617:
9607:
9605:
9601:
9600:
9593:
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9566:
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9528:
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9512:
9502:
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9485:
9484:
9480:
9464:
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9456:
9454:
9444:
9440:
9430:
9428:
9423:
9422:
9418:
9408:
9406:
9401:
9400:
9393:
9382:
9378:
9368:
9366:
9359:
9355:
9344:
9340:
9329:
9325:
9315:
9313:
9304:
9303:
9299:
9286:
9285:
9281:
9271:
9269:
9263:
9259:
9244:
9240:
9230:
9228:
9220:
9219:
9215:
9202:
9198:
9188:
9186:
9177:
9176:
9172:
9157:
9156:
9152:
9131:
9127:
9110:
9109:
9105:
9095:
9093:
9083:
9079:
9069:
9067:
9063:
9056:
9050:
9046:
9036:
9034:
9030:
9023:
9017:
9013:
8996:
8992:
8982:
8980:
8972:
8971:
8967:
8959:
8955:
8942:
8938:
8933:
8929:
8924:
8920:
8910:
8908:
8906:
8890:
8886:
8862:
8858:
8853:Wayback Machine
8844:
8840:
8832:
8828:
8820:
8816:
8808:
8804:
8789:
8785:
8775:
8773:
8764:
8763:
8759:
8750:Wayback Machine
8740:
8713:
8697:
8691:
8687:
8664:
8660:
8633:
8626:
8571:
8567:
8557:
8555:
8545:
8541:
8531:
8529:
8520:
8519:
8515:
8505:
8503:
8494:
8493:
8489:
8479:
8477:
8468:
8467:
8463:
8456:
8440:
8436:
8431:
8424:
8419:
8415:
8405:
8403:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8379:
8377:
8367:
8363:
8353:
8351:
8349:The Independent
8341:
8334:
8324:
8322:
8311:
8307:
8297:
8295:
8291:
8284:
8280:
8279:
8275:
8267:
8263:
8262:
8258:
8205:
8201:
8191:
8189:
8180:
8179:
8175:
8165:
8163:
8153:
8149:
8142:
8126:
8117:
8107:
8105:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8084:
8082:"Country notes"
8080:
8079:
8075:
8065:
8063:
8055:
8054:
8050:
8045:. 23 July 2021.
8037:
8036:
8032:
8022:
8020:
8012:
8011:
8007:
7997:
7995:
7987:
7986:
7977:
7967:
7965:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7944:
7937:
7933:
7932:
7928:
7918:
7916:
7908:
7907:
7903:
7893:
7891:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7868:
7866:
7858:
7857:
7853:
7843:
7841:
7833:
7832:
7828:
7821:
7805:
7794:
7784:
7782:
7777:
7776:
7772:
7762:
7760:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7728:
7727:
7723:
7718:. 3 April 2007.
7708:
7707:
7703:
7693:
7691:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7667:
7665:
7655:
7651:
7644:
7628:
7621:
7611:
7609:
7604:
7603:
7599:
7589:
7587:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7545:
7544:
7537:
7527:
7525:
7516:
7515:
7511:
7501:
7499:
7491:
7490:
7486:
7476:
7474:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7453:Financial Times
7446:
7445:
7441:
7431:
7429:
7415:"Africa rising"
7413:
7412:
7408:
7399:
7397:
7387:
7361:
7357:
7345:
7343:
7334:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7315:
7313:
7305:
7304:
7300:
7295:. 22 June 2016.
7287:
7286:
7282:
7270:
7268:
7259:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7237:
7235:
7224:
7220:
7210:
7208:
7190:
7186:
7176:
7174:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7151:
7149:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7124:"Africa rising"
7122:
7121:
7112:
7102:
7100:
7090:
7086:
7077:
7076:
7067:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7050:
7040:
7038:
7035:IMF Data Mapper
7027:
7023:
7011:
7003:
6999:
6989:
6987:
6984:IMF Data Mapper
6976:
6972:
6962:
6960:
6957:IMF Data Mapper
6949:
6945:
6935:
6933:
6930:IMF Data Mapper
6922:
6918:
6908:
6906:
6903:IMF Data Mapper
6895:
6891:
6881:
6879:
6871:
6870:
6866:
6856:
6854:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6831:
6829:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6802:
6800:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6777:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6609:Zimbabwe Dollar
6594:
6592:
6559:
6557:
6539:Namibian Dollar
6524:
6522:
6489:
6487:
6454:
6452:
6419:
6417:
6383:
6381:
6348:
6346:
6313:
6311:
6278:
6276:
6232:Botswana (0.43)
6199:stock exchanges
6184:Bourse de Tunis
6176:
6174:Stock exchanges
6163:currency unions
6111:
6101:
6042:African Century
6037:diversification
6009:
5940:
5934:
5899:
5843:
5833:
5765:
5759:
5750:
5714:
5712:
5679:
5677:
5644:
5642:
5609:
5607:
5574:
5572:
5539:
5537:
5504:
5502:
5471:
5469:
5436:
5434:
5400:
5398:
5365:
5363:
5330:
5328:
5295:
5293:
5260:
5258:
5225:
5223:
5185:
5183:
5150:
5148:
5115:
5113:
5080:
5078:
5045:
5043:
5010:
5008:
4974:
4972:
4939:
4937:
4904:
4902:
4869:
4867:
4834:
4832:
4799:
4797:
4764:
4762:
4729:
4727:
4694:
4692:
4659:
4657:
4624:
4622:
4589:
4587:
4554:
4552:
4519:
4517:
4484:
4482:
4449:
4447:
4414:
4412:
4379:
4377:
4344:
4342:
4309:
4307:
4274:
4272:
4239:
4237:
4204:
4202:
4169:
4167:
4134:
4132:
4099:
4097:
4064:
4062:
4029:
4027:
3994:
3992:
3959:
3957:
3924:
3922:
3889:
3887:
3854:
3852:
3819:
3817:
3784:
3782:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3748:
3736:
3734:African nations
3664:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3589:
3466:5 November 1993
3340:4 February 1998
3174:18 October 1983
3031:
3026:
3016:
3015:
2989:
2986:
2975:Polisario Front
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2752:
2736:
2731:
2504:
2488:
2483:
2482:Pillar regional
2404:free trade area
2396:
2336:
2328:one-party state
2229:
2073:Central America
1969:North Macedonia
1418:Anti-corruption
1354:Electoral fraud
1319:
1256:
1208:
1161:some including
1096:
1090:
1066:development aid
1034:economic growth
1011:
984:Endemic warfare
976:
971:
970:
960:
952:
944:venture capital
940:
887:Kampala, Uganda
879:
843:
572:
566:
563:
560:
551:
547:
540:
469:
409:
399:
359:Southern Africa
341:were living in
331:human resources
307:
231:
207:
204:Government debt
203:
196:Public finances
188:
175:
161:
157:6th (PPP; 2023)
145:
138:
126:
116:
109:
105:4th (PPP; 2023)
88:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14009:
13999:
13998:
13993:
13976:
13975:
13973:
13972:
13967:
13960:
13959:
13952:
13944:
13943:
13940:
13939:
13937:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13871:
13866:
13861:
13855:
13853:
13847:
13846:
13843:
13842:
13840:
13839:
13834:
13833:
13832:
13827:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13802:
13797:
13796:
13795:
13784:
13782:
13776:
13775:
13772:
13771:
13769:
13768:
13766:Tour d'Afrique
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13722:
13720:
13714:
13713:
13711:
13710:
13705:
13700:
13695:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13659:
13653:
13647:
13646:
13644:
13643:
13638:
13633:
13628:
13623:
13621:Climate change
13618:
13613:
13608:
13602:
13596:
13592:
13591:
13588:
13587:
13585:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13557:Infrastructure
13554:
13549:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13523:
13517:
13511:
13510:
13507:
13506:
13504:
13503:
13498:
13497:
13496:
13486:
13484:Pan-Africanism
13481:
13476:
13471:
13470:
13469:
13468:
13467:
13460:Women's rights
13457:
13452:
13447:
13437:
13435:Heads of state
13432:
13427:
13422:
13417:
13411:
13405:
13399:
13398:
13395:
13394:
13392:
13391:
13386:
13385:
13384:
13379:
13374:
13369:
13364:
13354:
13349:
13344:
13342:Impact craters
13339:
13337:Highest points
13334:
13328:
13322:
13316:
13315:
13312:
13311:
13309:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13282:
13280:
13276:
13275:
13273:
13272:
13267:
13266:
13265:
13255:
13253:Historiography
13250:
13245:
13239:
13237:
13233:
13232:
13230:
13229:
13227:Decolonisation
13224:
13219:
13218:
13217:
13212:
13207:
13202:
13192:
13187:
13182:
13177:
13172:
13167:
13166:
13165:
13160:
13150:
13145:
13144:
13143:
13132:
13130:
13123:
13117:
13116:
13105:
13104:
13097:
13090:
13082:
13073:
13072:
13069:
13068:
13051:
13038:
13029:
13015:Canary Islands
13011:
13010:
13008:
13003:
13000:
12999:
12997:
12996:
12991:
12985:
12983:
12978:
12975:
12974:
12972:
12971:
12966:
12961:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12876:
12871:
12866:
12861:
12856:
12851:
12846:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12700:
12698:
12694:
12693:
12686:
12685:
12678:
12671:
12663:
12654:
12653:
12650:
12649:
12647:Western Sahara
12644:
12627:
12614:
12605:
12591:Canary Islands
12587:
12586:
12584:
12579:
12576:
12575:
12573:
12572:
12567:
12561:
12559:
12554:
12551:
12550:
12548:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12497:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12392:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12372:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12352:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12276:
12274:
12270:
12269:
12262:
12261:
12254:
12247:
12239:
12233:
12232:
12223:
12220:Democracy Now!
12212:
12206:
12201:
12191:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12145:
12133:Monthly Review
12118:
12105:
12096:
12091:
12053:
12039:
12032:
12020:
12007:
12006:
12003:
12002:
11957:external links
11952:
11950:
11943:
11937:
11936:External links
11934:
11932:
11931:
11916:
11901:
11884:
11867:
11857:
11840:
11814:(1): 123–148.
11803:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11763:
11748:
11723:
11693:
11668:
11653:
11638:
11615:
11601:
11587:
11561:
11536:
11511:
11475:
11457:Kazeem, Yomi.
11449:
11419:
11394:
11352:
11328:
11300:
11278:
11264:
11249:
11238:. 8 March 2011
11236:The China Post
11223:
11192:
11169:
11143:
11117:
11095:
11065:
11039:
11013:
10987:
10960:
10933:
10906:
10875:
10844:
10814:
10783:
10757:
10731:
10706:
10676:
10650:
10624:
10606:
10580:
10550:
10524:
10510:
10485:
10470:
10445:
10430:
10411:(2): 156–208.
10395:
10377:
10349:
10323:
10300:
10267:
10241:
10215:
10189:
10171:
10157:
10128:
10098:
10072:
10047:
10017:
9985:
9960:
9941:
9926:
9919:
9893:
9884:|website=
9859:
9832:
9827:Monthly Review
9820:Fred Magdoff,
9802:
9797:Monthly Review
9772:
9761:
9747:
9721:
9692:
9664:
9645:
9615:
9591:
9574:
9542:
9510:
9478:
9438:
9416:
9391:
9376:
9353:
9338:
9323:
9297:
9279:
9257:
9238:
9213:
9196:
9170:
9150:
9125:
9122:on 8 May 2019.
9103:
9077:
9044:
9011:
8990:
8965:
8953:
8936:
8927:
8918:
8904:
8884:
8856:
8838:
8834:Niall Ferguson
8826:
8814:
8802:
8800:, 28 May 2012.
8783:
8772:. 28 June 2017
8757:
8711:
8685:
8674:(5): 745–780.
8658:
8624:
8565:
8539:
8513:
8500:Africa Renewal
8487:
8474:public.wmo.int
8461:
8454:
8434:
8422:
8413:
8387:
8361:
8332:
8305:
8273:
8256:
8199:
8173:
8147:
8140:
8115:
8094:
8073:
8048:
8030:
8005:
7975:
7950:
7926:
7901:
7876:
7851:
7826:
7819:
7792:
7770:
7745:
7721:
7701:
7675:
7649:
7642:
7619:
7608:. 13 June 2007
7597:
7575:
7561:
7535:
7509:
7484:
7459:
7439:
7406:
7385:
7355:
7346:|journal=
7323:
7298:
7280:
7245:
7218:
7184:
7159:
7133:
7110:
7084:
7065:
7048:
7021:
6997:
6970:
6943:
6916:
6889:
6864:
6839:
6810:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6638:
6622:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6589:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6554:
6552:Victoria Falls
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6534:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6484:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:Zambian Kwacha
6467:
6464:
6449:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6414:
6409:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6378:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6308:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:Angolan Kwanza
6291:
6288:
6273:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6221:
6220:Tunisia (0.88)
6218:
6215:
6212:
6211:Morocco (5.18)
6209:
6206:
6175:
6172:
6100:
6097:
6081:Dangote Cement
6032:United Nations
6008:
6005:
5973:phosphate rock
5936:Main article:
5933:
5930:
5906:Lagos, Nigeria
5898:
5897:Infrastructure
5895:
5893:commercially.
5832:
5829:
5786:overproduction
5782:import tariffs
5758:
5755:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5430:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5219:
5218:
5212:
5207:
5201:
5196:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3771:2010–2019 (%)
3764:Average annual
3762:
3755:GDP per capita
3752:
3750:(billion US$ )
3742:
3735:
3732:
3663:
3660:
3651:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3467:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3229:
3228:17 August 1992
3226:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3030:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2988:
2987:
2967:Western Sahara
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2733:
2730:Other regional
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2438:leading to an
2395:
2392:
2335:
2332:
2261:capital flight
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2039:United Kingdom
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:Czech Republic
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1295:European Union
1287:import tariffs
1283:farm subsidies
1255:
1252:
1236:mother tongues
1207:
1204:
1141:Niall Ferguson
1092:Main article:
1089:
1086:
1010:
1009:Infrastructure
1007:
994:and increased
975:
972:
961:
953:
951:
950:Climate change
948:
939:
936:
878:
875:
842:
839:
817:, and provide
595:United Nations
574:
573:
554:
552:
545:
539:
536:
468:
465:
449:Ottoman Empire
398:
395:
377:and the later
355:Central Africa
309:
308:
306:
305:
298:
291:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
244:
243:
233:
232:
223:
212:
211:
208:
201:
198:
197:
193:
192:
191:352,000 (2022)
189:
183:
180:
179:
176:
166:
163:
162:
160:
159:
154:
148:
146:
143:
140:
139:
137:
136:
133:
129:
127:
125:GDP per capita
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
108:
107:
102:
96:
94:
90:
89:
87:
86:
79:
71:
69:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
50:
49:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14008:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13988:
13986:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13962:
13957:
13953:
13950:
13946:
13945:
13941:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13856:
13854:
13852:
13848:
13838:
13835:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13822:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13805:Ethnic groups
13803:
13801:
13798:
13794:
13791:
13790:
13789:
13786:
13785:
13783:
13781:
13777:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13731:African Games
13729:
13727:
13724:
13723:
13721:
13719:
13715:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13696:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13679:
13676:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13660:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13648:
13642:
13639:
13637:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13616:Caste systems
13614:
13612:
13611:Birth control
13609:
13607:
13604:
13603:
13600:
13597:
13593:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13527:Central banks
13525:
13524:
13521:
13518:
13516:
13512:
13502:
13499:
13495:
13492:
13491:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13475:
13472:
13466:
13463:
13462:
13461:
13458:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13442:
13441:
13438:
13436:
13433:
13431:
13428:
13426:
13423:
13421:
13418:
13416:
13415:African Union
13413:
13412:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13400:
13390:
13387:
13383:
13380:
13378:
13375:
13373:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13363:
13360:
13359:
13358:
13355:
13353:
13350:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13338:
13335:
13333:
13330:
13329:
13326:
13323:
13321:
13317:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13283:
13281:
13277:
13271:
13268:
13264:
13261:
13260:
13259:
13256:
13254:
13251:
13249:
13246:
13244:
13241:
13240:
13238:
13234:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13216:
13215:Trans-Saharan
13213:
13211:
13208:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13197:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13178:
13176:
13173:
13171:
13168:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13155:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13142:
13139:
13138:
13137:
13134:
13133:
13131:
13127:
13124:
13122:
13118:
13114:
13110:
13103:
13098:
13096:
13091:
13089:
13084:
13083:
13080:
13063:
13059:
13055:
13052:
13046:
13042:
13039:
13033:
13030:
13024:
13020:
13016:
13013:
13012:
13009:
13001:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12986:
12984:
12976:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12847:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12819:Guinea-Bissau
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12701:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12684:
12679:
12677:
12672:
12670:
12665:
12664:
12661:
12648:
12645:
12639:
12635:
12631:
12628:
12622:
12618:
12615:
12609:
12606:
12600:
12596:
12592:
12589:
12588:
12585:
12577:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12562:
12560:
12552:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12395:Guinea-Bissau
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12271:
12267:
12260:
12255:
12253:
12248:
12246:
12241:
12240:
12237:
12231:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12221:
12216:
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12210:
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12199:
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12190:
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12188:The Economist
12184:
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12149:
12146:
12143:
12139:
12135:
12134:
12129:
12125:
12122:
12119:
12116:
12112:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12086:
12081:
12077:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12065:
12061:
12057:
12042:
11999:
11996:
11988:
11985:December 2021
11978:
11974:
11973:inappropriate
11970:
11966:
11960:
11958:
11951:
11942:
11941:
11929:
11928:0-521-58451-5
11925:
11921:
11917:
11914:
11913:0-88258-096-5
11910:
11906:
11902:
11899:
11895:
11892:(OECD, 2007,
11891:
11890:
11885:
11882:
11881:1-55587-718-4
11878:
11874:
11873:
11868:
11866:
11862:
11858:
11855:
11854:0-415-18323-5
11851:
11847:
11846:
11841:
11837:
11833:
11829:
11825:
11821:
11817:
11813:
11809:
11804:
11801:
11800:0-394-32277-0
11797:
11793:
11792:0-09-132851-9
11789:
11785:
11784:0-415-25247-4
11781:
11777:
11773:
11772:
11759:
11752:
11737:
11733:
11727:
11711:
11707:
11703:
11697:
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11626:
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11575:
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11460:
11453:
11437:
11433:
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11227:
11211:
11207:
11203:
11196:
11185:
11184:
11176:
11174:
11157:
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11147:
11131:
11127:
11121:
11105:
11099:
11083:
11079:
11075:
11069:
11054:
11050:
11043:
11027:
11023:
11017:
11002:
10998:
10991:
10975:
10971:
10964:
10948:
10944:
10937:
10921:
10917:
10910:
10894:
10890:
10886:
10879:
10863:
10859:
10855:
10848:
10832:
10828:
10824:
10818:
10802:
10798:
10794:
10787:
10771:
10767:
10761:
10745:
10741:
10735:
10720:
10716:
10710:
10694:
10690:
10689:ae-africa.com
10686:
10680:
10664:
10660:
10654:
10638:
10634:
10628:
10620:
10616:
10610:
10595:
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10554:
10538:
10534:
10528:
10520:
10514:
10499:
10495:
10489:
10481:
10474:
10459:
10455:
10449:
10441:
10434:
10426:
10422:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10399:
10391:
10384:
10382:
10365:
10364:
10359:
10353:
10337:
10333:
10327:
10319:
10315:
10311:
10304:
10289:
10288:
10283:
10276:
10274:
10272:
10256:
10252:
10245:
10230:
10226:
10219:
10203:
10199:
10193:
10185:
10181:
10175:
10167:
10161:
10145:
10144:
10143:Premium Times
10139:
10132:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10107:"Redirecting"
10102:
10087:
10083:
10076:
10061:
10057:
10051:
10035:
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10027:
10021:
10002:
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9809:
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9725:
9706:
9699:
9697:
9681:
9677:
9671:
9669:
9661:
9657:
9654:
9649:
9634:
9630:
9624:
9622:
9620:
9604:
9598:
9596:
9588:
9584:
9581:Based on the
9578:
9559:
9552:
9546:
9527:
9520:
9514:
9495:
9488:
9482:
9474:
9468:
9453:
9449:
9442:
9426:
9420:
9404:
9398:
9396:
9387:
9380:
9364:
9357:
9349:
9342:
9334:
9327:
9312:. 1 July 2006
9311:
9307:
9301:
9293:
9289:
9283:
9268:
9261:
9253:
9249:
9242:
9227:
9223:
9217:
9210:
9209:1-86011-216-1
9206:
9200:
9184:
9180:
9174:
9166:
9165:
9160:
9154:
9146:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9129:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9107:
9092:
9091:New Statesman
9088:
9081:
9062:
9055:
9048:
9029:
9022:
9015:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8994:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8963:
8960:David Eltis,
8957:
8950:
8946:
8940:
8931:
8922:
8907:
8905:1-57230-591-6
8901:
8897:
8896:
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8877:
8873:
8869:
8867:
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8854:
8850:
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8835:
8830:
8824:
8818:
8812:
8806:
8799:
8798:
8793:
8787:
8771:
8767:
8761:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8744:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8722:
8720:
8718:
8716:
8707:
8703:
8696:
8689:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8662:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8631:
8629:
8620:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8569:
8554:
8550:
8543:
8527:
8523:
8517:
8501:
8497:
8491:
8475:
8471:
8465:
8457:
8451:
8447:
8446:
8438:
8429:
8427:
8417:
8401:
8397:
8391:
8376:
8372:
8365:
8350:
8346:
8339:
8337:
8320:
8316:
8309:
8290:
8283:
8277:
8266:
8260:
8252:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8203:
8187:
8183:
8177:
8162:
8158:
8151:
8143:
8137:
8133:
8132:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8104:
8098:
8090:
8083:
8077:
8062:
8058:
8052:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8019:
8015:
8009:
7994:
7990:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7964:
7960:
7954:
7943:
7936:
7930:
7915:
7911:
7905:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7865:
7861:
7855:
7840:
7836:
7830:
7822:
7816:
7812:
7811:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7780:
7774:
7759:
7755:
7749:
7741:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7725:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7705:
7689:
7685:
7679:
7664:
7660:
7653:
7645:
7639:
7635:
7634:
7626:
7624:
7607:
7601:
7585:
7579:
7564:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7542:
7540:
7523:
7519:
7513:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7473:
7469:
7463:
7455:
7454:
7449:
7443:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7419:The Economist
7416:
7410:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7359:
7351:
7338:
7327:
7312:
7308:
7302:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7276:
7263:
7255:
7249:
7233:
7232:The Economist
7229:
7222:
7207:
7203:
7199:
7195:
7188:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7147:
7143:
7137:
7129:
7128:The Economist
7125:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7099:
7095:
7088:
7080:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7058:
7052:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7017:
7016:Credit Suisse
7010:
7009:
7001:
6985:
6981:
6974:
6958:
6954:
6947:
6931:
6927:
6920:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6878:
6874:
6868:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6827:
6820:
6814:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6784:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6693:Land grabbing
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6639:
6636:
6635:Africa portal
6625:
6618:
6611:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6504:Malawi Kwacha
6503:
6500:
6497:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6328:Botswana Pula
6327:
6324:
6321:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6260:Value in USD
6259:
6256:
6254:Year Founded
6253:
6250:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6180:
6171:
6168:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6143:Western Union
6138:
6136:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6055:
6049:
6045:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6029:
6028:African Union
6022:
6018:
6013:
6007:Manufacturing
6004:
6001:
6000:African Union
5997:
5992:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5952:
5944:
5939:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5903:
5894:
5892:
5891:nuclear power
5888:
5882:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5866:hydroelectric
5860:
5856:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5828:
5826:
5825:Tick vaccines
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5804:
5799:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5775:region farmer
5774:
5769:
5764:
5754:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5722:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5687:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5652:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5617:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5582:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5547:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5512:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5479:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5444:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5408:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5373:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5338:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5303:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5233:
5221:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5158:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5123:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5088:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5053:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5018:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4982:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4947:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4877:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4842:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4807:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4737:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4702:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4667:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4632:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4596:Guinea-Bissau
4585:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4527:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4457:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4422:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4387:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4317:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4002:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3727:
3719:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3698:Countries by
3696:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3659:
3610: 100–200
3604: >200
3598:
3593:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:(Swaziland),
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3384:Guinea-Bissau
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:(Swaziland),
3241:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:Guinea-Bissau
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:Kwame Nkrumah
3025:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2841:
2837:
2818:
2814:
2795:
2791:
2772:
2768:
2756:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2657:
2653:
2635:
2631:
2613:
2609:
2590:
2586:
2568:
2564:
2546:
2545:ECOWAS/CEDEAO
2542:
2524:
2520:
2508:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:single market
2409:
2408:customs union
2405:
2401:
2400:African Union
2391:
2389:
2384:
2383:globalization
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:Robert Mugabe
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:economic rent
2246:
2242:
2238:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:South America
2113:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2065:United States
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:North America
2046:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
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1779:
1776:
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1766:
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1736:
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1729:
1726:
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1721:
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1716:
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1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
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1679:
1676:
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1669:
1666:
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1634:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
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1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:Guinea-Bissau
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:State capture
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:Elite capture
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:protectionism
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:North America
1264:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1165:as a form of
1164:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:Jared Diamond
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1114:Walter Rodney
1107:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1006:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
968:
966:
958:
947:
945:
935:
932:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
894:
888:
883:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
834:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
758:
750:
742:
738:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
589:
585:
580:
570:
558:
553:
544:
543:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
473:
464:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:Ancient Egypt
417:
413:
408:
404:
394:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
304:
299:
297:
292:
290:
285:
284:
282:
281:
276:
273:
271:
270:South America
268:
266:
265:North America
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
246:
245:
242:
241:World economy
239:
238:
230:
228:
222:
218:
213:
209:
206:
199:
194:
190:
186:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
147:
141:
134:
131:
130:
128:
122:
118:
112:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
95:
91:
84:
80:
77:
73:
72:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
13820:Urbanization
13780:Demographics
13756:Rugby Africa
13663:Architecture
13547:Billionaires
13514:
13440:Human rights
13210:Indian Ocean
13141:North Africa
13054:Saint Helena
13025:
12929:South Africa
12919:Sierra Leone
12724:Burkina Faso
12630:Saint Helena
12601:
12505:South Africa
12495:Sierra Leone
12300:Burkina Faso
12265:
12218:
12186:
12131:
12102:
12073:
11991:
11982:
11967:by removing
11954:
11919:
11904:
11887:
11870:
11843:
11811:
11807:
11775:
11774:Fage, J. D.
11757:
11751:
11741:12 September
11739:. Retrieved
11735:
11726:
11716:12 September
11714:. Retrieved
11710:the original
11705:
11696:
11686:12 September
11684:. Retrieved
11680:
11671:
11662:
11656:
11647:
11641:
11629:. Retrieved
11618:
11604:
11590:
11578:. Retrieved
11574:the original
11564:
11552:. Retrieved
11548:
11539:
11527:. Retrieved
11523:
11514:
11502:. Retrieved
11495:the original
11490:
11478:
11466:. Retrieved
11462:
11452:
11442:12 September
11440:. Retrieved
11436:the original
11431:
11422:
11412:12 September
11410:. Retrieved
11406:
11397:
11373:12 September
11371:. Retrieved
11364:
11355:
11347:the original
11340:
11331:
11321:12 September
11319:. Retrieved
11312:
11303:
11293:12 September
11291:. Retrieved
11281:
11267:
11252:
11240:. Retrieved
11235:
11226:
11214:. Retrieved
11210:the original
11205:
11195:
11182:
11160:. Retrieved
11156:the original
11146:
11134:. Retrieved
11130:the original
11120:
11108:. Retrieved
11098:
11086:. Retrieved
11082:the original
11077:
11068:
11056:. Retrieved
11053:Business Day
11052:
11042:
11030:. Retrieved
11025:
11016:
11004:. Retrieved
11001:Sunday Trust
11000:
10990:
10978:. Retrieved
10974:Trade Invest
10973:
10963:
10951:. Retrieved
10946:
10936:
10924:. Retrieved
10919:
10909:
10897:. Retrieved
10893:the original
10888:
10878:
10866:. Retrieved
10862:the original
10857:
10847:
10835:. Retrieved
10831:the original
10826:
10817:
10805:. Retrieved
10801:the original
10796:
10786:
10774:. Retrieved
10769:
10760:
10748:. Retrieved
10743:
10734:
10722:. Retrieved
10718:
10709:
10699:12 September
10697:. Retrieved
10693:the original
10688:
10679:
10667:. Retrieved
10663:the original
10653:
10641:. Retrieved
10637:the original
10627:
10618:
10609:
10599:12 September
10597:. Retrieved
10593:
10583:
10573:12 September
10571:. Retrieved
10567:the original
10562:
10553:
10543:12 September
10541:. Retrieved
10537:the original
10527:
10513:
10501:. Retrieved
10497:
10488:
10473:
10461:. Retrieved
10457:
10448:
10439:
10433:
10408:
10404:
10398:
10389:
10368:. Retrieved
10361:
10352:
10340:. Retrieved
10336:the original
10326:
10312:(8): 12–13.
10309:
10303:
10291:. Retrieved
10285:
10260:12 September
10258:. Retrieved
10254:
10244:
10234:12 September
10232:. Retrieved
10228:
10223:SciDev.Net.
10218:
10206:. Retrieved
10202:the original
10192:
10183:
10174:
10160:
10148:. Retrieved
10141:
10131:
10121:12 September
10119:. Retrieved
10115:the original
10110:
10101:
10091:12 September
10089:. Retrieved
10085:
10075:
10065:12 September
10063:. Retrieved
10059:
10050:
10040:12 September
10038:. Retrieved
10034:the original
10030:www.ncpa.org
10029:
10020:
10008:. Retrieved
10001:the original
9988:
9976:. Retrieved
9963:
9944:
9935:
9929:
9904:
9896:
9864:. Retrieved
9841:
9835:
9825:
9795:
9764:
9750:
9738:. Retrieved
9724:
9712:. Retrieved
9683:. Retrieved
9648:
9636:. Retrieved
9606:. Retrieved
9577:
9565:. Retrieved
9558:the original
9545:
9533:. Retrieved
9526:the original
9513:
9501:. Retrieved
9494:the original
9481:
9455:. Retrieved
9451:
9441:
9429:. Retrieved
9419:
9407:. Retrieved
9385:
9379:
9367:. Retrieved
9356:
9347:
9341:
9332:
9326:
9314:. Retrieved
9309:
9300:
9291:
9282:
9270:. Retrieved
9260:
9251:
9241:
9229:. Retrieved
9225:
9216:
9199:
9187:. Retrieved
9183:the original
9173:
9162:
9153:
9145:the original
9138:
9128:
9120:the original
9115:
9106:
9094:. Retrieved
9090:
9080:
9068:. Retrieved
9061:the original
9047:
9035:. Retrieved
9028:the original
9014:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8993:
8983:12 September
8981:. Retrieved
8977:
8968:
8961:
8956:
8944:
8939:
8930:
8921:
8909:. Retrieved
8894:
8887:
8879:
8864:
8859:
8841:
8829:
8822:
8817:
8810:
8805:
8797:The Guardian
8795:
8786:
8774:. Retrieved
8770:the Guardian
8769:
8760:
8705:
8701:
8688:
8671:
8667:
8661:
8636:
8582:
8578:
8568:
8556:. Retrieved
8552:
8542:
8530:. Retrieved
8525:
8516:
8504:. Retrieved
8499:
8490:
8478:. Retrieved
8473:
8464:
8444:
8437:
8416:
8404:. Retrieved
8400:the original
8390:
8378:. Retrieved
8374:
8364:
8352:. Retrieved
8348:
8323:. Retrieved
8318:
8308:
8296:. Retrieved
8289:the original
8276:
8259:
8216:
8212:
8202:
8190:. Retrieved
8185:
8176:
8164:. Retrieved
8160:
8150:
8130:
8106:. Retrieved
8097:
8088:
8076:
8064:. Retrieved
8060:
8051:
8042:
8033:
8021:. Retrieved
8017:
8008:
7996:. Retrieved
7992:
7966:. Retrieved
7962:
7953:
7929:
7917:. Retrieved
7913:
7904:
7892:. Retrieved
7888:
7879:
7867:. Retrieved
7863:
7854:
7842:. Retrieved
7838:
7829:
7809:
7783:. Retrieved
7773:
7761:. Retrieved
7757:
7748:
7740:the original
7733:
7724:
7713:
7704:
7692:. Retrieved
7687:
7678:
7666:. Retrieved
7662:
7652:
7632:
7612:12 September
7610:. Retrieved
7600:
7590:12 September
7588:. Retrieved
7578:
7566:. Retrieved
7547:
7526:. Retrieved
7521:
7512:
7500:. Retrieved
7496:
7487:
7475:. Retrieved
7471:
7462:
7451:
7442:
7430:. Retrieved
7418:
7409:
7398:, retrieved
7368:
7358:
7337:cite journal
7326:
7314:. Retrieved
7310:
7301:
7292:
7283:
7271:|title=
7248:
7236:. Retrieved
7231:
7221:
7209:. Retrieved
7198:The Guardian
7197:
7187:
7177:12 September
7175:. Retrieved
7171:
7162:
7152:12 September
7150:. Retrieved
7146:the original
7136:
7127:
7103:12 September
7101:. Retrieved
7097:
7087:
7051:
7039:. Retrieved
7034:
7024:
7007:
7000:
6988:. Retrieved
6983:
6973:
6961:. Retrieved
6956:
6946:
6934:. Retrieved
6929:
6919:
6907:. Retrieved
6902:
6892:
6880:. Retrieved
6876:
6867:
6855:. Retrieved
6851:
6842:
6830:. Retrieved
6813:
6801:. Retrieved
6787:
6616:
6426:South Africa
6412:Johannesburg
6355:South Africa
6217:Kenya (1.33)
6196:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6139:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6093:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6025:
5993:
5989:
5957:
5926:smart phones
5922:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5883:
5863:
5859:South Africa
5807:
5800:
5778:
5751:
5443:South Africa
5372:Sierra Leone
3931:Burkina Faso
3700:total wealth
3677:
3669:
3665:
3656:
3616: 50–100
3432:Sierra Leone
3348:Burkina Faso
3122:Sierra Leone
3074:Burkina Faso
3050:Date created
3040:
3032:
2932:
2779:264,456,910
2764:(per capita)
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2663:406,102,471
2641:394,845,175
2619:218,261,591
2597:106,919,526
2574:294,197,387
2552:349,154,000
2530:343,328,958
2516:(per capita)
2484:blocs (REC)
2468:
2448:
2416:central bank
2397:
2379:
2367:Dambisa Moyo
2360:
2349:
2337:
2288:embezzlement
2273:
2234:
1823:Turkmenistan
1592:South Africa
1582:Sierra Leone
1307:
1276:
1257:
1229:
1169:. Historian
1155:
1149:
1144:
1129:
1124:Frantz Fanon
1117:
1116:in his book
1111:
1103:
1070:
1062:
1046:
1023:
1004:
977:
962:
941:
933:
922:
918:Trade Africa
910:Barack Obama
907:
895:
891:
863:Saudi Arabia
844:
841:Trade growth
807:North Africa
800:
794:Despite the
793:
777:South Africa
766:
755:
732:
705:
698:
674:Burkina Faso
652:at 7.9% and
635:
627:
623:South Africa
592:
564:
556:
492:South Africa
486:As of 2018,
485:
474:
470:
461:
457:Indian Ocean
423:for example
421:
383:
363:
343:53 countries
314:
312:
249:
224:
185:Millionaires
61:1.39 billion
29:
13830:urban areas
13751:FIBA Africa
13450:LGBT rights
13148:Archaeology
12981:recognition
12934:South Sudan
12824:Ivory Coast
12557:recognition
12510:South Sudan
12400:Ivory Coast
12068:‹ The
11736:www.cia.gov
11706:www.cia.gov
11681:www.cia.gov
11407:ipsnews.net
11216:1 September
10392:(8): 20–21.
10060:ipsnews.net
10010:25 February
9978:25 February
9866:13 December
9736:(in French)
9710:(in French)
9388:(8): 64–65.
9294:. May 2003.
9226:www.imf.org
8790:Nick Mead,
8354:26 February
8066:18 November
8023:20 December
7758:www.imf.org
7694:18 November
7668:18 November
7238:15 December
6235:Ghana (.38)
6141:duopoly of
6035:as well as
5981:vermiculite
5815:. Although
5773:Mount Kenya
5757:Agriculture
5478:South Sudan
4631:Ivory Coast
3760:(US$ , PPP)
3648: <1
3630: 10–20
3622: 20–50
3388:Ivory Coast
3326:South Sudan
3098:Ivory Coast
3066:28 May 1975
2990:This box:
2917:71,374,000
2871:84,185,073
2848:80,865,222
2825:34,970,529
2802:51,055,878
2742:Population
2709:853,520,010
2660:12,873,957
2612:ECCAS/CEEAC
2494:Population
2375:foreign aid
2340:Amartya Sen
2334:Foreign aid
2318:during the
2300:land reform
2265:sub-Saharan
2237:Afghanistan
2188:New Zealand
2091:El Salvador
2081:Costa Rica
2029:Switzerland
1964:Netherlands
1793:South Korea
1783:Philippines
1773:North Korea
1643:Afghanistan
1597:South Sudan
1374:Mafia state
1369:Kleptocracy
1196:slave trade
1182:, Songhay,
1088:Colonialism
1054:electricity
803:East Africa
416:Old Kingdom
351:East Africa
347:West Africa
327:agriculture
85:; 2023 est)
78:; 2023 est)
13985:Categories
13800:Emigration
13703:Philosophy
13683:Literature
13129:Chronology
13036:(Portugal)
12994:Somaliland
12914:Seychelles
12879:Mozambique
12864:Mauritania
12849:Madagascar
12804:The Gambia
12739:Cape Verde
12612:(Portugal)
12570:Somaliland
12490:Seychelles
12455:Mozambique
12440:Mauritania
12425:Madagascar
12380:The Gambia
12315:Cape Verde
12138:Samir Amin
12056:Audio help
12047:2009-11-27
11554:31 October
11529:31 October
11524:www.un.org
11314:Worldfocus
10949:. Vanguard
10229:SciDev.Net
9740:2 November
9714:2 November
9685:2 November
9638:2 November
9608:6 December
9587:World Bank
9427:. Oecd.org
8978:Ethnologue
8947:. London:
8752:. London:
8639:(Thesis).
8219:: 102012.
8192:13 October
8166:13 October
8108:13 October
8061:World Bank
7998:6 December
7968:6 December
7919:6 December
7894:13 October
7869:13 October
7844:7 December
7497:World Bank
7493:"Overview"
7172:World Bank
7079:"Overview"
7041:5 November
6990:5 November
6963:5 November
6936:5 November
6909:5 November
6882:5 November
6857:5 November
6103:See also:
5817:acaricides
5761:See also:
5337:Seychelles
5206:(nominal)
5052:Mozambique
4911:Mauritania
4806:Madagascar
4036:Cape Verde
3636: 5–10
3572:Mauritania
3530:Seychelles
3506:Madagascar
3412:Mauritania
3272:Seychelles
3260:Mozambique
3248:Madagascar
3078:Cape Verde
2914:2,780,159
2894:1,662,596
2891:5,876,960
2868:5,782,140
2845:3,505,375
2822:3,020,142
2799:2,693,418
2782:1,551,516
2776:1,602,991
2759:(millions)
2745:GDP (PPP)
2704:29,910,442
2683:14,680,111
2638:9,882,959
2616:6,667,421
2600:1,299,173
2594:6,046,441
2571:5,233,604
2555:1,322,452
2549:5,112,903
2527:5,449,717
2511:(millions)
2497:GDP (PPP)
2298:, and the
2286:, and the
2280:corruption
1959:Montenegro
1949:Luxembourg
1828:Uzbekistan
1808:Tajikistan
1748:Kazakhstan
1743:Kyrgyzstan
1693:East Timor
1663:Bangladesh
1653:Azerbaijan
1389:Slush fund
1317:Governance
1301:, and the
1248:Portuguese
1200:J. D. Fage
1154:argues in
996:corruption
869:, and the
823:bankruptcy
811:innovation
716:World Bank
662:Mozambique
650:Mozambique
644:at 17.6%,
638:Mauritania
607:World Bank
528:emigration
441:Oyo Empire
366:World Bank
227:US dollars
115:GDP growth
58:Population
53:Statistics
13636:Languages
13626:Etiquette
13552:Education
13425:Democracy
13420:Elections
13320:Geography
13279:By region
13263:conflicts
13136:Antiquity
12869:Mauritius
12445:Mauritius
12228:from the
12140:offers a
11969:excessive
11836:154839545
11760:(8): 130.
11758:Africa 24
11665:(8): 128.
11663:Africa 24
11650:(8): 127.
11648:Africa 24
11631:17 August
11549:Brookings
11504:17 August
11468:17 August
11366:Asia Time
11342:Xinhuanet
10498:nai.uu.se
10458:nai.uu.se
10440:Africa 24
10425:199535355
10390:Africa 24
10318:2114-2610
10146:. Nigeria
9886:ignored (
9876:cite book
9386:Africa 24
9348:Africa 24
9333:Africa 24
9189:6 October
9096:28 August
9070:1 October
9037:1 October
8653:305225106
8233:1544-6123
7763:7 January
7432:17 August
7427:0013-0613
7395:159395862
7316:17 August
7206:0261-3077
6780:Citations
6341:Cape Town
6257:Currency
6167:CFA franc
6147:MoneyGram
6026:Both the
5985:zirconium
5855:Cape Town
5813:livestock
5195:(France)
4984:(France)
4946:Mauritius
3642: 1–5
3514:Mauritius
3256:Mauritius
2714:2,053,706
2363:aid model
2292:Socialist
2183:Australia
2167:Venezuela
2122:Argentina
2106:Nicaragua
1944:Lithuania
1798:Sri Lanka
1788:Singapore
1708:Indonesia
1552:Mauritius
1285:and high
1271:East Asia
1186:, Great
1000:despotism
855:Indonesia
813:, export
801:In 2023,
789:dividends
773:liquidity
648:at 9.6%,
599:East Asia
588:Dire Dawa
567:June 2024
335:continent
168:Inflation
13965:Category
13810:HIV/AIDS
13641:Religion
13606:Abortion
13562:Internet
13489:Politics
13465:feminism
13403:Politics
13258:Military
13236:By topic
13200:Atlantic
13163:Sahelian
13113:articles
13060: /
13056: /
13049:(France)
13043: /
13021: /
13017: /
12969:Zimbabwe
12944:Tanzania
12794:Ethiopia
12789:Eswatini
12769:Djibouti
12734:Cameroon
12719:Botswana
12636: /
12632: /
12625:(France)
12619: /
12597: /
12593: /
12545:Zimbabwe
12520:Tanzania
12370:Ethiopia
12365:Eswatini
12345:Djibouti
12310:Cameroon
12295:Botswana
12124:Archived
12111:Archived
12070:template
12058: ·
11580:17 March
11383:cite web
11162:14 March
11136:14 March
11110:14 March
11088:23 April
11058:23 April
11032:23 April
11006:23 April
10980:23 April
10953:14 March
10926:14 March
10920:Vanguard
10899:14 March
10868:14 March
10858:This Day
10837:23 April
10807:23 April
10776:23 April
10750:23 April
10724:14 March
10669:17 March
10643:17 March
10442:(8): 24.
10208:17 March
10150:14 March
9952:Archived
9845:. 2023.
9676:Eurostat
9656:Archived
9589:is used.
9467:cite web
9350:(8): 62.
9335:(8): 60.
9310:BBC News
8911:5 August
8849:Archived
8746:Archived
8649:ProQuest
8645:61140381
8619:17942700
8396:"AfCFTA"
8251:34803532
7942:Archived
7715:BBC News
7262:cite web
6621:See also
6601:Zimbabwe
6566:Zimbabwe
6517:Windhoek
6482:Blantyre
6408:Limited
6390:Eswatini
6320:Botswana
6306:Gaborone
6251:Country
6030:and the
6017:Doukkala
5721:Zimbabwe
5546:Tanzania
4421:Ethiopia
4246:Djibouti
4176:DR Congo
4001:Cameroon
3896:Botswana
3775:HDI 2019
3767:real GDP
3741:Country
3542:Zimbabwe
3494:Ethiopia
3490:Eswatini
3478:Djibouti
3360:Djibouti
3306:Ethiopia
3302:Djibouti
3284:Zimbabwe
3276:Tanzania
3240:Eswatini
3236:Botswana
3186:Cameroon
3160:Tanzania
2920:179,347
2874:491,276
2851:101,640
2805:541,433
2666:735,599
2644:737,392
2622:175,928
2577:225,049
2533:737,420
2371:Dead Aid
2324:Tanzania
2308:Zimbabwe
2284:nepotism
2263:from 30
2152:Paraguay
2142:Colombia
2101:Honduras
2014:Slovenia
2009:Slovakia
1989:Portugal
1874:Bulgaria
1813:Thailand
1778:Pakistan
1758:Malaysia
1678:Cambodia
1627:Zimbabwe
1607:Tanzania
1517:Ethiopia
1482:Cameroon
1477:Botswana
1409:Throffer
1379:Nepotism
1344:Cronyism
1188:Zimbabwe
992:Cold War
867:Thailand
859:Malaysia
718:and the
682:Zimbabwe
678:Ethiopia
584:Ethiopia
532:Botswana
522:and the
520:Zimbabwe
516:Botswana
379:Cold War
323:industry
93:GDP rank
13949:Outline
13851:By year
13793:density
13678:Cuisine
13651:Culture
13595:Society
13572:Poverty
13515:Economy
13494:parties
13362:Central
13357:Regions
13347:Islands
13286:Central
13248:Empires
13243:Economy
13205:Barbary
13195:Slavery
13158:Empires
13121:History
13045:Réunion
13041:Mayotte
13032:Madeira
13027:(Spain)
13023:Melilla
12954:Tunisia
12924:Somalia
12909:Senegal
12894:Nigeria
12884:Namibia
12874:Morocco
12839:Liberia
12834:Lesotho
12784:Eritrea
12754:Comoros
12729:Burundi
12704:Algeria
12621:Réunion
12617:Mayotte
12608:Madeira
12603:(Spain)
12599:Melilla
12530:Tunisia
12500:Somalia
12485:Senegal
12470:Nigeria
12460:Namibia
12450:Morocco
12415:Liberia
12410:Lesotho
12360:Eritrea
12330:Comoros
12305:Burundi
12280:Algeria
12200:report.
12142:Marxist
12072:below (
12045: (
12016:minutes
11963:Please
11955:use of
11828:3078599
11242:13 June
11078:Elombah
10797:Elombah
10503:11 June
10463:11 June
10342:2 March
10184:Reuters
9703:CEROM.
9567:2 March
9535:2 March
9503:2 March
9431:13 June
9409:13 June
9369:12 July
9316:10 July
9116:Reuters
8951:, 1972.
8610:2040419
8587:Bibcode
8532:26 July
8506:26 July
8480:26 July
8298:2 March
8242:8596885
8161:Reuters
7785:1 March
7568:2 March
7477:9 April
7472:IMF.org
7211:9 March
6832:17 July
6803:17 July
6531:Namibia
6376:Mbabane
6192:Tunisia
6021:Morocco
5979:(PGM),
5961:bauxite
5879:Eritrea
5616:Tunisia
5428:(2008)
5407:Somalia
5302:Senegal
5217:(2003)
5192:Réunion
5157:Nigeria
5087:Namibia
5017:Morocco
4990:(2018)
4981:Mayotte
4736:Liberia
4701:Lesotho
4351:Eritrea
4141:Comoros
3966:Burundi
3791:Algeria
3769:growth
3757:in 2019
3747:in 2019
3662:Regions
3576:Tunisia
3568:Morocco
3560:Algeria
3502:Liberia
3486:Eritrea
3474:Comoros
3470:Burundi
3456:1, 692
3452:Tunisia
3436:Somalia
3428:Senegal
3420:Nigeria
3408:Morocco
3396:Liberia
3368:Eritrea
3356:Comoros
3318:Somalia
3264:Namibia
3244:Lesotho
3182:Burundi
3144:Burundi
3118:Senegal
3114:Nigeria
3102:Liberia
2983:Melilla
2973:by the
2963:Morocco
2842:
2828:85,136
2819:
2808:10,605
2796:
2773:
2753:states
2680:
2678:CEN-SAD
2603:12,628
2591:
2589:AMU/UMA
2505:states
2296:Marxism
2175:Oceania
2162:Uruguay
2147:Ecuador
2127:Bolivia
2034:Ukraine
1994:Romania
1954:Moldova
1924:Ireland
1919:Iceland
1914:Hungary
1904:Germany
1894:Finland
1889:Denmark
1879:Croatia
1864:Belgium
1859:Austria
1854:Albania
1833:Vietnam
1763:Myanmar
1753:Lebanon
1698:Georgia
1658:Bahrain
1648:Armenia
1612:Tunisia
1587:Somalia
1577:Senegal
1572:Nigeria
1562:Namibia
1557:Morocco
1542:Liberia
1537:Lesotho
1512:Eritrea
1492:Comoros
1339:Bribery
1240:English
694:Burundi
619:Nigeria
557:updated
504:Algeria
488:Nigeria
437:Ashanti
397:History
333:of the
275:Oceania
76:nominal
13970:Portal
13825:cities
13673:Cinema
13631:Health
13389:Rivers
13111:
13109:Africa
13064:
13047:
13034:
12964:Zambia
12959:Uganda
12899:Rwanda
12854:Malawi
12814:Guinea
12709:Angola
12640:
12623:
12610:
12540:Zambia
12535:Uganda
12475:Rwanda
12430:Malawi
12390:Guinea
12285:Angola
12089:Curlie
12075:Curlie
11926:
11911:
11896:
11886:OECD.
11879:
11863:
11852:
11834:
11826:
11798:
11790:
11782:
11463:Quartz
10423:
10370:7 July
10316:
9917:
9857:
9662:, 2005
9653:Source
9457:7 July
9231:27 May
9207:
8902:
8874:
8863:1997:
8776:7 July
8651:
8643:
8617:
8607:
8558:11 May
8452:
8406:27 May
8380:4 July
8375:Quartz
8325:4 July
8249:
8239:
8231:
8138:
7817:
7640:
7559:
7528:7 July
7502:7 July
7425:
7400:7 July
7393:
7383:
7204:
6822:(XSLX)
6598:
6587:Harare
6563:
6528:
6496:Malawi
6493:
6461:Zambia
6458:
6447:Lusaka
6423:
6387:
6352:
6317:
6285:Angola
6282:
6271:Luanda
6076:Nissan
6064:Trucks
5983:, and
5965:cobalt
5831:Energy
5803:Brazil
5741:0.571
5718:
5706:0.584
5686:Zambia
5683:
5671:0.544
5651:Uganda
5648:
5636:0.740
5627:11,125
5613:
5601:0.515
5578:
5566:0.529
5543:
5531:0.510
5508:
5496:0.433
5493:(N/A)
5475:
5463:0.709
5454:12,962
5440:
5422:(N/A)
5418:888.00
5404:
5392:0.452
5369:
5357:0.796
5348:30,430
5334:
5322:0.512
5299:
5287:0.625
5264:
5252:0.543
5232:Rwanda
5229:
5204:25,639
5189:
5177:0.539
5154:
5142:0.394
5119:
5107:0.646
5098:10,279
5084:
5072:0.456
5049:
5037:0.686
5014:
5002:(N/A)
4999:(N/A)
4994:11,815
4978:
4966:0.804
4957:23,819
4943:
4931:0.546
4908:
4896:0.434
4873:
4861:0.483
4841:Malawi
4838:
4826:0.528
4803:
4791:0.724
4782:14,174
4768:
4756:0.480
4733:
4721:0.527
4698:
4686:0.601
4663:
4651:0.538
4628:
4616:0.480
4593:
4581:0.477
4561:Guinea
4558:
4546:0.611
4523:
4511:0.496
4491:Gambia
4488:
4476:0.703
4467:16,273
4453:
4441:0.485
4418:
4406:0.611
4383:
4371:0.459
4348:
4336:0.592
4327:19,291
4313:
4301:0.707
4292:12,391
4278:
4266:0.524
4243:
4231:0.574
4208:
4196:0.480
4173:
4161:0.554
4138:
4126:0.398
4103:
4091:0.397
4068:
4056:0.665
4033:
4021:0.563
3998:
3986:0.433
3963:
3951:0.452
3928:
3916:0.735
3907:17,949
3893:
3881:0.545
3858:
3846:0.581
3826:Angola
3823:
3811:0.748
3802:11,729
3788:
3688:wealth
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3546:1,011
3538:Zambia
3526:Rwanda
3518:Uganda
3510:Malawi
3380:Guinea
3372:Gambia
3314:Uganda
3280:Zambia
3252:Malawi
3232:Angola
3206:Guinea
3178:Angola
3156:Rwanda
3152:Uganda
3094:Guinea
3082:Gambia
2947:
2941:
2900:3,822
2897:6,355
2877:5,836
2854:1,257
2831:2,435
2785:5,867
2751:Member
2747:($ US)
2732:blocs
2697:Total
2669:1,811
2656:COMESA
2647:3,152
2625:1,451
2580:1,197
2558:3,788
2536:2,149
2503:Member
2499:($ US)
2132:Brazil
2060:Mexico
2055:Canada
2024:Sweden
2004:Serbia
1999:Russia
1984:Poland
1979:Norway
1939:Latvia
1934:Kosovo
1909:Greece
1899:France
1846:Europe
1818:Turkey
1738:Kuwait
1733:Jordan
1723:Israel
1688:Cyprus
1673:Brunei
1668:Bhutan
1622:Zambia
1617:Uganda
1547:Malawi
1472:Angola
1464:Africa
1394:Simony
1293:, the
1263:Europe
1244:French
1108:, 1899
1042:Africa
903:Europe
877:Future
688:, the
684:, the
658:Rwanda
654:Malawi
642:Angola
439:, the
329:, and
260:Europe
250:Africa
187:(US$ )
13956:Index
13718:Sport
13698:Music
13693:Media
13377:South
13372:North
13301:South
13296:North
13019:Ceuta
12939:Sudan
12889:Niger
12844:Libya
12829:Kenya
12809:Ghana
12799:Gabon
12774:Egypt
12714:Benin
12595:Ceuta
12515:Sudan
12465:Niger
12420:Libya
12405:Kenya
12385:Ghana
12375:Gabon
12350:Egypt
12290:Benin
11832:S2CID
11824:JSTOR
11627:. CNN
11498:(PDF)
11487:(PDF)
11187:(PDF)
10421:S2CID
10293:3 May
10086:HULIQ
10004:(PDF)
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