Banat Republic - Knowledge

1221:, also preferred Hungarian rule to some extent. Several Romanian and Serb historians agree that Hungarian designs were the main drivers behind the establishment of a Banat Republic, which they see as a proxy for Hungarian rule: "Mihály Károly's government desired a 'Banat autonomous republic' within a Magyar state , earning intense propaganda support from the Timișoara lawyer Otto Roth and from other Magyar, German and Jewish intellectuals." Ion D. Suciu proposes that the republic was a "parody" and a "final diversion" in Károly's attempts to maintain control over the area. According to Ljubivoje Cerović, "the leaders of the Banat Republic aimed primarily at ensuring Hungarian integrity". As noted by researcher Carmen Albert, the "so called 'Banatian republic'" remains a mysterious detail in regional history, but could be regarded as "essentially anti-union", in that it opposed 564: 525: 550: 1467:

with 4.8% belonging to "fourteen smaller ethnic groups". 855,852 (54.10%) belonged to the Eastern Orthodox churches, while 591,447 (37.38%) were Catholics. Relying on similar data, historian Mircea Rusnac argues that the Republic could claim to represent some 47% of the population, namely those to whom the Serbs and Romanians afforded no say regarding the region's future. Roth himself belonged to a minority: he was of Jewish origins, but did not practice Judaism. His government was primarily backed by Hungarian and German workers, and found core support among the Swabian Catholic intellectuals.

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Romanian military units in each small locality; they reported 60,000 recruits in Temes alone. However, all competing sides had limited control over rural areas: peasants and returnees from the Common Army took over control over the villages and established over 40 independent councils. Already in October, the Timișoara Citizens' Guard, comprising paramilitaries of all nationalities, fought and defeated groups of liberated prisoners, restoring legitimate control over the Central Post Office. Many Serbs who had been prisoners of war in

1889:, commented that Roth was a "chameleon" in politics, bringing up evidence that he was plotting a pro-Hungarian coup. On 20 February, the German National Council and the remaining executive institutions of the Republic were dissolved. One version of the events credits the French with having taken this decision. Another account informs that the Yugoslav contingent in Timișoara was behind the move, and mentions that fighting occurred between the Serbs and the Republican National Guard. Timișoara's commander was by then the Swabian 1664: 1831: 981:, as governor over the eastern half of the Voivodeship. This change was largely advantageous for the Romanian population, which controlled the administration, but ended in 1852, when Mocioni resigned over his conflicts with central government. In November 1860, Mocioni organized a popular assembly, reissuing demands for a "Romanian Captaincy", but under Austrian supervision. This action was not supported, and in December the region and the Voivodeship were folded back into the Kingdom of Hungary (or 1660:

greeted Čolović with the slogan "Long live internationalism!" On 16–17 November, the National Guard of the Republic was disbanded, and, according to Birăescu, "hundreds of Romanian peasants" were set free from Republican jails. Roth was technically confirmed as civilian governor, and the People's Council remained in place as a regional legislature. Government instructed the Banat's citizens to remain calm when interacting with the intruders, and from 16 November "existed only on paper".

2143: 1245: 132: 1054: 246: 1862:. Romanian community leaders and Orendi-Hommenau's followers celebrated the French intervention, but, by January, came to fear that France was tolerating another buildup of Yugoslavian forces. Jouinot-Gambetta, who was assigned command over the French troops in the Republican capital, came to be disliked by the Romanian community there, being widely perceived as a Hungarophile; by contrast, local Magyars experienced a surge of 1160:). Republican officials boasted that, by 4 November, they had already created a new administrative apparatus, as well as setting up a National Guard. The core of government was a 20-member Executive Committee, which proceeded to deal with the issues of supplies and famine. On 3 November, the Republic and its confederation with Hungary earned support from another Swabian popular assembly, whose chief organizer was 1983: 1937:, who commanded over the French Army of Hungary. In the meantime, Swabian delegations presented Berthelot with a request for union with Romania; this was formally endorsed on 15 April, when all Swabian group leaders met in Timișoara. On the Romanian side, a new version of Banatian regionalism was reemerging from nationalist groups opposed to the PNR: in mid 1919, a 2322:

by various members of the Romanian majority in the eastern Banat. These groups, flying a white cross on green as their flag, became interested in recovering the region's Habsburg heritage, and in some cases declared themselves ethnically distinct from other Romanians. In 2013, activists from this movement endorsed both regional independence and

1502:. Hungarian presence disintegrated in eastern Banat, with leftover authorities complaining that Romanians had read the "People's Government policy" as authorizing secession in majority-Romanian localities. However, Caransebeș continued to host two parallel Councils: a Republican one, created by Zsolt Réthy, and a Romanian one, under Remus Dobo. 1129:. Eventually, an assembly of local politicians elected Roth "President of the Republic" and made Bartha, who was already head of the Military Council, commander of the Banat's military forces. Accounts converge on noting that the Republic was proclaimed from the balcony of Timișoara City Hall. The rally ended with renditions of Hungary's 1615:, where 17 were killed in the confrontation. Government remained largely powerless, but its task was taken up by loyalist troops from Timișoara. At Margina, they reportedly relied on 33 mercenaries employed by the sugar industry, who resorted to terrorizing the population. On 4 November, loyalist units stormed into Denta and 1069:. In Timișoara, the anti-war protests that began in early October grew in extent and intensity towards the end of the month, with several statues representing Austrian authority toppled by the populace. The Banat state was actually proclaimed during one such popular assembly, on 31 October or 2 November. Lieutenant Colonel 1906:. In his sectors, Berthelot allowed Hungarian civilian administrators to resume their work for the duration of French rule, and proceeded to ban all other national councils, as well as displays of nationalist flags. The Károlyi government attempted one final time to reassert control over the region in appointing an 2321:

During the Ceaușescu era, the Swabian exodus had been accelerated, as the regime had agreed to provide exit visas for tens of thousands of Romanian Germans in exchange for hard currency. Especially after the Revolution, Banatian autonomy or independence were again taken up as causes—in this instance,

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Roth allegedly aligned himself with the Hungarian Soviets, although, by his own account, he was their ideological enemy. He also introduced another political solution, presented by him in direct talks with French officials: he proposed an "independent Banat under French protection", and suggested its

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Protests and strikes followed soon after Roth's toppling from power. Timișoara's German and Hungarian workers asked the French to intervene against the consolidation of a "Serbian empire" and to preserve the armistice agreement. Pursued by the Yugoslavs, Roth found refuge with the French garrison in

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During that same interval, the Republic's National Guard grew to incorporate the new arrivals, numbering at some 500 per district. There were open clashes between these units and their Romanian counterparts: the occupation of Făget was only relieved when Axente Iancu and Dinu Popescu established and

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voted to support the annexation. A final delegation, chaired by Frecôt and claiming to represent 68% of the whole Banat population, petitioned the Allies with a more ambitious project. It wanted the entire region merged into Romania, but this proposal was not followed through. In parallel, the DSVP

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According to estimates by Sándor Kókai, the Republic sought to cover "one of Europe's most complex areas". The region was home to 1.58 million people; of them, 592,049 (37.42%) were Romanian, 387,545 (24.50%) were Swabian or other German, 284,329 (17.97%) were Serbs, and 242,152 (15.31%) Hungarian,

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was established. Meanwhile, Reinhold Heegen, replacing Filipon as Serbian-appointed Mayor of Timișoara, began campaigning with some success for the Banat to join Yugoslavia, and promised that Swabians would own a university of their own. While Muth himself switched to the Yugoslavian plan, most of

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were in charge of Krassó-Szörény. By 27 January, French soldiers had full control over the eastern Banat, establishing a buffer zone centered on Timișoara. Roth preserved power, having been reconfirmed by Jouinot-Gambetta. The city was not entirely relinquished by the Yugoslav side. In parallel to

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as a federal state. Their faction preferred incorporation into Hungary, but viewed emancipation as a next-best solution. Such groups also referenced the Swiss model, but did not want French tutelage; they preferred an American occupation. During the remaining months of French occupation, however,

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on 31 October, a "National Council" and a self-defense force were created, co-opting some Romanian members of the MSZDP. This was later transformed into a "Workers' Council", presided upon by Petru Bârnau. Meanwhile, Reșița's mostly German and Hungarian workers celebrated the Republic at a public

1933:. The French Ambassador in Yugoslavia, Louis Gabriel de Fontenay, rejected the plan altogether, and in particular its claim that Romanians also favored independence. However, as recorded by Berthelot himself, the prospect of sustaining Banatian republicanism was still advocated in April 1919 by 1659:

entered the Banat with endorsements from both Hungary and the Allies. A force led by Colonel Čolović took control of Timișoara on 17 November, being acclaimed by all communities as a guarantee of "freedom and democracy". Both Cosma and Roth spoke on the occasion, saluting the intervention; Roth

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Roth was arrested by the Romanian authorities and released in 1920, reportedly promising to keep out of politics. He focused on his photographic studio and his contribution to the Timișoara Chamber of Labor. In the 1930s and '40s, Roth discreetly aligned himself with Groza, rekindling Banatian

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According to his own recollections, Bartha began separate negotiations with the French, falsely claiming that he had 40,000 soldiers prepared to resist them. In reality, he acknowledged, there were less than 4,000. His rivals Cosma and Lucian Georgevici had set themselves the goal of creating

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were not held in the Banat, which was advised to send only informal representatives "from all social classes". Some 182 of these were present for the vote, despite the Serbian Army's attempts to block access. Another 200, however, were arrested before departure, then deported to Serbia or to

1743:, who asked for the French to step in as peacekeepers. Romanian peasants were originally sympathetic to the Serbian administration, as Serbia and Romania were both in the Allied camp. However, requisitions, overhunting, abuse against property owners, and conflicts over the reemergence of 2154:

involved itself in endorsing regional government for the Swabians. In Romania, it promoted Swabian identity as a Nazi construct, prompting a major split between the Swabians-proper and descendants of the Banat French; the latter were led by Frecôt. In November 1940, under a friendly

2618: 1106:(MSZDP). As reported by these, Roth, who had already served as Timișoara councilor, met with his party colleagues on 30 October, and afterward approached Bartha. The process also involved local Freemasons, including two members of the Losonczy Lodge—Kálmán Jakobi and István Tőkés. 1113:, where he did not proclaim the republic, but rather expressed his support for the concept. Instead, he announced that Bartha was in charge of the city's military command, and asked for a People's Council to be formed. Romanian attendees opposed this move: their nominal leader, 1117:, also spoke on the occasion, and informed the other attendees that he and his peers would form national institutions of their own. Years later, Roth recalled being amazed that no Hungarian present moved to assassinate either him, for being a republican, or Cosma, for being a 1998:. On 16 April 1920, Swabian activists submitted to the Peace Conference another failed proposal for Banatian–Bačkan independence, specifically referencing the Swiss cantonal model. The "neutral and independent republic of Banatia" was mostly embraced by Swabians of French ( 221: 798:

opposed this trend, and came to advocate full delimitation between French and German Swabians. After many decades, Romania witnessed a revival of separatist projects in the Banat in the 2010s, where they became associated with regional, rather than ethnic, identities.

231: 1478:. Its importance was acknowledged by Roth, who recalled that "the streets trembled with the lockstep of powerful guards". The core events of Romanian resistance to the Republic closely followed the developments in Timișoara. After a meeting of the Romanians in 232: 211: 168: 225: 973:; the shared capital of all these entities was Timișoara. Seen as a "hybrid", this arrangement was not generally welcomed by Romanians. However, a second experiment in Banatian autonomy was carried out after 1850, when the Austrians appointed Čarnojević's 217: 2209:

chapter in Timiș-Torontal. This group also hosted his political rival of 1918, Petru Bârnau, who was by then mayor of Reșița. During the subsequent interval, much of the Swabian population was lost, as a number left as refugees along with the retreating

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were sympathetic toward minority rights and decentralization, but did not endorse autonomy. As far-left militants, Groza and Roth collaborated with each other throughout the interwar period. Swabian-centered autonomist projects were also taken up by

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by János (Johann) Junker. While Roth's proclamation is sometimes rendered as a declaration of independence, Republican officials openly acknowledged that their ultimate plan was to create a federal and democratic Hungary, with units modeled on the

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The MSZDP local chapter organized the effort to create both the People's Council and subsequent Republican government, beginning with the large rally that had previously been announced in Timișoara's Liberty Square. The participants flew

1709: 2273:. The nationalist drive later came with renewed suspicion toward autonomy movements, and toned down internationalism. In 1972, an article by C. Mîcu, which contained some praise of the 1918 Republic, was mistakenly published by the 1693:. Serbian garrisons disarmed the surviving Guards of Timișoara and Reșița, while forcing the two Lugoj Councils to establish a single Guard unit. The "Octobrist" republic of Kusić–Zlatica, whose leaders had attempted a march on 3691:

Alexandru Porțeanu, "The Higher Raison D'Etat and the Supreme Imperative of World Peace, as Decisive Factors for All Signatories of the Treaty of Trianon (1920–1921) in Its Final Stages. The Treaty Ratification by Romania", in

1210:. A specific proposal for a Swabian "national canton" was advanced in December 1918 by Miksa Strobl. Roth's polity is occasionally referred to as "Banat autonomous republic", or as a "limited autonomy within the Magyar state". 1802:(commonly known as Yugoslavia). This polarization also divided the Swabian voters, between those who favored the Romanian option and those who acted in favor of a Yugoslavian project. The pro-Romanian lobby was enforced by 749:, or colloquially Yugoslavia. Roth remained in place as governor, and the Republic continued to have a nominal existence. The following January, the French intervened to prevent a clash between Yugoslavia and the 1164:. The state legislature was the same as the People's Council of Timișoara, and included 70 members from the local Civic Party and other "bourgeois parties", 60 from the national military committees, 40 from the 3628: 772:

Banat separatist and federalist schemes continued to be drafted during the early interwar period, being especially popular with Swabians. Before 1921, the idea of an independent Banat was taken up by the

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Laurențiu-Ștefan Szemkovics, "Note zilnice ale generalului Berthelot privitoare la Consiliul Național Român de la Arad, la Transilvania, la Banat și la transilvăneni (26 noiembrie 1918–5 mai 1919)", in

1619:, executing some tens of looters. The same day, a Hungarian Guard intervened against anti-Jewish rioters in Făget, killing as many as 16 Romanians. According to Romanian priest Traian Birăescu, the 3rd 159: 187: 1896:

On 21 February, in territories they still controlled, Yugoslav commanders began replacing the Republican bureaucracy with their co-nationals. From the Yugoslav point of view, Roth's replacement was

899:. Hungarian geographer Sándor Kókai considers it an early predecessor to the Banat, rendering plausible the Republic's claim to territorial and cultural coherence. According to the Serb medievalist 1474:(PNR), who proceeded to organize for Banat's merger into Greater Romania. This caucus held its own rally in Liberty Square, demonstrating the numerical strength of its following and performing the 2116:, who proposed dividing Romania into autonomous entities—though his project was never popular with the electorate. The Banat was reestablished as a single "land" in 1938–1940, taking the name of 2104:), the region was given some political representation with the establishment of a short-lived Ministerial Directorate for Romania's south-west; full regionalism was regarded as in breach of the 1770:; Jászi replied with promises of cantonal federalism within a "new democratic country". Talks were suspended without a resolution, prompting the CNRC to call for a Romanian national assembly at 1494:

a large assembly of Romanians, who validated Cosma's efforts and also voted for the creation of Romanian military units. These issues were again raised and endorsed at another assembly, held at

1870: 2234:, favored a degree of segregation between the Romanians and Swabians, but praised the latter for their socialist traditions, and proposed to have them merge into the urban proletariat. 1747:

sparked a number of conflicts between the occupied and occupiers. Also on 12 November, the local Romanian community aligned itself with the Central Romanian National Council (CNRC) of

1704:, obtaining the most favorable terms for the region's split between Serbia and Romania. Serbia regarded the Banat under its control as an acquired territory, part of a province called 2269:" and "partial return to the traditional forms of administrative organization". Within eight years, the larger units were folded back into counties by the national-communist leader, 157: 1874: 185: 2159:, Germany obtained the creation of an autonomous organism, or "German Ethnic Group", which was entirely Nazified. This arrangement was maintained under Germany's subsequent ally, 1846:

and Vojvodinci. On 3 December, after tensions between Romania and Yugoslavia had escalated and threatened to erupt into a regional war, 15,000 French troops answering to Generals

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began advocating autonomy for the Bunjevci and other Catholics, including for areas of the Yugoslav Banat. Only a small portion in the region's northwest was incorporated by the

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proposes that an early instance of "autonomous policy" in the eastern Banat stemmed from the weakness of the Hungarian crown, which had difficulty defending itself against the

2308:, Ceaușescu accused the revolutionaries of wanting to separate Transylvania and the Banat from Romania. This charge was again proffered in disputes between the post-communist 2294:

argued that repression and "darkness" were prompting the provinces back into autonomist stances. As he noted, the Banat and other regions needed to be devolved by a Romanian "

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in Eastern Europe, and favored peaceful cooperation among ethnicities, as alternatives to partition. It had limited control of the country outside of Timișoara: it never held

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of June 1920. The area was effectively partitioned between Yugoslavia and Romania during July, though there were still border adjustments to 1924. During that interval, the

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During November, together with the other Council delegates and a number of sympathetic Swabians, Banat Romanians participated in negotiations with Károly's representative,

1588:) was murdered, and the schoolteacher and priest were chased out. The rebel groups also organized looting against landowners of all nationalities—including attacks on the 1032:, and kept the region under a unified government. This setback prompted Mocioni to withdraw from politics altogether. Ethnic federalism was again redrawn in the 1900s by 1732:

deputies from throughout the disputed areas. Non-Slavs were excluded on principle, though not entirely absent—with the exception of Romanians, who boycotted this rally.

2011: 1819: 774: 158: 186: 4356: 1169: 950:, who organized a popular assembly in June and proclaimed a "Romanian Captaincy" within revolutionary Hungary. This effort was mainly directed against the Habsburg ( 2167:. These sources reported back that Germany intended to carve out a "Danube Land" for the Swabians. The Nazi autonomist policy was being pursued more expansively in 1920:. The following period restructured Swabian political camps: Muth's initial option for Hungary was widely discredited when, in March, Károlyi fell from power and a 1201:

within its borders. Although Hungarian troops withdrew from the area, Bartha was recognized as Károlyi's commissioner, and the Banat continued to be represented in

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Ion Zainea, "Aspecte din activitatea cenzurii comuniste: controlul producției de carte social-politică. Tendințe și fenomene semnalate în cursul anului 1972", in

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Berthelot was finally persuaded by the Romanians to demand that most Yugoslav troops withdraw from the central and eastern portions of the Banat. On 25 January,

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Tudor-Radu Tiron, "O contribuție heraldică la istoria înaintașilor omului politic Andrei Mocioni de Foen (1812–1880), membru fondator al Academiei Române", in

2215: 1934: 432: 4189: 2022:. Both deputies spoke out against the planned partition of the Banat, though Muth also pressed for the Swabians to have cultural autonomy as described by the 1521:. On 10 November, the two Councils, alongside other Serb bodies, sent delegates to the Popular Assembly which voted for the Banat's immediate union with the 1013: 2305: 1487: 1735:

Some Romanians were by then driven out by the Serbian intervention. They include Băran, who began organizing Banatian guards from Transylvania, as well as

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Vasile Dudaș, Lazăr Grunețeanu, "Contribuția avocaților bănățeni la activitatea consiliilor și gărzilor naționale românești în toamna anului 1918", in

4106: 2619:"Povestea Republicii Bănățene, forma statală care a supraviețuit patru luni. A fost proclamată de un avocat evreu la sfârșitul Primului Război Mondial" 2375: 1506: 2109: 2041:, a state which also hosted 145,000 refugees from other parts of the Banat. For seven days in August 1921, this Banatian extremity was annexed to the 2003: 795: 2473:

Albert, p. 450; Gh. Cotoșman, "Eftimie Murgu și Banatul la 15/27 Iunie 1848.—Aniversarea a 99 de ani de la istorica Adunare Națională din Lugoj", in

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returned home with military training, social grievances, and communist beliefs. Known as "Octobrists", they joined up with deserters and outlaws ("

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moved in from Transylvania, and were garrisoned alongside the French in Lugoj. That city was allowed to fly the Romanian tricolor. As reported by

1525:. However, Roth was able to create disunity between the Bunjevci and other Slavs: on 7 November, a "Bunjevac People's Republic" was proclaimed at 4310:

Mariana Cojoc, "Cadrilaterul și 'Dobrogea Veche' în propaganda comunistă interbelică. 'Autodeterminare până la despărțirea de statul român'", in

2226:, 10,000 of those identified as French, having left the Banat by 1945, were relocated to France. In Caraș, the Social Democrats clashed with the 1854:

occupied Timișoara. On 18 December, the Swabians' German National Council reemerged and openly asked for its own military self-defense units, or

687:, who were centered in the eastern and western halves of the region, respectively. The short-lived entity was recognized only by the neighboring 1740: 3319:

Buruleanu & Păun, pp. 51–52. See also Albert, p. 452; Dudaș, p. 359; Moscovici, pp. 242–243, 245; Suciu, pp. 1099–1101; Tomoni, pp. 294–296

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A small French presence in the Banat had been established in parallel with the Serbian occupation: French and African patrols, coordinated by

2367: 2168: 1815: 1324: 1161: 1077:, claims that he created the Republic as a buffer zone; he also records 31 October as the Republic's official birth date. Also that day, the 970: 849: 4344:

Colocviul Internațional Europa: Centru și margine. Cooperare culturală transfrontalieră, Ediția a VI-a, 19–20 octombrie 2017, Arad – România

4190:"Mărturiile șvabilor vânduți de Ceaușescu Germaniei. Cât era șpaga cerută de securiști și ce a făcut fostul dictator cu miliardele de mărci" 1834:

The Banat buffer zone, superimposed over the three subsequent partitions of the Banat: Romanian in blue, Serb in red, and Hungarian in green

1513:, this assembly largely refused cooperation with Roth's Commissioners, only recognizing them as an ad hoc city government; it demanded that 4546: 1890: 1040:", suggested the Banat's partitioning between a Romanian Transylvania and a rump Hungary, with a special status for Swabian-settled areas. 990: 876: 891:

in the still-unnamed area obtained an imperial pledge granting them self-government, but this was never put into practice. After the 1718

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Croat scholar Ladislav Heka sees the Republic as resulting from an alliance between Hungarians and Swabians; he also notes that the

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against conservative rebels. In parallel, the concept of a Romanian Banat was being advanced by Romanian radicals. One of these was

726:. Roth's government also fought against a surge of peasant rebellions, and, though militarily weak, managed to quell uprisings in 3604:

Marin Pop, "Activitatea organizației Partidului Național Român din județul Timiș în primii ani după Marea Unire (1919–1920)", in

2042: 1427: 1197:, sought to preserve as much as possible from the older Kingdom's territory, and to resist the advance of competing Romanian and 4556: 4445:

Mihai Adrian Panu, "Reprezentarea politică a minorității germane în Banatul interbelic", in Vasile Ciobanu, Sorin Radu (eds.),

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Miodrag Milin, "Colaborarea româno–sârbă în chestiunea națională din monarhia dualistă", in Vasile Ciobanu, Sorin Radu (eds.),

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armed a Romanian Guard which ordered Republican troops to leave town. Another enduring rebellion was that of Serb villagers in

4515: 4454: 4426: 4408: 4326: 4252: 3999: 3613: 1970:, Timișoara Swabians were generally in favor of this development, though a minority supported independence for the Banat and 1791: 1775: 1762:. The CNRC issued demands for the whole territory of the Banat Republic to be annexed by Romania, alongside the counties of 2085: 2069:. For a while in the 1920s, full regional self-determination "to the point of separation" was also endorsed by the illegal 1975:

various Republican officials were again employed by the administration. In autumn 1919, Tőkés of the Losonczy Lodge became

1949:, rallied support for that cause. Its manifestos demanded decentralization and minority rights, but without full autonomy. 927: 1893:, who refused to recognize Yugoslavian rule from Novi Sad, leaving the city exposed to threats of a retaliatory blockade. 1334: 4561: 4551: 2555:

Stat și națiune. Statele-Unite ale Austriei-Mari. Studii politice în vederea rezolvării problemei naționale și a crizelor

1839: 1029: 1025: 982: 530: 1994:, an American socialist and pacifist. French diplomats gave some support to Herron's designs, a matter which aggravated 1751:, which was becoming the main ethnic representation body. Iosif Renoi, a Romanian member of the MSZDP and a resident of 1505:

A Serb National Council had already been set up in Timișoara during the earliest days of the Republic. Presided upon by

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also organized the west into a separate "Captaincy", whose purpose was defend the border against the Turkish advances.

753:. The rump Republic was toppled on 20 February 1919, resulting in significant violence. Roth escaped arrest and fled to 4541: 2309: 2038: 1795: 1145: 1103: 907: 824: 820: 557: 2259:

in 1960 was initially signaled by the renaming of territorial units with their more traditional form: the creation of

2171:. In 1941, Romania and Hungary vied with each other for being granted control of the region by Germany; eventually, a 1074: 723: 4368: 4305: 4284: 4122: 2391: 2331: 1061:

The Banat issue was revisited during the final stage of World War I, with the collapse of Austro-Hungarian rule: the

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Adrian Dehleanu, "Familia Mocioni. Istoria uneia dintre cele mai vechi familii nobiliare din istoria românilor", in

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Eusebiu Narai, "Aspecte privind situația minorității germane din județele Caraș și Severin în anii 1944–1948", in

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At the height of Antonescu's dictatorship, Groza was placed under arrest for his involvement with the antifascist

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occupy the Banat "as soon as possible". On 5 November, Banat Serbs created another dissident National Council, at

2327: 2278: 938:, which proclaimed independence for the entire Kingdom, maintaining its hold on the Banat. A pro-Hungarian Serb, 1655:, which allowed the Allied Powers to seize portions of Hungary, Bartha resigned in protest. On 12 November, the 1110: 910:. In the 1790s, the Serbs became divided between those who pressed for a separate territory and those who, like 903:, it is at this stage that the region acquired its name, as it had "never before been one administrative unit". 761:. He continued to propose solutions for Banat's autonomy, including a plan to have the region absorbed into the 2186:

for the remainder of the war, during which time he contemplated exiling himself and all other Jewish Banatians

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From 1552, most areas now regarded as the Banat were absorbed into a single Ottoman administrative unit, named

2334:, who saw it as a move toward autonomy or independence; that claim was denied by members of the Banat League. 1081:

split into National Committees representing the constituent nationalities. This was done by agreement between

663:, in a bid to prevent its partition among competing nationalisms. Openly endorsed by the local communities of 2256: 888: 3990:

Eusebiu Narai, "Activitatea Partidului Social-Democrat din judeţele Caraș și Severin în anii 1944–1948", in

2326:. The green flag became popular as a sign of regional affiliation, and was prominently displayed during the 1475: 1294: 1157: 2227: 2105: 1995: 1701: 935: 4143:"Separatismul bănățean: de la teama lui Ceaușescu și frica lui Ion Iliescu la agitatorii lui Victor Ponta" 2314: 2061:; the German National Council was renamed Community of the German Swabians, and survived as such to 1943. 3595:, Vol. V, Issue 5 (Supplement: Asociația Națională Arădeană pentru cultura poporului român), 2019, p. 393 2301: 2183: 2113: 1744: 1422: 2002:) descent, who also proposed a separate canton for their subgroup. By then, however, the Franco-Swabian 1705: 1386: 1274: 543: 4418: 2127: 1767: 1319: 1082: 857: 3694:

HyperCultura. Biannual Journal of the Department of Letters and Foreign Languages, Hyperion University

710:, which became the center of Serb self-government, and failed to fully control the Romanian cities of 4566: 4459:

Alexandru Pițigoi, "Problema Banatului la Conferința de pace de la Paris în documente britanice", in

4276: 2231: 1938: 1921: 1568:, northeast of Lugoj, was taken over by peasants from the surrounding region; another nucleus was at 1439: 1370: 758: 3331: 1967: 1620: 4349:

Ladislav Heka, "Posljedice Prvoga svjetskog rata: samoproglašene 'države' na području Ugarske", in

2274: 2156: 2088:

by Imbroane's brother Nicolae, who in 1926 established a distinct parliamentary club. Divided into

2070: 1259: 1066: 688: 293: 2182:; Roth himself was able to organize an effort to free Groza. He was nevertheless submitted to the 2101: 1144:

Also designated as Commissioner-in-Chief, Roth appointed sub-Commissioners in charge of the three

1851: 1780: 1700:

The general purpose of this offensive was to secure as much of the region as possible before the

1471: 1314: 364: 2205:

Around November, Roth himself made a brief return to the Banat administration, representing the

2034: 1360: 1000:

The "Captaincy" project was revived in part by a coalition of Serb and Romanian deputies in the

3884:

Florin Grecu, "Centralizare versus 'descentralizare'. 'Reforma administrativă' de la 1938", in

2054: 1930: 1401: 1207: 1186: 762: 703: 493: 24: 4098: 2304:, which began in Timișoara, reignited controversies about autonomy and separatism. Before his 2291: 1584:, where the archive was devastated and its curator seriously injured. The mayor of Bunya (now 1172:, in terms of individual affiliation, the Council was dominated by the MSZDP. As reported by 2164: 1799: 1652: 1514: 1470:

Roth's policies were contested from within the Republic's nominal territory by Cosma and the

1391: 939: 923: 892: 844:, some of which were still attested in the 1520s; these were only rarely represented in the " 746: 719: 679:

served as its nominal leader. This project was openly rejected from within by communities of

299: 1990:

The project of making the Banat into an independent buffer state was aired in early 1919 by

868: 4297: 2066: 1963: 1803: 1628: 1624: 1406: 1396: 1269: 1118: 1009: 131: 2270: 2057:, which had reconciled with Romanian centralism and was acting as a shared caucus for all 1885:

By then, the rump Republic and the Serb Council had become foes. The Council's newspaper,

1636: 8: 2323: 2172: 2089: 2049: 2048:

On 10 August 1920, one week after a Romanian takeover in Timișoara, thirty-three Swabian

1879: 1847: 1194: 1165: 1126: 791: 3629:"Preotul Avram Imbroane, un cleric luptător pentru unitatea națională a poporului român" 1365: 1005: 4163: 2195: 2118: 2058: 1859: 1656: 1350: 750: 611: 328: 65: 2199: 1667: 1550: 1542: 1299: 1289: 1153: 4511: 4476: 4450: 4431:

Ionela Moscovici, "Banatul în așteptarea păcii. Premisele unei misiuni franceze", in

4422: 4404: 4364: 4322: 4301: 4280: 4248: 4118: 3995: 3609: 2562: 2387: 2238: 2191: 2030: 2023: 1912:

for Krassó-Szörény. Following Romanian protests, this move was vetoed by the French.

1759: 1694: 1643:, who established their own "Soviet republic" with assistance from the "Octobrists". 1522: 1309: 1264: 1017: 994: 955: 918:. The project of reserving Banat for Serb self-government was ultimately rejected by 896: 884: 880: 861: 828: 742: 623: 356: 340: 80: 1558: 1510: 1168:, and the entire 20-member Timișoara city council. According to the Romanian author 4289: 3336: 3229:

Kakucs (2014), pp. 352, 357, 365. See also Dudaș & Grunețeanu, pp. 143, 146–147

2123: 1991: 1736: 1554: 1534: 1198: 1062: 879:

before most of it was folded back into the Eyalet. Upon emerging victorious in the

635: 344: 110: 95: 4468: 4415:

Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations. Ethnic and National Groups around the World

1763: 1580:, where one notary was tried and executed by a self-appointed court, and again at 1279: 900: 4461: 3934: 3175:

Buruleanu & Păun, p. 48; Dudaș, p. 359; Suciu, p. 1101. See also Kókai, p. 68

2354: 2266: 2187: 2126:

and the northern communes of Severin. The reform was sanctioned by a dictatorial

2010:

and created a "German–Swabian People's Party" (DSVP), which competed with Muth's

1787: 1774:, Transylvania, on 1 December. To avoid antagonizing the Serbian administration, 1573: 1499: 1222: 1137: 1001: 951: 816: 812: 691:, with which it sought a merger. Its military structures were inherited from the 656: 603: 360: 348: 324: 177: 50: 2922:

Buruleanu & Păun, p. 48; Dudaș & Grunețeanu, pp. 137–141; Suciu, p. 1092

2093: 1818:

continued to press for an autonomous republic, and, in January 1919, set up the

1663: 1612: 1355: 4257:

Anton Büchl, "Soziale Bewegungen in der Banater Ortschaft Detta 1875–1921", in

2550: 2097: 1942: 1589: 1033: 978: 853: 778: 668: 352: 332: 2312:

and its opponents. Members of the former spuriously claimed that the latter's

1678: 4525: 3334:, "Dans le Banat. Le vœu des nationalités et la querelle serbo–roumaine", in 2160: 2134:

assigned as Royal Commissioner; his tenure only strengthened centralization.

1917: 1616: 1070: 954:) regime; the Austrians found regional backing from the rival government of " 947: 931: 911: 754: 735: 696: 4363:. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Ecumenica Press & George Bariț Institute, 2006. 3932:

Ottomar Trașcă, "Relațiile româno–ungare în rapoartele lui Raoul Bossy", in

1576:, identified as responsible for wartime injustice. Such incidents peaked at 1495: 715: 19:

This article is about the short-lived state. For the historical region, see

3888:, Vol. II, Issue 1, December 2013–February 2014, pp. 15–34. See also Colta 2223: 2151: 1830: 1748: 1721: 1686: 1611:. Its National Guard attempted to repress the peasant movement, notably at 1538: 1284: 1244: 1149: 906:

This Banat was abolished in 1778, when its components were merged into the

807:

The Banat is a natural geographical region located on the left bank of the

787: 289: 4480: 4376:"Gărzile civice și societățile de tir din Banat între anii 1717–1919", in 4229:

Carmen Albert, "Ocupația sârbă din Banat în memorialistica bănățeană", in

3974:

Radu Păiușan, "Activitatea Uniunii Patrioților în Banat în anul 1944", in

2477:, Vol. LXII, Issues 28–29, July 1947, pp. 1–5. See also Cerović, pp. 87–91 2081:

specifically referred to the Banat as a victim of Romanian "imperialism".

649: 310: 2566: 2296: 2252: 2142: 1946: 1863: 1608: 1479: 1181: 1114: 1078: 1073:, who was attempting to organize a Hungarian front against the advancing 1021: 943: 915: 782: 692: 428: 4194: 4147: 2623: 4172: 1771: 1729: 1597: 986: 974: 934:

which preached republicanism. These ideas were at the forefront of the

664: 2251:. From 1956, the unit was extended northwards, incorporating parts of 2230:, demanding that they end their anti-German abuse. Groza, by then the 2163:, though the Ethnic Group itself came to be secretly monitored by the 1631:. He counts 160 victims of such incidents, between 3 and 17 November. 1623:

Regiment, serving the Republic, committed wanton atrocities in Făget,

1593: 1572:, south of Timișoara. Former soldiers directed repression against the 1518: 1053: 1016:. During 1866, they proposed laws to redefine Hungary on the basis of 707: 245: 2211: 2084:

More mainstream support for regionalism was promoted from within the

2074: 1099: 845: 680: 676: 406: 2218:. In the easternmost counties, some 7,000 Swabians were deported as 1810:. The latter had established a Swabian cultural and political club, 1690: 659:. The Republic claimed as its own the multi-ethnic territory of the 2286: 1999: 1713: 1671: 1214: 1202: 831:. The latter coexisted with the somewhat informal jurisdictions of 4447:

Partide politice și minorități naționale din România în secolul XX

4401:

Partide politice și minorități naționale din România în secolul XX

4392:

Sándor Kókai, "Illúziók és csalódások: a Bánsági Köztársaság", in

4294:

Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc

4273:

Sârbii din România. Din Evul mediu timpuriu până în zilele noastre

3923:, Vol. II, Issue 3, 2017, pp. 33–34, 40; Narai (2008), pp. 314–315 3768:

Buruleanu & Păun, p. 51; Dudaș, pp. 360–361; Vultur, pp. 45–48

3211:

Dudaș, p. 359; Kókai, pp. 68–69; Moscovici, p. 242; Suciu, p. 1101

2949:

Dudaș & Grunețeanu, pp. 135–136, 143–145; Suciu, pp. 1092–1095

1971: 1908: 1902: 1843: 1752: 1725: 1585: 1564:

A social revolt was sparked on 1 November, when the sugar mill of

1218: 1177: 1091: 962: 765:. In 1920, the Banat was divided between Yugoslavia, Romania, and 731: 4114: 3047: 3045: 2383: 1717: 1569: 1565: 1193:

Though anti-Habsburg, Hungary's own republican regime, headed by

1131: 841: 757:, where he was said to be in contact with representatives of the 590: 582: 371: 257: 250: 149: 4475:. Paris: Ligue des Universitaires Serbo-Croato-Slovènes, 1919. 3238:

Buruleanu & Păun, p. 49; Kókai, pp. 69–71; Moscovici, p. 242

2831:

Buruleanu & Păun, p. 48; Iancu, p. 62; Kakucs (2014), p. 365

2146:

Flag of Banat as proposed in 2009 by Banatian regionalist groups

1842:, were stationed just outside Timișoara, and in places such as 1682: 1601: 1577: 1526: 966: 942:, was assigned Commissioner in the Banat, tasked with imposing 832: 808: 586: 264: 3506:

Cerović, pp. 151, 155–157; Iancu, pp. 62–63; Moscovici, p. 249

3386: 3384: 3382: 3042: 1882:, under General Grujić, consolidated a presence in Timișoara. 1689:. In their advance eastwards, they stopped at Caransebeș and 1640: 1581: 1491: 1236: 836: 741:

In late November 1918, the entire region was occupied by the

727: 711: 684: 660: 20: 3060:

Suciu, pp. 1097–1098. See also Tomoni, pp. 291, 293, 297–299

2122:. The new structure also annexed non-Banatian areas, namely 1065:

toppled the Kingdom, and in mid November 1918 established a

3992:

Arheovest I. Interdisciplinaritate în Arheologie și Istorie

3606:

Arheovest I. Interdisciplinaritate în Arheologie și Istorie

3379: 672: 4499:

Dumitru Tomoni, "Contribuții bănățene la Marea Unire", in

3825:"Știrile săptămânii. Un bloc al deputaților bănățeni", in 3777:

Panu, pp. 119, 124–125. See also Narai (2008), pp. 312–314

1986:

Republic of Banatia, as proposed by Swabians in April 1920

1982: 4198:(Timișoara edition), 12 June 2014; Cioroianu, pp. 473–474 2711:

Kókai, pp. 67–68. See also Dudaș & Grunețeanu, p. 139

2684:

Dudaș & Grunețeanu, p. 137. See also Birăescu, p. 184

2245:, and by 1952 had re-amalgamated the Romanian Banat into 3750:

Buruleanu & Păun, p. 51. See also Dudaș, pp. 360–361

2222:. Although many refugees and deportees were accepted in 985:). The Romanian focus shifted toward forming a separate 278:

Claimed territory, superimposed over modern-day borders.

4383:"Contribuții la istoria francmasoneriei din Banat", in 3910:

Dudaș, p. 362; Narai (2008), pp. 314–315; Vultur, p. 19

819:. It was first organized into territorial units by the 695:, and placed under the command of a Hungarian officer, 3497:

Kókai, p. 72. See also Iancu, p. 62; Moscovici, p. 249

1607:

In that context, Roth's Republic resorted to applying

2666:

Dudaș & Grunețeanu, pp. 137–139; Kókai, pp. 67–68

2352:, "O impresionantă lume a obștii românești (IV)", in 2045:, which was in part a sample of Bunjevci separatism. 1925:

his colleagues became supporters of Greater Romania.

1109:

Roth acknowledged that he spoke on that night at the

1089:, and the Hungarian National Council, represented by 777:

and by Swabians of French descent; Romanians such as

3095: 3093: 1677:

By 20 November, Serbian forces had camped along the

1553:, made note of a conflict opposing Romanians to the 1498:

on 7 November. The city hall here was topped by the

961:

Between 1849 and 1860, the Banat, together with the

790:

during World War II, resulting in the creation of a

3475: 3473: 3471: 3153: 3151: 3149: 2330:. This issue was highlighted by the pro-government 2237:Soviet presence peaked with the establishment of a 895:, the region became a Habsburg province called the 16:

1918–1919 unrecognised state in East-Central Europe

4449:, Vol. V, pp. 118–127. Sibiu: TechnoMedia, 2010. 3795:Brînzeu, pp. 64, 67–69, 94, 137, 140–143, 229, 391 3523: 3521: 3452: 3450: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2559:Fundația pentru Literatură și Artă Regele Carol II 2241:in 1948. During its early stages, this new regime 2175:was created out of the former Yugoslav partition. 1900:, who was both Timișoara's Mayor and the regional 433:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–20) 4168:"Proclamația de la Timișoara si legea lustrației" 3705:Buruleanu & Păun, p. 51; Cerović, pp. 159–160 3090: 2517:Vicențiu Bugariu, "Andrei Mocsonyi de Foeni", in 2401: 2399: 2202:area, setting up a Council led by Triša Kojičić. 2029:The Banat frontier was largely settled under the 675:, the German-speaking socialist of Jewish origin 4523: 4496:, Vol. 1, Issue 1, January–June 2016, pp. 27–51. 4403:, Vol. V, pp. 20–30. Sibiu: TechnoMedia, 2010. 3901:Dudaș, pp. 361–363; Vultur, pp. 15–16, 19, 45–52 3682:Panu, p. 124. See also Narai (2008), pp. 311–312 3468: 3146: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3107: 3105: 2720:Dudaș & Grunețeanu, p. 139; Kókai, pp. 67–68 1708:. On 25 November, this view was enforced by the 969:, was part of a new Habsburg–Serb province, the 958:", which aimed to incorporate the entire Banat. 722:, the Banat was threatened with invasion by the 4240:, Vol. IX, November–December 1928, pp. 184–185. 3518: 3447: 2864: 2839: 2837: 2778: 2776: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2644: 2642: 922:. The status quo was challenged by the rise of 57: 4485:I. D. Suciu, "Banatul și Unirea din 1918", in 4473:The Banat and Serbo–Roumanian Frontier Problem 4236:Traian Birăescu, "Scrisori din Timișoara", in 2424: 2422: 2420: 2396: 2214:, while many of the ones left were the target 930:. In 1834, mountainous eastern Banat hosted a 702:The Republic advocated the establishment of a 72: 4537:States and territories disestablished in 1919 4111:Europa Centrală. Memorie, paradis, apocalipsă 3123: 3102: 2738:Suciu, pp. 1092, 1102. See also Dudaș, p. 359 2380:Europa Centrală. Memorie, paradis, apocalipsă 1670:'s depiction of the Serb Popular Assembly in 1447: 1325:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar 1217:, a Slavic Catholic community in neighboring 971:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar 643: 102: 87: 4134: 4132: 4130: 3292:Kókai, pp. 70–71. See also Heka, pp. 126–127 2834: 2773: 2741: 2639: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2446:Cerović, pp. 75–79. See also Radonitch, p. 7 2053:and the Autonomist Party dissolved into the 1755:, was elected on the CNRC leadership board. 1549:, who took charge of the Romanian guards in 138:Flag used during the Republic's proclamation 42: 3986: 3984: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2417: 1858:. These were to be directly modeled on the 989:for the community, unifying the Banat with 655:31 October 1918, during the dissolution of 4532:States and territories established in 1918 4361:Justiție românească în Transilvania (1919) 4314:, Vol. VII, Issue 1 (65), 2002, pp. 50–54. 3994:, p. 969. Szeged: JATEPress Kiadó, 2013. 3608:, p. 926. Szeged: JATEPress Kiadó, 2013. 3327: 3325: 1796:Transylvanian–Banatian merger with Romania 1697:, was also repressed during the interval. 1454: 1440: 871:. Before 1568, the east was an autonomous 4127: 3921:Morisena. Revistă Trimestrială de Istorie 2198:experimented with self-government in the 3981: 3003:Kókai, p. 67. See also Heka, pp. 125–126 2571: 2141: 1981: 1829: 1798:; at the same time Serbia merged into a 1662: 1596:, the Bissingen-Nippenburg residence in 1052: 648:) was a short-lived state proclaimed in 4510:. Timișoara: Editura Marineasa, 2012. 4317:Rodica Colta, Doru Sinaci, Ioan Traia, 3322: 2073:, which followed guidelines set by the 2043:Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic 1529:as a close ally of the Banat Republic. 1428:Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic 1184:, forcing an individual tax of 400,000 1028:cemented the Banat's annexation to the 815:and along the westernmost slope of the 4524: 4396:, Vol. 2, Issues 2–3, 2009, pp. 63–74. 3358:Moscovici, p. 245; Suciu, p. 1099–1100 2014:. Muth and Imbroane both won seats in 1786:On 1 December, now remembered as the " 848:" Pannonian land. Interwar journalist 4508:Francezi în Banat, bănățeni în Franța 4501:Analele Banatului. Arheologie—Istorie 4440:Analele Banatului. Arheologie—Istorie 4433:Analele Banatului. Arheologie—Istorie 4385:Analele Banatului. Arheologie—Istorie 4378:Analele Banatului. Arheologie—Istorie 4333:Analele Banatului. Arheologie—Istorie 4231:Analele Banatului. Arheologie—Istorie 4151:(Timișoara edition), 10 November 2014 3976:Analele Banatului. Arheologie—Istorie 3804:Cioroianu, pp. 21, 35, 39–41; Cojoc, 3572:Suciu, p. 1102. See also Kókai, p. 73 3021:Kakucs (2014), p. 352; Suciu, p. 1097 1800:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 1792:Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia 1228: 1180:, this parliamentary body introduced 747:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 300:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 4494:Revista Bibliotecii Academiei Române 4351:Godišnjak za Znanstvena Istraživanja 3919:Dușan Baiski, "Război în Banat", in 2813:Heka, pp. 114–115, 126; Kókai, p. 68 2627:(Timișoara edition), 5 November 2017 2220:labor conscripts in the Soviet Union 2108:. This status quo was challenged by 1646: 1098:Other accounts credit initiative to 4547:Aftermath of World War I in Hungary 4268:. Timișoara: Editura Solness, 2011. 4072:Buruleanu & Păun, p. 73; Colta 3012:Dudaș & Grunețeanu, pp. 140–147 2958:Dudaș & Grunețeanu, pp. 135–136 2702:Dudaș & Grunețeanu, pp. 139–140 2693:Dudaș & Grunețeanu, pp. 137–138 2290:form during the 1980s, philosopher 1026:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 983:Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen 531:Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen 13: 4572:Social Democratic Party of Hungary 4331:Vasile Dudaș, "Ștefan Frecot", in 3886:Polis. Revistă de Științe Politice 2499:, Vol. XIV, Issue 14, 2015, p. 220 1957: 558:French administration of the Banat 14: 4588: 4577:States succeeding Austria-Hungary 4264:Dan N. Buruleanu, Liana N. Păun, 3367:Moscovici, p. 245; Suciu, p. 1103 3265:Moscovici, p. 245; Suciu, p. 1101 2302:anti-communist Revolution of 1989 2243:redesigned the administrative map 1104:Hungarian Social Democratic Party 827:, and the mountainous areas as a 4435:, Vol. XVIII, 2010, pp. 241–250. 4321:. Arad: Editura Mirador, 2011. 4247:. Timișoara: Eurostampa, 2011. 4210: 4201: 4179: 4154: 4101:, "Exerciții de luciditate", in 4092: 4089:, Vol. 41, Issue 1, 2011, p. 339 4079: 4066: 4053: 4044: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3926: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3878: 3865: 3856:"Trecutul ne este o țară vecină" 3845: 3832: 3819: 3810: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3696:, Vol. 3, Issue 2, 2014, pp. 4–5 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3618: 3598: 3584: 3575: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3459: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3349:Albert, p. 452; Birăescu, p. 185 2277:, prompting the intervention of 2079:Resolution on the National Issue 2065:regionalism within the far-left 1871:Léon Gaston Jean-Baptiste Farret 1243: 1038:United States of Greater Austria 562: 548: 523: 244: 183: 155: 130: 4387:, Vol. XXIV, 2016, pp. 467–494. 4380:, Vol. XXII, 2014, pp. 339–381. 4261:, Vol. VIII, 2000, pp. 223–254. 3411: 3402: 3393: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3137: 3114: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2855: 2846: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2804:Cerović, p. 151; Minahan, p. 64 2798: 2795:, Vol. III, Issue 4, 2009, p. 9 2785: 2764: 2761:Buruleanu & Păun, pp. 48–49 2755: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2630: 2557:, pp. 236, 281–282. Bucharest: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2511: 2502: 2489: 2480: 2467: 2328:anti-government rallies of 2014 2137: 2039:reconstructed Hungarian Kingdom 1962:In late May 1919, units of the 1875:11th Colonial Infantry Division 1716:. It hosted 72 Serb, Bunjevci, 1190:on highest-income individuals. 1085:, still represented locally by 887:took over the region. In 1694, 745:, which in December became the 4503:, Vol. XVI, 2008, pp. 289–299. 4489:, Issue 6/1968, pp. 1089–1104. 4442:, Vol. XVI, 2008, pp. 309–331. 4417:. Santa Barbara & Denver: 4335:, Vol. XVI, 2008, pp. 359–363. 4233:, Vol. XIX, 2011, pp. 449–456. 3051:Dudaș & Grunețeanu, p. 143 2931:Dudaș & Grunețeanu, p. 141 2729:Dudaș & Grunețeanu, p. 139 2657:Dudaș & Grunețeanu, p. 137 2458: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2408: 2361: 2343: 1929:subsequent inclusion into the 1840:François Léon Jouinot-Gambetta 1335:French administration of Banat 1305:Banate of Lugos and Karánsebes 103: 1: 4557:Former unrecognized countries 4222: 3741:Cerović, p. 159; Iancu, p. 66 3247:Cerović, pp. 155–156, 157–158 2994:Cerović, p. 153; Heka, p. 115 2318:was about regional autonomy. 1600:, and Géza Szalay's manor in 1036:. However, his project, the " 802: 652: 4340:Studii de Știință și Cultură 1878:the French advance, the new 1825: 1030:Lands of the Hungarian Crown 936:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 454:• Government disbanded 448:31 October – 2 November 1918 7: 3829:, Issue 28, July 1926, p. 5 3390:Buruleanu & Păun, p. 51 3301:Buruleanu & Păun, p. 49 2852:Buruleanu & Păun, p. 48 2675:Kakucs (2016), pp. 483, 484 2265:was welcomed as a sign of " 2257:Romanian national communism 1806:, in particular the writer 1476:Romanian nationalist anthem 1048: 908:Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary 794:; liberal Swabians such as 644: 88: 10: 4593: 4562:Former socialist republics 4552:Former countries in Europe 4487:Studii. Revistă de Istorie 4419:Greenwood Publishing Group 4266:Moravița. Album monografic 4245:Jurnalul unui preot bătrân 3978:, Vol. XVIII, 2010, p. 298 3408:Kakucs (2014), pp. 347–348 2861:Suciu, pp. 1091–1092, 1102 2791:"Republica bănățeană", in 2523:, Nr. 20/1931, pp. 399–400 2508:Milin, p. 21; Tiron, p. 30 2370:, "Scrisori bănățene", in 2128:National Renaissance Front 2071:Communist Party of Romania 1776:elections for the assembly 1320:District of Velika Kikinda 1057:Seal of the Losonczy Lodge 1043: 877:Transylvanian Principality 18: 4542:20th century in Vojvodina 4394:Közép-Európai Közlemények 4277:Union of Serbs of Romania 4010:Narai (2008), pp. 327–329 3938:, October 2020, pp. 25–29 2315:Proclamation of Timișoara 2232:Prime Minister of Romania 2173:Banat administrative unit 1996:Franco–Romanian relations 1952: 1939:National Union from Banat 1922:Hungarian Soviet Republic 1710:all-Slav Popular Assembly 858:long series of incursions 821:Angevin Hungarian Kingdom 759:Hungarian Soviet Republic 639: 578: 502: 489: 485: 475: 471: 466: 462: 452: 442: 438: 424: 416: 412: 400: 396: 388: 380: 370: 316: 306: 283: 243: 241: 143: 127: 122: 34: 4019:Vultur, pp. 12–14, 17–18 3120:Tomoni, pp. 293, 297–299 2358:, August 1986, pp. 31–32 2337: 2310:National Salvation Front 2275:Union of Communist Youth 2239:Romanian communist state 2228:Soviet occupation forces 2157:National Legionary State 2114:National Peasants' Party 2012:Autonomous Swabian Party 2006:had joined efforts with 1820:Autonomous Swabian Party 1706:Banat, Bačka and Baranja 1541:") and began raiding in 1387:Banat, Bačka and Baranja 1275:Csanád County (medieval) 1260:Banat in the Middle Ages 775:Autonomous Swabian Party 544:Banat, Bačka and Baranja 4465:, July 2019, pp. 10–14. 4176:, Issue 782, March 2005 3786:Brînzeu, pp. 68–69, 126 2207:Social Democratic Party 2016:Romania's Lower Chamber 1472:Romanian National Party 1371:Vest development region 1315:Banat Military Frontier 4050:Cioroianu, pp. 217–218 3862:, Issue 332, July 2011 3435:Moscovici, pp. 246–249 3426:Moscovici, pp. 243–244 3417:Moscovici, pp. 245–246 3193:Moscovici, pp. 242–243 2306:toppling and execution 2147: 1987: 1931:French colonial empire 1835: 1808:Viktor Orendi-Hommenau 1702:Paris Peace Conference 1674: 1423:Csongrád-Csanád County 1415:Modern Hungarian Banat 1402:Central Banat District 1058: 875:, administered by the 763:French colonial empire 627: 615: 607: 73: 58: 43: 25:Banat (disambiguation) 23:. For other uses, see 4319:Căprioara: monografie 4113:, pp. 155–156. Iași: 3947:Brînzeu, 501–502, 505 3655:Kakucs (2016), p. 484 3030:Kakucs (2014), p. 365 2976:Kakucs (2014), p. 352 2455:Kakucs (2016), p. 476 2150:During World War II, 2145: 1985: 1833: 1666: 1483:rally on 1 November. 1343:Modern Romanian Banat 1295:Krassó-Szörény County 1056: 924:Hungarian nationalism 914:, argued in favor of 893:Treaty of Passarowitz 389:Commissioner-in-Chief 317:Common languages 4353:, 2014, pp. 113–170. 4346:, 2017, pp. 131–148. 4298:Editura Curtea Veche 4028:Narai (2008), p. 318 3581:Suciu, pp. 1102–1103 3515:Cerović, pp. 156–157 3488:Suciu, pp. 1101–1102 3283:Suciu, pp. 1095–1097 3184:Cerović, pp. 154–155 3166:Tomoni, pp. 293, 294 3039:Cerović, pp. 150–151 2985:Cerović, pp. 152–153 2913:Brînzeu, pp. 69, 229 2035:Bunjevac-Šokac Party 1964:Romanian Land Forces 1935:Paul-Joseph de Lobit 1804:Transylvanian Saxons 1407:South Banat District 1397:North Banat District 1379:Modern Serbian Banat 1361:Caraș-Severin County 1270:Arad County (former) 1146:traditional counties 1119:Romanian nationalist 916:Josephine centralism 704:Swiss cantonal model 298:Client state of the 4271:Ljubivoje Cerović, 4099:Ion Dezideriu Sîrbu 3340:, 30 May 1919, p. 2 3274:Albert, pp. 451–456 3143:Tomoni, pp. 291–292 3069:Büchl, pp. 252, 253 2520:Societatea de Mâine 2437:Radonitch, pp. 1, 3 2324:European federalism 2292:Ion Dezideriu Sîrbu 2216:post-war expulsions 2196:Serb partisan units 1880:Royal Yugoslav Army 1848:Paul Prosper Henrys 1812:Kultur der Schwaben 1745:Hungarian Gendarmes 1653:Hungarian armistice 1127:socialist red flags 1014:Sigismund Popoviciu 817:eponymous mountains 720:Hungarian armistice 632:Republica Banatului 628:Republica bănățeană 620:Bánsági Köztársaság 74:Republica bănățeană 4207:Minahan, pp. 63–64 4164:Ruxandra Cesereanu 3759:Dudaș, pp. 360–361 2464:Cerović, pp. 86–87 2267:re-Romanianization 2248:Regiunea Timișoara 2184:racial legislation 2148: 2059:Germans of Romania 1988: 1860:Swiss Armed Forces 1836: 1675: 1657:Royal Serbian Army 1300:Eyalet of Temeşvar 1229:Internal conflicts 1102:, a member of the 1075:French Danube Army 1067:Hungarian Republic 1059: 869:Eyalet of Temeşvar 823:: the lowlands as 751:Kingdom of Romania 724:French Danube Army 689:Hungarian Republic 645:Banatska republika 640:Банатска република 616:Bánáti Köztársaság 444:• Proclaimed 294:Hungarian Republic 287:Unrecognized state 104:Банатска република 89:Banatska republika 59:Bánáti Köztársaság 4516:978-973-631-698-2 4506:Smaranda Vultur, 4455:978-606-8030-84-5 4427:978-1-61069-953-2 4409:978-606-8030-84-5 4327:978-973-164-096-9 4312:Dosarele Istoriei 4253:978-606-569-311-1 4243:Nicolae Brînzeu, 4238:Cele Trei Crișuri 4000:978-963-315-153-2 3956:Brînzeu, 291, 307 3875:, pp. 75, 222–223 3732:Heka, pp. 128–137 3614:978-963-315-153-2 3465:Moscovici, p. 249 3444:Moscovici, p. 248 3399:Kókai, pp. 69, 72 3376:Moscovici, p. 245 3220:Moscovici, p. 242 3202:Kókai, pp. 68, 69 3099:Moscovici, p. 243 2822:Heka, pp. 114–115 2770:Kókai, pp. 63, 68 2271:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2192:King Michael Coup 2180:Union of Patriots 2106:1923 Constitution 2067:Ploughmen's Front 2031:Treaty of Trianon 2024:Minority Treaties 1647:Serbian incursion 1523:Kingdom of Serbia 1500:Romanian tricolor 1464: 1463: 1392:Banat (1941–1944) 1310:Banat of Temeswar 1265:Banate of Severin 1199:Serb nationalisms 1018:ethnic federalism 956:Serbian Vojvodina 952:Imperial Austrian 897:Banat of Temeswar 885:Habsburg monarchy 881:Great Turkish War 862:Matthias Corvinus 829:Banate of Severin 743:Kingdom of Serbia 596: 595: 574: 573: 570: 569: 536: 535: 494:Austro-Hungarian 402:• 1918–1919 234: 171: 4584: 4567:History of Banat 4290:Adrian Cioroianu 4217: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4140: 4136: 4125: 4107:Cornel Ungureanu 4096: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4070: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3988: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3930: 3924: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3882: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3854:Dragoș Sdrobiș, 3853: 3849: 3843: 3836: 3830: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3627:Florin Bengean, 3626: 3622: 3616: 3602: 3596: 3593:Analele Aradului 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3329: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3157:Birăescu, p. 185 3155: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3100: 3097: 3088: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2904:Kókai, pp. 64–66 2902: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2832: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793:Glasul Cerbiciei 2789: 2783: 2780: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2637: 2636:Kókai, pp. 67–68 2634: 2628: 2616: 2612: 2569: 2548: 2542: 2541:Tiron, pp. 30–31 2539: 2533: 2532:Milin, pp. 21–28 2530: 2524: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2493: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2415: 2412: 2406: 2403: 2394: 2382:, p. 177. Iași: 2376:Cornel Ungureanu 2365: 2359: 2347: 2332:Social Democrats 2279:official censors 2255:. The advent of 2194:of August 1944, 2190:. Following the 2124:Hunedoara County 2020:race of May 1920 1992:George D. Herron 1781:occupied Albania 1737:Caius Brediceanu 1555:Banat Bulgarians 1507:Svetozar Davidov 1488:Valeriu Braniște 1456: 1449: 1442: 1366:Mehedinți County 1252:Historical Banat 1247: 1237:History of Banat 1233: 1232: 1166:Workers' Council 1095:György Kórossy. 1063:Aster Revolution 1006:Svetozar Miletić 940:Petar Čarnojević 654: 647: 641: 608:Banater Republik 566: 565: 552: 551: 540: 539: 527: 526: 520: 519: 504: 503: 458:20 February 1919 420:People's Council 248: 236: 235: 173: 172: 134: 114: 106: 105: 99: 91: 84: 76: 69: 61: 54: 46: 44:Banater Republik 32: 31: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4469:Yovan Radonitch 4462:Magazin Istoric 4413:James Minahan, 4259:Ungarn-Jahrbuch 4225: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4138: 4137: 4128: 4097: 4093: 4084: 4080: 4071: 4067: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3989: 3982: 3973: 3969: 3965:Cerović, p. 163 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3935:Magazin Istoric 3931: 3927: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3866: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479:Cerović, p. 157 3478: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3103: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2877:Cerović, p. 151 2876: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2614: 2613: 2572: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2475:Foaia Diecezană 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2405:Radonitch, p. 2 2404: 2397: 2366: 2362: 2355:Magazin Istoric 2348: 2344: 2340: 2169:occupied Serbia 2140: 2132:Alexandru Marta 1960: 1958:Greater Romania 1955: 1852:Henri Berthelot 1828: 1814:. In parallel, 1794:proclaimed the 1788:Great Union Day 1668:Anastas Bocarić 1649: 1629:Topolovățu Mare 1574:notaries public 1551:Sânnicolau Mare 1486:On 3 November, 1460: 1290:Torontál County 1231: 1223:Greater Romania 1138:La Marseillaise 1111:Military Casino 1087:Baron von Hordt 1051: 1046: 1024:. However, the 1010:Vincențiu Babeș 873:Banate of Lugos 813:Pannonian plain 805: 767:Regency Hungary 657:Austria-Hungary 589: 585: 563: 549: 524: 478: 455: 445: 431: 403: 365:Banat Bulgarian 339: 335: 325:Austrian German 323: 297: 288: 279: 276: 275: 274: 272: 269: 266: 262: 259: 255: 252: 237: 184: 181: 178:La Marseillaise 175: 174: 156: 153: 139: 136: 135: 118: 117: 108: 93: 78: 63: 48: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4590: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4519: 4518: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4466: 4457: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4411: 4397: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4381: 4373:Lajos Kakucs, 4371: 4357:Gheorghe Iancu 4354: 4347: 4342:, Supplement: 4336: 4329: 4315: 4308: 4287: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4241: 4234: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4216:Minahan, p. 64 4209: 4200: 4178: 4153: 4126: 4103:Adriana Babeţi 4091: 4078: 4065: 4052: 4043: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3980: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3925: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3877: 3864: 3844: 3831: 3827:Lumina Satelor 3818: 3809: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3664:Pițigoi, p. 14 3657: 3648: 3646:Suciu, p. 1104 3639: 3637:, 26 June 2015 3634:Cuvântul Liber 3617: 3597: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3563:Brînzeu, p. 76 3556: 3547: 3538: 3536:Suciu, p. 1102 3529: 3527:Suciu, p. 1103 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3467: 3458: 3456:Pițigoi, p. 11 3446: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3321: 3312: 3310:Suciu, p. 1099 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3145: 3136: 3122: 3113: 3101: 3089: 3087:Suciu, p. 1097 3080: 3078:Tomoni, p. 291 3071: 3062: 3053: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2967:Tomoni, p. 292 2960: 2951: 2942: 2940:Suciu, p. 1096 2933: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2886:Albert, p. 449 2879: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2784: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2638: 2629: 2570: 2551:Aurel Popovici 2543: 2534: 2525: 2510: 2501: 2488: 2486:Albert, p. 450 2479: 2466: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2430: 2416: 2414:Cerović, p. 51 2407: 2395: 2372:Adriana Babeţi 2360: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2262:Regiunea Banat 2139: 2136: 2102:Timiș-Torontal 2086:People's Party 2008:Michael Kausch 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1943:Avram Imbroane 1898:Martin Filipon 1887:Srpski Glasnik 1827: 1824: 1651:Following the 1648: 1645: 1590:Mocioni family 1547:Coriolan Băran 1511:Georgije Letić 1462: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1444: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1330:Banat Republic 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1240: 1239: 1230: 1227: 1195:Mihály Károlyi 1170:Gheorghe Iancu 1158:Krassó-Szörény 1083:German Austria 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1034:Aurel Popovici 1002:Hungarian Diet 979:Andrei Mocioni 854:Ottoman Empire 833:proto-Romanian 804: 801: 792:Nazified Banat 779:Avram Imbroane 600:Banat Republic 594: 593: 580: 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 560: 554: 553: 546: 537: 534: 533: 528: 516: 515: 510: 500: 499: 491: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 476: 473: 472: 469: 468: 464: 463: 460: 459: 456: 453: 450: 449: 446: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 426: 425:Historical era 422: 421: 418: 414: 413: 410: 409: 404: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 386: 385: 382: 378: 377: 374: 368: 367: 333:Swabian German 318: 314: 313: 308: 304: 303: 285: 281: 280: 277: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 239: 238: 182: 154: 141: 140: 137: 129: 128: 125: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115: 100: 85: 70: 55: 39: 38: 36:Banat Republic 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4589: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4369:973-88038-1-0 4366: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4306:973-669-175-6 4303: 4299: 4296:. Bucharest: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4285:973-98657-9-2 4282: 4278: 4275:. Timișoara: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4213: 4204: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4188:Ștefan Both, 4186:(in Romanian) 4182: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161:(in Romanian) 4157: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4141:Ștefan Both, 4139:(in Romanian) 4135: 4133: 4131: 4124: 4123:973-683-131-0 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3985: 3977: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3937: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3892:, pp. 222–223 3891: 3887: 3881: 3874: 3868: 3861: 3857: 3852:(in Romanian) 3848: 3841: 3835: 3828: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3679: 3673:Vultur, p. 19 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3625:(in Romanian) 3621: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3522: 3512: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3462: 3453: 3451: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3332:Émile Henriot 3328: 3326: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3140: 3134:Büchl, p. 253 3131: 3129: 3127: 3117: 3111:Büchl, p. 252 3108: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3046: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2858: 2849: 2840: 2838: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2779: 2777: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2735: 2726: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2663: 2654: 2645: 2643: 2633: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2617:Ștefan Both, 2615:(in Romanian) 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2505: 2498: 2492: 2483: 2476: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2411: 2402: 2400: 2393: 2392:973-683-131-0 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188:to Madagascar 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2161:Ion Antonescu 2158: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2119:Ținutul Timiș 2115: 2111: 2110:Romulus Boilă 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2004:Stefan Frecôt 2001: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1968:Émile Henriot 1965: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1832: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:Allied Powers 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1351:Ținutul Timiș 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1280:Csanád County 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1208:Swiss cantons 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1176:newspaper of 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Albert Bartha 1068: 1064: 1055: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 948:Eftimie Murgu 945: 941: 937: 933: 932:Masonic Lodge 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 912:Sava Tekelija 909: 904: 902: 901:Jovan Radonić 898: 894: 890: 889:Serb settlers 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 811:, within the 810: 800: 797: 796:Stefan Frecôt 793: 789: 784: 780: 776: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 718:. Before the 717: 713: 709: 705: 700: 698: 697:Albert Bartha 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 651: 646: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 592: 588: 584: 581: 579:Today part of 577: 561: 559: 556: 555: 547: 545: 542: 541: 538: 532: 529: 522: 521: 518: 517: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 501: 498: 497: 492: 488: 484: 480: 474: 470: 465: 461: 457: 451: 447: 441: 437: 434: 430: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 408: 405: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 373: 369: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 319: 315: 312: 309: 305: 301: 295: 291: 286: 282: 268: 261: 254: 247: 240: 180: 179: 152: 151: 146: 142: 133: 126: 121: 112: 101: 97: 90: 86: 82: 75: 71: 67: 60: 56: 52: 45: 41: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4472: 4460: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4414: 4400: 4393: 4384: 4377: 4360: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4318: 4311: 4293: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4212: 4203: 4193: 4181: 4171: 4156: 4146: 4110: 4094: 4086: 4081: 4073: 4068: 4060: 4055: 4046: 4038: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3991: 3975: 3970: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3933: 3928: 3920: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3872: 3867: 3859: 3847: 3839: 3834: 3826: 3821: 3816:Cojoc, p. 52 3812: 3805: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3723:Heka, p. 128 3719: 3714:Heka, p. 130 3710: 3701: 3693: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3632: 3620: 3605: 3600: 3592: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3554:Kókai, p. 73 3550: 3545:Kókai, p. 72 3541: 3532: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3461: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3395: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3335: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3256:Heka, p. 116 3252: 3243: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3162: 3139: 3116: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2895:Kókai, p. 64 2891: 2882: 2857: 2848: 2843:Heka, p. 126 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2792: 2787: 2782:Iancu, p. 62 2766: 2757: 2752:Kókai, p. 68 2734: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2662: 2653: 2648:Kókai, p. 67 2632: 2622: 2554: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2518: 2513: 2504: 2496: 2491: 2482: 2474: 2469: 2460: 2451: 2442: 2433: 2428:Kókai, p. 74 2410: 2379: 2363: 2353: 2350:Ștefan Pascu 2345: 2320: 2313: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2260: 2246: 2236: 2224:West Germany 2204: 2177: 2152:Nazi Germany 2149: 2138:Later echoes 2117: 2083: 2078: 2063: 2055:German Party 2047: 2028: 1989: 1976: 1961: 1927: 1914: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1886: 1884: 1868: 1855: 1837: 1811: 1785: 1760:Oszkár Jászi 1757: 1749:Transylvania 1734: 1699: 1676: 1650: 1633: 1606: 1563: 1539:Green Cadres 1531: 1504: 1485: 1469: 1465: 1356:Timiș County 1329: 1285:Temes County 1212: 1192: 1185: 1182:tax brackets 1173: 1143: 1136: 1130: 1123: 1108: 1097: 1090: 1060: 1004:, including 999: 991:Transylvania 977:son-in-law, 960: 905: 866: 835: 806: 788:Nazi Germany 771: 740: 701: 631: 619: 599: 597: 513:Succeeded by 512: 507: 495: 477:• 1918 337:Also spoken: 336: 320: 290:Client state 176: 148: 144: 29: 4063:, pp. 76–77 3842:, pp. 74–75 2497:Țara Bârsei 2368:Cora Irineu 2297:perestroika 2284:Writing in 2253:Arad Region 2212:German army 2077:. Its 1928 2018:during the 1947:Petru Groza 1866:sentiment. 1864:Francophile 1816:Kaspar Muth 1722:Montenegrin 1679:Mureș River 1609:martial law 1559:Stár Bišnov 1162:Kaspar Muth 1115:Aurel Cosma 1079:Common Army 1022:corporatism 944:martial law 850:Cora Irineu 783:Petru Groza 693:Common Army 508:Preceded by 429:World War I 417:Legislature 302:(1918–1919) 4526:Categories 4223:References 4173:Revista 22 1979:of Temes. 1891:Josef Geml 1856:Volksmiliz 1772:Alba Iulia 1741:Ioan Sârbu 1730:Krashovani 1695:Bela Crkva 1598:Vojvodinci 1592:estate at 1496:Caransebeș 1490:hosted at 987:crown land 928:liberalism 920:Leopold II 846:feudalized 803:Precedents 716:Caransebeș 665:Hungarians 467:Population 381:Government 372:Demonym(s) 321:Customary: 4481:642630168 4421:, 2016. 4300:, 2005. 4279:, 2005. 4117:, 1998. 2561:, 1939. 2386:, 1998. 2165:Gendarmes 2075:Comintern 1941:, led by 1826:Clampdown 1174:Nova Zora 1100:Otto Roth 975:Aromanian 856:during a 681:Romanians 677:Otto Roth 650:Timișoara 612:Hungarian 481:1,580,000 407:Otto Roth 329:Hungarian 311:Timișoara 123:1918–1919 66:Hungarian 4195:Adevărul 4148:Adevărul 3337:Le Temps 2624:Adevărul 2567:28742413 2287:samizdat 2090:counties 2050:communes 1873:and the 1714:Novi Sad 1672:Novi Sad 1625:Racovița 1617:Cărpiniș 1215:Bunjevci 1203:Budapest 1154:Torontál 1049:Creation 995:Bukovina 842:voivodes 825:counties 736:Cărpiniș 669:Swabians 624:Romanian 490:Currency 384:Republic 376:Banatian 357:Croatian 341:Romanian 273:Republic 81:Romanian 4115:Polirom 4109:(eds), 4076:, p. 77 4041:, p. 76 3860:Cultura 2384:Polirom 2378:(eds), 2300:". The 2200:Clisura 2130:, with 2112:of the 2098:Severin 2000:Lorrain 1977:Alispán 1909:Alispán 1790:", the 1681:, from 1641:Zlatica 1594:Birchiș 1570:Ciacova 1566:Margina 1543:Clisura 1519:Pančevo 1132:Himnusz 1092:Alispán 1044:History 837:knyazes 708:Pančevo 636:Serbian 591:Hungary 583:Romania 345:Serbian 307:Capital 292:of the 260:Romania 253:Hungary 150:Himnusz 145:Anthem: 111:Serbian 96:Serbian 4514: 4479: 4453: 4425: 4407: 4367: 4325: 4304: 4283: 4251: 4121: 4087:Crisia 4074:et al. 4061:et al. 4059:Colta 4039:et al. 4037:Colta 3998: 3890:et al. 3873:et al. 3871:Colta 3840:et al. 3838:Colta 3806:passim 3612: 2565: 2390: 1953:Legacy 1764:Csanád 1718:Slovak 1691:Orșova 1687:Lipova 1683:Szeged 1627:, and 1621:Honvéd 1602:Voiteg 1578:Ghilad 1545:area. 1535:Russia 1527:Sombor 1480:Reșița 1187:Kronen 1012:, and 967:Syrmia 883:, the 809:Danube 604:German 587:Serbia 392: 361:French 349:Slovak 296:(1918) 284:Status 267:Serbia 265:Modern 258:Modern 251:Modern 147: 107: 92: 77: 62: 51:German 47: 4192:, in 4170:, in 4145:, in 3858:, in 3631:, in 2621:, in 2338:Notes 2094:Caraș 1972:Bačka 1903:Župan 1844:Igriș 1768:Békés 1753:Bocșa 1726:Šokci 1637:Kusić 1613:Jebel 1586:Făget 1582:Denta 1492:Lugoj 1219:Bačka 1178:Vršac 1150:Temes 963:Bačka 732:Făget 728:Denta 712:Lugoj 685:Serbs 661:Banat 496:Krone 353:Rusyn 271:Banat 21:Banat 4512:ISBN 4477:OCLC 4451:ISBN 4423:ISBN 4405:ISBN 4365:ISBN 4323:ISBN 4302:ISBN 4281:ISBN 4249:ISBN 4119:ISBN 3996:ISBN 3610:ISBN 2563:OCLC 2388:ISBN 1945:and 1918:Arad 1850:and 1766:and 1739:and 1728:and 1639:and 1509:and 1135:and 1020:and 993:and 965:and 926:and 840:and 781:and 755:Arad 734:and 714:and 683:and 673:Jews 671:and 598:The 1712:of 1685:to 1557:of 769:. 630:or 618:or 4528:: 4471:, 4359:, 4292:, 4166:, 4129:^ 4105:, 3983:^ 3520:^ 3470:^ 3449:^ 3381:^ 3324:^ 3148:^ 3125:^ 3104:^ 3092:^ 3044:^ 2866:^ 2836:^ 2775:^ 2743:^ 2641:^ 2573:^ 2553:, 2419:^ 2398:^ 2374:, 2281:. 2100:, 2096:, 2026:. 1822:. 1724:, 1720:, 1604:. 1561:. 1225:. 1156:, 1152:, 1141:. 1121:. 1008:, 997:. 860:. 738:. 730:, 699:. 667:, 653:c. 642:, 638:: 634:, 626:: 622:, 614:: 610:, 606:: 363:, 359:, 355:, 351:, 347:, 343:, 331:, 327:, 2092:( 1455:e 1448:t 1441:v 1148:( 602:( 113:) 109:( 98:) 94:( 83:) 79:( 68:) 64:( 53:) 49:( 27:.

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