131:
523:
22:
188:
came to his defence, attacking his opponents in extreme terms. Bekker was tried for blasphemy, maligning the public Church, and spreading atheistic ideas about
Scripture. Some towns banned the book, but Amsterdam and the States of Holland never did, continuing his salary, without formally stripping
249:
The world bewitch'd; or, An examination of the common opinions concerning spirits: their nature, power, administration, and operations. As also, the effects men are able to produce by their communication. Divided into IV parts; Bekker, Balthasar / Translated from a French copy, approved of and
160:
to account for the biblical passages traditionally cited on the issue. Bekker argued that practices decried as witchcraft were little more than fatuous but harmless superstitions. The book had a sensational effect and was one of the key works of the Early
477:
127:
Bekker argued that theology and philosophy each had their separate terrain and that Nature can no more be explained through
Scripture than can theological truth be deduced from Nature.
605:
579:
168:
The publication of the book led to Bekker's deposition from the ministry. The orthodox among Dutch theologians saw his views as placing him among notorious atheists:
225:
and repubblicana" characterized by a
Radical criticism of religion that "anticipated Dutch 'Patriots' and Enlightment philosophers in the late eighteenth century "
424:
Nooijen, Annemarie (2009) "Unserm grossen Bekker ein
Denkmal?" Balthasar Bekkers 'Betoverde Weereld' in den deutschen Landen zwischen Orthodoxie und Aufklärung
538:
635:
443:
543:
152:(1695), in which he examined critically the phenomena generally ascribed to spiritual agency. He attacked the belief in sorcery and
610:
123:, he wrote several works on philosophy and theology, which by their freedom of thought aroused considerable hostility. In his book
665:
670:
640:
141:
His application of
Cartesian metaphysics and reproach of Biblical literalism put him at odds with the Dutch Reformed Church.
449:
Encounters on the
Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century
561:
Ook dat was
Amsterdam, deel III. De kerk der hervorming in de tweede helft van de zeventiende eeuw: nabloei en inzinking
625:
461:
213:, that affirmed the equality of all men based on their common reason. The definition was subsequently popularized by
103:. In 1683 he travelled to England and France. In two months time Bekker visited London, Cambridge, Oxford, Paris and
650:
615:
32:(20 March 1634 – 11 June 1698) was a Dutch minister and author of philosophical and theological works. Opposing
645:
319:
Fallen angels: Balthasar Bekker, spirit belief, and confessionalism in the seventeenth century Dutch
Republic
234:
358:
660:
620:
157:
630:
447:
269:
Beschrijving van de reis door de
Verenigde Nederlanden, Engeland en Frankrijk in het jaar 1683
655:
600:
595:
246:
De philosophia
Cartesiana admonitio candida & sincera. Bekker, Balth. / Vesaliae / 1668
162:
73:
8:
41:
503:
206:
153:
582:, The Works of Voltaire, Vol. III (Philosophical Dictionary Part 1) chapter on Bekker
457:
323:
210:
202:
120:
574:
453:
250:
subscribed by the author's own hand / printed for R. Baldwin in Warwick-lane / 1695
173:
363:
214:
156:. Indeed, he questioned the devil's very existence. He applied the doctrine of
396:
340:
272:
198:
181:
177:
89:
589:
534:
529:
169:
130:
108:
88:, he was appointed to his satisfaction in 1657 as a pastor in Oosterlittens (
327:
201:
coined the term "Radical Enlightment" with regards to Bekker, the brothers
85:
77:
33:
347:(2003), Thoemmes Press (two volumes), article Bekker, Balthasar, p. 74–7.
317:
195:
is now considered interesting as an early study in comparative religion.
185:
65:
401:
The Dictionary of Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Dutch Philosophers
345:
The Dictionary of Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Dutch Philosophers
61:
37:
547:, vol. 3 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 661
439:
Radical Enlightment: Philosophy and the Making of ModernitĂ , 1650-1750
403:(2003), Thoemmes Press (two volumes), article Walten, Eric, p. 1065–8.
222:
218:
100:
96:
69:
441:(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001). As quotes by
81:
528:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
92:), and started as one of the first to preach on Sunday afternoon.
21:
435:
The Radical Enlightment: Pantheists, Freemasons and Republicans
104:
508:
The Dutch Republic. Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806
437:(London and Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1981); J.I. Israel,
165:
in Europe. It was almost certainly the most controversial.
287:
285:
283:
281:
278:
406:
378:
297:
606:
17th-century Dutch Calvinist and Reformed ministers
587:
359:"The legacies of Calvinism in the Dutch empire"
442:
636:Dutch Calvinist and Reformed theologians
533:
291:
240:
129:
36:, he was a key figure in the end of the
20:
357:Barker, Charles H. (9 September 2022).
25:Balthasar Bekker by J. Hilarides (1691)
588:
502:
412:
384:
356:
303:
107:, with a great interest in the art of
68:) as the son of a German pastor from
315:
84:. Becoming the rector of the local
13:
552:
316:Fix, Andrew C (25 December 1999).
14:
682:
575:Ten portraits of Balthasar Bekker
568:
237:of London. He died in Amsterdam.
521:
611:17th-century Dutch philosophers
478:"Library and Archive Catalogue"
470:
427:
418:
666:University of Groningen alumni
390:
350:
334:
309:
261:
233:In July 1698 he was elected a
1:
671:University of Franeker alumni
496:
228:
641:Fellows of the Royal Society
563:(in Dutch), pp. 258–305
119:An enthusiastic disciple of
7:
235:Fellow of the Royal Society
10:
687:
330:– via Open WorldCat.
99:, after being driven from
44:. His best known work is
267:Bekker, Balthasar (1998)
217:. Jacob defined them as "
154:"possession" by the devil
125:De Philosophia Cartesiana
16:Dutch minister and author
626:Critics of witch hunting
559:Evenhuis, R. B. (1971),
254:
144:His best known work was
114:
651:People from Dongeradeel
544:Encyclopædia Britannica
95:From 1679 he worked in
55:
616:Christian philosophers
138:
26:
241:Selected publications
133:
72:. He was educated at
24:
646:Philosophers of mind
146:De Betoverde Weereld
136:De betoverde weereld
46:De Betoverde Weereld
504:Israel, Jonathan I.
193:The World Bewitched
150:The World Bewitched
60:Bekker was born in
50:The World Bewitched
42:early modern Europe
399:et al. (editors),
343:et al. (editors),
207:Pieter de la Court
189:him of his post.
139:
27:
539:Bekker, Balthasar
211:Baruch de Spinoza
678:
621:Dutch Freemasons
564:
548:
527:
525:
524:
510:
490:
489:
487:
485:
474:
468:
467:
431:
425:
422:
416:
410:
404:
394:
388:
382:
376:
375:
373:
371:
354:
348:
338:
332:
331:
313:
307:
301:
295:
289:
276:
265:
174:Adriaan Koerbagh
40:persecutions in
30:Balthasar Bekker
686:
685:
681:
680:
679:
677:
676:
675:
586:
585:
571:
558:
555:
553:Further reading
537:, ed. (1911), "
522:
520:
499:
494:
493:
483:
481:
480:. Royal Society
476:
475:
471:
464:
456:. p. 143.
432:
428:
423:
419:
411:
407:
395:
391:
383:
379:
369:
367:
355:
351:
339:
335:
314:
310:
302:
298:
290:
279:
266:
262:
257:
243:
231:
215:Jonathan Israel
117:
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
684:
674:
673:
668:
663:
661:René Descartes
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
584:
583:
577:
570:
569:External links
567:
566:
565:
554:
551:
550:
549:
535:Chisholm, Hugh
512:
511:
498:
495:
492:
491:
469:
462:
426:
417:
415:, p. 930.
405:
397:Wiep van Bunge
389:
387:, p. 925.
377:
349:
341:Wiep van Bunge
333:
308:
306:, p. 895.
296:
294:, p. 661.
277:
273:Fryske Akademy
259:
258:
256:
253:
252:
251:
247:
242:
239:
230:
227:
199:Margaret Jacob
182:Baruch Spinoza
178:Lodewijk Meyer
116:
113:
90:Littenseradiel
57:
54:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
683:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
631:Demonologists
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
591:
581:
578:
576:
573:
572:
562:
557:
556:
546:
545:
540:
536:
531:
530:public domain
519:
518:
517:
516:
509:
505:
501:
500:
479:
473:
465:
463:9789004272620
459:
455:
451:
450:
445:
440:
436:
430:
421:
414:
409:
402:
398:
393:
386:
381:
366:
365:
360:
353:
346:
342:
337:
329:
325:
321:
320:
312:
305:
300:
293:
292:Chisholm 1911
288:
286:
284:
282:
274:
270:
264:
260:
248:
245:
244:
238:
236:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:Thomas Hobbes
166:
164:
163:Enlightenment
159:
158:accommodation
155:
151:
147:
142:
137:
132:
128:
126:
122:
112:
110:
109:fortification
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
656:Rationalists
560:
542:
514:
513:
507:
482:. Retrieved
472:
448:
438:
434:
433:M.C. Jacob,
429:
420:
408:
400:
392:
380:
368:. Retrieved
362:
352:
344:
336:
318:
311:
299:
268:
263:
232:
197:
192:
191:
167:
149:
145:
143:
140:
135:
124:
118:
94:
86:Latin school
78:Jacob Alting
59:
49:
45:
34:superstition
29:
28:
18:
601:1698 deaths
596:1634 births
515:Attribution
484:12 December
444:Markus Vink
413:Israel 1995
385:Israel 1995
304:Israel 1995
186:Eric Walten
148:(1691), or
66:Dongeradeel
48:(1691), or
590:Categories
497:References
370:20 October
322:. Kluwer.
229:Later life
223:freemasons
62:Metslawier
38:witchcraft
219:pantheist
134:Cover of
121:Descartes
101:Friesland
97:Amsterdam
80:, and at
74:Groningen
70:Bielefeld
580:Voltaire
506:(1995),
446:(2015).
328:41924750
82:Franeker
76:, under
52:(1695).
532::
526:
460:
326:
209:, and
105:Leuven
454:Brill
255:Notes
203:Johan
115:Works
486:2010
458:ISBN
372:2022
364:Aeon
324:OCLC
205:and
180:and
56:Life
541:",
592::
452:.
361:.
280:^
271:.
221:,
184:.
176:,
172:,
111:.
488:.
466:.
374:.
275:.
64:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
