Bamboo - Knowledge

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fully mature culm. Over the next 2–5 years (depending on species), fungus begins to form on the outside of the culm, which eventually penetrates and overcomes the culm. Around 5–8 years later (species- and climate-dependent), the fungal growths cause the culm to collapse and decay. This brief life means culms are ready for harvest and suitable for use in construction within about three to seven years. Individual bamboo culms do not get any taller or larger in diameter in subsequent years than they do in their first year, and they do not replace any growth lost from pruning or natural breakage. Bamboo has a wide range of hardiness depending on species and locale. Small or young specimens of an individual species produce small culms initially. As the clump and its rhizome system mature, taller and larger culms are produced each year until the plant approaches its particular species limits of height and diameter.

2542:, a non-profit organization, promotes the development of Brazil's bamboo production chain. Last year, it helped with the approval of law n~21,162 in the state of Paraná, which encourages Bamboo Culture aiming at the dissemination of its agricultural cultivation and the valorization of bamboo as an instrument for promoting the sustainable socioeconomic development of the State through its multiple functionalities. Bamboo cultivation neutralizes carbon emissions. Bamboo cultivation is cheap and in addition to adding value to its production chain, it is a sustainable crop that brings environmental, economic and social benefits. Its production can be used from construction to food. Recently, it was qualified and classified for the National Commission for Sustainable Development Objectives - CNDOS of the Presidency of the Republic of the federal government of Brazil. 1927: 1990: 2915: 1958: 1911: 2551: 10228: 2478: 2433: 3759: 2196: 2183: 4899: 4559:). Bamboo also symbolizes the Vietnamese hometown and Vietnamese soul: the gentlemanlike, straightforwardness, hard working, optimism, unity, and adaptability. A Vietnamese proverb says, "Tre già, măng mọc" (When the bamboo is old, the bamboo sprouts appear), the meaning being Vietnam will never be annihilated; if the previous generation dies, the children take their place. Therefore, the Vietnam nation and Vietnamese value will be maintained and developed eternally. Traditional Vietnamese villages are surrounded by thick bamboo hedges ( 8363: 3833: 1970: 1942: 3297: 2562: 4710:, river cane has been used to make waterproof baskets, mats, fishing poles, flutes, blowguns, arrows, and to build houses, among other uses; the seed and young shoots are also edible. Traditional Cherokee double-woven baskets, crafted from river cane that has been split and dyed in various colors, are sometimes considered among the finest in the world. Since the North American bamboos are now rare, with 98% of their original extent eliminated, the Cherokee have initiated an effort to restore it. 2415: 10256: 4326:" (bamboo, orchid, plum blossom and chrysanthemum), plays such an important role in traditional Chinese culture that it is even regarded as a behavior model of the gentleman. As bamboo has features such as uprightness, tenacity, and modesty, people endow bamboo with integrity, elegance, and plainness, though it is not physically strong. Countless poems praising bamboo written by ancient Chinese poets are actually metaphorically about people who exhibited these characteristics. An ancient poet, 151: 4392: 3350: 2281: 2451: 3393: 3672: 2213: 4315: 1823: 4618:, which means "joined together immediately, fell apart immediately". The triumphant farmer returned to the landlord and demanded his daughter. Curious to see such a long bamboo, the landlord was magically joined to the bamboo when he touched it, as the young farmer said the first two magic words. The story ends with the happy marriage of the farmer and the landlord's daughter after the landlord agreed to the marriage and asked to be separated from the bamboo. 2697: 10296: 9227: 10214: 4528: 2139:, vast fields existed in what is now Asia. Some of the largest timber bamboo grow over 30 m (100 ft) tall, and be as large as 250–300 mm (10–12 in) in diameter. The size range for mature bamboo is species-dependent, with the smallest bamboos reaching only several inches high at maturity. A typical height range covering many of the common bamboos grown in the United States is 4.5–12 m (15–39 ft), depending on species. 2242:) bloomed for the first time in recorded history in 1971, suggesting a blooming interval well in excess of 130 years. The lack of environmental impact on the time of flowering indicates the presence of some sort of "alarm clock" in each cell of the plant which signals the diversion of all energy to flower production and the cessation of vegetative growth. This mechanism, as well as the evolutionary cause behind it, is still largely a mystery. 10306: 2014: 4172: 10284: 10242: 3335: 2968: 10200: 2111: 130: 9237: 3032: 2397: 10270: 2705: 2809: 4295: 3245: 3680: 4598:) tells of a poor, young farmer who fell in love with his landlord's beautiful daughter. The farmer asked the landlord for his daughter's hand in marriage, but the proud landlord would not allow her to be bound in marriage to a poor farmer. The landlord decided to foil the marriage with an impossible deal; the farmer must bring him a "bamboo tree of 100 3710:. In South and South East Asia, traditional uses of bamboo the instrument include various types of woodwind instruments, such as flutes, and devices like xylophones and organs, which require resonating sections. In some traditional instruments bamboo is the primary material, while others combine bamboo with other materials such as wood and leather. 2230:(or gregarious flowering), with all plants in a particular 'cohort' flowering over a several-year period. Any plant derived through clonal propagation from this cohort will also flower regardless of whether it has been planted in a different location. The longest mass flowering interval known is 120 years, and it is for the species 2134:

Bamboos include some of the fastest-growing plants on Earth, with reported growth rates up to 910 mm (36 in) in 24 hours. These depend on local soil and climatic conditions, as well as species, and a more typical growth rate for many commonly cultivated bamboos in temperate climates is in

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In southern India and some regions of southwest China, the seeds of the dying bamboo plant are consumed as a grain known as "bamboo rice". The taste of cooked bamboo seeds is reported to be similar to wheat and the appearance similar to rice, but bamboo seeds have been found to have lower nutrient

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Durability of bamboo in construction is directly related to how well it is handled from the moment of planting through harvesting, transportation, storage, design, construction, and maintenance. Bamboo harvested at the correct time of year and then exposed to ground contact or rain will break down

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goes through a five to seven-year lifecycle, they are ideally allowed to reach this level of maturity prior to full capacity harvesting. The clearing out or thinning of culms, particularly older decaying culms, helps to ensure adequate light and resources for new growth. Well-maintained clumps may

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once formed a dominant ecosystem in some parts of the Southeastern United States, but they are now considered critically endangered ecosystems. Canada and continental Europe are not known to have any native species of bamboo. Many species are also cultivated as garden plants outside of this range,

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grows vertically into a culm with no branching out until the majority of the mature height is reached. Then, the branches extend from the nodes and leafing out occurs. In the next year, the pulpy wall of each culm slowly hardens. During the third year, the culm hardens further. The shoot is now a

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The two general patterns for the growth of bamboo are "clumping", and "running", with short and long underground rhizomes, respectively. Clumping bamboo species tend to spread slowly, as the growth pattern of the rhizomes is to simply expand the root mass gradually, similar to ornamental grasses.

3331:, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance. 2605:

and disturbing the clump during this phase will potentially damage the upcoming crop, while harvesting immediately prior to the wet/growth season may also damage new shoots, therefore harvesting is best a few months prior to the start of the wet season. Also during this high-rainfall period, sap

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as a test for his potential to rule. Shun passed the test of being able to run his household with the two emperor's daughters as wives, and thus Yao made Shun his successor, bypassing his unworthy son. After Shun's death, the tears of his two bereaved wives fell upon the bamboos growing there

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Many ethnic groups in remote areas that have water access in Asia use bamboo that is 3–5 years old to make rafts. They use 8 to 12 poles, 6–7 m (20–23 ft) long, laid together side by side to a width of about 1 m (3 ft). Once the poles are lined up together, they cut a hole

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In olden times, people in India used hand-made pens (known as Kalam or boru (बोरू)) made from thin bamboo sticks (with diameters of 5–10 mm and lengths of 100–150 mm) by simply peeling them on one side and making a nib-like pattern at the end. The pen would then be dipped in ink for

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with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures. In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of

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The shoots of most species are edible either raw or cooked, with the tough sheath removed. Cooking removes the slight bitterness. The shoots are used in numerous Asian dishes and broths, and are available in supermarkets in various sliced forms, in both fresh and canned versions.

4354:) offering descriptions and recipes for many kinds of bamboo shoots. Bamboo shoot has always been a traditional dish on the Chinese dinner table, especially in southern China. In ancient times, those who could afford a big house with a yard would plant bamboo in their garden. 4330:(772–846), thought that to be a gentleman, a man does not need to be physically strong, but he must be mentally strong, upright, and perseverant. Just as a bamboo is hollow-hearted, he should open his heart to accept anything of benefit and never have arrogance or prejudice. 2225:

Bamboos seldom and unpredictably flower and the frequency of flowering varies greatly from species to species. Once flowering takes place, a plant declines and often dies entirely. In fact, many species only flower at intervals as long as 65 or 120 years. These taxa exhibit

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pulps due to it having a very broad fiber length distribution. With the help of molecular tools, it is now possible to distinguish the superior fiber-yielding species/varieties even at juvenile stages of their growth, which can help in unadulterated merchandise production.

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The empty hollow in the stalks of larger bamboo is often used to cook food in many Asian cultures. Soups are boiled and rice is cooked in the hollows of fresh stalks of bamboo directly over a flame. Similarly, steamed tea is sometimes rammed into bamboo hollows to produce

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Historically a dominant raw material in South and South East Asia, the global bamboo industry has significantly grown in recent decades in part because of the high sustainability of bamboo as compared to other biomass cultivation strategies, such as traditional timber

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crosswise through the poles at each end and use a small bamboo pole pushed through that hole like a screw to hold all the long bamboo poles together. Floating houses use whole bamboo stalks tied together in a big bunch to support the house floating in the water.

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Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Judziewicz, Emmet J.; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Morrone, Osvaldo (2015). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae)".

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Bamboo is not only a symbol of a gentleman, but also plays an important role in Buddhism, which was introduced into China in the first century. As canons of Buddhism forbids cruelty to animals, flesh and egg were not allowed in the diet. The tender bamboo shoot

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5, although they typically defoliate and may even lose all above-ground growth, yet the rhizomes survive and send up shoots again the next spring. In milder climates, such as USDA zone 7 and above, most bamboo remain fully leafed out and green year-round.

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has led to the flowers' being regarded as a sign of impending famine. This may be due to rats feeding upon the profusion of flowers, then multiplying and destroying a large part of the local food supply. The most recent flowering began in May 2006 (see

2236:(Sieb. & Zucc.). In this species, all plants of the same stock flower at the same time, regardless of differences in geographic locations or climatic conditions, and then the bamboo dies. The commercially important bamboo Guadua, or Cana brava ( 4343:

in Chinese) thus became a nutritious alternative. Preparation methods developed over thousands of years have come to be incorporated into Asian cuisines, especially for monks. A Buddhist monk, Zan Ning, wrote a manual of the bamboo shoot called

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Bamboo was in widespread use in early China as a medium for written documents. The earliest surviving examples of such documents, written in ink on string-bound bundles of bamboo strips (or "slips"), date from the fifth century BC during the

3523:, or "Wolf Brush Spear". Some variants of this weapon were just long bamboo poles with a spearhead that still had layers of leaves attached. The Langxian was mainly used as a defensive weapon in Qi Jiguang's Mandarin Duck Formation. 2488:(also known as bamboo farming, cultivation, agriculture or agroforestry) is a cultivation and raw material industry that provides the raw materials for the broader bamboo industry, worth over 72 billion dollars globally in 2019. 1857:, confined to tropical areas, from southern Senegal in the north to southern Mozambique and Madagascar in the south. In the Americas, bamboo has a native range from 47 °S in southern Argentina and the beech forests of central 3227:, as of mid-2009, are cracking down on the practice of labeling bamboo rayon as natural bamboo fabric. Under the guidelines of both agencies, these products must be labeled as rayon with the optional qualifier "from bamboo". 2316:. The red panda can eat up to 9 pounds (4.1 kg) a day which is also about the full body weight of the animal. With raw bamboo containing trace amounts of harmful cyanide with higher concentrations in bamboo shoots, the 3281:, a fiber made by dissolving the cellulose in the bamboo, and then extruding it to form fibres. This process removes the natural characteristics of bamboo fibre, rendering it identical to rayon from other cellulose sources. 2595:

have a productivity three to four times that of an unharvested wild clump. Consistent with the lifecycle described above, bamboo is harvested from two to three years through to five to seven years, depending on the species.

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bamboos, known as giant cane or river cane, are a central part of the material cultures of Southeastern Native American nations, so much so that they have been called "the plastic of the Southeastern Indians." Among the

3781:. In modern times, some see bamboo tools as an eco-friendly alternative to other manufactured utensils. Bamboo is also used to make eating utensils such as chopsticks, trays, and tea scoops. Several manufacturers offer 2162:

Many tropical bamboo species die at or near freezing temperatures, while some of the hardier temperate bamboos survive temperatures as low as −29 °C (−20 °F). Some of the hardiest bamboo species are grown in

2844:. Fresh bamboo shoots are sliced and pickled with mustard seeds and turmeric and kept in glass jar in direct sunlight for the best taste. It is used alongside many dried beans in cooking during winters. Baby shoots ( 2620:

is at its peak, producing the highest levels of sugar in sap, making this the least ideal time of day to harvest and many traditional practitioners believe the best time to harvest is at dawn or dusk on a waning

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Examples include clothing such as shirt tops, pants, and socks for adults and children, as well as bedding such as sheets and pillow covers. Bamboo yarn can also be blended with other textile fibres, such as

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conditions. Some send out runners of several meters a year, while others stay in the same general area for long periods. If neglected, over time, they can cause problems by moving into adjacent areas.

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Shoemaker, Cory M. (2018). "Environmental and landscape factors affecting the continued suppression of canebrakes (Arundinaria gigantea, Poaceae) within restorations of bottomland hardwood forests".

2123:, which can spread widely underground and send up new culms to break through the surface. Running bamboo species are highly variable in their tendency to spread; this is related to the species, 2515:

crop, absorbing between 100 and 400 tonnes of carbon per hectare. In 1997, an international intergovernmental organization was established to promote the development of bamboo cultivation, the

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Brauen, M. Bamboo in Old Japan: Art and Culture on the Threshold to Modernity. The Hans Sporry Collection in the Ethnographic Museum of Zurich University. Arnoldsche Art Publishers: Stuttgart

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in the Philippines. They were thrown in groups at a time at enemy ships or massed enemy formations. Non-disposable finely-crafted throwing spears made from bamboo weighted with sand known as

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Leaching is the removal of sap after harvest. In many areas of the world, the sap levels in harvested bamboo are reduced either through leaching or post-harvest photosynthesis. For example:

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In the process of water leaching, the bamboo is dried slowly and evenly in the shade to avoid cracking in the outer skin of the bamboo, thereby reducing opportunities for pest infestation.

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Bamboo fiber has been used to make paper in China since early times. A high-quality, handmade bamboo paper is still produced in small quantities. Coarse bamboo paper is still used to make

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made from the fibers with heavy employment of chemicals. To accomplish this, the fibers are broken down with chemicals and extruded through mechanical spinnerets; the chemicals include

483: in) an hour (equivalent to 1 mm every 90 seconds). Growth up to 120 centimeters (47.6 inches) in 24 hours has been observed in the instance of Japanese giant timber bamboo ( 7709: 3380:, bamboo is used primarily as a supplemental or decorative element in buildings such as fencing, fountains, grates, and gutters, largely due to the ready abundance of quality timber. 2983:

or refuse of mature bamboo plants and burned in ovens at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1200 °C. It is an especially porous charcoal, making it useful in the manufacture of

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varying from no effects during previous exposures, to immediate itchiness and rash developing into red welts after several hours where the skin had been in contact with the plant (

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Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002). Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine. Singapore: Singapore University Press.

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Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong.

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of China, known as the "Town of Bamboo", provides the optimal climate and soil conditions to grow, harvest, and process some of the most valued bamboo poles available worldwide.

3792:, particularly in Japan, where archaeological excavations have uncovered bamboo baskets dating to the Late Jōmon period (2000–1000 BC). Bamboo also has a long history of use in 2634:

Cut bamboo is raised clear of the ground and leaned against the rest of the clump for one to two weeks until leaves turn yellow to allow full consumption of sugars by the plant.

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Bystriakova, N.; Kapos, V.; Lysenko, I.; Stapleton, C. M. A. (September 2003). "Distribution and conservation status of forest bamboo biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific Region".

1926: 4495:, a similar story includes a man who dreams of a beautiful woman while sleeping under a bamboo plant; he wakes up and breaks the bamboo stem, discovering the woman inside. 9843: 7218: 3116:

began to displace bamboo and wooden strips from mainstream uses, and by the fourth century AD, bamboo slips had been largely abandoned as a medium for writing in China.

1989: 3207: in), they are not usually transformed into yarn by a natural process. The usual process by which textiles labeled as being made of bamboo are produced uses only 3170:

In Central India, there are regular bamboo working circles in forest areas of Maharashtra, Madhyapradesh, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Most of the bamboo is harvested for

7136: 1957: 4787: 7994: 6133: 3174:. Bamboo is cut after three years of its germination. No cutting is done during the rainy season (July–September); broken and malformed culms are harvested first. 8083: 2779:: fried wrapped bamboo shoots with vegetables). The shoots of some species contain toxins that need to be leached or boiled out before they can be eaten safely. 6753: 813:

The bamboos comprise three clades classified as tribes, and these strongly correspond with geographic divisions representing the New World herbaceous species (

829:; instead, the tropical woody and herbaceous bamboos are sister to the temperate woody bamboos. Altogether, more than 1,400 species are placed in 115 genera. 9614: 5838: 4590:, who had grown up immediately and magically since the age of three because of his wish to liberate his land from Ân invaders. The ancient Vietnamese legend 6098: 2580:

infestation. As compared to forest trees, bamboo species grow fast. Bamboo plantations can be readily harvested for a shorter period than tree plantations.

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rather than by clumping, as most commercially viable woody bamboos do. In the United States, the National Invasive Species Information Center agency of the

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Most bamboo species are native to warm and moist tropical and to warm temperate climates. Their range also extends to cool mountainous regions and highland

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Hipler U.-C.; et al. (1986). "Typ IV-Allergie gegen Bambusblätter - ein Fallbereicht" [Type IV allergy against bamboo leaves – a case study].

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Kumar, Raushan; Thangaraju, Mohan Manu; Kumar, Manoj; Thul, Sanjog Tarachand; Pandey, Vimal Chandra; Yadav, Swati; Singh, Lal; Kumar, Sunil (1 July 2021).

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Water is pumped through the freshly cut culms, forcing out the sap (this method is often used in conjunction with the injection of some form of treatment).

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African Bamboo Product Innovation Lab where bamboo farming techniques and industrial uses are tested inside the company's facility in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

1910: 3101:. References in earlier texts surviving on other media indicate some precursor of these Warring States period bamboo slips was used as early as the late 403:

measure only 10–20 millimeters in length by about two millimeters in width. The origin of the word "bamboo" is uncertain, but it probably comes from the

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A cylindrical bamboo brush holder or holder of poems on scrolls, created by Zhang Xihuang in the 17th century, late Ming or early Qing Dynasty – in the

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as a binding agent. The shoots that have turned a little fibrous are fermented, dried, and ground to sand-sized particles to prepare a garnish known as

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Ahmad, Zishan; Upadhyay, Anamica; Ding, Yulong; Emamverdian, Abolghassem; Shahzad, Anwar (2021), Ahmad, Zishan; Ding, Yulong; Shahzad, Anwar (eds.),

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Bamboo cultivation in South, South East Asia and East Asia stretches back thousands of years. One practice, in South Korea, has been designated as a

2496:. For example, as of 2016, the U.S. Fiber corporation Resource Fiber is contracting farmers in the United States for bamboo cultivation. Or in 2009, 5584: 5312: 3263:, in recent years various technologies have been developed that allow bamboo fibre to be used for a wide range of textile and fashion applications. 7584: 5804: 5550: 2531: 2292:

Bamboo contains large amounts of protein and very low amounts of carbohydrates allowing this plant to be the source of food for many animals. Soft

9609: 2528:, are known as "timber bamboos". Bamboo is typically harvested as a source material for construction, food, crafts and other manufactured goods. 2383:. Bamboo is also used for livestock feed with research showing some bamboo varieties have higher protein content over other varieties of bamboo. 1297: 6496: 1892:

of east-central Africa, especially in Rwanda. In the United States, several companies are growing, harvesting, and distributing species such as

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Running bamboos need to be controlled during cultivation because of their potential for aggressive behavior. They spread mainly through their

469:-dependent system. Certain species of bamboo can grow 91 centimetres (36 inches) within a 24-hour period, at a rate of almost 40 millimeters ( 10487: 7699: 3219:, and strong acids. Retailers have sold both end products as "bamboo fabric" to cash in on bamboo's current ecofriendly cachet. The Canadian 2135:

the range of 30–100 mm (1–4 in) per day during the growing period. Primarily growing in regions of warmer climates during the late

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Canavan, Susan; Richardson, David M.; Visser, Vernon; Roux, Johannes J. Le; Vorontsova, Maria S.; Wilson, John R. U. (23 December 2016).

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A similar method is undertaken, but with the base of the culm standing in fresh water, either in a large drum or stream to leach out sap.

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Perdue, Robert E.; Kraebel, Charles J.; Tao Kiang (April 1961). "Bamboo Mechanical Pulp for Manufacture of Chinese Ceremonial Paper".

7963: 10601: 10435: 9181: 8297: 8264: 3142:. Ballarpur (Chandrapur, Maharstra) paper mills use bamboo for paper production. The most common bamboo species used for paper are 327: 8122: 5074: 2572:

Bamboo used for construction purposes must be harvested when the culms reach their greatest strength and when sugar levels in the

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is any cloth, yarn or clothing made from bamboo fibres. While bamboo was historically used only for structural elements, such as

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Singh, Lal; Sridharan, Srinidhi; Thul, Sanjog T.; Kokate, Piyush; Kumar, Phani; Kumar, Sunil; Kumar, Rakesh (1 November 2020).

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Ayer, Santosh; Timilsina, Sachin; Aryal, Anisha; Acharya, Amul Kumar; Neupane, Asmit; Bhatta, Kishor Prasad (1 August 2023).

4933: 4519:("Beautiful") each emerging from one half of a split bamboo stem on an island formed after the battle between Sky and Ocean. 9624: 6953:"Determination of cyanide in bamboo shoots by microdiffusion combined with ion chromatography–pulsed amperometric detection" 2522:

Bamboo is harvested from both cultivated and wild stands, and some of the larger bamboos, particularly species in the genus

2507:, bamboo can be profitably cultivated in many degraded lands. Moreover, because of the rapid growth, bamboo is an effective 7765: 6606: 6410: 6925: 4834: 10581: 10453: 2914: 2840:) are cooked with black-eyed beans as a delicacy in Nepal. Many Nepalese restaurants around the world serve this dish as 1932: 7990: 7055: 6182: 10611: 10606: 9315: 9273: 7872: 6385: 8016:

McCallum, T. M. Containing Beauty: Japanese Bamboo Flower Baskets. 1988. Museum of Cultural History, UCLA: Los Angeles

7189:"Qualitative and quantitative characterization of nutrient content and morphology in seeds of bamboo, rice, and wheat" 6522: 5652:

Grass Phylogeny Working Group II (2012). "New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C

1853:. China, Japan, Korea, India and Australia, all have several endemic populations. They also occur in small numbers in 9547: 9527: 7932: 7823: 7798: 7361:

Loewe, Michael (1997). "Wood and bamboo administrative documents of the Han period". In Edward L. Shaughnessy (ed.).

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Andriarimalala, José Herilalao; Kpomasse, Claude Cocou; Salgado, Paulo; Ralisoa, Noroseheno; Durai, Jayraman (2019).

6371: 6210: 5147:"The World's Smallest Bamboo: Raddiella Vanessiae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Olyreae), a New Species from French Guiana" 2097: 2078: 4574:, it was featured on the national coat of arms, presidential standard, and South Vietnamese đồng coins at the time. 10492: 9301: 8717: 6019:"Giant Cane and Other Native Bamboos: Establishment and Use for Conservation of Natural Resources in the Southeast" 3373:

where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support.

2050: 1941: 7759: 5827: 5170:"Higher level phylogenetic relationships within the bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) based on five plastid markers" 4788:"Higher level phylogenetic relationships within the bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) based on five plastid markers" 4610:) appeared to the farmer and told him that such a tree could be made from 100 nodes from several different trees. 4190:

Bamboo's long life makes it a Chinese symbol of uprightness and an Indian symbol of friendship. The rarity of its

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Clark, LG; Zhang, W; Wendel, JF (1995). "A Phylogeny of the Grass Family (Poaceae) Based on ndhF Sequence Data".

7627: 10576: 10204: 7773: 7599:"\"Competition Bureau Takes Action to Ensure Accuracy for Textile Articles Labelled and Advertised as Bamboo\"" 7483: 4090: 3959: 3747: 2035: 2550: 2057: 790:

and genera of grasses formerly included in the Bambusoideae are now classified in other subfamilies, e.g. the

9692: 4011: 373:) reaching a length of 46 meters, up to 36 centimeters in thickness and a weight of up to 450 kilograms. The 4913: 2827:

with sugar and coconut cream cooked in specially prepared bamboo sections of different diameters and lengths

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with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures. Bamboo's strength-to-weight ratio is similar to

302: 8290: 7250: 7161: 6686: 5401:"Fighting climate change with bamboo in Africa: The case of Kyela, Rungwe and Mufindi districts – Tanzania" 4595: 4556: 3597: 2716:

The bamboo shoot in its fermented state forms an important ingredient in cuisines across the Himalayas. In

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Soderstrom, Thomas R.; Calderon, Cleofe E. (1979). "A Commentary on the Bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)".

5304: 3569:, were generally made from hollowed bamboo. They used thick short darts dipped in the concentrated sap of 10616: 10571: 10401: 10396: 10373: 9502: 9308: 3452:

Bamboo has often been used to construct weapons and is still incorporated in several Asian martial arts.

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in an available case study. The shoots (newly emerged culms) of bamboo contain the toxin taxiphyllin (a

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Photo of carved Chinese bamboo wall vase. 1918. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection.

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Bamboo is frequently used for cooking utensils within many cultures, and is used in the manufacture of

3664: 3135: 1877: 7246:"Effects of carbonization parameters of Moso-bamboo-based porous charcoal on capturing carbon dioxide" 5350: 5169: 5019:"Bamboo forests in Nepal: Status, distribution, research trends and contribution to local livelihoods" 2989:

Bamboo charcoal has a long history of use in China, with documents dating as early as 1486 during the

2477: 9979: 9799: 9668: 9329: 6560: 5230: 4749: 4431: 2797:(a sweet wine) or simply made into a soft drink. Bamboo leaves are also used as wrappers for steamed 2508: 2232: 502: 485: 5146: 4898: 4567: 10621: 10118: 9804: 9412: 9377: 6818: 4136: 3328: 3224: 2440: 2046: 9754: 9947: 9838: 9734: 9729: 9240: 8283: 7677:"Comparison of bonding behaviour of bamboo reinforcement in concrete beam using bonding material" 6837: 5235: 4273: 4272:) are also admired for their perseverance under harsh conditions, and are together known as the " 3091: 2031: 2024: 766:

Bamboos have long been considered the most basal grass genera, mostly because of the presence of

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in the cross-section are scattered throughout the walls of the stalk instead of in a cylindrical

31: 17: 6642: 6561:"Bamboo as a complementary crop to address climate change and livelihoods – Insights from India" 5935: 3069:. Its historical roots in Asia span cultures, civilizations, and millennia, and is found across 2432: 10596: 10422: 10364: 10326: 9724: 9719: 9599: 9587: 9266: 8674: 4719: 3758: 3275:. Bamboo is an alternative to plastic that is renewable and can be replenished at a fast rate. 783: 760:

of grasses, as suggested by analyses of the whole of Poaceae and of the bamboos in particular.

7732: 6067: 2195: 10566: 10528: 10232: 10218: 9889: 7578: 5243: 3550:

were mainly used for close-quarters combat and were only thrown when they could be retrieved.

3377: 3098: 3062: 2355: 2182: 365: 10505: 9826: 6780: 6018: 3444:

are introduced. The resulting acetylene gas is ignited with a stick, producing a loud bang.

2500:

published guidelines for cultivation of bamboo in semi-arid climates in Ethiopia and Kenya.

10409: 10108: 9848: 9789: 9759: 9629: 9417: 9068: 9030: 8710: 7570: 7395: 6964: 6326: 6235: 6150: 5469: 5412: 5181: 5030: 4802: 4687: 4504: 3811:

Additionally, bamboo is used to create bracelets, earrings, necklaces, and other jewelry.

3684: 2676: 2512: 2202: 1976: 1900: 498: 8: 10309: 9680: 9497: 9465: 9043: 8926: 7967: 7219:"In Fight Against Plastic Pollution, Sikkim Introduces Bamboo Water Bottles For Tourists" 7023: 4739: 4299: 4034: 3805: 3707: 3593: 3291: 3144: 2873: 2790: 2422: 2404: 2317: 2268: 2238: 1894: 1889: 408: 349: 8190: 7399: 6968: 6330: 6239: 6154: 5473: 5416: 5185: 5034: 4806: 3675:

Wind instruments made of bamboo played by students in Talaud, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

2150:

emerge from the ground at their full diameter and grow to their full height in a single

10260: 9779: 9774: 9604: 9567: 9522: 9475: 9382: 9372: 8593: 8382: 7704: 7539: 7411: 7273: 7245: 6993: 6952: 6888: 6876: 6588: 6474: 6441: 6352: 6251: 5999: 5880: 5771: 5726: 5501: 5438: 5378: 5082: 5056: 4989: 4957:"The global distribution of bamboos: assessing correlates of introduction and invasion" 4887: 4544: 4427: 3995: 3987: 3620: 3571: 3220: 2728:, a delicacy popular across ethnic boundaries consists of bamboo shoots fermented with 2664: 2485: 2470: 1854: 1846: 1213: 848: 826: 541: 423: 310: 145: 8250: 6716:. Calamba City, Laguna: El Guapo Printing Press, Calamba Printing Press. p. 145. 5957: 556:

timber. Some bamboo species have displayed remarkable strength under test conditions.

10500: 10299: 10060: 9582: 9562: 9552: 9537: 9442: 9259: 9038: 9007: 8828: 7928: 7819: 7816:

Blowgun Techniques: The Definitive Guide to Modern and Traditional Blowgun Techniques

7794: 7769: 7738: 7676: 7543: 7531: 7462: 7437: 7366: 7319: 7278: 7037: 7027: 6998: 6980: 6880: 6717: 6592: 6580: 6356: 6344: 6206: 6174: 6166: 6047: 5775: 5761: 5691: 5683: 5669: 5535: 5505: 5493: 5485: 5442: 5430: 5382: 5370: 5281: 5205: 5197: 5060: 5048: 4994: 4976: 4929: 4879: 4826: 4818: 4583: 4409: 4402: 3922: 3914: 3800:

is a distinct style based on a millennia-long tradition, and bamboo is also used for

3797: 3608: 3316: 2931:

levels than both. The seeds can be pulverized into a flour with which to make cakes.

2668: 2660: 2640:

Cut culms are immersed in a running stream and weighted down for three to four weeks.

2456:

A bamboo hedge contained by an in-ground barrier, shown during and after construction

2136: 1031: 521: 8362: 6892: 6478: 6003: 5884: 4891: 3789: 3108:

Bamboo or wooden strips were used as the standard writing material during the early

2071: 10175: 10160: 9922: 9879: 9714: 9572: 9557: 9532: 8619: 7852: 7566: 7523: 7415: 7403: 7343: 7309: 7268: 7258: 7200: 6988: 6972: 6872: 6572: 6464: 6334: 6243: 6158: 5991: 5872: 5837:. McKinleyville, California: Daniel & Daniel. pp. 376, 384–386, 392, 404. 5753: 5718: 5673: 5665: 5599: 5565: 5531: 5522:

Lakkad; Patel (June 1981). "Mechanical properties of bamboo, a natural composite".

5477: 5420: 5399:

Masisi, Bhoke; Zabel, Astrid; Blaser, Jürgen; Augustino, Suzana (1 December 2022).

5362: 5189: 5038: 4984: 4968: 4921: 4869: 4861: 4810: 4675: 4648: 4587: 4508: 4203: 3879: 3856: 3216: 3150: 3113: 3006: 2984: 2672: 2667:), and in some cases into swollen eyelids and breathing difficulties (dyspnoea). A 2327: 2251: 1888:

Recently, some attempts have been made to grow bamboo on a commercial basis in the

1885:

including in Europe and areas of North America where no native wild bamboo exists.

1541: 1153: 569: 451: 416: 10378: 7527: 7337: 6469: 6456: 6269: 5366: 5224: 4925: 2950:. Cooking food in bamboo is said to give the food a subtle but distinctive taste. 2321: 10561: 10538: 10185: 10043: 10028: 9884: 9831: 9814: 9517: 9485: 9455: 9407: 9392: 9367: 9230: 9053: 9015: 8808: 8703: 8645: 8451: 8347: 8275: 6576: 6200: 6141: 5425: 5400: 5274: 5043: 5018: 4754: 4160: 3793: 3788:

Bamboo has traditionally been used to make a wide range of everyday utensils and

3616: 3441: 3296: 3155: 3010: 2960: 2845: 2745: 2577: 1865:

in Ecuador near 4,300 m (14,000 ft), with a noticeable gap through the

1802: 1778: 1700: 1688: 1670: 1489: 1387: 1189: 1051: 855: 791: 787: 779: 529: 465:

Bamboos include some of the fastest-growing plants in the world, due to a unique

427: 390: 345: 188: 8961: 7511: 5995: 5757: 5583:

Kaminski, S.; Lawrence, A.; Trujillo, D.; Feltham, I.; Felipe López, L. (2016).

5193: 4814: 3561:(or sumpitan), used by various ethnic groups in the islands of the Philippines, 2884:. This fermented bamboo shoot is used in various culinary preparations, notably 10246: 10170: 10165: 10098: 10006: 9994: 9959: 9917: 9865: 9860: 9784: 9702: 9594: 9437: 9427: 9101: 8906: 8761: 8686: 8509: 8212: 6559:

Dwivedi, Arun Kumar; Kumar, Anil; Baredar, Prashant; Prakash, Om (1 May 2019).

6039: 5481: 4744: 4729: 4603: 4419: 4372: 4323: 4228: 4191: 3900: 3842: 3782: 3778: 3763: 3576: 3413: 3401: 3252: 3237: 3139: 3078: 3002: 2943: 2900: 2824: 2617: 2561: 2331: 2227: 2177: 2164: 2155: 2151: 1866: 1664: 1658: 1589: 1571: 1525: 1519: 1435: 513: 412: 404: 175: 7204: 6339: 6314: 5876: 5745: 5458:"Ecological restoration of coal fly ash–dumped area through bamboo plantation" 4048: 3832: 2938:

has promoted bamboo water bottles to keep the state free from plastic bottles

10555: 10349: 10274: 10255: 10180: 10140: 10093: 9932: 9904: 9769: 9707: 9646: 9641: 9450: 9402: 9119: 9091: 9078: 8976: 8891: 8734: 8572: 8514: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8352: 8332: 8245: 7535: 7347: 7342:. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 1996. 7323: 7063: 7041: 6984: 6584: 6542:

Bamboo Cultivation Manual Guidelines for Cultivating Ethiopian Lowland Bamboo

6170: 5687: 5489: 5457: 5434: 5374: 5201: 5052: 4980: 4883: 4822: 4571: 4376: 4215: 3612: 3437: 3038: 3024: 2980: 2816: 2732:

and oil, and cooked with potatoes into a dish that usually accompanies rice (

2591: 2524: 2504: 2414: 2372: 2147: 1796: 1736: 1730: 1694: 1634: 1618: 1483: 1459: 1453: 1417: 1405: 1309: 1225: 1207: 1201: 1165: 1159: 1123: 1093: 1057: 926: 822: 799: 678: 533: 494: 490: 455: 400: 379: 370: 275: 201: 80: 9111: 7880: 7188: 7141:

Teaching High School Biology in Tanzania: A Peace Corps Volunteer Experience

6134:"Extended flowering intervals of bamboos evolved by discrete multiplication" 4972: 4473:) is the third rank. This system is used in many traditional arts like with 3349: 2280: 10518: 10288: 10123: 9819: 9809: 9794: 9764: 9687: 9663: 9577: 9542: 9507: 9422: 9397: 9353: 9176: 9166: 9096: 8871: 8863: 8472: 8441: 8322: 7857: 7840: 7282: 7002: 6798:

Hasan, S.M. (June 1975). "STUDIES ON GROWTH AND MATURITY OF BAMBOO CULMS".

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The Poor Man's Carbon Sink Bamboo in Climate Change and Poverty Alleviation

6348: 6178: 6129: 5695: 5497: 5209: 4998: 4830: 4531: 4479: 4367: 4307: 4232: 4183: 4004: 3886: 3801: 3720: 3696: 3651: 3321: 3127: 3042: 2998: 2990: 2947: 2347: 2309: 2293: 2250:

Some bamboo species are acknowledged as having high potential for becoming

1838: 1831: 1760: 1742: 1682: 1597: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1475: 1393: 1319: 1285: 1237: 1231: 1177: 1171: 1105: 1099: 1039: 902: 525: 360: 294: 138: 8270: 7903: 7263: 6884: 3671: 2576:

are at their lowest, as high sugar content increases the ease and rate of

2450: 770:, indeterminate inflorescences, "pseudospikelets", and flowers with three 508:

Bamboo is versatile and has notable economic and cultural significance in

10461: 10440: 10388: 10358: 10155: 10135: 10128: 10088: 10055: 9636: 9387: 9086: 8951: 8936: 8876: 8833: 8766: 8670: 8650: 8519: 8461: 8391: 8235:. Part of the Tropical Forestry book series (TROPICAL, volume 10), 2015. 5621:. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture. p. 738. 5351:"Eco-rejuvenation of degraded land by microbe assisted bamboo plantation" 4702: 4644: 4640: 4599: 4380: 4363: 4314: 4207: 3838: 3688: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3604: 3417: 3409: 3392: 3171: 3109: 2896:. It is also cooked with tender pumpkin leaves to make sag green leaves. 2801:

which usually contains glutinous rice and other ingredients, such as the

2765: 2555: 2380: 2376: 2297: 2285: 2140: 1876:, are also native through Central America and Mexico, northward into the 1822: 1790: 1754: 1706: 1640: 1579: 1531: 1507: 1465: 1429: 1379: 1351: 1303: 1247: 1183: 1117: 1111: 1087: 1081: 1063: 932: 914: 896: 890: 884: 795: 443: 214: 55: 7557:

Michelle Nijhuis (June 2009). "Bamboo Boom: Is This Material for You?".

6976: 5835:

The Russian Far East: A Reference Guide for Conservation and Development

5126:

Schombergk, Sir Robert H. (1841). "Some Accounts of the Curata....etc".

4956: 4785: 4391: 4199:). Various bamboo species bloom in this manner about every 28–60 years. 3475:

are commonly made from bamboo, a material favoured for its light weight.

3440:. Four-foot-long sections of bamboo are cut, and a mixture of water and 2696: 2583:

Harvesting of bamboo is typically undertaken according to these cycles:

2212: 10150: 10145: 9871: 9492: 9156: 9151: 9020: 8886: 8853: 8818: 8743: 8577: 8478: 8456: 7407: 7314: 7297: 6255: 5730: 4874: 3931: 3774: 3513: 3501: 3120: 3074: 2979:

is charcoal made from species of bamboo. It is typically made from the

2919: 2889: 2869: 2607: 2602: 2566: 2339: 2313: 1917: 1772: 1748: 1652: 1273: 1195: 1133: 1003: 938: 727: 561: 509: 374: 100: 65: 10466: 9058: 8998: 7649: 7085: 6162: 5678: 5603: 5569: 4865: 4527: 2258:, found that invasive species typically are varieties that spread via 10033: 10011: 9912: 9854: 9470: 9336: 9171: 8966: 8901: 8682: 8603: 8582: 8436: 8396: 8327: 7296:

Yang, Yachang; Yu, Shi-Yong; Zhu, Yizhi; Shao, Jing (25 March 2013).

6661: 6497:"The Radical Case for Growing Huge Swaths of Bamboo in North America" 4724: 4664: 4414: 4397: 3952: 3735: 3731: 3638: 3607:, who were often ill-equipped, to fight for independence against the 3520: 3509: 3339: 3277:

Modern clothing labeled as being made from bamboo is usually viscose

3159: 3112:, and excavated examples have been found in abundance. Subsequently, 3070: 3054: 3050: 3046: 2865: 2752: 2301: 1881: 1850: 1784: 1628: 1603: 1513: 1501: 1423: 1337: 1327: 1291: 1279: 1219: 1075: 1069: 1018: 950: 920: 908: 878: 818: 803: 753: 637: 600: 517: 459: 394: 342: 280: 247: 105: 49: 10320: 7841:"Sumpit (Blowgun) as Traditional Weapons with Dayak High Protection" 6454: 6247: 5722: 4477:

sets, embroidering kimono or tiers of accommodations at traditional

2856: 2835: 2733: 2013: 389:

has internodes up to 5 meters in length, exceeded in length only by

10513: 10343: 10113: 10083: 10078: 10038: 9984: 9974: 9894: 9282: 9139: 8984: 8916: 8598: 8483: 8401: 8342: 6833: 4707: 4492: 4327: 4171: 3973: 3727: 3724: 3566: 3537: 3462: 3429: 3366: 3183: 3163: 3041:

is the activity or skill of making items from bamboo, and includes

2976: 2729: 2493: 2368: 2343: 1981: 1842: 1808: 1766: 1724: 1712: 1676: 1646: 1495: 1399: 1345: 1255: 991: 807: 771: 703: 553: 549: 116: 95: 90: 75: 70: 60: 10479: 8751: 7991:"Made in Africa: Bamboo bikes put Zambian business on right track" 5750:

Biotechnological Advances in Bamboo: The "Green Gold" on the Earth

3334: 3197:

Since the fibers of bamboo are very short (less than 3 mm or

2967: 10414: 10103: 9999: 9969: 9964: 9952: 9942: 9927: 9480: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9048: 8756: 8624: 8567: 8406: 8307: 7020:

The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants / Department of the Army

6457:"Nutritional potential of bamboo leaves for feeding dairy cattle" 4614:

gave to him four magic words to attach the many nodes of bamboo:

4548: 4446:) concept is traditionally used as a ranking system, where pine ( 3767: 3743: 3739: 3629:

are stakes of sharpened bamboo typically used in area denial and

3554: 3532: 3527: 3456:

A bamboo staff, sometimes with one end sharpened, is used in the

3354: 3272: 3260: 3131: 3066: 3058: 2994: 2680: 2364: 2259: 2128: 2120: 1948: 1141: 1045: 997: 968: 962: 872: 835: 814: 775: 653: 466: 447: 431: 356: 285: 234: 120: 110: 85: 10283: 8823: 8057: 7700:"Hong Kong Journal; For Raising Skyscrapers, Bamboo Does Nicely" 7459:

Tropical Bamboo: Molecular profiling and genetic diversity study

6863:

Kitajima, T. (1986). "Contact allergy caused by bamboo shoots".

6607:"New Report Reveals the Benefits of Bamboo for Land Restoration" 5862: 5651: 4850: 4691: 4408:

Bamboo is a symbol of prosperity in Japan, and are used to make

2907:) are grated and cooked with crushed jackfruit seeds to prepare 2659:

Gardeners working with bamboo plants have occasionally reported

2396: 2110: 450:. The dicotyledonous woody xylem is also absent. The absence of 129: 9937: 9675: 9512: 9460: 9359: 9203: 9134: 9129: 9124: 8946: 8931: 8921: 8896: 8881: 8843: 8776: 8411: 8337: 7624:"Four Companies Charged with Labeling Rayon Clothing As Bamboo" 7431: 6313:

Sponheimer, Matt; Clauss, Marcus; Codron, Daryl (3 June 2019).

5746:"Bamboo: Origin, Habitat, Distributions and Global Prospective" 5582: 4759: 4211: 4196: 4179: 4067: 3600: 3562: 3558: 3480: 3457: 3397: 3358: 3305: 3256: 3031: 2935: 2880:. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word for bamboo shoot, 2802: 2798: 2782:

Pickled bamboo, used as a condiment, may also be made from the

2775: 2334:

also feed on bamboo, and have been documented consuming bamboo

1996: 1841:, they occur across East Asia, from north to 50 °N latitude in 1718: 1411: 1369: 1363: 1357: 974: 944: 581: 545: 528:, and as a raw product, and depicted often in arts, such as in 435: 224: 8219:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 309–311. 7298:"The Making of Fired Clay Bricks in China Some 5000 Years Ago" 3596:'sharp bamboo' or 'pointed bamboo'), is a legendary symbol of 2789:

The sap of young stalks tapped during the rainy season may be

10269: 9989: 9208: 9161: 9144: 9063: 8848: 8838: 8813: 8791: 8781: 8726: 8249: 7908:

PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang – A home for Pasikings

7876: 4474: 4237: 4113: 4016: 3692: 3583: 3486: 3471: 3370: 3278: 3208: 3102: 2888:, a sour vegetable soup. It is also made into pancakes using 2808: 2725: 2717: 2704: 2305: 1862: 1858: 1147: 956: 767: 757: 577: 565: 439: 162: 8028:"Selected physical properties of commercial bamboo flooring" 7162:"Kardi bhaja / Bamboo shoot cutlets Recipe by Sona Senapati" 5743: 4294: 4231:. These four plants also represent the four seasons and, in 3654:. A bamboo filter is used to remove the salt from seawater. 2739: 363:

are the largest members of the grass family, in the case of

10048: 10023: 9697: 9251: 8956: 8941: 8911: 8803: 8798: 8786: 8771: 8614: 8179:. Revitalization of Traditional Cherokee Artisan Resources. 8170:"River Cane – Cultural Workhorse and Ecological Powerhouse" 8158:. Revitalization of Traditional Cherokee Artisan Resources. 7014: 7012: 4954: 4423: 4242: 3495: 3312: 3268: 3244: 2783: 2606:

levels are at their highest, and then diminish towards the

2360: 2351: 2124: 572:. Other bamboo species make extraordinarily hard material. 537: 7761:

Barangay. Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society

7681:

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing

7365:. Society for the Study of Early China. pp. 161–192. 6558: 5551:"Structural use of bamboo. Part 1: Introduction to bamboo" 5398: 4439:), princess Kaguya emerges from a shining bamboo section. 3706:

s natural hollow form makes it an obvious choice for many

2540:

Brazilian Center for Innovation and Sustainability - CEBIS

2539: 1861:, through the South American tropical rainforests, to the 8695: 8629: 8149:"RIVER CANE Cultural Workhorse and Ecological Powerhouse" 8094:(1). (gregarious flowering species table). Archived from 8058:"Bamboo, Bamboo uses and benefits, Bamboo sustainability" 7950:

Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

7730: 6068:"Bamboo Farming: An Opportunity To Transform Livelihoods" 5016: 4422:

and Buddhist temples as part of a sacred barrier against

3992: 3978: 3964: 3212: 2861:) native to Nepal is cooked as a curry in hilly regions. 2573: 2335: 27:

Subfamily of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae

7009: 6490: 6488: 6205:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 274. 5548: 5455: 5348: 4631:

Tanzania possesses a large diversity of bamboo species.

3943: 3679: 462:

and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering.

5946:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. 5075:"World's Biggest Bamboo Plant Found in Southwest China" 7385: 6312: 4141: 3369:

is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of

2759:(thick coconut milk) and spices to make a dish called 7938: 6485: 6411:"Where do red pandas live? And other red panda facts" 3919: 3905: 3891: 3746:

province to support his geological theory of gradual

3338:

Bamboo has long been used as an assembly material in

2346:

of the region also eat the stalks. The larvae of the

5151:

Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas

4095: 3408:

Due to its flexibility, bamboo is also used to make

3357:, Philippines, with traditional woven bamboo walls ( 3158:

from bamboo. The average fiber length is similar to

2324:-containing bamboo that would be lethal to a human. 2296:, stems and leaves are the major food source of the 2154:

of three to four months. During this time, each new

802:. The subfamily in its current sense belongs to the 548:, and its strength is generally similar to a strong 7757: 7550: 7432:Nanko, Hirko; Button, Allan; Hillman, Dave (2005). 7243: 6662:"About International Network for Bamboo and Rattan" 6219: 6038: 6016: 5144: 4786:Kelchner S; Bamboo Phylogeny Working Group (2013). 3466:, a word derived from a term meaning "hill bamboo". 2651:just as quickly as incorrectly harvested material. 2565:Harvested bamboo transported by river near Ramsai, 2038:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1963:

Bamboo forest, Gochangupseong Fortress, South Korea

8305: 7339:Air resource management: what we have been doing-- 7244:Huang, PH; Jhan, JW; Cheng, YM; Cheng, HH (2014). 6372:"Bamboo Is Basically 'Fake Meat' for Giant Pandas" 6225: 6017:Barret, Richard; Grabowski, Janet; Williams, M.J. 5273: 5223: 3162:, but the properties of bamboo pulp are closer to 2601:: Most all growth of new bamboo occurs during the 2498:United Nations Industrial Development Organization 6625:"Understanding Bamboo's Climate Change Potential" 6386:"What do pandas eat? And other giant panda facts" 5856: 5585:"Structural use of bamboo. Part 3: Design values" 5549:Kaminski, S.; Lawrence, A.; Trujillo, D. (2016). 4844: 4570:'s presidency, bamboo was the national symbol of 4442:In Japan, the Chinese "Three Friends of Winter" ( 2852:) of a very different variety of bamboo (Nepali: 2375:feed off the pulp of live bamboo. In turn, these 10553: 8210: 7556: 6741:. Asia Pacific Business Press, Inc. p. 168. 6127: 5708: 5636:. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. p. 143. 5394: 5392: 5222: 4227:in Chinese) are collectively referred to as the 4053: 4039: 3536:were used as disposable missile weapons in both 3248:A scarf made of bamboo yarn and synthetic ribbon 2532:Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems 1826:Worldwide distribution of bamboos (Bambusoideae) 584:that it will make sparks when struck by an axe. 8110:Fifty Plants that Changed the Course of History 7988: 7904:"Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines" 7516:Journal of Textile Design Research and Practice 4163:, believe humanity emerged from a bamboo stem. 3327:In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up 426:regions of the stem are usually hollow and the 383:has internodes up to 2.5 meters in length. and 8081: 7650:"Why bamboo fabric and eco-friendly materials" 7626:. GreenBiz.com. 11 August 2009. Archived from 7427: 7425: 6756:. Hearst Newspapers. Week&. Archived from 6435: 6433: 6431: 6042:; Griffiths, Mark; Levy, Margot, eds. (1992). 5702: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4538: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4159:Several Asian cultures, including that of the 4118: 3753: 3714: 3499:, and arrows used in the Japanese martial art 2700:Unprocessed bamboo shoots in a Japanese market 568:has tested as high as 60,000 psi (400 MPa) in 393:. By contrast, the stalks of the tiny bamboo 9267: 8711: 8291: 7764:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 7295: 6918: 5938:Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. giant cane 5389: 5145:Judziewicz, Emmit J.; Sepsenwol, Sol (2007). 5012: 5010: 5008: 4534:- A Vietnamese New Year tree made from bamboo 4349: 4338: 4267: 4258: 4249: 4222: 3861: 3730:(1031–1095) used the evidence of underground 3493:Bamboo is used for crafting the bows, called 8260:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 7601:. Competition Bureau Canada. 27 January 2010 7583:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 7475: 7456: 7436:. Appleton, WI, US: WOMP, LLC. p. 256. 6951:Ding, Ming; Wang, Kailiang (18 April 2018). 6905: 6856: 6711: 6629:International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation 6611:International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation 5462:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 5338:. New York: Walker/Weatherhill. p. 193. 4289: 4072: 3734:bamboo found in the dry northern climate of 3138:. Several paper industries are surviving on 2755:, they are sliced thin and then boiled with 2517:International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation 2256:International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation 411:language, which originally borrowed it from 7845:Journal of Education, Teaching and Learning 7724: 7485:Working Plan for Chandrapur Forest Division 7422: 7379: 6926:"Thinning bamboos, with itchy consequences" 6714:Non-Wood Forest Products of the Philippines 6428: 5984:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 5521: 5299: 5297: 5261:(3rd ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 5106:"Bamboos of Thailand - Kinabaluchloa wrayi" 4772: 4735:International Network for Bamboo and Rattan 3785:, surfboards, snowboards, and skateboards. 2868:, India, the tender shoots are grated into 2402:Bamboo foliage with yellow stems (probably 9274: 9260: 8718: 8704: 8298: 8284: 7873:"Bamboo: an untapped and amazing resource" 7674: 7481: 6899: 6739:Bamboo Plantation and Utilization Handbook 6687:"Bamboo: A Multipurpose Agroforestry Crop" 5930: 5896: 5894: 5794: 5333: 5125: 5005: 3831: 3387: 2671:using bamboo extract was positive for the 2420:Bamboo foliage with black stems (probably 1872:Three species of bamboo, all in the genus 128: 7961: 7856: 7313: 7272: 7262: 6992: 6834:"Structural Bamboo Design in East Africa" 6468: 6338: 5981: 5677: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5576: 5542: 5517: 5515: 5424: 5042: 4988: 4873: 3469:Staves used in the Indian martial art of 2997:. There is also mention of it during the 2098:Learn how and when to remove this message 8244: 8026:Lee, Andy W.C.; Liu, Yihai (June 2003). 7901: 7814:Marinas, Amante P. Sr. (17 April 2012). 7509: 7134: 7086:"Alu tama | Traditional Soup From Nepal" 6950: 6862: 6778: 5631: 5294: 5271: 5265: 5256: 5167: 4526: 4390: 4366:gave two of his daughters to the future 4313: 4293: 4170: 3757: 3678: 3670: 3391: 3348: 3333: 3295: 3243: 3030: 2966: 2913: 2807: 2763:. Other recipes using bamboo shoots are 2703: 2695: 2560: 2549: 2476: 2279: 2181: 2109: 1821: 377:of bamboos can also be of great length. 7921: 7838: 7832: 7813: 7807: 7737:. Kodansha International. p. 101. 7697: 7691: 7137:"Ulanzi: The Miracle Drink of Tanzania" 6712:Razal, Ramon; Palijon, Armando (2009). 6523:"Bamboo Set to go Big on U.S. Farmland" 6198: 5891: 5616: 5334:Austin, Robert; Ueda, Koishiro (1970). 4911: 4375:. The two women later became goddesses 3633:. Punji sticks were widely used in the 3484:is used in the Japanese martial art of 3134:, Thailand, and India, and are used in 2769:(mixed vegetables in coconut milk) and 2320:ingests many times the quantity of the 489:). This rapid growth and tolerance for 14: 10554: 8271:Bamboo Structural Design ISO Standards 8025: 7618: 7616: 7571:10.1038/scientificamericanearth0609-60 6781:"Harvesting Bamboo: When, why and how" 6520: 6439: 6315:"Dietary Evolution: The Panda Paradox" 6296:"Terrestrial Invasives: Golden Bamboo" 6078:from the original on 11 September 2016 5825: 5752:, Singapore: Springer, pp. 1–31, 5640: 5619:1948 Yearbook of Agriculture - Grasses 5512: 4543:Bamboo plays an important part of the 3994: 3921: 3657: 3428:Bamboo has been traditionally used in 806:of grasses, where it is sister to the 10325: 10324: 9255: 8699: 8279: 8123:"Bamboo: Africa's untapped potential" 7997:from the original on 23 October 2012. 7788: 7782: 7751: 7687:(5): 21937 – via Research Gate. 7559:Scientific American Earth 3.0 Special 7510:Sengupta, Rajarshi (2 January 2019). 7360: 6844:from the original on 16 December 2016 6797: 6736: 5944:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov) 5315:from the original on 3 September 2014 5174:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4795:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4663:Bamboo is also the national plant of 2503:Because bamboo can grow on otherwise 9236: 8217:Wildlife Stewardship on Tribal Lands 7731:Nancy Moore Bess; Bibi Wein (1987). 7482:Shrivastav, S.S. (3 December 2002). 7363:New Sources of Early Chinese History 7207:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 7186: 6816: 6494: 5795:Kitsteiner, John (13 January 2014). 5244:participating institution membership 4854:Journal of Systematics and Evolution 4582:A bamboo cane is also the weapon of 4418:. Bamboo forests sometimes surround 3723:(960–1279 AD) Chinese scientist and 2146:Unlike all trees, individual bamboo 2036:adding citations to reliable sources 2007: 422:In bamboo, as in other grasses, the 10199: 8112:. New York:Firefly Books (U.S) Inc. 7952:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. p. 614. 7902:Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006). 7613: 7591: 6032: 5216: 2922:, cooking food in bamboo is called 2720:, India, for example, it is called 2338:which was fermented and alcoholic; 2245: 1995:Panoramic view of bamboo forest in 825:). The woody bamboos do not form a 493:, make bamboo a good candidate for 24: 8227: 8211:Andrea L. Rogers (2023). "28". In 7712:from the original on 24 April 2009 7187:Yang, Wang Ting (September 2021). 6877:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01293.x 6096: 5902:"Gorillas get drunk on bamboo sap" 4914:"The Bamboos: A Fresh Perspective" 4547:. Bamboo symbolizes the spirit of 3085: 2288:, making up about 99% of its diet. 25: 10633: 9548:Global Forest Information Service 8238: 7946:Science and Civilization in China 6831: 6779:Hornaday, Fred (22 August 2022). 6751: 6521:Bennet, Chris (31 October 2016). 6369: 6302:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 6202:The Bamboos - A Fresh Perspective 6132:; Davis, Charles C. (July 2015). 5807:from the original on 31 July 2017 4912:McClure, F. A. (1 October 2013), 4379:after drowning themselves in the 4304:Returning to My Farm in the Field 2272:) listed as an invasive species. 2171: 10304: 10295: 10294: 10282: 10268: 10254: 10240: 10226: 10212: 10198: 9235: 9226: 9225: 8361: 8204: 8183: 8162: 8141: 8115: 8102: 8075: 8050: 8019: 8010: 8001: 7982: 7955: 7839:Darmadi, Hamid (30 March 2018). 7512:"An Artisanal History of Kalam?" 7135:Hallgren, Steve (22 July 2018). 6819:"When and How to Harvest Bamboo" 6800:The Commonwealth Forestry Review 6650:. FAO Forestry Department. 2009. 6495:Gray, Audrey (11 January 2021). 5844:from the original on 3 July 2014 5670:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x 5257:Wilson, C.L. & Loomis, W.E. 5168:Kelchner, Scot A. (1 May 2013). 5103: 5081:. 28 August 2003. Archived from 4897: 4697: 4464:) is the second rank, and plum ( 3663:This section is an excerpt from 3236:This section is an excerpt from 3023:This section is an excerpt from 3001:, during the reigns of emperors 2959:This section is an excerpt from 2616:: During the height of the day, 2469:This section is an excerpt from 2449: 2431: 2413: 2395: 2211: 2194: 2012: 1988: 1968: 1956: 1940: 1925: 1909: 821:), and temperate woody bamboos ( 149: 53: 10602:National symbols of Saint Lucia 10305: 8233:Bamboo – The Plant and its Uses 7989:Teo Kermeliotis (31 May 2012). 7964:"About My Planet: Bamboo Bikes" 7895: 7865: 7698:Landler, Mark (27 March 2002). 7668: 7642: 7503: 7461:. Lambert Academic Publishing. 7450: 7354: 7330: 7289: 7237: 7211: 7180: 7154: 7128: 7103: 7078: 7048: 6944: 6825: 6810: 6791: 6772: 6754:"Bamboo Harvesting and Growing" 6745: 6730: 6705: 6679: 6654: 6635: 6617: 6599: 6552: 6533: 6514: 6448: 6440:Suresh, Rahul (28 March 2023). 6403: 6378: 6363: 6306: 6288: 6262: 6192: 6121: 6090: 6060: 6044:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 6010: 5975: 5950: 5924: 5908:. 23 March 2009. Archived from 5819: 5788: 5737: 5625: 5610: 5449: 5342: 5327: 5250: 5161: 4515:("Strong") and the first woman 4241:("prince" or "noble one"). The 4017: 3993: 3979: 3965: 3944: 3645: 3423: 3285: 2831:Pickled bamboo shoots (Nepali: 2284:Bamboo is the main food of the 2023:needs additional citations for 1817: 348:flowering plants making up the 10592:Garden plants of South America 10587:Garden plants of North America 7491:. Nagpur: Govt. of Maharashtra 7062:. 18 July 2020. Archived from 6463:. Special Supplement: Bamboo. 6461:Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 5138: 5134:(<not stated>): 559–560. 5119: 5097: 5067: 4948: 4905: 4658: 4655:, which means "bamboo house". 4577: 4498: 4282: 4235:ideology, four aspects of the 4142: 4096: 4054: 3920: 3906: 3892: 3862: 3353:A modern resort guesthouse in 3300:Bamboo-style barred window in 3177: 3154:. It is also possible to make 3130:are mainly produced in China, 2386: 2275: 1980:, a North American bamboo, in 1933:Serra dos Órgãos National Park 341:are a diverse group of mostly 13: 1: 7528:10.1080/20511787.2019.1580437 6470:10.1590/1983-40632019v4954370 5865:Biodiversity and Conservation 5828:"Chapter 11: Sakhalin Oblast" 5797:"Permaculture Plants: Bamboo" 5367:10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112795 5355:Industrial Crops and Products 4926:10.4159/harvard.9780674428713 4765: 4551:(a Vietnamese martial arts): 4455:) is the first rank, bamboo ( 3814: 3683:An example of a slit drum or 3123:in many Chinese communities. 3105:period (from about 1250 BC). 2545: 810:(bluegrasses and relatives). 756:of the bamboo within the BOP 9281: 7758:William Henry Scott (1994). 6737:Panda, H. (6 October 2011). 6577:10.1016/j.forpol.2019.02.007 5536:10.1016/0015-0568(81)90023-3 5524:Fibre Science and Technology 5426:10.1016/j.bamboo.2022.100009 5044:10.1016/j.bamboo.2023.100027 4920:, Harvard University Press, 4596:The Hundred-knot Bamboo Tree 4557:hard and soft (martial arts) 4357: 3603:, embodying the will of the 3582:The simple sharpened bamboo 3530:weighted with sand known as 3512:-based weapons, such as the 2903:cuisine, the tender shoots ( 1849:, and west to India and the 386:Arthrostylidium schomburgkii 7: 6565:Forest Policy and Economics 5996:10.3159/TORREY-D-17-00011.1 5758:10.1007/978-981-16-1310-4_1 5194:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.005 4815:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.005 4713: 4670: 4626: 4486: 4306:by the fourth-century poet 4302:of Zhang's style, the poem 3845:(bottom) Chinese characters 3754:Kitchenware and other usage 3715:Indicator of climate change 3302:Lin An Tai Historical House 3192: 3136:printing and writing papers 2857: 2836: 2734: 2691: 2654: 2625: 817:), tropical woody bamboos ( 587: 10: 10638: 10582:Garden plants of Australia 9659:Growth and yield modelling 8725: 8641:Bamboo musical instruments 7675:Maheshwari, Rohit (2019). 6957:Royal Society Open Science 6442:"What Animals Eat Bamboo?" 6270:"Bamboos and invasiveness" 6199:McClure, Floyd A. (1966). 5617:McClure, Floyd A. (1948). 5482:10.1007/s11356-021-12995-7 5405:Advances in Bamboo Science 5128:Trans. Linnean Soc. London 5104:<anonymous> (n.d.). 5079:Forest Conservation Portal 5023:Advances in Bamboo Science 4522: 3766:, used to cook foods like 3665:Bamboo musical instruments 3662: 3447: 3432:as a firecracker called a 3342:because of its versatility 3289: 3235: 3181: 3089: 3022: 3017: 2958: 2468: 2463: 2254:. A study commissioned by 2175: 2003: 1878:Southeastern United States 681:(temperate woody bamboos) 369:having individual stalks ( 29: 10612:National symbols of China 10607:National symbols of Japan 10333: 10233:Earth sciences portal 10219:Climate change portal 10194: 10071: 9903: 9800:Great Green Wall (Africa) 9745: 9436: 9346: 9289: 9221: 9110: 9077: 9029: 9006: 8997: 8975: 8862: 8742: 8733: 8668: 8544: 8537: 8427: 8420: 8370: 8359: 8315: 8265:Bamboo for Climate Change 8215:; Albert, Steven (eds.). 7457:Bhattacharya, S. (2010). 7205:10.1016/j.jcs.2021.103273 7193:Journal of Cereal Science 7056:"Bamboo Shoots – Khorisa" 6340:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.045 5231:Oxford English Dictionary 4750:Bamboo processing machine 4647:take their name from the 4621: 4539:Attributions of character 4507:, one of the more famous 4466: 4457: 4448: 4432:Tale of the Bamboo Cutter 4362:In a Chinese legend, the 4350: 4339: 4310:is incised on the holder. 4290:Attributions of character 4277: 4268: 4263:), and the plum blossom ( 4259: 4250: 4223: 4153: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4047: 4033: 4028: 4010: 4003: 3986: 3972: 3958: 3951: 3937: 3930: 3913: 3899: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3855: 3850: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3575:which could cause lethal 3416:is especially prized for 3329:simple suspension bridges 3230: 2853: 2832: 2820: 2740: 2509:climate change mitigation 2264:Department of Agriculture 2233:Phyllostachys bambusoides 2165:USDA plant hardiness zone 1880:. Bamboo thickets called 1622:(temperate woody bamboos) 725: 701: 676: 651: 640:(tropical woody bamboos) 635: 628: 621: 611: 604: 503:climate change mitigation 486:Phyllostachys bambusoides 454:wood causes the stems of 316: 309: 300: 293: 272: 267: 146:Scientific classification 144: 136: 127: 41: 9805:Great Green Wall (China) 9378:Close to nature forestry 7944:Needham, Joseph (1986). 7791:Filipino Martial Culture 7434:The World of Market Pulp 7348:10.5962/bhl.title.114955 5632:Farrelly, David (1984). 5272:Farrelly, David (1984). 4386: 4166: 3798:Chinese bamboo furniture 3598:Indonesian revolutionary 3478:A bamboo sword called a 3365:In the Philippines, the 3225:Federal Trade Commission 2441:Phyllostachys parvifolia 1022:(tropical woody bamboos) 782:. Following more recent 434:layer between the bark ( 305:) species in 115 genera 9839:Million Tree Initiative 8257:Encyclopædia Britannica 8177:conservationgateway.org 8156:conservationgateway.org 8108:Laws, B. 2010. Bamboo. 8082:M. A. Huberman (1959). 8032:Forest Products Journal 7789:Wiley, Mark V. (2011). 7573:(inactive 7 July 2024). 6838:Kansas State University 6374:. Smithsonian Magazine. 6300:InvasiveSpeciesInfo.gov 5958:"Canebrake Restoration" 5877:10.1023/A:1024139813651 5592:The Structural Engineer 5558:The Structural Engineer 5305:"Fastest growing plant" 5236:Oxford University Press 4634: 4511:tells of the first man 4371:explains the origin of 4274:Three Friends of Winter 3388:Fishing and aquaculture 3092:Bamboo and wooden slips 2953: 2686: 2218:Bunches of bamboo seeds 32:Bamboo (disambiguation) 10261:Environment portal 9693:Sustainable management 9588:Trillion Tree Campaign 8675:List of Poaceae genera 7858:10.26737/jetl.v3i1.601 7111:"Ulanzi (Bamboo Wine)" 6691:Small Farmer's Journal 5309:Guinness World Records 4720:List of bamboo species 4555:(coordination between 4535: 4405: 4319: 4311: 4286:) in Chinese culture. 4187: 4040: 3770: 3700: 3676: 3650:Bamboo can be used in 3538:land and naval warfare 3516:, were made of bamboo. 3405: 3362: 3343: 3308: 3249: 3036: 2972: 2927: 2828: 2709: 2701: 2673:immunoglobulin E (IgE) 2569: 2558: 2482: 2438:A young bamboo shoot ( 2289: 2187: 2115: 1827: 784:molecular phylogenetic 10577:Garden plants of Asia 10186:Wood process engineer 9890:Urban forest inequity 8084:"Bamboo silviculture" 7818:. Tuttle Publishing. 7793:. Tuttle Publishing. 6188:on 11 September 2015. 6099:"MS Business Journal" 5962:friendsofthecache.org 5280:. Sierra Club Books. 4973:10.1093/aobpla/plw078 4530: 4394: 4317: 4297: 4174: 3761: 3682: 3674: 3396:Bamboo trays used in 3395: 3378:Japanese architecture 3352: 3337: 3299: 3290:Further information: 3247: 3099:Warring States period 3090:Further information: 3034: 2970: 2917: 2811: 2786:of the young shoots. 2707: 2699: 2590:: As each individual 2588:Lifecycle of the culm 2564: 2553: 2480: 2356:Omphisa fuscidentalis 2283: 2185: 2176:Further information: 2113: 1825: 656:(herbaceous bamboos) 366:Dendrocalamus sinicus 9849:Shifting cultivation 9790:Forest fragmentation 9760:Carbon sequestration 9630:Woodland Carbon Code 9595:Forest certification 9503:Even-aged management 9418:Sustainable forestry 7026:. 2009. p. 24. 6817:Schröder, Stéphane. 4686:or body form of the 4616:Khắc nhập, khắc xuất 4553:cương nhu phối triển 4505:Philippine mythology 4322:Bamboo, one of the " 4091:Revised Romanization 3837:"Bamboo" in ancient 2934:The Indian state of 2677:cyanogenic glycoside 2554:Bamboo harvested at 2513:carbon sequestration 2203:Phyllostachys glauca 2032:improve this article 1977:Arundinaria gigantea 1901:Phyllostachys edulis 839:(herbaceous bamboos) 499:carbon sequestration 355:of the grass family 30:For other uses, see 9654:Formally designated 9498:Ecological thinning 9408:Plantation forestry 9316:Research institutes 8038:(6). Madison: 23–26 7883:on 22 December 2009 7400:1961EcBot..15..161P 7264:10.1155/2014/937867 7066:on 17 December 2021 7024:Skyhorse Publishing 6977:10.1098/rsos.172128 6969:2018RSOS....572128D 6930:Succulents And More 6501:Inside Climate News 6331:2019CBio...29.R417S 6240:1979Biotr..11..161S 6155:2015EcolL..18..653V 6103:MS Business Journal 5906:The Daily Telegraph 5474:2021ESPR...2833416K 5468:(25): 33416–33432. 5417:2022AdBS....100009M 5234:(Online ed.). 5186:2013MolPE..67..404K 5085:on 10 November 2003 5035:2023AdBS....400027A 4807:2013MolPE..67..404K 4740:Bamboo construction 4437:Taketori Monogatari 4412:decorations called 4035:Vietnamese alphabet 3708:musical instruments 3658:Musical instruments 3292:Bamboo construction 3145:Dendrocalamus asper 2773:(sometimes written 2423:Phyllostachys nigra 2405:Phyllostachys aurea 2318:golden bamboo lemur 2269:Phyllostachys aurea 2266:has Golden Bamboo ( 2239:Guadua angustifolia 1895:Phyllostachys nigra 1839:Asia-Pacific region 399:of the savannas of 396:Raddiella vanessiae 380:Kinabaluchloa wrayi 10617:Rhizomatous plants 10572:Building materials 10247:Ecology portal 9780:Forest degradation 9775:Ecosystem services 9383:Community forestry 8594:Bamboo scaffolding 8213:Hoagland, Serra J. 8200:. Cherokee Nation. 7970:on 25 October 2012 7705:The New York Times 7656:. 12 February 2016 7408:10.1007/BF02904089 7315:10.1111/arcm.12014 6932:. 4 September 2012 6865:Contact Dermatitis 5826:Newell, J (2004). 5801:tcpermaculture.com 5634:The Book of Bamboo 5276:The Book of Bamboo 4545:culture of Vietnam 4536: 4406: 4320: 4312: 4188: 3771: 3701: 3677: 3652:water desalination 3572:Antiaris toxicaria 3406: 3363: 3344: 3311:Bamboo, like true 3309: 3250: 3221:Competition Bureau 3037: 2973: 2928: 2829: 2710: 2702: 2679:), which produces 2661:allergic reactions 2570: 2559: 2483: 2471:Bamboo cultivation 2290: 2206:'Yunzhu' in flower 2188: 2116: 1890:Great Lakes region 1855:sub-Saharan Africa 1847:northern Australia 1828: 1214:Pseudoxytenanthera 849:Buergersiochloinae 827:monophyletic group 542:composite material 522:building materials 10549: 10548: 10501:Open Tree of Life 10327:Taxon identifiers 10318: 10317: 10275:Plants portal 10061:green woodworking 9249: 9248: 9217: 9216: 8993: 8992: 8693: 8692: 8664: 8663: 8659: 8658: 8533: 8532: 8528: 8527: 7744:978-4-7700-2510-4 7630:on 13 August 2009 7468:978-3-8383-7422-2 7443:978-0-615-13013-2 7372:978-1-55729-058-8 7033:978-1-60239-692-0 6723:978-971-579-058-1 6325:(11): R417–R419. 6163:10.1111/ele.12442 6097:McDill, Stephen. 6053:978-0-333-47494-5 5767:978-981-16-1310-4 5711:Systematic Botany 5604:10.56330/JCLL5610 5570:10.56330/PNSC8891 5287:978-0-87156-825-0 5242:(Subscription or 4935:978-0-674-42871-3 4866:10.1111/jse.12150 4509:creation accounts 4403:Japanese New Year 4157: 4156: 4149: 4148: 4103: 4102: 4024: 4023: 3960:Yale Romanization 3880:Standard Mandarin 3605:Indonesian people 3526:Sharpened bamboo 3317:building material 2708:Korean bamboo tea 2379:are considered a 2328:Mountain gorillas 2137:Cretaceous period 2108: 2107: 2100: 2082: 1947:Bamboo forest in 1916:Bamboo forest in 1032:Arthrostylidiinae 764: 763: 747: 746: 738: 737: 714: 713: 690: 689: 665: 664: 580:contains so much 574:Bambusa tabacaria 520:, being used for 336: 335: 263: 137:Bamboo forest in 16:(Redirected from 10629: 10542: 10541: 10532: 10531: 10522: 10521: 10509: 10508: 10496: 10495: 10483: 10482: 10470: 10469: 10457: 10456: 10444: 10443: 10431: 10430: 10418: 10417: 10405: 10404: 10392: 10391: 10382: 10381: 10369: 10368: 10367: 10354: 10353: 10352: 10322: 10321: 10308: 10307: 10298: 10297: 10289:Trees portal 10287: 10286: 10273: 10272: 10259: 10258: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10202: 10201: 9923:Forest gardening 9880:Timber recycling 9827:Invasive species 9715:Tree measurement 9276: 9269: 9262: 9253: 9252: 9239: 9238: 9229: 9228: 9004: 9003: 8740: 8739: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8697: 8696: 8620:Ornamental grass 8547: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8365: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8277: 8276: 8261: 8253: 8221: 8220: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8195: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8174: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8153: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8119: 8113: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8098:on 29 June 2006. 8079: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8068: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8023: 8017: 8014: 8008: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7966:. Archived from 7959: 7953: 7942: 7936: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7879:. Archived from 7869: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7620: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7582: 7574: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7490: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7429: 7420: 7419: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7317: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7276: 7266: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7115:elkinvanaeon.net 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7016: 7007: 7006: 6996: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6821:. Guadua Bamboo. 6814: 6808: 6807: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6492: 6483: 6482: 6472: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6437: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6342: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6181:. Archived from 6138: 6130:Nowak, Martin A. 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6105:. Archived from 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6023: 6014: 6008: 6007: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5912:on 26 March 2009 5898: 5889: 5888: 5871:(9): 1833–1841. 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5843: 5832: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5681: 5649: 5638: 5637: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5589: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5555: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5519: 5510: 5509: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5428: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5301: 5292: 5291: 5279: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5239: 5227: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5046: 5014: 5003: 5002: 4992: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4895: 4877: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4833:. Archived from 4792: 4783: 4643:ethnic group of 4592:Cây tre trăm đốt 4586:legendary hero, 4469: 4468: 4460: 4459: 4451: 4450: 4353: 4352: 4342: 4341: 4284: 4279: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4252: 4226: 4225: 4218:(often known as 4145: 4144: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4099: 4098: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4057: 4056: 4043: 4020: 4019: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3982: 3981: 3968: 3967: 3947: 3946: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3909: 3908: 3895: 3894: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3835: 3819: 3818: 3804:due to its high 3705: 3609:Dutch occupation 3546:were also used. 3521:Chinese Langxian 3259:and the ribs of 3217:carbon disulfide 3206: 3205: 3201: 3151:Bambusa blumeana 2985:activated carbon 2944:compressed forms 2860: 2855: 2839: 2834: 2822: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2453: 2435: 2417: 2399: 2252:invasive species 2246:Invasive species 2215: 2198: 2186:Flowering bamboo 2103: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2040: 2016: 2008: 1992: 1972: 1960: 1944: 1929: 1913: 1542:Racemobambosinae 1446:Holttumochloinae 1154:Cochinchinochloa 631: 630: 624: 623: 614: 613: 607: 606: 597: 596: 592: 591: 570:tensile strength 530:bamboo paintings 482: 481: 477: 474: 458:, including the 452:secondary growth 438:) and the wood ( 428:vascular bundles 261: 154: 153: 132: 115: 52: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 10637: 10636: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10622:Stem vegetables 10552: 10551: 10550: 10545: 10537: 10535: 10527: 10525: 10517: 10512: 10504: 10499: 10491: 10486: 10478: 10473: 10465: 10460: 10452: 10447: 10439: 10434: 10426: 10421: 10413: 10408: 10400: 10395: 10387: 10385: 10377: 10372: 10363: 10362: 10357: 10348: 10347: 10342: 10329: 10319: 10314: 10281: 10267: 10253: 10241: 10239: 10227: 10225: 10213: 10211: 10190: 10067: 10044:spruce-pine-fir 10017:Christmas trees 9899: 9815:Illegal logging 9747: 9741: 9456:Controlled burn 9441: 9432: 9413:Social forestry 9393:Energy forestry 9373:Bamboo forestry 9368:Analog forestry 9342: 9285: 9280: 9250: 9245: 9213: 9106: 9073: 9025: 9016:Artificial silk 8989: 8971: 8858: 8729: 8724: 8694: 8689: 8660: 8655: 8646:Bamboo textiles 8634: 8608: 8587: 8529: 8524: 8488: 8466: 8452:Anomochlooideae 8433:Early-diverging 8416: 8387:carbon fixation 8386: 8366: 8357: 8311: 8304: 8241: 8230: 8228:Further reading 8225: 8224: 8209: 8205: 8193: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8172: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8132: 8130: 8129:. 30 March 2016 8121: 8120: 8116: 8107: 8103: 8080: 8076: 8066: 8064: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8041: 8039: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8011: 8006: 8002: 7987: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7962:Jen Lukenbill. 7960: 7956: 7943: 7939: 7926: 7922: 7912: 7910: 7900: 7896: 7886: 7884: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7812: 7808: 7801: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7756: 7752: 7745: 7734:Bamboo in Japan 7729: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7696: 7692: 7673: 7669: 7659: 7657: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7622: 7621: 7614: 7604: 7602: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7576: 7575: 7555: 7551: 7508: 7504: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7455: 7451: 7444: 7430: 7423: 7388:Economic Botany 7384: 7380: 7373: 7359: 7355: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7294: 7290: 7242: 7238: 7228: 7226: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7145: 7143: 7133: 7129: 7119: 7117: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7092: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7067: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7034: 7018: 7017: 7010: 6949: 6945: 6935: 6933: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6904: 6900: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6832:Myers, Evan T. 6830: 6826: 6815: 6811: 6796: 6792: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6760:on 17 June 2023 6752:Marie, Joanne. 6750: 6746: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6605: 6604: 6600: 6557: 6553: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6519: 6515: 6505: 6503: 6493: 6486: 6453: 6449: 6438: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6368: 6364: 6319:Current Biology 6311: 6307: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6248:10.2307/2388036 6224: 6220: 6213: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6142:Ecology Letters 6136: 6126: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6109:on 11 July 2011 6095: 6091: 6081: 6079: 6074:. 6 June 2010. 6066: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6040:Huxley, Anthony 6037: 6033: 6021: 6015: 6011: 5980: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5900: 5899: 5892: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5830: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5793: 5789: 5780: 5778: 5768: 5742: 5738: 5723:10.2307/2419803 5707: 5703: 5658:New Phytologist 5655: 5650: 5641: 5630: 5626: 5615: 5611: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5553: 5547: 5543: 5520: 5513: 5454: 5450: 5397: 5390: 5347: 5343: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5303: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5270: 5266: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5221: 5217: 5166: 5162: 5143: 5139: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5015: 5006: 4953: 4949: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4849: 4845: 4840:on 5 June 2015. 4837: 4790: 4784: 4773: 4768: 4755:Ceremonial pole 4716: 4700: 4673: 4661: 4637: 4629: 4624: 4580: 4541: 4525: 4501: 4489: 4389: 4360: 4292: 4254:), the bamboo ( 4204:Chinese culture 4169: 4161:Andaman Islands 4029:Vietnamese name 3846: 3817: 3794:Asian furniture 3783:bamboo bicycles 3779:bamboo steamers 3756: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3668: 3660: 3648: 3617:naval supremacy 3460:martial art of 3450: 3442:calcium carbide 3426: 3390: 3315:, is a natural 3294: 3288: 3283: 3282: 3241: 3233: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3186: 3180: 3156:dissolving pulp 3094: 3088: 3086:Writing surface 3083: 3082: 3028: 3020: 3015: 3014: 2971:Bamboo charcoal 2964: 2961:Bamboo charcoal 2956: 2694: 2689: 2669:skin prick test 2665:contact allergy 2657: 2628: 2548: 2538:In Brazil, the 2536: 2535: 2486:Bamboo forestry 2474: 2466: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2446: 2445: 2436: 2428: 2427: 2418: 2410: 2409: 2400: 2389: 2278: 2248: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2199: 2180: 2174: 2104: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2041: 2039: 2029: 2017: 2006: 1999: 1993: 1984: 1973: 1964: 1961: 1952: 1945: 1936: 1930: 1921: 1914: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1803:Vietnamocalamus 1779:Semiarundinaria 1701:Himalayacalamus 1689:Gaoligongshania 1671:Drepanostachyum 1623: 1613: 1612: 1490:Cephalostachyum 1388:Cathariostachys 1190:Neomicrocalamus 1052:Arthrostylidium 1023: 1013: 1012: 856:Buergersiochloa 840: 792:Anomochlooideae 786:research, many 748: 739: 715: 691: 666: 590: 540:, is a natural 536:. Bamboo, like 479: 475: 472: 470: 260: 148: 123: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10635: 10625: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10543: 10533: 10523: 10510: 10497: 10484: 10471: 10458: 10445: 10432: 10419: 10406: 10393: 10383: 10370: 10355: 10339: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10312: 10302: 10292: 10278: 10264: 10250: 10236: 10222: 10208: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10176:Timber cruiser 10173: 10171:Shingle weaver 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10075: 10073: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10009: 10007:Rail transport 10004: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9948:pulp and paper 9945: 9940: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9918:Forest farming 9915: 9909: 9907: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9868: 9866:slash-and-char 9863: 9861:slash-and-burn 9858: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9835: 9834: 9824: 9823: 9822: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9785:Forest dieback 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9751: 9749: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9705: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9673: 9672: 9671: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9644: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9458: 9453: 9447: 9445: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9430: 9428:Urban forestry 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9279: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9256: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9233: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9122: 9116: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9083: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9035: 9033: 9031:Semi-synthetic 9027: 9026: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9012: 9010: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8981: 8979: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8868: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8748: 8746: 8737: 8731: 8730: 8723: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8700: 8691: 8690: 8687:Graminid clade 8669: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8637: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8545: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8510:Danthonioideae 8507: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8380: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8367: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8303: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8262: 8251:"Bamboo" 8248:, ed. (1911). 8246:Chisholm, Hugh 8240: 8239:External links 8237: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8222: 8203: 8182: 8161: 8140: 8127:Africa Renewal 8114: 8101: 8074: 8049: 8018: 8009: 8000: 7981: 7954: 7937: 7920: 7894: 7864: 7831: 7824: 7806: 7799: 7781: 7774: 7750: 7743: 7723: 7690: 7667: 7641: 7612: 7590: 7549: 7502: 7474: 7467: 7449: 7442: 7421: 7394:(2): 161–164. 7378: 7371: 7353: 7329: 7308:(2): 220–227. 7288: 7236: 7225:. 1 March 2020 7223:indiatimes.com 7210: 7179: 7168:. 14 July 2021 7153: 7127: 7102: 7077: 7047: 7032: 7008: 6943: 6917: 6898: 6871:(2): 100–102. 6855: 6824: 6809: 6790: 6771: 6744: 6729: 6722: 6704: 6693:. 21 July 2016 6678: 6653: 6634: 6616: 6598: 6551: 6548:. UNIDO. 2009. 6532: 6513: 6484: 6447: 6427: 6402: 6377: 6370:Daley, Jason. 6362: 6305: 6287: 6261: 6234:(3): 161–172. 6218: 6211: 6191: 6149:(7): 653–659. 6128:Veller, Carl; 6120: 6089: 6059: 6052: 6031: 6009: 5990:(2): 156–152. 5974: 5949: 5923: 5890: 5855: 5818: 5787: 5766: 5736: 5717:(4): 436–460. 5701: 5664:(2): 304–312. 5653: 5639: 5624: 5609: 5575: 5541: 5530:(4): 319–322. 5511: 5448: 5388: 5341: 5326: 5293: 5286: 5264: 5249: 5215: 5180:(2): 404–413. 5160: 5137: 5118: 5096: 5066: 5004: 4947: 4934: 4904: 4860:(2): 117–137. 4843: 4801:(2): 404–413. 4770: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4745:Bamboo textile 4742: 4737: 4732: 4730:Bamboo blossom 4727: 4722: 4715: 4712: 4699: 4696: 4672: 4669: 4660: 4657: 4636: 4633: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4604:Gautama Buddha 4579: 4576: 4540: 4537: 4524: 4521: 4500: 4497: 4488: 4485: 4420:Shinto shrines 4388: 4385: 4373:spotted bamboo 4359: 4356: 4324:Four Gentlemen 4291: 4288: 4229:Four Gentlemen 4220:méi lán zhú jú 4206:, the bamboo, 4168: 4165: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4131:Transcriptions 4124: 4123: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4085:Transcriptions 4078: 4077: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953:Yue: Cantonese 3949: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3874:Transcriptions 3867: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3843:regular script 3836: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3816: 3813: 3790:cutting boards 3764:bamboo steamer 3755: 3752: 3748:climate change 3716: 3713: 3669: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3624: 3580: 3577:cardiac arrest 3557:-spear called 3551: 3524: 3517: 3506: 3491: 3476: 3467: 3449: 3446: 3425: 3422: 3414:split cane rod 3404:, Philippines) 3402:Abucay, Bataan 3389: 3386: 3287: 3284: 3253:Bamboo textile 3242: 3238:Bamboo textile 3234: 3232: 3229: 3194: 3191: 3182:Main article: 3179: 3176: 3140:bamboo forests 3087: 3084: 3079:Southeast Asia 3029: 3021: 3019: 3016: 2965: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2842:aloo bodi tama 2825:glutinous rice 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2656: 2653: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2618:photosynthesis 2611: 2596: 2547: 2544: 2475: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2447: 2437: 2430: 2429: 2419: 2412: 2411: 2401: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2381:local delicacy 2332:Central Africa 2300:of China, the 2277: 2274: 2247: 2244: 2228:mass flowering 2217: 2210: 2209: 2200: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2178:Bamboo blossom 2173: 2172:Mass flowering 2170: 2152:growing season 2106: 2105: 2020: 2018: 2011: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1974: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1955: 1953: 1946: 1939: 1937: 1931: 1924: 1922: 1920:, Kyoto, Japan 1915: 1908: 1867:Atacama Desert 1845:, to south to 1819: 1816: 1665:Chimonocalamus 1659:Chimonobambusa 1624: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1590:incertae sedis 1586: 1585: 1584: 1572:Temburongiinae 1568: 1567: 1566: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1526:Schizostachyum 1520:Pseudostachyum 1472: 1471: 1470: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1024: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1008: 989:three genera: 981: 980: 979: 862: 861: 860: 841: 832: 831: 762: 761: 750: 749: 745: 744: 741: 740: 736: 735: 732: 731: 724: 721: 720: 717: 716: 712: 711: 708: 707: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 688: 687: 684: 683: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 663: 662: 659: 658: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 634: 629: 627: 622: 620: 612: 610: 605: 603: 601:BOP clade 595: 589: 586: 564:and adjoining 514:Southeast Asia 334: 333: 332: 331: 324: 314: 313: 307: 306: 298: 297: 291: 290: 289: 288: 283: 278: 270: 269: 265: 264: 255: 251: 250: 245: 238: 237: 232: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 212: 205: 204: 199: 192: 191: 186: 179: 178: 173: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 142: 141: 134: 133: 125: 124: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10634: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10597:Garden plants 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10540: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10520: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10384: 10380: 10375: 10371: 10366: 10360: 10356: 10351: 10345: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10311: 10303: 10301: 10293: 10291: 10290: 10285: 10279: 10277: 10276: 10271: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10237: 10235: 10234: 10223: 10221: 10220: 10209: 10207: 10206: 10197: 10196: 10193: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10166:Rubber tapper 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10094:Choker setter 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10070: 10062: 10059: 10058: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10018: 10015: 10014: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9934: 9933:Manufacturing 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9874: 9873: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9856: 9852: 9851: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9770:Deforestation 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9746:Environmental 9744: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9648: 9647:reforestation 9645: 9643: 9642:afforestation 9640: 9639: 9638: 9635: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9593: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9451:Arboriculture 9449: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9439: 9435: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9403:Permaforestry 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9361: 9357: 9356: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9325: 9324: 9320: 9318: 9317: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9277: 9272: 9270: 9265: 9263: 9258: 9257: 9254: 9242: 9234: 9232: 9224: 9223: 9220: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8721: 8716: 8714: 8709: 8707: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8667: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8573:Bamboo shoots 8571: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8515:Micrairoideae 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8505:Chloridoideae 8503: 8501: 8500:Arundinoideae 8498: 8496: 8495:Aristidoideae 8493: 8492: 8490: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8364: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8310:or Gramineae) 8309: 8301: 8296: 8294: 8289: 8287: 8282: 8281: 8278: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8259: 8258: 8252: 8247: 8243: 8242: 8236: 8234: 8218: 8214: 8207: 8199: 8192: 8186: 8178: 8171: 8165: 8157: 8150: 8144: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8111: 8105: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8078: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8013: 8004: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7969: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7934: 7933:9971-69-259-7 7930: 7924: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7859: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7835: 7827: 7825:9781462905546 7821: 7817: 7810: 7802: 7800:9781462903474 7796: 7792: 7785: 7777: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7754: 7746: 7740: 7736: 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World J. 7247: 7240: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7013: 7004: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6963:(4): 172128. 6962: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6813: 6806:(2): 147–153. 6805: 6801: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6759: 6755: 6748: 6740: 6733: 6725: 6719: 6715: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6682: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6646: 6645: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6555: 6544: 6543: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6443: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6373: 6366: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6276:. 25 May 2018 6275: 6271: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6212:9780674061507 6208: 6204: 6203: 6195: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6077: 6073: 6072:The New Times 6069: 6063: 6055: 6049: 6046:. Macmillan. 6045: 6041: 6035: 6027: 6026:ncrs.usda.gov 6020: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5895: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5859: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5598:(12): 42–45. 5597: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5516: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5393: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5330: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5289: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5268: 5260: 5253: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5107: 5100: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4967:(1): plw078. 4966: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4900: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4704: 4698:North America 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4572:South Vietnam 4569: 4568:Ngô Đình Diệm 4564: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4533: 4529: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4377:Xiangshuishen 4374: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4347: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4316: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4287: 4285: 4283:suìhán sānyǒu 4275: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4221: 4217: 4216:chrysanthemum 4213: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4198: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4162: 4152: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4108:Japanese name 4106: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3709: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3673: 3666: 3655: 3653: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3589:bambu runcing 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553:Metal-tipped 3552: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3438:bamboo cannon 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3280: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3239: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3190: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039:Bambooworking 3033: 3026: 3025:Bambooworking 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2962: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2932: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2706: 2698: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2563: 2557: 2552: 2543: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2525:Phyllostachys 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505:marginal land 2501: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2479: 2472: 2452: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2425: 2424: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2398: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373:Yunnan, China 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310:bamboo lemurs 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294:bamboo shoots 2287: 2282: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2184: 2179: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2114:Bamboo canopy 2112: 2102: 2099: 2091: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2049: – 2048: 2044: 2043:Find sources: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2021:This article 2019: 2015: 2010: 2009: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1832:cloud forests 1824: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1797:Thamnocalamus 1793: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1738: 1737:Phyllostachys 1733: 1732: 1731:Oligostachyum 1727: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1695:Gelidocalamus 1691: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1635:Ampelocalamus 1631: 1630: 1621: 1620: 1619:Arundinarieae 1606: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1484:Annamocalamus 1480: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1460:Kinabaluchloa 1456: 1455: 1454:Holttumochloa 1450: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1418:Perrierbambus 1414: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1406:Hitchcockella 1402: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1310:Sphaerobambos 1306: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1226:Thyrsostachys 1222: 1221: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1209: 1208:Phuphanochloa 1204: 1203: 1202:Oxytenanthera 1198: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1167: 1166:Fimbribambusa 1162: 1161: 1160:Dendrocalamus 1156: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1124:Rhipidocladum 1120: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1094:Elytrostachys 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1058:Athroostachys 1054: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1006: 1005: 1000: 999: 994: 993: 988: 987: 986: 982: 977: 976: 971: 970: 965: 964: 959: 958: 953: 952: 947: 946: 941: 940: 935: 934: 929: 928: 923: 922: 917: 916: 911: 910: 905: 904: 899: 898: 893: 892: 887: 886: 881: 880: 875: 874: 869: 868: 867: 863: 858: 857: 852: 851: 850: 846: 845: 844: 838: 837: 830: 828: 824: 823:Arundinarieae 820: 816: 811: 809: 805: 801: 800:Ehrhartoideae 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 759: 755: 752: 751: 743: 742: 734: 733: 730: 729: 723: 722: 719: 718: 710: 709: 706: 705: 699: 698: 695: 694: 686: 685: 682: 680: 679:Arundinarieae 674: 673: 670: 669: 661: 660: 657: 655: 649: 648: 645: 644: 641: 639: 633: 632: 626: 625: 619: 616: 615: 609: 608: 602: 599: 598: 594: 593: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 558:Bambusa tulda 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 534:bambooworking 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 495:afforestation 492: 491:marginal land 488: 487: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 401:French Guiana 398: 397: 392: 388: 387: 382: 381: 376: 372: 368: 367: 362: 361:Giant bamboos 358: 354: 351: 347: 344: 340: 329: 326:Parianoideae 325: 322: 318: 317: 315: 312: 308: 304: 303:known species 299: 296: 292: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 276:Arundinarieae 274: 273: 271: 266: 259: 256: 253: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 239: 236: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 194: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176:Tracheophytes 174: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 157: 152: 147: 143: 140: 135: 131: 126: 122: 118: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 40: 37: 33: 19: 10567:Bambusoideae 10365:Bambusoideae 10335:Bambusoideae 10334: 10280: 10266: 10252: 10238: 10224: 10210: 10203: 10181:Tree planter 10161:Resin tapper 10141:Truck driver 10136:River driver 9885:Tree hugging 9870: 9853: 9820:timber mafia 9810:High grading 9795:Ghost forest 9765:Clearcutting 9688:Silviculture 9664:Horticulture 9508:Fire ecology 9423:Urban forest 9398:Mycoforestry 9358: 9354:Agroforestry 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9302:Forest areas 9300: 9293: 9177:Polyethylene 8678: 8553:Construction 8473:Bambusoideae 8442:PACMAD clade 8377: 8255: 8232: 8231: 8216: 8206: 8198:cherokee.org 8197: 8191:"River Cane" 8185: 8176: 8164: 8155: 8143: 8131:. Retrieved 8126: 8117: 8109: 8104: 8096:the original 8091: 8087: 8077: 8065:. Retrieved 8061: 8052: 8040:. Retrieved 8035: 8031: 8021: 8012: 8003: 7984: 7972:. Retrieved 7968:the original 7957: 7949: 7948:: Volume 3, 7945: 7940: 7923: 7911:. Retrieved 7907: 7897: 7885:. Retrieved 7881:the original 7867: 7848: 7844: 7834: 7815: 7809: 7790: 7784: 7760: 7753: 7733: 7726: 7714:. Retrieved 7703: 7693: 7684: 7680: 7670: 7658:. Retrieved 7654:Panda London 7653: 7644: 7632:. Retrieved 7628:the original 7603:. Retrieved 7593: 7579:cite journal 7565:(2): 60–65. 7562: 7558: 7552: 7522:(1): 25–37. 7519: 7515: 7505: 7493:. Retrieved 7484: 7477: 7458: 7452: 7433: 7391: 7387: 7381: 7362: 7356: 7338: 7332: 7305: 7302:Archaeometry 7301: 7291: 7254: 7249: 7239: 7227:. Retrieved 7222: 7213: 7196: 7192: 7182: 7170:. Retrieved 7165: 7156: 7144:. Retrieved 7140: 7130: 7118:. Retrieved 7114: 7105: 7093:. Retrieved 7089: 7080: 7068:. Retrieved 7064:the original 7059: 7050: 7022:. 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Retrieved 5800: 5790: 5779:, retrieved 5749: 5739: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5661: 5657: 5633: 5627: 5618: 5612: 5595: 5591: 5578: 5564:(8): 40–43. 5561: 5557: 5544: 5527: 5523: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5408: 5404: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5335: 5329: 5317:. Retrieved 5308: 5275: 5267: 5258: 5252: 5229: 5218: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5109:. Retrieved 5099: 5087:. Retrieved 5083:the original 5078: 5069: 5026: 5022: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4939:, retrieved 4917: 4907: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4835:the original 4798: 4794: 4701: 4690:creator god 4683: 4679: 4674: 4662: 4652: 4638: 4630: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4591: 4581: 4565: 4560: 4552: 4542: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4444:kansai sanyū 4443: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4413: 4407: 4395: 4368:Emperor Shun 4361: 4345: 4335: 4332: 4321: 4308:Tao Yuanming 4303: 4281: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4236: 4219: 4201: 4189: 4184:Ming Dynasty 4175: 4158: 4137:Romanization 4005:Southern Min 3939:Romanization 3887:Hanyu Pinyin 3851:Chinese name 3810: 3787: 3772: 3721:Song dynasty 3718: 3697:Maguindanaon 3649: 3646:Desalination 3627:Punji Sticks 3621:Commonwealth 3588: 3587: 3570: 3547: 3541: 3531: 3500: 3494: 3485: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3451: 3434:meriam buluh 3433: 3427: 3424:Firecrackers 3410:fishing rods 3407: 3382: 3375: 3364: 3345: 3326: 3322:Tiki culture 3310: 3286:Construction 3265: 3251: 3196: 3187: 3169: 3149: 3143: 3125: 3121:spirit money 3118: 3107: 3095: 3043:architecture 2999:Qing dynasty 2991:Ming dynasty 2974: 2940: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2863: 2849: 2841: 2830: 2812: 2805:from China. 2794: 2788: 2781: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2761:gulai rebung 2760: 2756: 2750: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2683:in the gut. 2658: 2649: 2646: 2629: 2613: 2599:Annual cycle 2598: 2587: 2582: 2571: 2537: 2523: 2521: 2502: 2490: 2484: 2439: 2421: 2403: 2377:caterpillars 2354: 2348:bamboo borer 2326: 2291: 2267: 2249: 2237: 2231: 2224: 2201: 2161: 2145: 2133: 2117: 2094: 2085: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2042: 2030:Please help 2025:verification 2022: 1975: 1899: 1898:(Henon) and 1893: 1887: 1873: 1871: 1836: 1829: 1818:Distribution 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1743:Pleioblastus 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1683:Ferrocalamus 1681: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1651: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1616: 1602: 1598:Ruhooglandia 1596: 1588: 1578: 1562:Widjajachloa 1560: 1556:Racemobambos 1554: 1550:Chloothamnus 1548: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476:Melocanninae 1464: 1458: 1452: 1434: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1398: 1394:Decaryochloa 1392: 1386: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1326: 1320:Greslaniinae 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1286:Mullerochloa 1284: 1278: 1272: 1266:Dinochloinae 1254: 1238:Yersinochloa 1236: 1232:Vietnamosasa 1230: 1224: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1200: 1194: 1188: 1182: 1178:Maclurochloa 1176: 1172:Gigantochloa 1170: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1106:Glaziophyton 1104: 1100:Filgueirasia 1098: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1040:Actinocladum 1038: 1025: 1016: 1002: 996: 990: 973: 967: 961: 955: 949: 943: 937: 931: 925: 919: 913: 907: 903:Froesiochloa 901: 895: 889: 883: 877: 871: 854: 842: 833: 812: 778:, and three 765: 726: 702: 677: 652: 636: 618:Bambusoideae 617: 573: 557: 507: 484: 464: 421: 395: 384: 378: 364: 353:Bambusoideae 352: 338: 337: 258:Bambusoideae 257: 241: 208: 195: 182: 169: 139:Hunan, China 117:Early Eocene 36: 10462:iNaturalist 10359:Wikispecies 10205:WikiProject 10129:smokejumper 10109:Firefighter 10072:Occupations 10056:Woodworking 9637:Forestation 9568:restoration 9523:informatics 9388:Ecoforestry 9008:Regenerated 8952:Spider silk 8671:Agrostology 8651:Switchgrass 8556:Landscaping 8520:Panicoideae 8462:Puelioideae 8421:Subfamilies 8392:Graminivore 7887:30 November 7495:23 December 7172:17 December 7146:17 December 7120:17 December 7095:17 December 7070:17 December 7060:FarmToRasoi 5967:27 November 5111:24 February 4918:The Bamboos 4875:11336/25248 4703:Arundinaria 4659:Saint Lucia 4645:West Africa 4588:Thánh Gióng 4499:Philippines 4381:Xiang River 4364:Emperor Yao 4300:calligraphy 4062:Korean name 3839:seal script 3691:known as a 3689:Philippines 3635:Vietnam War 3631:booby traps 3619:along with 3586:, known as 3418:fly fishing 3223:and the US 3178:Writing pen 3172:papermaking 3110:Han dynasty 2909:kirla sukke 2876:to prepare 2766:sayur lodeh 2614:Daily cycle 2556:Murshidabad 2387:Cultivation 2340:chimpanzees 2322:taxiphyllin 2298:giant panda 2286:giant panda 2276:Animal diet 2141:Anji County 1874:Arundinaria 1791:Sinobambusa 1755:Sarocalamus 1707:Indocalamus 1641:Arundinaria 1626:31 genera: 1580:Temburongia 1577:one genus: 1532:Stapletonia 1508:Neohouzeaua 1466:Nianhochloa 1430:Sokinochloa 1380:Hickeliinae 1352:Eremocaulon 1325:one genus: 1304:Parabambusa 1253:one genus: 1248:Chusqueinae 1184:Melocalamus 1139:17 genera: 1118:Myriocladus 1112:Merostachys 1088:Didymogonyx 1082:Colanthelia 1064:Atractantha 1037:15 genera: 1026:73 genera: 933:Parodiolyra 915:Maclurolyra 897:Ekmanochloa 891:Diandrolyra 885:Cryptochloa 870:17 genera: 853:one genus: 843:21 genera: 796:Puelioideae 526:food source 319:Olyroideae 301:>1,462 ( 254:Subfamily: 215:Commelinids 189:Angiosperms 10556:Categories 10151:Lumberjack 10146:Log scaler 10029:engineered 9980:non-timber 9953:sawmilling 9905:Industries 9872:svedjebruk 9583:transition 9563:protection 9553:old-growth 9538:governance 9493:Dendrology 9443:management 9309:Ministries 9157:Modacrylic 9152:Microfiber 9069:Triacetate 9021:Milk fiber 8887:Camel hair 8819:Lotus silk 8578:Lemongrass 8479:Oryzoideae 8457:Pharoideae 8316:Morphology 7851:(1): 113. 7775:9715501389 7257:: 937867. 7199:: 103273. 7090:TasteAtlas 6785:Bambu Batu 6506:13 January 6228:Biotropica 5932:USDA, NRCS 5679:2262/73271 5656:origins". 5411:: 100009. 5361:: 112795. 5246:required.) 5029:: 100027. 4961:AoB Plants 4766:References 4688:Polynesian 4584:Vietnamese 4410:New Year's 4192:blossoming 3901:Wade–Giles 3841:(top) and 3815:In culture 3775:chopsticks 3514:fire lance 3508:The first 2920:East Timor 2890:rice flour 2608:dry season 2603:wet season 2567:Jalpaiguri 2546:Harvesting 2314:Madagascar 2308:, and the 2058:newspapers 1918:Arashiyama 1882:canebrakes 1773:Sasamorpha 1749:Pseudosasa 1653:Bergbambos 1595:2 genera: 1547:3 genera: 1481:9 genera: 1451:3 genera: 1385:9 genera: 1343:5 genera: 1274:Cyrtochloa 1271:7 genera: 1196:Oreobambos 1134:Bambusinae 1004:Parianella 985:Parianinae 939:Piresiella 798:, and the 728:Oryzoideae 562:Bangladesh 510:South Asia 424:internodal 409:Portuguese 375:internodes 48:55–0 10441:113642445 10099:Ecologist 10012:Tree farm 9913:Coppicing 9855:chitemene 9755:Acid rain 9703:allometry 9625:SmartWood 9573:secondary 9558:pathology 9533:inventory 9471:driftwood 9337:Arbor Day 9172:Polyester 9044:Diacetate 8999:Synthetic 8902:Chiengora 8683:Graminoid 8604:Thatching 8583:Sugarcane 8475:(bamboos) 8437:BOP clade 8397:Grassland 8328:Caryopsis 8306:Grasses ( 8267:by INBAR. 8133:29 August 8062:Econation 7974:4 January 7716:12 August 7634:12 August 7544:190517335 7536:2051-1787 7324:0003-813X 7042:277203364 6985:2054-5703 6908:Allergo J 6593:159340063 6585:1389-9341 6571:: 66–74. 6357:173992065 6171:1461-023X 5916:12 August 5781:29 August 5776:239748950 5688:0028-646X 5506:232067180 5490:1614-7499 5443:253535691 5435:2773-1391 5383:225025086 5375:0926-6690 5319:22 August 5202:1055-7903 5157:(1): 1–7. 5061:259134632 5053:2773-1391 4981:2041-2851 4941:29 August 4884:1674-4918 4823:1055-7903 4725:Bambuseae 4665:St. Lucia 4578:Mythology 4483:taverns. 4426:. 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