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1983:. In 1878 James wrote with sadness about the lack of contemporary attention paid to Balzac, and lavished praise on him in four essays (in 1875, 1877, 1902, and 1913). In 1878 James wrote: "Large as Balzac is, he is all of one piece and he hangs perfectly together". He wrote with admiration of Balzac's attempt to portray in writing "a beast with a hundred claws". In his own novels James explored more of the psychological motives of the characters and less of the historical sweep exhibited by Balzac—a conscious style preference; he stated: "the artist of the
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673:" ("Look how the academy returns the pretty ones we send them!") Balzac himself attributed his condition to "intellectual congestion", but his extended confinement in the "alcove" was surely a factor. (Meanwhile, his father had been writing a treatise on "the means of preventing thefts and murders, and of restoring the men who commit them to a useful role in society", in which he heaped disdain on prison as a form of crime prevention.)
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1459:. These works lacked firsthand knowledge; Saintsbury points out that "cœlebs cannot talk of with much authority". In late April the newly-weds set off for Paris. His health deteriorated on the way, and Ewelina wrote to her daughter about Balzac being "in a state of extreme weakness" and "sweating profusely". They arrived in the French capital on 20 May, his fifty-first birthday.
1768:. "If in Paris", Rogers says, "we are in a man-made region where even the seasons are forgotten, these provincial towns are nearly always pictured in their natural setting". Balzac said, "the streets of Paris possess human qualities and we cannot shake off the impressions they make upon our minds." His labyrinthine city provided a literary model used later by English novelist
1056:), a fable-like tale about a despondent young man named Raphaël de Valentin who finds an animal skin which promises great power and wealth. He obtains these things, but loses the ability to manage them. In the end, his health fails and he is consumed by his own confusion. Balzac meant the story to bear witness to the treacherous turns of life, its "serpentine motion".
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978:, Balzac paints the revolutionaries in a sympathetic light—even though they are the center of the book's most brutal scenes. This was the first book Balzac released under his own name, and it gave him what one critic called "passage into the Promised Land". It established him as an author of note (even if its historical fiction-genre imitates that of
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power", he wrote in 1830. The timing of the decision was also significant; as Robb explained: "The disappearance of the father coincides with the adoption of the nobiliary particle. A symbolic inheritance." Just as his father had worked his way up from poverty into respectable society, Balzac considered toil and effort his real mark of nobility.
1111:, a weekly magazine of society and politics. He tried to enforce strict impartiality in its pages and a reasoned assessment of various ideologies. As Rogers notes, "Balzac was interested in any social, political, or economic theory, whether from the right or the left." The magazine failed, but in July 1840 he founded another publication, the
666:, his 1832 novel about a young boy studying at an Oratorian grammar school at Vendôme. The narrator says : "He devoured books of every kind, feeding indiscriminately on religious works, history and literature, philosophy and physics. He had told me that he found indescribable delight in reading dictionaries for lack of other books."
447:. He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous writers, including the novelists
1019:(which claimed widespread popular support) was disorganized and unprincipled, in need of a mediator to keep the political peace between the King and insurgent forces. He called for "a young and vigorous man who belongs neither to the Directoire nor to the Empire, but who is 1830 incarnate...." He planned to be such a
583:, who is commemorated on 16 May, four days before Balzac's birthday) was actually the second child born to the Balzacs; exactly one year earlier, Louis-Daniel had been born, but he lived for only a month. Honoré's sisters Laure and Laurence were born in 1800 and 1802, and his younger brother Henry-François in 1807.
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The only absolute authority which the imagination has been able to conceive, the authority of God, works according to rules which He has imposed on
Himself. He can destroy all His worlds and return to His rest, but while He allows them to exist, they continue to be governed by the laws which together
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At the same time, the characters depict a particular range of social types: the noble soldier, the scoundrel, the proud workman, the fearless spy, the alluring mistress. That Balzac was able to balance the strength of the individual against the representation of the type is evidence of the author's
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Balzac". He followed his father in the surname Balzac but added the aristocratic-sounding nobiliary particle to help him fit into respected society, a choice based on skill rather than by right. "The aristocracy and authority of talent are more substantial than the aristocracy of names and material
808:, who convinced the author to write short stories, which Le Poitevin would then sell to publishers. Balzac quickly turned to longer works, and by 1826 he had written nine novels, all published under pseudonyms and often produced in collaboration with other writers. For example, the scandalous novel
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An enthusiastic reader and independent thinker as a child, Balzac had trouble adapting to the teaching style of his grammar school. His willful nature caused trouble throughout his life and frustrated his ambitions to succeed in the world of business. When he finished school, Balzac was apprenticed
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light meal at five or six in the afternoon, then sleep until midnight. He then rose and wrote for many hours, fueled by innumerable cups of black coffee. He often worked for fifteen hours or more at a stretch; he claimed to have once worked for 48 hours with only three hours of rest in the middle.
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Balzac's work habits were legendary. He wrote from 1 A.M. to 8 A.M. every morning and sometimes even longer. Balzac could write very rapidly; some of his novels, written with a quill, were composed at a pace equal to thirty words per minute on a modern typewriter. His preferred method was to eat a
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convinced many mothers of the time to nurse their own children, sending babies to wet nurses was still common among the middle and upper classes.) When the Balzac children returned home, they were kept at a frosty distance from their parents, which affected the author-to-be significantly. His 1835
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tried to dissuade him from reading these early works of Balzac. American critic Samuel Rogers, however, notes that "without the training they gave Balzac, as he groped his way to his mature conception of the novel, and without the habit he formed as a young man of writing under pressure, one can
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Balzac revised obsessively, covering printer's proofs with changes and additions to be reset. He sometimes repeated this process during the publication of a book, causing significant expense both for himself and the publisher. As a result, the finished product quite often was different from the
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After writing several novels, in 1832 Balzac conceived the idea for an enormous series of books that would paint a panoramic portrait of "all aspects of society". The moment the idea came to him, Balzac raced to his sister's apartment and proclaimed: "I am about to become a genius!" Although he
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In 1819 Passez offered to make Balzac his successor, but his apprentice had had enough of the Law. He despaired of being "a clerk, a machine, a riding-school hack, eating and drinking and sleeping at fixed hours. I should be like everyone else. And that's what they call living, that life at the
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A nearly infinite reserve of energy propels the characters in Balzac's novels. Struggling against the currents of human nature and society, they may lose more often than they win—but only rarely do they give up. This universal trait is a reflection of Balzac's own social wrangling, that of his
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of learning at the school. As a result, he was frequently sent to the "alcove", a punishment cell reserved for disobedient students. (The janitor at the school, when asked later if he remembered Honoré, replied: "Remember M. Balzac? I should think I do! I had the honour of escorting him to the
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books, strengthens the realist representation. "When the characters reappear", notes Rogers, "they do not step out of nowhere; they emerge from the privacy of their own lives which, for an interval, we have not been allowed to see". He also used a realist technique which French novelist
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in
Touraine which was owned by his friend Jean de Margonne (who was also his mother's lover), between 1830 and 1837, and wrote many of his novels in the series "La Comedie Humaine" there. It is now a museum dedicated to Balzac where one can see his writing desk and quill pen and chair.
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and is considered one of
Dickens' significant influences. Literary critic W. H. Helm calls one "the French Dickens" and the other "the English Balzac", while another critic, Richard Lehan, states that "Balzac was the bridge between the comic realism of Dickens and the naturalism of
1065:, his first best-seller. The tale of a young lady who inherits her father's miserliness, it also became the most critically acclaimed book of his career. The writing is simple, yet the individuals (especially the bourgeois title character) are dynamic and complex. It is followed by
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style, Flaubert once wrote: "What a man he would have been had he known how to write!" While he disdained the label of "realist", Flaubert clearly took heed of Balzac's close attention to detail and unvarnished depictions of bourgeois life. This influence shows in
Flaubert's work
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to 1820s Paris in order to rage at a society bereft of all love save the love of money. The centrality of a father in this novel matches Balzac's own position—not only as mentor to his troubled young secretary, Jules
Sandeau, but also the fact that he had fathered a child,
643:, where he studied for seven years. His father, seeking to instill the same hardscrabble work ethic which had gained him the esteem of society, intentionally gave little spending money to the boy. This made him the object of ridicule among his much wealthier schoolmates.
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Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life, possibly owing to his intense writing schedule. His relationship with his family was often strained by financial and personal drama, and he lost more than one friend over critical reviews. In 1850, Balzac married
1397:'s fortune. In Balzac Countess Ewelina found a kindred spirit for her emotional and social desires, with the added benefit of feeling a connection to the glamorous capital of France. Their correspondence reveals an intriguing balance of passion, propriety and patience;
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of Paris like many of his characters. "In the first place he was too busy", explains
Saintsbury, "in the second he would not have been at home there.... e felt it was his business not to frequent society but to create it". However, he often spent long periods at the
1685:, "writers use whatever literary device seems capable of giving the greatest intensity of life to their characters". "Balzac's characters", Robb notes, "were as real to him as if he were observing them in the outside world". This reality was noted by playwright
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In the late 1820s Balzac dabbled in several business ventures, a penchant his sister blamed on the temptation of an unknown neighbour. His first enterprise was in publishing which turned out cheap one-volume editions of French classics including the works of
1580:. "Finished articles" were frequently revised between editions. This piecemeal style is reflective of the author's own life, a possible attempt to stabilize it through fiction. "The vanishing man", wrote Sir Victor Pritchett, "who must be pursued from the
1136:, 1843). The novel concerns Lucien de Rubempré, a young poet trying to make a name for himself, who becomes trapped in the morass of society's darkest contradictions. Lucien's journalistic work is informed by Balzac's own failed ventures in the field.
483:, but he turned his back on the study of law after wearying of its inhumanity and banal routine. Before and during his career as a writer, he attempted to be a publisher, printer, businessman, critic, and politician; he failed in all of these efforts.
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Balzac concerned himself overwhelmingly with the darker essence of human nature and the corrupting influence of middle and high societies. His mission was to observe humankind in its most representative state, frequently wandering through the streets
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Representations of the city, countryside, and building interiors are essential to Balzac's realism, often serving to paint a naturalistic backdrop before which the characters' lives follow a particular course; this gave him a reputation as an early
1180:). The conniving and wrangling over wills and inheritances reflect the expertise gained by the author as a young law clerk. Balzac's health was deteriorating by this point, making the completion of this pair of books a significant accomplishment.
1753:. Intricate details about locations sometimes stretch for fifteen or twenty pages. As he did with the people around him, Balzac studied these places in depth, traveling to remote locations and comparing notes that he had made on previous visits.
1640:, he wrote: "the author firmly believes that details alone will henceforth determine the merit of works". Plentiful descriptions of décor, clothing, and possessions help breathe life into the characters. For example, Balzac's friend
1201:, 1835) opens with a broad panorama of Paris but becomes a closely plotted novella of only fifty pages. According to the literary critic Kornelije Kvas, "Balzac's use of the same characters (Rastignac, Vautrin) in different parts of
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Jean-Baptiste
Guillonnet-Merville for three years he trained and worked at the office of the notary Édouard-Victor Passez, a family friend. During this time Balzac began to understand the vagaries of human nature. In his 1840 novel
888:. His inexperience and lack of capital caused his ruin in these trades. He gave the businesses to a friend (who made them successful) but carried the debts for many years. As of April 1828 Balzac owed 50,000 francs to his mother.
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explained, "She was certainly drily aware that she had been given to an old husband as a reward for his professional services to a friend of her family and that the capital was on her side. She was not in love with her husband".
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In 1814 the Balzac family moved to Paris, and Honoré was sent to private tutors and schools for the next two and a half years. This was an unhappy time in his life, during which he attempted suicide on a bridge over the river
1150:) in a convoluted and disastrous plan to regain social status. The book undergoes a massive temporal rift; the first part (of four) covers a span of six years, while the final two sections focus on just three days.
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at Balzac's funeral. Some modern researchers have attributed a factor in his death to excessive coffee consumption or a caffeine overdose (Balzac reportedly drank over 50 cups a day) but this has yet to be proved.
1513:, Victor Hugo pronounced "Today we have people in black because of the death of the man of talent; a nation in mourning for a man of genius". The funeral was attended by "almost every writer in Paris", including
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herself. Balzac had also long been suspected of being attracted to males as well. When the official records of homosexuals once maintained by the Paris police were finally released, his name was found listed.
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The loss of this opportunity caused serious discord in the Balzac household, although Honoré was not turned away entirely. Instead, in April 1819 he was allowed to live in the French capital—as
English critic
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Honoré de Balzac was born into a family which aspired to achieve respectability through its industry and efforts. His father, born
Bernard-François Balssa, was one of eleven children from an artisan family in
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describes it—"in a garret furnished in the most
Spartan fashion, with a starvation allowance and an old woman to look after him", while the rest of the family moved to a house twenty miles outside Paris.
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says it is "like an experimental novel in which the female protagonist is always trying to pull in extraneous realities but which the hero is determined to keep on course, whatever tricks he has to use".
1273:, the home of his friend Jean de Margonne, his mother's lover and father to her youngest child. Many of Balzac's tormented characters were conceived in the chateau's small second-floor bedroom. Today the
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1448:), where they were married by Abbot Ożarowski. The ten-hour journey to and from the ceremony took a toll on both husband and wife: her feet were too swollen to walk, and he endured severe heart trouble.
722:, he wrote that a young person in the legal profession sees "the oily wheels of every fortune, the hideous wrangling of heirs over corpses not yet cold, the human heart grappling with the Penal Code".
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1293:) had been a failure from the outset. In this letter, Balzac also reveals that the young woman had just come to tell him she was pregnant with his child. In 1834, 8 months after the event,
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Leone, Giuseppe (1999). "Honoré de Balzac, una creatività "sempre recidiva, mai stanca" – Con lui il romanzo s'è fatto uomo", su "Ricorditi di me...", in "Lecco 2000", Lecco, febbraio 1999
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Balzac's vision of a society in which class, money and personal ambition are the key players has been endorsed by critics of both left-wing and right-wing political persuasions. Marxist
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Delahanty, James J. (September 1963). "Catholic Political Thought 1789–1848. Edited by Bela Menczer. (South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press. 1962. Pp. viii, 205. $ 1.95.)".
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he wrote: "Christianity, above all, Catholicism, being ... a complete system for the repression of the depraved tendencies of man, is the most powerful element of social order".
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beheaded in his person all fathers of families." Nevertheless, his keen insight regarding working-class conditions earned him the esteem of many socialists, including Marxists.
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in Paris. Her family's wealth was a considerable factor in the match: she was eighteen at the time of the wedding, and François Balzac fifty. As the author and literary critic
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wrote: "I have learned more than from all the professional historians, economists and statisticians put together". Balzac has received high praise from critics as diverse as
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Jean-Louis Dega, La vie prodigieuse de Bernard-François Balssa, père d'Honoré de Balzac : Aux sources historiques de La Comédie humaine, Rodez, Subervie, 1998, 665 p.
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is half smothered by the historian". Still, both authors used the form of the realist novel to probe the machinations of society and the myriad motives of human behavior.
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novels, designed to sell quickly and titillate audiences. In Saintsbury's view, "they are curiously, interestingly, almost enthrallingly bad". Saintsbury indicates that
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reveal sympathy for those who are pushed to one side by society. As part of the 19th-century evolution of the novel as a "democratic literary form", Balzac wrote that
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Balzac sought to present his characters as real people, neither fully good nor fully evil, but completely human. "To arrive at the truth", he wrote in the preface to
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grindstone, doing the same thing over and over again.... I am hungry and nothing is offered to appease my appetite". He announced his intention to become a writer.
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812:(1822)—banned for its depiction of nearly-incestuous relations and, more egregiously, of a married priest—attributed to a "Horace de Saint-Aubin". These books were
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1689:, who said: "One of the greatest tragedies of my life is the death of Lucien de Rubempré.... It haunts me in my moments of pleasure. I remember it when I laugh".
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937:, and he included in it all the fiction that he had published in his lifetime under his own name. This was to be Balzac's life work and his greatest achievement.
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2019:, who said 1984: "I'm sure that my life in France would have been very different had I not met Balzac. the way that country and its society works." In 1970
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remained unfinished at the time of his death—Balzac had plans to include numerous other books, most of which he never started. He frequently flitted between
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Although Balzac was "by turns a hermit and a vagrant", he managed to stay in tune with the social spheres which nourished his writing. He was friends with
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Balzac often fell ill, finally causing the headmaster to contact his family with news of a "sort of a coma". When he returned home, his grandmother said: "
1784:; the scene of a young man coming into the city to find his fortune is ubiquitous in the realist novel, and appears repeatedly in Balzac's works, such as
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Chancerel, Pierrot (October–November 1955), "La véritable Eugénie Grandet : Marie du Fresnay" [The real Eugénie Grandet: Marie du Fresnay],
1659:—a more pessimistic and analytical form of realism, which seeks to explain human behavior as intrinsically linked with the environment. French novelist
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saw the world through a colored lens, the naturalist sees through a clear glass—precisely the sort of effect Balzac attempted to achieve in his works.
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Balzac's extensive use of detail, especially the detail of objects, to illustrate the lives of his characters made him an early pioneer of literary
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1417:, the couple finally received permission to wed. On 14 March 1850, with Balzac's health in serious decline, they travelled by carriage from her
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Marshal Hański died in 1841, and his widow and her admirer finally had the chance to pursue their affections. A rival of the Hungarian composer
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1337:, hoping that his anonymous critic would see it. Thus began a fifteen-year correspondence between Balzac and "the object of sweetest dreams":
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example; he adored Balzac and studied his works carefully, although he criticised what he perceived as Balzac's "vulgarity". Balzac's story
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475:. Many of Balzac's works have been made into films and continue to inspire other writers. James called him "really the father of us all."
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among the masses of Parisian society to undertake his research. He used incidents from his life and the people around him, in works like
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and read the entire work to his family; they were unimpressed. He followed this effort by starting (but never finishing) three novels:
785:. Although it pales by comparison with his later works, some critics consider it a good-quality text. When he finished, Balzac went to
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1027:. But after a near-fatal accident in 1832 (he slipped and cracked his head on the street), Balzac decided not to stand for election.
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Balzac has also influenced popular culture. Many of his works have been made into popular films and television serials, including:
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famously read Balzac in the middle of meetings of the Central Committee, much to the consternation of his colleagues and comrades.
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Once his studies were completed, Balzac was persuaded by his father to follow him into the Law; after a stint in the office of the
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1970:, 1822), in which minute details are followed by deep personal reflections, is a clear forebear of the style which Proust used in
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Balzac's literary mood evolved over time from one of despondency and chagrin to that of solidarity and courage—but not optimism.
877:. This business failed miserably, with many of the books "sold as waste paper". Balzac had better luck publishing the Memoirs of
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595:; the following year he was joined by his sister Laure and they spent four years away from home. (Although Genevan philosopher
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Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of
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dungeon more than a hundred times!") Still, his time alone gave the boy ample freedom to read every book which came his way.
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Loosely translated by Pritchett from a letter written by Balzac to his sister August 15th, 1821. See Correspondance, Pierrot
991:—about a 30-year-old man who kills his father (Balzac was 30 years old at the time). This was the first work signed "Honoré
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2093:). Balzac is mentioned, along with Chaucer and Rabelais, to humorous effect (as authors of allegedly unreliable morals) in
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1976:. However, Proust wrote later in life that the contemporary fashion of ranking Balzac higher than Tolstoy was "madness".
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544:(he had also changed his name to the more noble sounding "Balzac", his son later adding—without official recognition—the
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later termed "retrospective illumination", whereby a character's past is revealed long after she or he first appears.
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Balzac worked these scenes from his boyhood—as he did many aspects of his life and the lives of those around him—into
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1810:, among his earliest novels, is a pessimistic tale of confusion and destruction. But the cynicism declined as his
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1636:, Balzac sought to depict human existence through the use of particulars. In the preface to the first edition of
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In 1833, as he revealed in a letter to his sister, Balzac entered into an illicit affair with fellow writer
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there. Near the end of his life Balzac was captivated by the idea of cutting 20,000 acres (81 km) of
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3594:"Campaign of General Buonaparte in Italy, during the fourth and fifth years of the French republic /"
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in 1843 and won her heart. After a series of financial setbacks, health problems and objections from
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was also substantially influenced by Balzac. Praising his portrayal of society while attacking his
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4029:"The Death of Balzac (1799–1850) and the Treatment of Heart Failure During the Nineteenth Century"
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Balzac borrowed money from his family and friends and tried to build a printing business, then a
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in 1955 confirmed what was already suspected by several historians: the dedicatee of the novel
1289:, who was then aged 24. Her marriage to a considerably older man (Charles du Fresnay, Mayor of
933:( literally 'Studies of manners', or 'The Ways of the World ' ) it eventually became known as
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had a good knowledge of hanging wallpaper. Balzac transferred this to his descriptions of the
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extends to a thousand pages after starting inauspiciously in a small-town print shop, whereas
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2043:, sometimes called "the Balzac of Mexico", cited Balzac as a major influence on his writing.
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skill. One critic explained that "there is a center and a circumference to Balzac's world".
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at Place Pablo-Picasso. Rodin featured Balzac in several of his smaller sculptures as well.
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776:. Realizing he would have trouble finding a composer, however, he turned to other pursuits.
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Henry James, The Art of Fiction, 'The Lesson of Balzac', p.102 of the 1956 Vintage edition
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is key to Balzac's legacy as a realist. "Realism is nothing if not urban", notes critic
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Although he married late in life, Balzac had already written two treatises on marriage:
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1556:. Cast in bronze, the Balzac Monument has stood since 1939 nearby the intersection of
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Balzac (1994) . "Maximes et pensées". In d'Aurevilly, Barbey; Menczer, Béla (eds.).
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Robb and Sir Victor Pritchett cite specific examples, included in Biography, above.
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895:. It resurfaced painfully later when—as a renowned and busy author—he traveled to
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reflects his real-life difficulties, and includes scenes from his own experience.
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2008:
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original text. Although some of his books never reached completion, some—such as
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features a cruel governess named Miss Caroline, modeled after his own caregiver.
572:
553:
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507:), a Polish aristocrat and his longtime love. He died in Paris six months later.
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472:
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230:
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Perciaccante, A.; Riva, M. A.; Coralli, A.; Charlier, P.; Bianucci, R. (2016).
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2896:
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2040:
2020:
2012:
1622:
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1410:
1162:
636:
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427:
418:
417:; 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. The
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6128:
5226:
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2016:
1955:
1912:
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Balzac was influenced by the counter-revolutionary philosopher and statesman
1705:
1614:
1553:
1422:
1016:
833:
705:
704:, lectured on French and classical literature; and, most influential of all,
647:
567:
Balzac's mother, born Anne-Charlotte-Laure Sallambier, came from a family of
456:
56:
6214:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–301.
5687:
5685:
5683:
4817:
1979:
Perhaps the author most affected by Balzac was American expatriate novelist
1930:
1660:
525:, a region in the south of France. In 1760 he set off for Paris with only a
448:
6841:
6306:
6236:
5421:
Scènes de la vie poitique : L'Envers de l'histoire contemporaine, etc.
4052:
3152:
2086:
2062:
1903:
1892:
1729:
1633:
1581:
1290:
885:
786:
526:
209:
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1924:
Balzac influenced writers of his time and beyond. He has been compared to
1344:
6926:
6024:
5680:
3934:
3005:
2173:
2113:. Truffaut believed Balzac and Proust to be the greatest French writers.
2051:
1980:
1887:
1853:
1765:
1686:
1668:
1626:
1490:
1473:
Five months after his wedding, on Sunday, 18 August 1850, Balzac died of
1425:
1418:
1406:
1398:
1253:
971:
966:
826:
772:
759:
708:'s courses on philosophy encouraged his students to think independently.
671:
Voilà donc comme le collège nous renvoie les jolis que nous lui envoyons!
568:
561:
464:
432:
6199:
6189:
6080:
Dictionnaire biographique des personnages fictifs de la comédie humaine.
6019:
1812:
961:
7453:
6560:
6248:
6047:
5986:
2786:
2055:
1849:
1761:
1652:, making the wallpaper speak of the identities of those living inside.
1494:
1217:
1030:
1008:
767:
480:
152:
7223:
6595:
2333:
1325:" ("The Foreigner")—expressing sadness at the cynicism and atheism in
1083:, 1835) was his next success, in which Balzac transposes the story of
874:
640:
619:
6901:
6827:
6455:
5266:. 1837, Société belge de librairie, etc. Hauman, Cattoir et cie. 1837
2770:
2691:
2619:
2031:
1874:
1604:
1437:
1146:, 1847) continues Lucien's story. He is trapped by the Abbé Herrera (
1085:
1020:
985:
Soon afterwards, around the time of his father's death, Balzac wrote
829:
suggests that as he discovered the Novel, Balzac discovered himself.
813:
592:
541:
6321:
6168:
4489:
Tensions of Order and Freedom: Catholic Political Thought, 1789–1848
1358:
6291:
1952:. "What Balzac started", observes Lehan, "Flaubert helped finish".
1740:
exemplifies the danger of withdrawing from other people's company.
1474:
1375:
1348:
1119:
957:
896:
755:
6226:. Edited by Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.
3760:. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books. p. 26.
713:
7163:
6567:
6287:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
2888:
2643:
1764:, in contrast to descriptions of the weather and wildlife in the
1645:
1445:
1379:
1329:
and its negative portrayal of women. His response was to place a
1274:
1205:
is a consequence of the realist striving for narrative economy".
1147:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
1157:
Portrait of Honoré de Balzac by Jean Alfred Gérard-Séguin (1842)
7345:
6184:, Vol. I. Philadelphia: Avil Publishing Company, pp. vii–xivi.
4026:
3073:
1882:
1593:
1543:
1498:
1318:
1024:
841:
1280:
855:
725:
3376:
1940:
1728:
family, and an interest in the Austrian mystic and physician
1711:
1270:
678:
557:
385:
79:
1696:
Balzac's use of repeat characters, moving in and out of the
1183:
Many of his novels were initially serialized, like those of
982:) and provided him with a name outside his past pseudonyms.
4927:Études philosophiques : La Recherche de l'absolu, etc.
1386:
1317:
In February 1832 Balzac received an intriguing letter from
900:
6410:
5981:. English version by Richard Monges. New York: NYU Press.
4730:
Scènes de la vie militaire et Scènes de la vie de campagne
4066:
https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/opinion/29iht-edjohnson
2116:
His life was dramatised as the 1950 Australian radio play
914:
832:
During this time Balzac wrote two pamphlets in support of
2025:
956:
After the collapse of his businesses, Balzac traveled to
908:
345:
336:
4775:
Scènes de la vie privée : Maison du chat-qui-pelote
6042:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 109–159.
5037:
Scènes de la vie de province : Les Rivalités, etc.
5008:
Scènes de la vie privée : Contrat de mariage, etc.
4881:
4879:
4877:
1891:
also makes some references to the works of Balzac, and
1250:
Pierre-Marie-Charles de Bernard du Grail de la Villette
1118:
These dismal business efforts—and his misadventures in
1015:, but not without qualifications. He felt that the new
5932:(1986). "Le Père Goriot devant la critique anglaise".
3175:
Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: A-L
3054:
3052:
7512:
6339:
Balzac on mimetism, language, desire for the absolute
5318:. 1902, Société d'éditions littéraires et artistiques
4893:. 1876, Calmann Lévy & Maison Michel Lévy. 1876.
1885:
declared that Balzac was his favorite writer. Marx's
397:
357:
348:
342:
6218:
Stowe, William W. (1983). "Systematic Realism". In:
4874:
4390:"Balzac: A Fight Against Decandence and Materialism"
1856:'s democratic republicanism. He wrote, in his essay
1655:
Some critics consider Balzac's writing exemplary of
1596:
can construct a settled dwelling only in his work".
974:
royalist forces. Although he was a supporter of the
865:
779:
In 1820 Balzac completed the five-act verse tragedy
388:
382:
339:
333:
3049:
1993:wrote a short story about Balzac in his 1971 book,
1362:Portrait of Balzac in his famous dressing gown, by
1301:, was born. This revelation from French journalist
911:in Ukraine and transporting it for sale in France.
379:
330:
4642:Literature and Art: Selections from Their Writings
1998:or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody
1489:had gone to bed. He had been visited that day by
729:Drawing of Balzac in the mid-1820s, attributed to
688:, where he studied under three famous professors:
4805:. 1831, Charles Gosselin & Urbain Canel. 1831
4302:Histoire des Treize: Ferragus, chef des dévorants
3872:, Quintes-Feuilles, Paris 2012, pp26-427 passim;
3834:
3830:. Bureau de la Revue de Paris. 1960. p. 122.
3579:
3577:
1625:. While he admired and drew inspiration from the
1256:. Nevertheless, he did not spend as much time in
7548:
4832:Études philosophiques : Louis Lambert, etc.
4640:Marx, Karl and Engels, Frederick Engels (1947).
1852:; in many ways, his views are the antithesis of
1552:) was created by the celebrated French sculptor
1023:, appealing especially to the higher classes in
960:and stayed with the De Pommereul family outside
6033:. London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 84–189.
3454:Balzac (1840). "Le Notaire". Quoted in Robb, 44
7622:19th-century French dramatists and playwrights
6344:Reader's Guide: Themes in the Novels of Balzac
6056:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
5973:Balzac and the Tradition of the European Novel
3574:
844:, illustrated his lifelong admiration for the
7439:
7331:
7209:
6396:
5695:Études philosophiques : Les Marana, etc.
5366:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes, vol. I
4555:
4553:
3758:The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature
1098:, who had been his source of inspiration for
556:(1793–94), François Balzac was despatched to
30:"Balzac" redirects here. For other uses, see
6220:
6078:
4366:
4364:
3706:
3704:
1481:, in the presence of his mother — his wife,
1277:is a museum dedicated to the author's life.
6330:by Professor Albert Keim and M. Louis Lumet
5881:. 1900, The Gebbie Publishing Company. 1900
5829:. 1900, The Gebbie Publishing Company. 1900
4681:
4115:"Honoré de Balzac – La grande chancellerie"
1321:—with no return address and signed simply "
1281:Marriage, romantic relationships, and death
1071:, arguably the most sublime of his novels.
970:(1829), a tale of love gone wrong amid the
7446:
7432:
7338:
7324:
7216:
7202:
6403:
6389:
6194:
4664:"James Baldwin, The Art of Fiction No. 78"
4550:
3859:, Volume 1, Routledge, Abingdon 1990, p105
3415:
1873:, and once remarked that "hen it beheaded
1822:"les livres sont faits pour tout le monde"
1241:, 1841)—are nonetheless noted by critics.
49:
27:French novelist and playwright (1799–1850)
6354:Victor Hugo's eulogy for Honoré de Balzac
5803:. 1837, Société typographique belge. 1837
4418:
4361:
3936:Адреса музею Оноре де Бальзака у Верхівні
3840:
3800:"Musée Balzac – Les châteaux de la Loire"
3701:
1385:, a wealthy Polish landowner living near
749:
536:; by 1776 he had become Secretary to the
6314:: text, concordances and frequency lists
6149:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
4466:. London: Croom Helm. pp. 260–261.
3868:Collectif (Prefecture de Paris Police),
3780:Balzac, A Biography, Graham Robb, p. 243
2975:Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress
2534:Annette et le Criminal (Argow le Pirate)
2045:
2029:, a detailed analysis of Balzac's story
1902:
1710:
1603:
1461:
1357:
1343:
1216:
1152:
1029:
939:
854:
724:
614:
430:French life, is generally viewed as his
7602:19th-century French short story writers
6814:Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan
6261:Works by Honoré de Balzac in eBook form
5607:. 1899, Little, Brown and Company. 1896
5210:Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées, Vol. I
5093:. 1839, Méline, Cans et Compagnie. 1839
4704:. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000.
2684:Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan
881:, with whom he also had a love affair.
532:in his pocket, intent on improving his
14:
7549:
5240:. 1898, The Gebbie Publishing Co. 1898
4486:
4461:
3171:
1444:'s former banking city in present-day
1187:. Their length was not predetermined.
660:. His time at Vendôme is reflected in
646:Balzac had difficulty adapting to the
7637:Obscenity controversies in literature
7427:
7319:
7197:
6737:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes
6384:
6133:Against Sainte-Beuve and Other Essays
4076:
2452:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes
1824:("books are written for everybody").
1309:, a certain "Maria", turns out to be
1139:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes
498:
408:
252:Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes
5998:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
5581:. 1897, Henry Holt and Company. 1896
3962:"Distinguished Shrines of Berdichev"
3827:La Revue de Paris, Volume 67, Part 3
3755:
2986:List of works by Alexandre Falguière
2468:L'Envers de l'histoire contemporaine
2129:
1535:, as well as representatives of the
1409:, Balzac visited Countess Hańska in
1107:In 1836 Balzac took the helm of the
1094:, with his otherwise-married lover,
804:In 1821 Balzac met the enterprising
426:, which presents a panorama of post-
7142:Petites misères de la vie conjugale
5451:. 1896, The Macmillan Company. 1896
5142:A distinguished provincial at Paris
4931:. 1860, A. Bourdilliat et cie. 1860
3802:. 30 September 2015. Archived from
1354:miniature by Holz von Sowgen (1825)
1007:in 1830, Balzac declared himself a
891:Balzac never lost his penchant for
696:, was Professor of Modern History;
24:
6279:Works by or about Honoré de Balzac
5236:A Woman of Thirty; A Start in Life
4491:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
3216:"Généalogie de Honoré BALZAC (de)"
2488:As "Lord Rhône", in collaboration
2349:Un grand homme de province à Paris
1760:: nature defers to the artificial
1663:declared Balzac the father of the
632:At age ten Balzac was sent to the
591:As an infant Balzac was sent to a
25:
7648:
7632:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
6254:
6118:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc.
6097:Prendergast, Christopher (1978).
5907:. 1870, Alexandre Houssiaux. 1870
4779:. 1870, Alexandre Houssiaux. 1870
4421:American Political Science Review
1816:developed, and the characters of
1756:The influence of Paris permeates
1667:. Zola indicated that whilst the
899:in the hopes of reprocessing the
7534:
7522:
6295:
6135:. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
5893:
5867:
5841:
5815:
5789:
5763:
5737:
5711:
5668:. 1896, Macmillan & Co. 1896
5654:
5619:
5593:
5567:
5541:
5515:
5489:
5463:
5437:
5425:. 1869, Michel Lévy Frères. 1869
5382:
5356:
5330:
5304:
5278:
5252:
5200:
5174:
5148:
5134:
5105:
5079:
5053:
5041:. 1857, Librairie Nouvelle. 1857
5012:. 1870, Michel Lévy Frères. 1870
4969:
4943:
4848:
4791:
4694:
4675:
4656:
4647:
4644:. New York. Quoted in Rogers, ix
4634:
4625:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4541:
4532:
4523:
4514:
4505:
4480:
4464:Balzac and the French Revolution
4455:
4412:
4382:
4373:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4304:, XIII, 13; quoted in Rogers, 45
4294:
4285:
4276:
2559:Histoire impartiale des Jésuites
2133:
2081:(1974 BBC mini-series, starring
1567:
964:. There he drew inspiration for
860:Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès
375:
326:
311:
264:
7597:French male short story writers
7557:Knights of the Legion of Honour
6526:Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées
6350: (archived 27 October 2009)
4957:. 1856, Libraire Nouvelle. 1856
4267:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4132:
4107:
4098:
4085:
4077:Zweig, Stefan (9 August 2019).
4070:
4059:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3984:
3954:
3927:
3918:
3909:
3900:
3891:
3882:
3862:
3849:
3818:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3749:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3713:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3586:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3367:
3354:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3172:Classe, O. (26 November 2017).
2372:Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées
1126:in which to set the two-volume
560:to coordinate supplies for the
295:
7182:Armorial de la Comédie Humaine
6071:Prométhée ou la vie de Balzac.
5503:. 1896, Roberts Brothers. 1896
5184:Une ténébreuse affaire, Vol. I
5067:. 1888, Roberts Brothers. 1888
4091:The full text is available at
4045:10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.09.005
3208:
3199:
3165:
3145:
3130:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3117:
3086:
3061:
3023:
1948:which owes a debt to Balzac's
1801:
1208:
13:
1:
7627:19th-century French novelists
7592:French Roman Catholic writers
6303:Honoré de Balzac's Collection
6182:The Works of Honoré de Balzac
6101:. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.
6099:Balzac: Fiction and Melodrama
5633:. Lulu.com. 19 January 2015.
5555:. 1907, Clarendon Press. 1907
3857:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality
3544:. Retrieved: 27 October 2014.
3042:
1973:À la recherche du temps perdu
1776:. The centrality of Paris in
1732:, who pioneered the study of
1716:The Works of Honoré de Balzac
1674:
1617:at Place Pablo-Picasso, Paris
1434:St. Barbara's Catholic Church
1252:, and he was acquainted with
1199:The Girl with the Golden Eyes
821:hardly imagine his producing
754:Balzac's first project was a
628:– engraving by Armand Queyroy
586:
6944:Scènes de la vie de campagne
6765:Les Comédiens sans le savoir
6641:Scènes de la vie de province
6442:La Maison du chat-qui-pelote
5961:. 20. Garnier Frères. 1999.
3034:Légion d'honneur - Chevalier
2238:Ferragus, chef des Dévorants
2182:La Maison du chat-qui-pelote
2077:(1968 BBC mini-series), and
1996:Letters from 74 rue Taitbout
1115:. It produced three issues.
840:. The latter, regarding the
700:, a recent arrival from the
510:
7:
7617:French historical novelists
6729:Scènes de la vie Parisienne
6294:(public domain audiobooks)
6163:. New York: Octagon Books.
5979:Balzac and The Human Comedy
5977:Bertault, Philippe (1963).
5903:Les Cent Contes drolatiques
5603:Scènes de la vie parisienne
5214:. 1842, Hippolyte Souverain
5188:. 1842, Hippolyte Souverain
5162:. 1841, Hippolyte Souverain
5144:. London: J.M. Dent. 1897 .
4734:. 1874, Hébert et Cie. 1874
3843:Revue des sciences humaines
3351:. Patay. Quoted in Robb, 15
2952:
2866:Les Cent Contes drolatiques
2572:Incomplete at time of death
2505:As "Horace de Saint-Aubin"
1958:similarly learned from the
1843:
1374:Rzewuska) was married to a
1011:, supporting King Charles'
684:In 1816 Balzac entered the
10:
7653:
7582:University of Paris alumni
7577:Writers from Tours, France
7068:Un drame au bord de la mer
6934:Une passion dans le désert
6919:Scènes de la vie militaire
6881:Un épisode sous la Terreur
6866:Scènes de la vie politique
6243:. New York: Viking Press.
6030:French Poets and Novelists
5923:
5855:. 1875, Calmann Lévy. 1875
5777:. 1900, Calmann Lévy. 1900
5699:. 1875, Calmann Lévy. 1875
4836:. 1875, Calmann Lévy. 1875
4700:Truffaut, François et al.
4682:Jaggi, Maya (5 May 2001).
4033:Journal of Cardiac Failure
2851:Un épisode sous la Terreur
2795:Un drame au bord de la mer
1917:Victoria and Albert Museum
1858:Society and the Individual
1599:
1468:Cimetière du Père-Lachaise
1457:Scènes de la Vie Conjugale
921:
29:
7467:
7402:
7359:
7297:
7238:
7172:
7151:
7135:La Physiologie du mariage
7126:
6975:
6943:
6918:
6865:
6728:
6640:
6433:
6424:
6288:Works by Honoré de Balzac
6270:Works by Honoré de Balzac
6201:"Balzac, Honoré de"
6014:. London: Eveleigh Nash.
4862:. 1839, Charpentier. 1839
4702:Correspondence, 1945–1984
4433:10.1017/s0003055400287844
4349:Quoted in Prendergast, 26
3364:. Quoted in Pritchett, 29
3195:– via Google Books.
3158:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2969:Balzac Society of America
2905:Les Ressources de Quinola
2015:. He was also praised by
1915:(1892), displayed at the
1898:
1378:twenty years her senior,
1299:Marie-Caroline Du Fresnay
1172:(1848) tell the story of
1122:—provided an appropriate
1092:Marie-Caroline Du Fresnay
948:is one of three Parisian
515:
410:[ɔnɔʁed(ə)balzak]
310:
305:
280:
260:
181:
173:
163:
143:
133:
110:
100:
86:
64:
48:
41:
7096:Sur Catherine de Médicis
6991:La Recherche de l'absolu
6312:Honoré de Balzac's works
5971:Adamson, Donald (2001).
5725:. 1831, Charles Gosselin
5529:. 1831, Charles Gosselin
5477:. 1831, Charles Gosselin
4983:. 1836, Ad. Wahlen. 1836
3935:
3756:Kvas, Kornelije (2020).
3178:. Taylor & Francis.
3016:
2859:Short Stories Collection
2484:Published pseudonymously
2254:La Recherche de l'absolu
2125:
1946:L'éducation sentimentale
1743:
1493:, who later served as a
1479:congestive heart failure
1331:classified advertisement
1059:In 1833 Balzac released
1042:1831 saw the success of
7612:French literary critics
7500:The Duchess of Langeais
7492:The Duchess of Langeais
7460:La Duchesse de Langeais
7173:Related works by others
7012:Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu
6998:Jésus-Christ en Flandre
6779:La Duchesse de Langeais
6705:Le Cabinet des Antiques
6434:Scènes de la vie privée
6334:Balzac and anthropology
6211:Encyclopædia Britannica
6159:Rogers, Samuel (1953).
6076:Lotte, Fernand (1952).
6069:Maurois, André (1965).
6052:Lehan, Richard (2005).
5751:. 1854, P. Jannet. 1854
4462:Butler, Ronnie (1983).
3463:Quoted in Pritchett, 42
3080:Oxford University Press
3011:Popular novel in France
2731:Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu
2522:Le Vicaire des Ardennes
2318:Le Cabinet des Antiques
2246:La Duchesse de Langeais
1638:Scènes de la Vie privée
1539:and other dignitaries.
1466:Balzac's statue in the
1391:marriage of convenience
1297:'s daughter by Balzac,
1144:The Harlot High and Low
1068:La Duchesse de Langeais
879:the Duchess of Abrantès
867:"Une bonne spéculation"
698:Abel-François Villemain
32:Balzac (disambiguation)
7607:French fantasy writers
7082:L'Elixir de longue vie
6952:Le Médecin de campagne
6888:Madame de la Chanterie
6874:Une ténébreuse affaire
6786:La Fille aux yeux d'or
6744:Un prince de la bohème
6691:La Muse du département
6540:La Femme de trente ans
6221:
6161:Balzac & The Novel
6079:
6054:Realism and Naturalism
5158:Ursule Mirouët, Vol. I
4672:. No. 91: Spring 1984.
3033:
2929:Mercadet ou le faiseur
2676:La Fille aux yeux d'or
2565:Code des gens honnêtes
2493:L'Héritière de Birague
2388:La Femme de trente ans
2364:Une ténébreuse affaire
2310:La Muse du département
2230:Le Médecin de campagne
2089:; 1998 film, starring
2058:
1921:
1867:
1724:
1618:
1562:Boulevard Montparnasse
1507:Père Lachaise Cemetery
1470:
1453:Physiologie du Mariage
1367:
1355:
1229:
1194:La Fille aux yeux d'or
1158:
1039:
1013:Royal House of Bourbon
953:
862:
818:Robert Louis Stevenson
750:First literary efforts
733:
629:
581:Saint-Honoré of Amiens
105:Père Lachaise Cemetery
6976:Études philosophiques
6712:Le Lys dans la vallée
6684:L'illustre Gaudissart
6575:Le Contrat de mariage
6145:Robb, Graham (1994).
6036:James, Henry (1914).
4979:Le Lys dans la vallée
4210:Quoted in Rogers, 161
4165:Quoted in Rogers, 144
3966:The Berdichev Revival
3099:CollinsDictionary.com
3076:UK English Dictionary
2547:Published anonymously
2286:Le Contrat de mariage
2278:Le Lys dans la vallée
2049:
1906:
1862:
1714:
1682:Le Lys dans la vallée
1607:
1465:
1361:
1347:
1239:The Government Clerks
1220:
1156:
1034:Balzac caricature by
1033:
943:
929:originally called it
893:une bonne spéculation
858:
728:
618:
609:Le Lys dans la vallée
597:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
238:Le Lys dans la vallée
7255:The Conquering Power
6856:Les Petits Bourgeois
6582:Un début dans la vie
6505:Autre étude de femme
5721:La Comédie du diable
5370:. 1845, L. de Potter
3972:on 23 September 2015
3870:Le Registre Infamant
3806:on 30 September 2015
3347:Champfleury (1878).
2763:La Comédie du diable
2510:Clotilde de Lusignan
2412:Un début dans la vie
2147:adding missing items
2103:. He is included in
2039:literary criticism.
1505:Balzac is buried at
918:and literary success
848:. In the preface to
810:Vicaire des Ardennes
599:'s influential book
579:Honoré (named after
573:Sir Victor Pritchett
7159:Eugène de Rastignac
7054:Le Réquisitionnaire
6751:Un homme d’affaires
6617:La Messe de l'athée
6547:La Femme abandonnée
6491:La Fausse Maîtresse
6369:Études balzaciennes
6147:Balzac: A Biography
6008:Helm, W.H. (1905).
5954:L'Année balzacienne
5934:L'Année balzacienne
5799:La Messe de l'athée
5396:. 1911, George Wahr
4889:Histoire des Treize
4529:Quoted in Robb, 422
4093:Victor Hugo Central
3999:Quoted in Robb, 404
3635:Quoted in Robb, 190
3418:, pp. 298–301.
3069:"Balzac, Honoré de"
2960:L'Année balzacienne
2881:L'École des ménages
2803:La Messe de l'athée
2747:Le Réquisitionnaire
2380:La Fausse Maîtresse
1964:Une Heure de ma Vie
1793:Balzac visited the
1772:and Russian author
1174:Les Parents Pauvres
1050:The Wild Ass's Skin
806:Auguste Le Poitevin
702:Collège Charlemagne
692:, who later became
445:European literature
138:University of Paris
7587:French monarchists
7376:Man Without a Name
7127:Études analytiques
7005:Melmoth réconcilié
6984:La Peau de chagrin
6959:Le Curé de village
6807:La Maison Nucingen
6610:Le Colonel Chabert
6512:La Grande Bretèche
6477:Une double famille
6413:La Comédie humaine
6196:Saintsbury, George
6178:"Honoré de Balzac"
6174:Saintsbury, George
6039:Notes on Novelists
5664:La Grande Bretèche
5551:Le Colonel Chabert
4801:La Peau de Chagrin
4684:"The Latin Master"
4662:Elgrably, Jordan.
3990:Pritchett, 261–262
3000:Mme. Eve de Balzac
2739:La Grande Bretèche
2660:Le Colonel Chabert
2628:Une double famille
2553:Du Droit d'aînesse
2342:Le Curé de village
2198:La Peau de chagrin
2145:; you can help by
2059:
2035:and a key work in
1968:An Hour of my Life
1922:
1808:La Peau de Chagrin
1778:La Comédie Humaine
1738:La Peau de Chagrin
1725:
1718:(1901), including
1619:
1610:Monument to Balzac
1549:Monument to Balzac
1515:Frédérick Lemaître
1471:
1368:
1356:
1327:La Peau de Chagrin
1230:
1222:Initial proofs of
1178:The Poor Relations
1159:
1109:Chronique de Paris
1045:La Peau de chagrin
1040:
954:
935:La Comédie Humaine
924:La Comédie Humaine
916:La Comédie Humaine
863:
850:La Comédie Humaine
823:La Comédie Humaine
734:
657:La Comédie humaine
630:
546:nobiliary particle
486:La Comédie Humaine
423:La Comédie humaine
203:La Peau de chagrin
189:La Comédie humaine
82:, Touraine, France
55:Revised detail of
7510:
7509:
7476:The Eternal Flame
7421:
7420:
7313:
7312:
7191:
7190:
6909:Le Député d'Arcis
6719:Illusions perdues
6484:La Paix du ménage
6359:Special Issue of
6327:Project Gutenberg
6274:Project Gutenberg
6011:Aspects of Balzac
5967:978-2-13-050961-5
5292:. 1844, de Potter
5262:Illusions perdues
4613:James (1914), 115
4604:James (1914), 127
4119:Legiondhonneur.fr
3941:Balzac-museum.com
3878:978-2-9532885-6-8
3767:978-1-7936-0910-6
3349:Balzac au Collège
3185:978-1-884964-36-7
3133:. Merriam-Webster
2636:La Paix du ménage
2599:Le Député d'Arcis
2420:Illusions perdues
2163:
2162:
2105:François Truffaut
1950:Illusions Perdues
1818:Illusions Perdues
1787:Illusions Perdues
1774:Fyodor Dostoevsky
1642:Henri de Latouche
1631:Scottish novelist
1584:to ...
1578:works in progress
1558:Boulevard Raspail
1509:in Paris. At his
1335:Gazette de France
1246:Théophile Gautier
1189:Illusions Perdues
1129:Illusions perdues
1081:Old Father Goriot
743:George Saintsbury
504:Contessa Rzewuska
469:François Truffaut
467:, and filmmakers
367:
319:
318:
245:Illusions perdues
174:Years active
164:Literary movement
16:(Redirected from
7644:
7562:Honoré de Balzac
7539:
7538:
7537:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7518:
7455:Honoré de Balzac
7448:
7441:
7434:
7425:
7424:
7347:Honoré de Balzac
7340:
7333:
7326:
7317:
7316:
7305:Maria Du Fresnay
7225:Honoré de Balzac
7218:
7211:
7204:
7195:
7194:
7089:Maître Cornélius
6842:La Cousine Bette
6698:La Vieille Fille
6670:Le Curé de Tours
6449:Le Bal de Sceaux
6418:Honoré de Balzac
6405:
6398:
6391:
6382:
6381:
6371:(Balzac Studies)
6329:
6322:Honoré de Balzac
6307:One More Library
6299:
6298:
6283:Internet Archive
6224:
6222:Honoré de Balzac
6215:
6203:
6112:Pritchett, V. S.
6087:. Paris: Corti.
6086:
6082:
6073:Paris: Hachette.
5938:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5689:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5577:Le Curé de Tours
5571:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5340:La Cousine Bette
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5288:Honorine, vol. I
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5031:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4921:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4883:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4826:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4769:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4724:
4713:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4679:
4673:
4669:The Paris Review
4660:
4654:
4651:
4645:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4596:
4595:James (1878), 89
4593:
4587:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4548:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4396:. Archived from
4386:
4380:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4359:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4305:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4096:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4074:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3968:. Archived from
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3866:
3860:
3855:Dynes, Wayne R.
3853:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3699:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3572:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3540:, Introduction.
3537:The Human Comedy
3533:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3036:
3027:
2990:statue of Balzac
2965:
2668:Le Curé de Tours
2612:Le Bal de Sceaux
2444:La Cousine Bette
2294:La Vieille Fille
2158:
2155:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2095:Meredith Willson
2079:La Cousine Bette
2050:Mme de Balzac's
2005:Friedrich Engels
1937:Gustave Flaubert
1795:Château de Saché
1734:animal magnetism
1702:
1665:naturalist novel
1537:Légion d'honneur
1511:memorial service
1487:Countess Hańska)
1477:associated with
1393:to preserve her
1389:. It had been a
1311:Maria Du Fresnay
1295:Maria Du Fresnay
1287:Maria Du Fresnay
1267:Château de Saché
1203:The Human Comedy
1169:La Cousine Bette
1113:Revue Parisienne
1096:Maria Du Fresnay
980:Sir Walter Scott
950:literary museums
946:Maison de Balzac
931:Etudes des Mœurs
838:Society of Jesus
506:
461:Gustave Flaubert
412:
407:
400:
395:
394:
391:
390:
387:
384:
381:
374:
365:
360:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
322:Honoré de Balzac
315:
299:
297:
270:Legion of Honour
268:
210:La Cousine Bette
93:
76:
74:
53:
43:Honoré de Balzac
39:
38:
21:
7652:
7651:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7535:
7533:
7523:
7521:
7513:
7511:
7506:
7463:
7452:
7422:
7417:
7398:
7392:Colonel Chabert
7384:Colonel Chabert
7368:Colonel Chabert
7355:
7352:Colonel Chabert
7344:
7314:
7309:
7293:
7287:Eugénie Grandet
7271:Eugenia Grandet
7263:Eugenia Grandet
7247:Eugenia Grandet
7234:
7230:Eugénie Grandet
7222:
7192:
7187:
7179:Fernand Lotte:
7168:
7147:
7122:
7075:L'Auberge rouge
7033:Massimilla Doni
7019:L'Enfant maudit
6971:
6939:
6914:
6861:
6800:César Birotteau
6724:
6677:La Rabouilleuse
6656:Eugénie Grandet
6636:
6533:Une fille d'Eve
6470:Madame Firmiani
6429:
6420:
6409:
6348:Wayback Machine
6319:
6296:
6265:Standard Ebooks
6257:
6084:
5936:
5930:Adamson, Donald
5926:
5921:
5920:
5910:
5908:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5882:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5858:
5856:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5806:
5804:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5780:
5778:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5752:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5728:
5726:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5702:
5700:
5691:
5690:
5681:
5671:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5655:
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5643:
5641:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5610:
5608:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5582:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5556:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5532:
5530:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5506:
5504:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5480:
5478:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5428:
5426:
5417:
5416:
5409:
5399:
5397:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5373:
5371:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5345:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5295:
5293:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5217:
5215:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5191:
5189:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5163:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5125:
5123:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5089:Une Fille d'Ève
5085:
5084:
5080:
5070:
5068:
5063:César Birotteau
5059:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5033:
5032:
5025:
5015:
5013:
5004:
5003:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4949:
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4771:
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4608:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
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4581:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4460:
4456:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4401:
4400:on 30 June 2016
4388:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4357:
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4348:
4344:
4339:
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4321:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
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4277:
4272:
4268:
4263:
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4254:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4090:
4086:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4060:
4039:(11): 930–933.
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3928:
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3914:
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3775:
3768:
3754:
3750:
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3741:
3736:
3732:
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3723:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3702:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3416:Saintsbury 1911
3414:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3360:Balzac (1832).
3359:
3355:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3170:
3166:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3028:
3024:
3019:
2996:Rzewuski family
2963:
2955:
2950:
2835:Massimilla Doni
2755:L'Auberge rouge
2528:La Dernière Fée
2404:La Rabouilleuse
2326:Une fille d'Ève
2302:César Birotteau
2222:Eugénie Grandet
2159:
2153:
2150:
2134:
2128:
2083:Margaret Tyzack
2009:Walter Benjamin
1991:William Saroyan
1985:Comédie Humaine
1926:Charles Dickens
1920:
1901:
1871:Louis de Bonald
1846:
1834:Eugénie Grandet
1804:
1770:Charles Dickens
1746:
1700:
1677:
1646:Pension Vauquer
1602:
1574:Comédie Humaine
1570:
1519:Gustave Courbet
1483:Eve de Balzac (
1415:Tsar Nicholas I
1364:Louis Boulanger
1307:Eugénie Grandet
1283:
1228:
1211:
1101:Eugénie Grandet
1062:Eugénie Grandet
1001:July Revolution
926:
920:
870:
846:Catholic Church
752:
731:Achille Devéria
690:François Guizot
589:
554:Reign of Terror
534:social standing
518:
513:
473:Jacques Rivette
453:Charles Dickens
405:
398:
378:
369:
368:
358:
329:
325:
301:
298: 1850)
293:
289:
231:La Rabouilleuse
224:Colonel Chabert
196:Eugénie Grandet
134:Alma mater
95:
91:
78:
72:
70:
69:
60:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7650:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7544:
7543:
7531:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7496:
7488:
7480:
7471:
7469:
7465:
7464:
7451:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7428:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7411:Oberst Chabert
7406:
7404:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7396:
7388:
7380:
7372:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7356:
7343:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7320:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7283:
7275:
7267:
7259:
7251:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7235:
7221:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7198:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7138:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7071:
7064:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6947:
6945:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6930:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6877:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6852:
6849:Le Cousin Pons
6845:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6793:Le Père Goriot
6789:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6649:Ursule Mirouët
6644:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6631:Pierre Grassou
6627:
6624:L'Interdiction
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6589:Modeste Mignon
6585:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6519:Albert Savarus
6515:
6508:
6501:
6498:Étude de femme
6494:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6427:List of titles
6425:
6422:
6421:
6408:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6365:
6356:
6351:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6317:
6315:
6309:
6300:
6285:
6276:
6267:
6256:
6255:External links
6253:
6252:
6251:
6234:
6216:
6206:Chisholm, Hugh
6192:
6171:
6157:
6143:
6129:Proust, Marcel
6126:
6109:
6095:
6074:
6067:
6064:
6050:
6034:
6022:
6006:
5996:Realist Vision
5989:
5975:
5969:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5892:
5877:Pierre Grassou
5866:
5840:
5814:
5788:
5762:
5736:
5710:
5679:
5653:
5639:
5629:L'Amour masqué
5618:
5592:
5566:
5540:
5514:
5488:
5462:
5436:
5407:
5392:Le Cousin Pons
5381:
5355:
5329:
5314:Modeste Mignon
5303:
5277:
5251:
5225:
5199:
5173:
5147:
5133:
5104:
5078:
5052:
5023:
4994:
4968:
4953:Le Père Goriot
4942:
4913:
4899:
4873:
4858:Eugène Grandet
4847:
4816:
4790:
4745:
4714:
4693:
4674:
4655:
4646:
4633:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4597:
4588:
4579:
4570:
4561:
4549:
4540:
4531:
4522:
4513:
4504:
4498:978-1560001331
4497:
4479:
4472:
4454:
4411:
4381:
4372:
4360:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4306:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4106:
4097:
4084:
4069:
4058:
4019:
4017:Pritchett, 263
4010:
4001:
3992:
3983:
3953:
3926:
3924:Pritchett, 261
3917:
3908:
3899:
3890:
3881:
3861:
3848:
3833:
3817:
3791:
3782:
3773:
3766:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3721:
3712:
3700:
3691:
3682:
3680:Adamson (1986)
3673:
3664:
3662:Pritchett, 155
3655:
3646:
3637:
3628:
3619:
3610:
3585:
3583:Pritchett, 161
3573:
3564:
3555:
3546:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3375:
3366:
3353:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3248:Robb, 4, 167–8
3241:
3232:
3207:
3198:
3184:
3164:
3161:(Online). n.d.
3144:
3116:
3085:
3060:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2971:
2966:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2897:Pierre Grassou
2893:
2885:
2871:
2870:
2856:
2855:
2847:
2843:Pierre Grassou
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2715:Étude de femme
2705:
2704:
2700:L'Amour masqué
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2481:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2460:Le Cousin Pons
2456:
2448:
2440:
2436:Modeste Mignon
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2396:Albert Savarus
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2356:Ursule Mirouët
2352:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2270:Le Père Goriot
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2140:
2138:
2127:
2124:
2107:'s 1959 film,
2075:Le Père Goriot
2041:Carlos Fuentes
2021:Roland Barthes
2013:Camille Paglia
1909:Bust of Balzac
1907:
1900:
1897:
1865:create order.
1845:
1842:
1803:
1800:
1745:
1742:
1721:Le Père Goriot
1676:
1673:
1650:Le Père Goriot
1601:
1598:
1569:
1566:
1411:St. Petersburg
1352:Ewelina Hańska
1339:Ewelina Hańska
1282:
1279:
1221:
1210:
1207:
1163:Le Cousin Pons
1134:Lost Illusions
1076:Le Père Goriot
1054:The Magic Skin
922:Main article:
919:
913:
869:
864:
825:". Biographer
751:
748:
694:Prime Minister
637:grammar school
588:
585:
552:"). After the
538:King's Council
517:
514:
512:
509:
495:Ewelina Hańska
419:novel sequence
317:
316:
308:
307:
303:
302:
291:
287:Ewelina Hańska
285:
284:
282:
278:
277:
262:
261:Notable awards
258:
257:
256:
255:
248:
241:
234:
227:
220:
217:Le Père Goriot
213:
206:
199:
192:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
159:
158:
155:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
129:
128:
123:
120:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
94:(aged 51)
90:18 August 1850
88:
84:
83:
66:
62:
61:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7649:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7542:
7532:
7530:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7502:
7501:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7449:
7444:
7442:
7437:
7435:
7430:
7429:
7426:
7413:
7412:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7341:
7336:
7334:
7329:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7279:Cross of Gold
7276:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7252:
7249:
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2141:This list is
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2110:The 400 Blows
2106:
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2100:The Music Man
2096:
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2091:Jessica Lange
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2037:structuralist
2034:
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2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2017:James Baldwin
2014:
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761:
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747:
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738:
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723:
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709:
707:
706:Victor Cousin
703:
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664:
663:Louis Lambert
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458:
457:Marcel Proust
454:
450:
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442:
437:
435:
434:
429:
425:
424:
420:
416:
415:Honoré Balzac
411:
403:
402:
393:
372:
366:more commonly
363:
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309:
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288:
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207:
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186:
185:
184:
182:Notable works
180:
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156:
154:
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148:
147:
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139:
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132:
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115:
114:
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109:
106:
103:
101:Resting place
99:
96:Paris, France
89:
85:
81:
68:Honoré Balzac
67:
63:
59:taken in 1842
58:
57:daguerreotype
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7498:
7490:
7482:
7474:
7458:
7454:
7409:
7390:
7382:
7374:
7366:
7350:
7346:
7285:
7277:
7269:
7261:
7253:
7245:
7228:
7224:
7180:
7140:
7133:
7115:
7108:
7101:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7003:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6932:
6925:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6879:
6872:
6854:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6821:Les Employés
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
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6654:
6647:
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6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6587:
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6566:
6559:
6552:
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6517:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6482:
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6440:
6417:
6411:
6368:
6360:
6320:
6240:
6219:
6209:
6181:
6160:
6146:
6132:
6115:
6098:
6077:
6070:
6053:
6038:
6029:
6025:James, Henry
6010:
5995:
5978:
5972:
5958:
5952:
5940:
5933:
5909:. Retrieved
5904:
5901:
5895:
5883:. Retrieved
5876:
5869:
5857:. Retrieved
5852:
5849:
5843:
5831:. Retrieved
5824:
5817:
5805:. Retrieved
5798:
5791:
5779:. Retrieved
5772:
5765:
5753:. Retrieved
5746:
5739:
5727:. Retrieved
5720:
5713:
5701:. Retrieved
5696:
5693:
5670:. Retrieved
5665:
5662:
5656:
5644:. Retrieved
5630:
5627:
5621:
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5604:
5601:
5595:
5583:. Retrieved
5578:
5575:
5569:
5557:. Retrieved
5550:
5543:
5531:. Retrieved
5524:
5517:
5505:. Retrieved
5500:
5497:
5491:
5479:. Retrieved
5472:
5465:
5453:. Retrieved
5448:
5445:
5439:
5427:. Retrieved
5422:
5419:
5398:. Retrieved
5391:
5384:
5372:. Retrieved
5365:
5358:
5346:. Retrieved
5344:. 1846, Manz
5339:
5332:
5320:. Retrieved
5313:
5306:
5294:. Retrieved
5287:
5280:
5268:. Retrieved
5261:
5254:
5242:. Retrieved
5237:
5234:
5228:
5216:. Retrieved
5209:
5202:
5190:. Retrieved
5183:
5176:
5164:. Retrieved
5157:
5150:
5141:
5136:
5124:. Retrieved
5114:
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5088:
5081:
5069:. Retrieved
5064:
5061:
5055:
5043:. Retrieved
5036:
5014:. Retrieved
5009:
5006:
4985:. Retrieved
4978:
4971:
4959:. Retrieved
4952:
4945:
4933:. Retrieved
4928:
4925:
4904:. Retrieved
4890:
4887:
4864:. Retrieved
4857:
4850:
4838:. Retrieved
4833:
4830:
4807:. Retrieved
4800:
4793:
4781:. Retrieved
4776:
4773:
4736:. Retrieved
4731:
4728:
4701:
4696:
4688:The Guardian
4687:
4677:
4667:
4658:
4649:
4641:
4636:
4627:
4622:Stowe, 28–31
4618:
4609:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4577:Proust, 56ff
4573:
4564:
4543:
4534:
4525:
4516:
4507:
4488:
4482:
4463:
4457:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4402:. Retrieved
4398:the original
4393:
4384:
4375:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4301:
4296:
4287:
4282:Bertault, 36
4278:
4269:
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4143:
4134:
4122:. Retrieved
4118:
4109:
4100:
4087:
4072:
4061:
4036:
4032:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3970:the original
3965:
3956:
3944:. Retrieved
3940:
3929:
3920:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3884:
3869:
3864:
3856:
3851:
3842:
3836:
3826:
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3804:the original
3794:
3785:
3776:
3757:
3751:
3742:
3733:
3724:
3715:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3601:. Retrieved
3598:WorldCat.org
3597:
3588:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3495:
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3334:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3253:
3244:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3219:
3210:
3201:
3189:. Retrieved
3174:
3167:
3156:
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3128:
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3097:
3088:
3072:
3063:
3025:
2999:
2989:
2979:
2973:
2959:
2942:
2937:Tragic verse
2936:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
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2873:
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2864:
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2604:
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2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
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2378:
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2362:
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2316:
2308:
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2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2154:January 2022
2151:
2117:
2115:
2108:
2098:
2087:Helen Mirren
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2063:Travers Vale
2060:
2030:
2024:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1923:
1908:
1886:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1792:
1785:
1782:Peter Brooks
1777:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1737:
1730:Franz Mesmer
1726:
1719:
1715:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1680:
1678:
1654:
1649:
1637:
1634:Walter Scott
1620:
1608:
1573:
1571:
1547:
1546:(called the
1541:
1531:
1524:
1504:
1484:
1472:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1404:
1371:
1369:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1291:Sartrouville
1284:
1257:
1243:
1238:
1235:Les employés
1234:
1231:
1223:
1212:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1099:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1041:
998:
992:
986:
984:
965:
955:
934:
930:
927:
915:
892:
890:
886:type foundry
883:
871:
866:
849:
831:
822:
809:
803:
798:
794:
790:
787:Villeparisis
780:
778:
771:
763:
753:
739:
735:
719:
712:
710:
701:
683:
675:
670:
668:
661:
655:
653:
645:
631:
607:
600:
590:
578:
569:haberdashers
566:
549:
527:
519:
491:
484:
477:
438:
431:
421:
414:
321:
320:
273:
250:
243:
236:
229:
222:
215:
208:
201:
194:
187:
92:(1850-08-18)
36:
7572:1850 deaths
7567:1799 births
7298:Inspiration
6966:Les Paysans
6927:Les Chouans
6835:Facino Cane
6463:La Vendetta
6375:La Sorbonne
6085:(in French)
5937:(in French)
5825:Facino Cane
5447:Les Paysans
4631:Rogers, vii
4586:Proust, 326
4568:Brooks, 202
4404:26 November
4358:Rogers, 128
4322:Brooks, 131
4255:Rogers, 182
4201:Brooks, 125
4124:26 November
3946:26 November
3845:(in French)
3810:26 November
3737:Rogers, 168
3671:Rogers, 120
3603:26 November
3225:26 November
3191:26 November
3006:Henry James
2964:(in French)
2869:(1832–1837)
2811:Facino Cane
2578:Le Corsaire
2540:Wann-Chlore
2476:Les Paysans
2455:(1838–1847)
2423:(1837–1843)
2391:(1829–1842)
2313:(1832–1837)
2190:La Vendetta
2174:Les Chouans
2097:'s musical
2071:Les Chouans
2067:Père Goriot
2052:dower house
1981:Henry James
1888:Das Kapital
1854:Victor Hugo
1802:Perspective
1766:countryside
1687:Oscar Wilde
1582:rue Cassini
1491:Victor Hugo
1419:family seat
1407:Franz Liszt
1323:L'Étrangère
1254:Victor Hugo
1209:Work habits
1166:(1847) and
967:Les Chouans
905:Roman mines
827:Graham Robb
773:The Corsair
766:, based on
764:Le Corsaire
760:comic opera
465:Henry James
433:magnum opus
77:20 May 1799
7551:Categories
7061:El Verdugo
7040:Les Marana
6561:Le Message
5911:15 January
5885:15 January
5859:15 January
5833:15 January
5807:15 January
5781:15 January
5773:Le Message
5755:15 January
5729:15 January
5703:15 January
5672:15 January
5646:15 January
5611:15 January
5585:14 January
5559:14 January
5533:14 January
5525:El Verdugo
5507:14 January
5481:14 January
5455:14 January
5429:14 January
5400:14 January
5374:14 January
5348:14 January
5322:14 January
5296:14 January
5270:14 January
5244:14 January
5218:14 January
5192:14 January
5166:14 January
5126:14 January
5097:14 January
5071:14 January
5045:14 January
5016:14 January
4987:14 January
4961:14 January
4935:13 January
4906:13 January
4866:13 January
4840:13 January
4809:13 January
4783:13 January
4738:13 January
4547:Brooks, 27
4538:Brooks, 54
4427:(3): 686.
4331:Lehan, 204
4313:Brooks, 22
4291:Rogers, 62
4174:Brooks, 26
4156:Brooks, 21
4147:Brooks, 16
3719:Rogers, 18
3553:Rogers, 15
3517:Rogers, 23
3490:Rogers, 19
3239:Maurois, 7
3043:References
2921:La Marâtre
2819:Le Succube
2787:Le Message
2652:El Verdugo
2499:Jean-Louis
2143:incomplete
2056:Paris VIII
2023:published
1879:Revolution
1850:legitimist
1762:metropolis
1758:La Comédie
1751:naturalist
1675:Characters
1661:Émile Zola
1657:naturalism
1586:Versailles
1495:pallbearer
1009:Legitimist
1003:overthrew
988:El Verdugo
768:Lord Byron
720:Le Notaire
648:rote style
587:Early life
481:law office
449:Émile Zola
428:Napoleonic
153:dramaturgy
122:journalist
111:Occupation
73:1799-05-20
7541:Biography
7117:Séraphîta
6902:Z. Marcas
6828:Sarrasine
6663:Pierrette
6456:La Bourse
6363:on Balzac
5949:1969-6752
5473:Sarrasine
5121:Le Siècle
4653:Robb, 423
4559:Lehan, 48
4520:Lehan, 38
4511:Helm, 124
4449:147289085
4441:0003-0554
4340:Helm, 130
4246:Lehan, 45
4228:Robb, 156
4219:Robb, 254
4192:Robb, 421
4183:Robb, 152
4138:Robb, 405
4104:Robb, 412
4008:Robb, 404
3976:30 August
3915:Robb, 340
3906:Robb, 230
3897:Robb, 227
3789:Robb, 106
3746:Robb, 365
3728:Robb, 326
3710:Robb, 272
3698:Robb, 246
3689:Robb, 258
3653:Robb, 178
3644:Robb, 193
3626:Robb, 162
3617:Robb, 169
3571:Robb, 138
3562:Robb, 130
3508:Robb, 103
3266:Robb, 5–6
3137:22 August
3109:22 August
2771:La Bourse
2692:Z. Marcas
2620:Sarrasine
2589:Falthurne
2262:Séraphîta
2032:Sarrasine
1919:in London
1875:Louis XVI
1830:incognito
1669:Romantics
1629:style of
1542:Later, a
1438:Berdychiv
1423:Verhivnya
1370:Ewelina (
1086:King Lear
1021:candidate
1005:Charles X
999:When the
903:from the
814:potboiler
795:Falthurne
634:Oratorian
593:wet nurse
542:Freemason
511:Biography
306:Signature
177:1829–1850
6895:L'Initié
6772:Ferragus
6603:Honorine
6292:LibriVox
6239:(1946).
6198:(1911).
6176:(1901).
6169:75-76005
6131:(1994).
6114:(1973).
6027:(1878).
5994:(2005).
5119:. 1858,
4370:Robb, 70
4300:Balzac.
4237:Helm, 23
4079:"Balzac"
4053:27638234
3526:Robb, 63
3499:Robb, 60
3481:Robb, 59
3445:Robb, 48
3436:Robb, 30
3427:Robb, 24
3373:Robb, 22
3329:Robb, 14
3293:Robb, 18
3220:Geneanet
3153:"Balzac"
3125:"Balzac"
3094:"Balzac"
2953:See also
2944:Cromwell
2605:Novellas
2428:Honorine
2073:(1947),
2069:(1915),
1844:Politics
1627:Romantic
1499:eulogist
1497:and the
1485:formerly
1475:gangrene
1430:Volhynia
1376:nobleman
1349:Countess
1120:Sardinia
962:Fougères
958:Brittany
909:oak wood
897:Sardinia
836:and the
782:Cromwell
756:libretto
686:Sorbonne
7515:Portals
7414:(opera)
7164:Vautrin
7152:Related
7026:Gambara
6596:Béatrix
6568:Gobseck
6377:, Paris
6346:at the
6281:at the
6208:(ed.).
6190:6314807
6020:2321317
5924:Sources
5851:Gambara
5499:Gobseck
5115:Béatrix
4712:, p. 61
4273:Helm, 5
3311:Robb, 9
3284:Robb, 8
3257:Robb, 5
2889:Vautrin
2827:Gambara
2644:Gobseck
2594:Corsino
2580:(opera)
2334:Béatrix
1960:Realist
1893:Trotsky
1698:Comédie
1623:realism
1600:Realism
1446:Ukraine
1380:Marshal
1333:in the
1275:chateau
1269:, near
1225:Béatrix
1185:Dickens
1148:Vautrin
1038:in 1850
875:Molière
842:Jesuits
799:Corsino
762:called
641:Vendôme
623:Oratory
620:Vendôme
441:realism
413:; born
406:French:
300:
292:
168:Realism
126:printer
7529:France
7503:(2007)
7495:(1942)
7487:(1927)
7479:(1922)
7395:(1994)
7387:(1943)
7379:(1932)
7371:(1920)
7290:(1993)
7282:(1965)
7274:(1953)
7266:(1945)
7258:(1921)
7250:(1918)
7233:(1833)
6249:342322
6247:
6241:Balzac
6230:
6188:
6180:. In:
6167:
6153:
6139:
6122:
6116:Balzac
6105:
6091:
6060:
6048:679102
6046:
6018:
6002:
5987:344556
5985:
5965:
5947:
5637:
4897:
4708:
4495:
4470:
4447:
4439:
4051:
3876:
3764:
3182:
3074:Lexico
3030:French
2947:(1819)
2932:(1848)
2924:(1848)
2916:(1842)
2908:(1842)
2900:(1839)
2892:(1839)
2884:(1839)
2854:(1842)
2846:(1839)
2838:(1837)
2830:(1837)
2822:(1837)
2814:(1837)
2806:(1836)
2798:(1834)
2790:(1832)
2782:(1832)
2774:(1832)
2766:(1831)
2758:(1831)
2750:(1831)
2742:(1831)
2734:(1831)
2726:(1830)
2718:(1830)
2703:(1911)
2695:(1840)
2687:(1839)
2679:(1835)
2671:(1832)
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