Ball lightning - Knowledge

292:, 4 November 1749, was taking an observation just before noon...he observed a large ball of blue fire about three miles distant from them. They immediately lowered their topsails, but it came up so fast upon them, that, before they could raise the main tack, they observed the ball rise almost perpendicularly, and not above forty or fifty yards from the main chains when it went off with an explosion, as great as if a hundred cannons had been discharged at the same time, leaving behind it a strong sulphurous smell. By this explosion the main top-mast was shattered into pieces and the main mast went down to the keel. Five men were knocked down and one of them very bruised. Just before the explosion, the ball seemed to be the size of a large mill-stone. 1196: 935:

microwave radiation. The latter ionizes the local air and the radiation pressure evacuates the resulting plasma, forming a spherical plasma bubble that stably traps the radiation. Microwaves trapped inside the ball continue to generate plasma for a moment to maintain the bright flashes described in observer accounts. The ball eventually fades as the radiation held within the bubble starts to decay and microwaves are discharged from the sphere. The lightning balls can dramatically explode as the structure destabilizes. The theory could explain many of the strange characteristics of ball lightning. For instance, microwaves are able to pass through glass, which helps to explain why balls could be formed indoors.

390:. This ball rolled across without doing any harm to two women and a young man who were here; but on getting into an adjoining stable it exploded and killed a pig which happened to be shut up there, and which, knowing nothing about the wonders of thunder and lightning, dared to smell it in the most rude and unbecoming manner. The motion of such balls is far from being very rapid – they have even been observed occasionally to pause in their course, but they are not the less destructive for all that. A ball of lightning which entered the church of Stralsund, on exploding, projected a number of balls which exploded in their turn like shells. 452:...noticed, with what I can only describe as calm amazement, that a dazzling globe of electric fire, apparently between six and twelve inches in diameter, was stationary about six inches below and to the right of my right knee. As I looked at it, it exploded with a sharp report quite impossible to confuse with the continuous turmoil of the lightning, thunder and hail, or that of the lashed water and smashed wood which was creating a pandemonium outside the cottage. I felt a very slight shock in the middle of my right hand, which was closer to the globe than any other part of my body. 790:. Generally, the experiments are conducted by placing a lit or recently extinguished match or other small object in a microwave oven. The burnt portion of the object flares up into a large ball of fire, while "plasma balls" float near the oven chamber ceiling. Some experiments describe covering the match with an inverted glass jar, which contains both the flame and the balls so that they do not damage the chamber walls. (A glass jar, however, eventually explodes rather than simply causing charred paint or melting metal, as happens to the inside of a microwave.) Experiments by 977:

approaches. It was found that the most intense plasma oscillations occur in the central regions of a ball lightning. It is suggested that bound states of radially oscillating charged particles with oppositely oriented spins – the analogue of Cooper pairs – can appear inside a ball lightning. This phenomenon, in its turn, can lead to a superconducting phase in a ball lightning. The idea of the superconductivity in a ball lightning was considered earlier. The possibility of the existence of a ball lightning with a composite core was also discussed in this model.

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more than one set of weather and electrically charged conditions, the scientific rationale for which is incomplete or not fully understood. One suggestion is that meteoroids breaking up in the atmosphere and forming charged plasmas as opposed to burning completely or impacting as meteorites could explain some instances of the phenomena, in addition to other unknown atmospheric events. However, according to Stenhoff, this explanation is considered insufficient to explain the ball lightning phenomenon, and would likely not withstand peer review.

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plasma membrane. These oscillations are sustained by parametric amplification, resulting from regular "inhalation" of charged particles that are present at lower densities in the ambient air. Ball lightning vanishes thus by silent extinction when the available density of charged particles is too low, while it disappears with a loud and sometimes very violent explosion when this density is too high. Electronic oscillations are also possible as stationary waves in a plasma ball or thick plasma membrane. This yields concentric luminous bubbles.

1182: 647: 218: 887:. An experimental investigation of this effect, published in 2007, reported producing "luminous balls with lifetime in the order of seconds" by evaporating pure silicon with an electric arc. Videos and spectrographs of this experiment have been made available. This hypothesis got significant supportive data in 2014, when the first ever recorded spectra of natural ball lightning were published. The theorized forms of silicon storage in soil include nanoparticles of Si, 670:. At a distance of 900 m (3,000 ft), a total of 1.64 seconds of digital video of the ball lightning and its spectrum was made, from the formation of the ball lightning after the ordinary lightning struck the ground, up to the optical decay of the phenomenon. Additional video was recorded by a high-speed (3000 frames/sec) camera, which captured only the last 0.78 seconds of the event, due to its limited recording capacity. Both cameras were equipped with 233:, Devon, in England, on 21 October 1638. Four people died and approximately 60 suffered injuries during a severe storm. Witnesses described an 8-foot (2.4 m) ball of fire striking and entering the church, nearly destroying it. Large stones from the church walls were hurled onto the ground and through large wooden beams. The ball of fire allegedly smashed the pews and many windows, and filled the church with a foul sulphurous odour and dark, thick smoke. 5067: 486: 44: 5079: 957:, and James R. Powell proposed that ball lightning is a detached St. Elmo's fire (1964–1970). St. Elmo's fire arises when a sharp conductor, such as a ship's mast, amplifies the atmospheric electric field to breakdown. For a globe the amplification factor is 3. A free ball of ionized air can amplify the ambient field this much by its own conductivity. When this maintains the ionization, the ball is then a 539:, balls of fire played tag for half an hour, to the wonder and amazement of all who saw the display. In this building is situated the dynamos and electrical apparatus of perhaps the finest electrical plant of its size in the state. There was probably a visiting delegation from the clouds, to the captives of the dynamos on last Monday night, and they certainly had a fine visit and a roystering game of romp. 572:, Germany. On 29 April 1925 multiple witnesses saw a silent ball land near a mailman, move along a telephone wire to a school, knock back a teacher using a telephone, and bore perfectly round coin-sized holes through a glass pane. 210 m (700 feet) of wire was melted, several telephone poles were damaged, an underground cable was broken, and several workmen were thrown to the ground but unhurt. 579:. The books are considered historical fiction, but the author always insisted they were descriptive of actual events in her life. In Wilder's description, three separate balls of lightning appear during a winter blizzard near a cast-iron stove in the family's kitchen. They are described as appearing near the stovepipe, then rolling across the floor, only to disappear as the mother ( 759: 78:. An optical spectrum of what appears to have been a ball lightning event was published in January 2014 and included a video at high frame rate. Nevertheless, scientific data on ball lightning remain scarce. Although laboratory experiments have produced effects that are visually similar to reports of ball lightning, how these relate to the supposed phenomenon remains unclear. 422:, there was a long clap of thunder, louder than before, and I suddenly saw a fiery ball flying from the window straight towards the head of the Emperor. The ball (it was of lightning) whirled around the floor, then passed the chandelier and flew out through the door into the park. My heart froze, I glanced at my grandfather – his face was completely calm. He 602:, Sweden, leaving a circular hole about 5 cm (2 inches) in diameter. The hole in the window was found days later, and it was thought it could have happened during the thunderstorm; a lightning strike was witnessed by residents in the area, and was recorded by a lightning strike tracking system at the Division for Electricity and Lightning Research at 335:. The crew watched one ball descend, killing a man on deck and setting the main mast on fire. A crewman went out to retrieve the fallen body and was struck by a second ball, which knocked him back and left him with mild burns. A third man was killed by contact with the third ball. Crew members reported a persistent, sickening sulphur smell afterward. 418:. During the service there was a powerful thunderstorm, streaks of lightning flashed one after the other, and it seemed as if the peals of thunder would shake even the church and the whole world to its foundations. Suddenly it became quite dark, a blast of wind from the open door blew out the flame of the candles which were lit in front of the 698:—in contrast with mainly ionized nitrogen emission lines in the spectrum of the parent lightning. The ball lightning traveled horizontally across the video frame at an average speed equivalent of 8.6 m/s (28 ft/s). It had a diameter of 5 m (16 ft) and covered a distance of about 15 m (49 ft) within those 1.64 s. 192:, an English monk, contains what is possibly the earliest known reference to ball lightning, dated 7 June 1195. He states, "A marvellous sign descended near London", consisting of a dense and dark cloud, emitting a white substance that grew into a spherical shape under the cloud, from which a fiery globe fell towards the river. 883:. Lightning striking Earth's soil could vaporize the silica contained within it, and somehow separate the oxygen from the silicon dioxide, turning it into pure silicon vapor. As it cools, the silicon could condense into a floating aerosol, bound by its charge, glowing due to the heat of silicon recombining with 476:

March 19, 1963). Some seconds after this a glowing sphere a little more than 20 cm in diameter emerged from the pilot's cabin and passed down the aisle of the aircraft approximately 50 cm from me, maintaining the same height and course for the whole distance over which it could be observed.

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A more down-to-earth theory, proposed by John Abrahamson and James Dinniss at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, is that ball lightning forms when lightning strikes soil, turning any silica in the soil into pure silicon vapour. As the vapour cools, the silicon condenses into a

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In 2017, Researchers from Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China, proposed that the bright glow of lightning balls is created when microwaves become trapped inside a plasma bubble. At the tip of a lightning stroke reaching the ground, a relativistic electron bunch can be produced when in contact with

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In this model ball lightning is assumed to have a solid, positively charged core. According to this underlying assumption, the core is surrounded by a thin electron layer with a charge nearly equal in magnitude to that of the core. A vacuum exists between the core and the electron layer containing an

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On June 24, 2022, in a massive thunderstorm front, a retired lady at Liebenberg, Lower Austria, saw blinding cloud-to-ground lightning to the northeast and within 1 min spotted a yellowish "burning object with licking flames" that followed a wavy trajectory along the local road about 15 m over ground

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in the Russian Empire (now Oral, Kazakhstan), "a dazzlingly brilliant ball of fire" descended gradually from the sky during a thunderstorm, then entered into a house where 21 people had taken refuge, "wreaked havoc with the apartment, broke through the wall into a stove in the adjoining room, smashed

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in the Duchy of Anhalt it appeared green. M. Colon, Vice-President of the Geological Society of Paris, saw a ball of lightning descend slowly from the sky along the bark of a poplar tree; as soon as it touched the earth it bounced up again, and disappeared without exploding. On 10th of September 1845

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is supported by experiments, mainly of a group led by Holmlid. It is similar to a liquid or solid state of matter with extremely low (gas-like) density. Lumps of atmospheric Rydberg matter can result from condensation of highly excited atoms that form by atmospheric electrical phenomena, mainly from

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are similar to the observed features of ball lightning. The study also showed that the rapidly changing magnetic field of a close lightning flash is strong enough to excite the neurons in the brain. This strengthens the possibility of lightning-induced seizure in the occipital lobe of a person close

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Submariners in World War II gave the most frequent and consistent accounts of small ball lightning in the confined submarine atmosphere. There are repeated accounts of inadvertent production of floating explosive balls when the battery banks were switched in or out, especially if misswitched or when

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The balls have been reported to disperse in many different ways, such as suddenly vanishing, gradually dissipating, being absorbed into an object, "popping," exploding loudly, or even exploding with force, which is sometimes reported as damaging. Accounts also vary on their alleged danger to humans,

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formations similar to ball lightning are formed by novel physical, electrical, and magnetic phenomena, and that these charged plasmas are capable of being transported at enormous speeds under the influence and balance of electrical charges in the atmosphere. These plasmas appear to originate due to

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in the vicinity, were observed. From the spectrum, the temperature of the ball lightning was assessed as being lower than the temperature of the parent lightning (<15,000 to 30,000 K). The observed data are consistent with vaporization of soil as well as with ball lightning's sensitivity to

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himself just as calmly as he had when the fiery ball had flown near us, and I felt that it was unseemly and not courageous to be frightened as I was. I felt that one had only to look at what was happening and believe in the mercy of God, as he, my grandfather, did. After the ball had passed through

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when he heard thunder and ran home with his engraver to capture the event for posterity. While the experiment was under way, ball lightning appeared, travelled down the string, struck Richmann's forehead and killed him. The ball had left a red spot on Richmann's forehead, his shoes were blown open,

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The ball of fire reportedly divided into two segments, one exiting through a window by smashing it open, the other disappearing somewhere inside the church. Because of the fire and sulphur smell, contemporaries explained the ball of fire as "the devil" or as the "flames of hell". Later, some blamed

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researchers suggest that the magnetic fields involved in certain types of lightning strikes could potentially induce visual hallucinations resembling ball lightning. Such fields, which are found within close distances to a point in which multiple lightning strikes have occurred over a few seconds,

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H. C. Wu proposed (2016) that ball lightning arises when a "relativistic electron bunch" forming at the tip of a lightning stroke excites "intense microwave radiation" under certain conditions. As the microwaves ionize the surrounding air, their associated pressure may then evacuate the resulting

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The soliton model of a ball lightning was further developed. It was suggested that a ball lightning is based on spherically symmetric nonlinear oscillations of charged particles in plasma – the analogue of a spatial Langmuir soliton. These oscillations were described in both classical and quantum

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Powell's kinetic theory calculation found that the ball size is set by the second Townsend coefficient (the mean free path of conduction electrons) near breakdown. Wandering glow discharges are found to occur within certain industrial microwave ovens and continue to glow for several seconds after

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I was seated near the front of the passenger cabin of an all-metal airliner (Eastern Airlines Flight EA 539) on a late night flight from New York to Washington. The aircraft encountered an electrical storm during which it was enveloped in a sudden bright and loud electrical discharge (0005 h EST,

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A. Meessen presented a theory at the 10th International Symposium on Ball Lightning (June 21–27, 2010, Kaliningrad, Russia) explaining all known properties of ball lightning in terms of collective oscillations of free electrons. The simplest case corresponds to radial oscillations in a spherical

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as an explanation of ball lightning phenomena. Rydberg matter is a condensed form of highly excited atoms in many aspects similar to electron-hole droplets in semiconductors. However, in contrast to electron-hole droplets, Rydberg matter has an extended life-time—as long as hours. This condensed

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Descriptions of ball lightning vary widely. It has been described as moving up and down, sideways or in unpredictable trajectories, hovering and moving with or against the wind; attracted to, unaffected by, or repelled from buildings, people, cars and other objects. Some accounts describe it as

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proposed that ball lightning is a glow discharge driven by microwave radiation that is guided to the ball along lines of ionized air from lightning clouds where it is produced. The ball serves as a resonant microwave cavity, automatically adjusting its radius to the wavelength of the microwave

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in the Czech Republic. The ball bounced from window to ceiling, then to the floor and back, where it rolled along it for two or three meters. It then dropped to the floor and disappeared. The staff present in the control room were frightened, smelled electricity and burned cables and thought

1062:), and these conditions have been shown to occur in nature near lightning strikes. This hypothesis fails to explain observed physical damage caused by ball lightning or simultaneous observation by multiple witnesses. (At the very least, observations would differ substantially.) 263:

on 29th of August, a large ball of fire fell from the Element and split our mast in Ten Thousand Pieces, if it were possible; split our Main Beam, also Three Planks of the Side, Under Water, and Three of the Deck; killed one man, another had his Hand carried of

352:, discusses "globular lightning". He describes it as slow-moving balls of fire or explosive gas that sometimes fall to the earth or run along the ground during a thunderstorm. He said that the balls sometimes split into smaller balls and may explode "like a 732:

reportedly could artificially produce 1.5-inch (3.8 cm) balls and conducted some demonstrations of his ability. Tesla was more interested in higher voltages and powers as well as remote transmission of power; the balls he made were just a curiosity.

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Scientists have long attempted to produce ball lightning in laboratory experiments. While some experiments have produced effects that are visually similar to reports of natural ball lightning, it has not yet been determined whether there is any relation.

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something was burning. The computers froze (not crashed) and all communications equipment was knocked out for the night until restored by technicians. Aside from damages caused by disrupting equipment, only one computer monitor was destroyed.

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Globular lightning seems to be particularly attracted to metals; thus it will seek the railings of balconies, or else water or gas pipes etc., It has no peculiar tint of its own but will appear of any colour as the case may be ... at

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Pilots in World War II (1939–1945) described an unusual phenomenon for which ball lightning has been suggested as an explanation. The pilots saw small balls of light moving in strange trajectories, which came to be referred to as

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Ohtsuki and Ofuruton described producing "plasma fireballs" by microwave interference within an air-filled cylindrical cavity fed by a rectangular waveguide using a 2.45 GHz, 5 kW (maximum power) microwave oscillator.

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in Scotland experienced ball lightning in the forward cabin just before lightning struck the aircraft nose, the plane fell several thousand feet and came within 1,100 feet of the North Sea before making an emergency landing at

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the whole church, and suddenly gone out through the door, I again looked at my grandfather. A faint smile was on his face, and he nodded his head at me. My panic disappeared, and from that time I had no more fear of storms.

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The International Committee on Ball Lightning (ICBL) held regular symposia on the subject. A related group uses the generic name "Unconventional Plasmas". The last ICBL symposium was tentatively scheduled for July 2012 in

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There is at present no widely accepted explanation for ball lightning. Several hypotheses have been advanced since the phenomenon was brought into the scientific realm by the English physician and electrical researcher

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Some 19th-century reports describe balls that eventually explode and leave behind an odor of sulfur. Descriptions of ball lightning appear in a variety of accounts over the centuries and have received attention from

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Gervase's description of a white substance coming out of the dark cloud, falling as a spinning fiery sphere and then having some horizontal motion is very similar to historic and contemporary descriptions of ball

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A beautiful yet strange phenomenon was seen in this city on last Monday night. The wind was high and the air seemed to be full of electricity. In front of, above and around the new Hall of Engineering of the

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ions, which are long-lived at low temperatures. It occurred in air and in nitrous oxide, which possess such metastable ions, and not in atmospheres of argon, carbon dioxide, or helium, which do not.

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Leyden jar models. Stanley Singer discussed (1971) this type of hypothesis and suggested that the electrical recombination time would be too short for the ball lightning lifetimes often reported.

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the highly inductive electrical motors were misconnected or disconnected. An attempt later to duplicate those balls with a surplus submarine battery resulted in several failures and an explosion.

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Meshcheryakov, Oleg (1 August 2010). "How and why electrostatic charge of combustible nanoparticles can radically change the mechanism and rate of their oxidation in humid atmosphere".

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drawn from high-power low-voltage microwave generators also are found to exhibit afterglow. Powell measured their spectra, and found that the after-glow comes mostly from metastable

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On 10 July 2011, during a powerful thunderstorm, a ball of light with a two-metre (6 ft 7 in) tail went through a window to the control room of local emergency services in

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moving through solid masses of wood or metal without effect, while others describe it as destructive and melting or burning those substances. Its appearance has also been linked to

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A review of the available literature published in 1972 identified the properties of a "typical" ball lightning, whilst cautioning against over-reliance on eye-witness accounts:

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have reportedly consistently made small long-lasting balls using this method. These experiments stemmed from the theory that ball lightning is actually oxidized silicon vapors

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the stove-pipe, and carried it off with such violence that it was dashed against the opposite wall, and went out through the broken window". The incident was reported in the

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According to statistical investigations in 1960, ball lightning had been seen by 5% of the population of the Earth. Another study analyzed reports of 10,000 cases.

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The Handel Maser-Soliton theory of ball lightning hypothesizes that the energy source generating the ball lightning is a large (several cubic kilometers) atmospheric

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saw a ball the size of a human head come out of the fireplace. It flew around the room, reentered the fireplace, and exploded in and destroyed the top of the chimney.

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They tend to move at a few meters per second, most often in a horizontal direction, but may also move vertically, remain stationary, or wander erratically

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in Western Australia. Lighthouse-keeper Patrick Baird was in the tower at the time and was knocked unconscious. His daughter Ethel recorded the event.

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It is rare that observers report the sensation of heat, although in some cases the disappearance of the ball is accompanied by the liberation of heat

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and his clothing was singed. His engraver was knocked unconscious. The door-frame of the room was split and the door was torn from its hinges.

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Abrahamson, John; Dinniss, James (2000). "Ball lightning caused by oxidation of nanoparticle networks from normal lightning strikes on soil".

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In 2005 an incident occurred in Guernsey, where an apparent lightning-strike on an aircraft led to multiple fireball sightings on the ground.

516:, India, and exited through a side door. Several people observed the ball, and the incident is inscribed on the front wall of Darshani Deori. 99:, multicolored, evenly lit, radiating flames, filaments or sparks, with shapes that vary between spheres, ovals, tear-drops, rods, or disks. 4365:

Holmlid, L. (2007). "Direct observation of circular Rydberg electrons in a Rydberg matter surface layer by electronic circular dichroism".

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floating aerosol bound into a ball by charges that gather on its surface, and it glows with the heat of silicon recombining with oxygen.

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linear lightning. Stimulated decay of Rydberg matter clouds can, however, take the form of an avalanche, and so appear as an explosion.

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Cen, Jianyong; Yuan, Ping; Xue, Simin (17 January 2014). "Observation of the Optical and Spectral Characteristics of Ball Lightning".

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Dvornikov, Maxim (8 February 2012). "Effective attraction between oscillating electrons in a plasmoid via acoustic wave exchange".

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Oleg Meshcheryakov suggests that ball lightning is made of composite nano or submicrometer particles—each particle constituting a

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Paiva, Gerson Silva; Antonio Carlos Pavão; Elder Alpes de Vasconcelos; Odim Mendes Jr.; Eronides Felisberto da Silva Jr. (2007).

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The lifetime of each event is from one second to over a minute with the brightness remaining fairly constant during that time

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Manykin, E. A.; Ojovan, M. I.; Poluektov, P. P. (2006). Samartsev, Vitaly V (ed.). "Rydberg matter: Properties and decay".

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the entire incident on two people who had been playing cards in the pews during the sermon, thereby incurring God's wrath.

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Manykin, E. A.; Zelener, B. B.; Zelener, B. V. (2011). "Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of nonideal Rydberg matter".

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Manykin, E. A.; Zelener, B. B.; Zelener, B. V. (2010). "Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of nonideal Rydberg matter".

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The Two Widecombe Tracts, 1638[,] giving a Contemporary Account of the great Storm, reprinted with an Introduction

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Some display an affinity for metal objects and may move along conductors such as wires, metal fences, or railroad tracks

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An English journal reported that during an 1809 storm, three "balls of fire" appeared and "attacked" the British ship

5130: 3228: 2281: 2224: 1722: 1699: 1055: 634: 208:... It is fascinating to see how closely Gervase's 12th century description matches modern reports of ball lightning. 2658: 5071: 4829: 2730:"How to make a Stable Plasmoid ( Ball Lightning ) with the GMR (Graphite Microwave Resonator) by Jean-Louis Naudin" 931:. The ball lightning appears as a plasma caviton at the antinodal plane of the microwave radiation from the maser. 835: 1195: 1009:. A surface discharge shorts these batteries, causing a current that forms the ball. His model is described as an 199:

identified the chronicle entry as probably describing ball lightning, and noted its similarity to other accounts:

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Peer, J.; Kendl, A. (2010). "Transcranial stimulability of phosphenes by long lightning electromagnetic pulses".

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Davydova, T. A.; Yakimenko, A. I.; Zaliznyak, Yu. A. (28 February 2005). "Stable spatial Langmuir solitons".

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Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society

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In December 1726, a number of British newspapers printed an extract of a letter from John Howell of the

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Their brightness corresponds to roughly that of a domestic lamp, so they can be seen clearly in daylight

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Dvornikov, Maxim (1 November 2012). "Quantum exchange interaction of spherically symmetric plasmoids".

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Grigoriev, A. I. (1988). Y. H. Ohtsuki (ed.). "Statistical Analysis of the Ball Lightning Properties".

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Ball lightning is a possible source of legends that describe luminous balls, such as the mythological

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proposed (2006) an explanation (with a rigorous mathematical foundation) based on the hypothesis of

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hypothesis. A 1976 article by V. G. Endean postulated that ball lightning could be described as an

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Cooray and Cooray (2008) stated that the features of hallucinations experienced by patients having

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Great Balls of Fire: A Unified Theory of Ball Lightning, UFOs, Tunguska and other Anomalous Lights

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Oscillations in the light intensity and in the oxygen and nitrogen emission at a frequency of 100

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and was lost from sight after 2 seconds. It occurred at the end of a local thunderstorm cell. The

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Their diameters range from 1–100 cm (0.4–40 inches), most commonly 10–20 cm (4–8 inches)

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The Proof Is Out There: Unexplained Lightning Phenomenon Caught On Camera – History (via YouTube)

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Dvornikov, Maxim (1 December 2011). "Axially and spherically symmetric solitons in warm plasma".

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Ohtsuki, Y. H.; H. Ofuruton (1991). "Plasma fireballs formed by microwave interference in air".

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Nikola Tesla (1899 December) theorized that the balls consist of highly rarefied (but hot) gas.

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10 inches). The Israeli team demonstrated the phenomenon with copper, salts, water and carbon.

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Could some ball lightning observations be optical hallucinations caused by epileptic seizures

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An early reference to ball lightning appears in a children's book set in the 19th century by

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discussed a sighting in Paris on 5 July 1852 "for which sworn statements were filed with the

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A wide range of colors has been observed, with red, orange, and yellow being the most common

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One theory that may account for the wide spectrum of observational evidence is the idea of

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reported witnessing what he referred to as "globular electricity" during a thunderstorm on

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Norman, G. É. (2001). "Rydberg matter as a metastable state of strongly nonideal plasma".

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On 22 November 1894 an unusually prolonged instance of natural ball lightning occurred in

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Extreme weather : forty years of the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO)

3505: 2687: 1265: 909: 856: 709: 706: 448:, United States, in 1916. He was sheltered in a small cottage when he, in his own words, 287: 150:

Some have appeared within metal aircraft and have entered and left without causing damage

4510: 4421: 4378: 4335: 4292: 4249: 4170: 4128: 3965: 3926: 3883: 3786: 3748: 3740: 3672: 3614: 3553: 3497: 3472:"Formation of bound states of electrons in spherically symmetric oscillations of plasma" 3411: 3322: 3269: 3166: 3127: 3057: 3015: 2918: 2755: 2705: 2634: 2587: 2447: 2326: 2122: 1544: 1476: 1427: 1321: 908:, which is reflected and guided by the electron layer. The microwave EM field applies a 5110: 4960: 4955: 4886: 4771: 4527: 4496: 4484: 4433: 4390: 4347: 4304: 4261: 4140: 4114: 4000: 3984: 3949: 3934: 3895: 3869: 3842: 3798: 3752: 3726: 3692: 3658: 3626: 3600: 3573: 3539: 3509: 3483: 3441: 3397: 3339: 3308: 3296: 3077: 2599: 2136: 1556: 1260: 948: 603: 462: 282:

One particularly large example was reported "on the authority of Dr. Gregory" in 1749:

103: 67: 3362: 3023: 2903:"Production of Ball-Lightning-Like Luminous Balls by Electrical Discharges in Silicon" 2390: 1484: 770:, have reportedly produced a ball lightning-type effect by discharging a high-voltage 598:

On 6 August 1994 a ball lightning is believed to have gone through a closed window in

4919: 4796: 4777: 4756: 4737: 4692: 4662: 4643: 4617: 4532: 4351: 4308: 4144: 4059: 3899: 3846: 3756: 3684: 3630: 3577: 3565: 3513: 3415: 3344: 3234: 3224: 3069: 2930: 2868: 2689: 2509: 2260: 2254: 2084: 1997: 1881: 1718: 1695: 1591: 1560: 1439: 1158: 1039: 954: 738: 423: 310: 196: 117:

They frequently appear almost simultaneously with cloud-to-ground lightning discharge

4394: 4265: 3696: 864: 794:

and Vladimir Dikhtyar in Israel revealed that microwave plasma balls are made up of

153:

The disappearance of a ball is generally rapid and may be either silent or explosive

5016: 4985: 4924: 4522: 4514: 4437: 4425: 4382: 4339: 4296: 4253: 4179: 4174: 4154: 4136: 4132: 3979: 3969: 3930: 3887: 3832: 3802: 3790: 3744: 3676: 3622: 3618: 3557: 3501: 3334: 3326: 3273: 3170: 3131: 3081: 3061: 3019: 2922: 2709: 2638: 2603: 2591: 2451: 2140: 2126: 1548: 1480: 1435: 1431: 1225: 1210: 1155: 1079: 1059: 1026: 1013:

model that explains all the observable properties and processes of ball lightning.

888: 626: 580: 547: 520: 467: 437: 306: 63: 2926: 2154: 1181: 912:(radiation pressure) to the electrons preventing them from falling into the core. 5037: 4561:. Journal of Unconventional Electromagnetics and Plasmas: 163–179. Archived from 4085: 2860: 1989: 1867: 1713: 1151: 1096: 1022: 892: 667: 509: 411: 260: 4021:"Unidentified Aerial Phenomena in the UK, Air Defence Region, Executive Summary" 3891: 2811: 2729: 2688:

Youichi Sakawa; Kazuyoshi Sugiyama; Tetsuo Tanabe; Richard More (January 2006).

1058:

has been shown to give the same hallucination results in the laboratory (termed

217: 2526: 2353: 1819: 1201: 1187: 1125: 1091: 1043: 783: 714: 302: 4343: 3974: 3837: 3820: 3561: 3175: 3150: 1667: 1552: 1240: 822:

in the vapors. The visual effect can be described as small glowing, sparkling

5099: 3950:"Ball Lightning–Aerosol Electrochemical Power Source or A Cloud of Batteries" 3688: 3569: 3216: 3190: 3002: 2062: 1463: 1250: 1135: 1075: 1048: 920: 675: 569: 465:, described his own observation of ball lightning in an article published in 445: 441: 4816: 4210:"Magnetically Induced Hallucinations Explain Ball Lightning, Say Physicists" 3135: 650:

The emission spectrum (intensity vs. wavelength) of a natural ball lightning

5042: 4536: 3680: 3348: 3073: 2934: 2552: 1714:

Ball Lightning and Bead Lightning: Extreme Forms of Atmospheric Electricity

1691:

Ball Lightning and Bead Lightning: Extreme Forms of Atmospheric Electricity

1443: 1245: 970: 966: 875:

This hypothesis suggests that ball lightning consists of vaporized silicon

823: 795: 729: 523:, which suggests it could be artificially induced from the atmosphere. The 59: 4821: 3238: 646: 2666: 2431: 588: 419: 399: 3605: 3402: 2619:"Plasma fireballs formed by microwave interference in air (Corrections)" 2455: 195:

Physicist Emeritus Professor Brian Tanner and historian Giles Gasper of

4866: 4677:"A Unified Theory of Ball Lightning and Unexplained Atmospheric Lights" 2369:"Byla to koule s dvoumetrovým ocasem, popisuje dispečerka kulový blesk" 1116:

Several other hypotheses have been proposed to explain ball lightning:

986: 876: 170: 55: 4518: 4300: 4257: 3330: 3277: 3221:

Ball Lightning: A Collection of Soviet Research in English Translation

2714: 4990: 4429: 3794: 3065: 2838:"Ball Lightning Mystery Solved? Electrical Phenomenon Created in Lab" 2643: 2618: 2595: 2131: 2106: 1129: 1047:

to a lightning strike, establishing the connection between epileptic

880: 819: 799: 791: 771: 494: 382:

a ball of lightning entered the kitchen of a house in the village of

147:

Some appear within buildings passing through closed doors and windows

75: 3219:(1955). "The Nature of Ball Lightning". In Donald J. Ritchie (ed.). 2756:"Creating the 4th state of matter with microwaves by Halina Stanley" 1319: 313:'s proposal a year earlier. Richmann was attending a meeting of the 2408: 1230: 691: 513: 383: 372:

wrote that there had been about 150 reports of globular lightning:

4501: 4408:

Endean, V. G. (1976). "Ball lightning as electromagnetic energy".

4119: 4005: 3874: 3731: 3663: 3544: 3488: 3313: 1145: 1142: 1071: 1010: 958: 944: 818:

wafers with electricity, which vaporizes the silicon and induces

815: 683: 679: 659: 613: 599: 485: 387: 378: 174: 43: 3114:

Muldrew, D. B. (1990). "The Physical Nature of Ball Lightning".

1852:

Anon (24 December 1726). "Foreign Affairs: London 24 December".

641: 3773:

Dijkhuis, G. C. (13 March 1980). "A model for ball lightning".

3223:(1961 ed.). Consultants Bureau, New York. pp. 11–16. 2468: 1786:

McNally, J. R. (1960). "Preliminary Report on Ball Lightning".

1121: 990: 884: 758: 695: 353: 3390:

Dvornikov, Maxim; Dvornikov, Sergey (2007). Gerard, F. (ed.).

2434:(17 January 2014). "Focus: First Spectrum of Ball Lightning". 1533:

Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

1507:"The 'Skyrmion' May Have Solved the Mystery of Ball Lightning" 212: 4724:. UPIAR, Turin, Italy (2023), pp. 77-93. ISBN 9791281441002. 2865:

On the nature of thunderstorms (originally published in 1843)

928: 702: 663: 249: 157: 3393:

Electron gas oscillations in plasma. Theory and applications

786:

to produce small rising glowing balls, often referred to as

301:

A 1753 report recounts lethal ball lightning when professor

120:

They are generally spherical or pear-shaped with fuzzy edges

4552:"Ball Lightning: Bubbles of Electronic Plasma Oscillations" 3251: 1288:"Ball lightning: weird, mysterious, perplexing, and deadly" 687: 4753:

Ball Lightning: An Unsolved Problem in Atmospheric Physics

4718:" in Ballester-Olmos, V.J. and Heiden, Richard W. (Eds.), 4196:

Ball lightning is all in the mind, say Austrian physicists

3913:

Coleman, PF (1993). "An explanation for ball lightning?".

3590: 2212:

Ball Lightning: An Unsolved Problem in Atmospheric Physics

1165:

plasma to form a bubble that "stably traps the radiation".

368:, translated into English in 1875, French science-writer 309:, Russia, constructed a kite-flying apparatus similar to 266: 3254:"Development of the maser-caviton ball lightning theory" 2223: 980: 898: 741:

but was cancelled due to a lack of submitted abstracts.

160:, burning sulphur, or nitrogen oxides are often reported 4281:

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

221:

Contemporary woodcut of the Widecombe-in-the-Moor storm

4235: 2781: 2069:. However, part of the lake is known as Pasquaney Bay. 1966:

A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar

1820:"Is this England's earliest report of ball lightning?" 826:

that roll around a surface. Two Brazilian scientists,

705:, possibly caused by the electromagnetic field of the 349:

A Guide to the Scientific Knowledge of Things Familiar

4321: 4152: 2500: 2498: 2081:

The Confessions of Aleister Crowley: An Autobiography

1530: 4153:

Peer, J.; Cooray, V.; Cooray, G.; Kendl, A. (2010).

3862:

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics

3715:"Pairing of charged particles in a quantum plasmoid" 1177: 1033: 4207: 2867:(Reprint ed.). Bastian Books. pp. 34–43. 849: 4734:Ball Lightning Explanation Leading to Clean Energy 4637: 3719:Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 3389: 2998:"Natural ball lightning probed for the first time" 2971:"Index of /Epaps/Phys_rev_lett/E-PRLTAO-98-047705" 2616: 2573: 2495: 2426: 2424: 2422: 1902: 1459:"Natural ball lightning probed for the first time" 777: 501:". During a thunderstorm, a tailor living next to 102:Ball lightning is often erroneously identified as 54:is a rare and unexplained phenomenon described as 4485:"Relativistic-microwave theory of ball lightning" 4104: 3297:"Relativistic-microwave theory of ball lightning" 3043: 2061:in New Hampshire, United States. New Hampshire's 1790:(Paper J-15 ed.). Gatlinburg. pp. 1–25. 841: 762:A demonstration of the water discharge experiment 508:On 30 April 1877 a ball of lightning entered the 5097: 3252:Handel, Peter H.; Jean-François Leitner (1994). 3097:"The dirty secret behind ball lightning is dirt" 1904:"Weather Eye: Charles Darwin, the meteorologist" 4716:Investigating Ball Lightning Eyewitness Reports 2659:"'Ball lightning' created in German laboratory" 2506:Nikola Tesla – Colorado Springs Notes 1899–1900 2419: 2300:"Ball lightning – and the charge sheath vortex" 2072: 2017:Anon (24 December 1867). "Globular lightning". 1996:. Translated by Phipson, T. L. pp. 32–39. 870: 461:Jennison, of the Electronics Laboratory at the 240: 2273: 1837:Anon. "Foreign Affairs: Bristol 17 December". 1082:(magnetically induced visual hallucinations). 915: 753: 489:Ball lightning entering via the chimney (1886) 138:Many are described as having rotational motion 4837: 4051: 3998: 3947: 2194:Bulletin de la Société astronomique de France 642:Direct measurements of natural ball lightning 4638:Cade, Cecil Maxwell; Delphine Davis (1969). 4100: 4098: 3151:"Solid charged-core model of ball lightning" 1987: 1755: 1753: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1051:mimicking ball lightning and thunderstorms. 1016: 989:inside the low-velocity region of spherical 410:Once my parents were away, and I was at the 106:. They are separate and distinct phenomena. 4851: 4090:The open access atmospheric science journal 3821:"Superconductivity of plasma and fireballs" 3197:[On the nature of ball lightning]. 3088: 2858: 1573: 924:radiation so that resonance is maintained. 213:Great Thunderstorm of Widecombe-in-the-Moor 4844: 4830: 4790: 4034:. December 2000. p. 7. Archived from 2810:. Ufpe.br. 16 January 2007. Archived from 2690:"Fireball Generation in a Water Discharge" 2187: 1814: 1812: 1717:. 8–9. New York and London: Plenum Press. 1668:"Unusual Phenomea Reports: Ball Lightning" 1411: 1315: 1313: 1090:Manykin et al. have suggested atmospheric 993:breakdown of a natural vortex (e.g., the ' 4691:. Bristol: John Wright and Sons Limited. 4526: 4500: 4178: 4118: 4095: 4004: 3983: 3973: 3873: 3859: 3836: 3730: 3712: 3662: 3648: 3604: 3543: 3529: 3487: 3469: 3401: 3338: 3312: 3174: 2713: 2642: 2371:(in Czech). Zpravy.idnes.cz. 11 July 2011 2214:. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, p70. 2130: 1800: 1750: 1630: 1398: 1378: 1343: 1341: 1085: 1000: 744: 720: 583:) chases them with a willow-branch broom. 338: 4750: 4721:The Reliability of UFO Witness Testimony 4058:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 227–228. 3772: 2835: 2508:. Nolit (Beograd, Yugoslavia), 368–370. 2469:Chauncy Montgomery M'Govern (May 1899). 2104: 2033:"Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II and His Family" 1929: 961:in the flow of atmospheric electricity. 782:Many modern experiments involve using a 757: 645: 484: 216: 183: 42: 4708:Lightning Volume 1 Physics of Lightning 4656: 4549: 4364: 3912: 3818: 3215: 3148: 3113: 3094: 2758:. scienceinschool.org. 13 August 2009. 2732:. Jlnlabs.online.fr. 22 December 2005. 2324: 2279: 2078: 1809: 1785: 1733: 1727: 1504: 1310: 359: 14: 5098: 4731: 4728:from the original on October 11, 2023. 4450: 4407: 4278: 4052:Stenhoff, Mark; James, Adrian (2016). 3189: 2995: 2831: 2829: 2249: 1962: 1900: 1866: 1456: 1338: 1025:report concludes that buoyant charged 814:Experiments in 2007 involved shocking 809: 766:Some scientific groups, including the 321: 164: 4825: 4755:. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 4705: 4686: 4661:. Christchurch, NZ: Fireshine Press. 4642:. New York: Abelard-Schuman Limited. 4611: 3814: 3812: 3768: 3766: 3708: 3706: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3525: 3523: 3465: 3463: 3385: 3383: 2302:. Peter-thomson.co.uk. Archived from 1930:Matthews, Robert (23 February 2009). 1705: 1614:. Ernmphotography.com. Archived from 1576:"Ball lightning bamboozles physicist" 1285: 981:Hydrodynamic vortex ring antisymmetry 938: 899:Electrically charged solid-core model 546:On 22 May 1901 in the Kazakh city of 5078: 4769: 4367:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 3095:Francis, Matthew (22 January 2014). 2949:"Lightning balls created in the lab" 2782:"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco" 2762:from the original on 31 October 2009 2617:Ohtsuki, Y. H.; H. Ofuruton (1991). 2524: 2430: 2415:. European Severe Storms Laboratory. 2401: 2327:"Ett fenomen som gäckar vetenskapen" 2016: 1851: 1103: 710:high-voltage power transmission line 561:In July 1907 ball lightning hit the 66:, and is a phenomenon distinct from 4208:Emerging Technology (11 May 2010). 2836:Handwerk, Brian (22 January 2007). 2826: 1839:Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer 1647: 1457:Slezak, Michael (16 January 2014). 1381:"Does ball lightning really exist?" 1347: 1111: 431: 394: 24: 4634:. Springer. ISBN 978-3-0302-0782-3 4605: 4482: 3935:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1993.tb07221.x 3853: 3809: 3763: 3703: 3637: 3520: 3460: 3380: 3294: 2491:– via homepage.ntlworld.com. 2409:"European Severe Weather Database" 2280:Getline, Meryl (17 October 2005). 1734:Charman, Neil (14 December 1972). 1567: 798:with an average radius of 25 568:Ley discussed another incident in 81: 47:A 1901 depiction of ball lightning 25: 5142: 4810: 4614:Ball Lightning and Bead Lightning 3396:. Vol. 5. pp. 197–212. 2788:from the original on 21 June 2009 2736:from the original on 26 June 2009 2325:Larsson, Anders (23 April 2002). 2225:"The Cape Naturaliste Lighthouse" 2039:from the original on 17 June 2009 1994:Thunder and lightning (full text) 1901:Simons, Paul (17 February 2009). 1354:The General Repository and Review 1286:Nunez, Christina (6 March 2019). 1056:transcranial magnetic stimulation 1034:Transcranial magnetic stimulation 654:In January 2014, scientists from 635:European Severe Storms Laboratory 480: 456: 296: 27:Atmospheric electrical phenomenon 5077: 5066: 5065: 4543: 3825:Journal of Mathematical Sciences 2413:European Severe Weather Database 2349:"Lightning strike wrecked my TV" 2329:(in Swedish). Uppsala University 2282:"Playing with (St. Elmo's) fire" 2229:Lighthouses of Western Australia 2188:Soubbotine, Mlle. N. de (1902). 1963:Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1864). 1836: 1759: 1379:Trimarchi, Maria (7 July 2008). 1194: 1180: 850:Proposed scientific explanations 836:Federal University of Pernambuco 637:recorded this as ball lightning. 4476: 4459: 4444: 4401: 4358: 4315: 4272: 4229: 4201: 4189: 4072: 4045: 4013: 3992: 3941: 3906: 3584: 3355: 3288: 3245: 3209: 3183: 3142: 3107: 3037: 2989: 2963: 2941: 2894: 2881: 2852: 2800: 2774: 2748: 2722: 2681: 2651: 2610: 2567: 2541: 2518: 2462: 2383: 2361: 2341: 2318: 2292: 2243: 2217: 2204: 2181: 2169: 2157:. Sikhnet.com. 21 December 2009 2147: 2098: 2051: 2025: 2010: 1981: 1956: 1923: 1894: 1860: 1845: 1830: 1794: 1779: 1682: 1660: 1604: 778:Home microwave oven experiments 274: 4640:The Taming of the Thunderbolts 4387:10.1088/0953-8984/19/27/276206 4180:10.1016/j.physleta.2010.09.071 4137:10.1016/j.physleta.2010.05.023 3623:10.1016/j.physleta.2004.11.063 3506:10.1088/0031-8949/81/05/055502 2231:. Lighthouses of Australia Inc 1990:"Chapter X Globular lightning" 1988:de Fonvielle, Wilfrid (1875). 1873:Benjamin Franklin, A Biography 1736:"The enigma of ball Lightning" 1578:. 35.2772;149.1292: Abc.net.au 1524: 1505:Letzter, Rafi (6 March 2018). 1498: 1450: 1436:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.035001 1372: 1348:Day, Jeremiah (January 1813). 1279: 1065:Theoretical calculations from 555:Société astronomique de France 416:the small church in Alexandria 286:Admiral Chambers on board the 13: 1: 4791:Viemeister, Peter E. (1972). 3749:10.1088/1751-8113/46/4/045501 3024:10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60173-1 2927:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.048501 2859:Snow Harris, William (2008). 2665:. 7 June 2006. Archived from 1932:"Aliens? Great balls of fire" 1574:Anna Salleh (20 March 2008). 1485:10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60173-1 1272: 225:One early account reports on 173:from Argentinean and Chilean 34:. For the Chinese novel, see 5121:Unsolved problems in physics 4453:The Nature of Ball Lightning 4198:, The Register, 19 May 2010. 4092:, vol. 2, pp. 101–105 (2008) 4088:, Cooray, G. and V. Cooray, 3948:Meshcheryakov, Oleg (2007). 3116:Geophysical Research Letters 2471:"The New Wizard of the West" 1702:, 1980, Plenum Press (p. 35) 1256:Spontaneous human combustion 871:Vaporized silicon hypothesis 842:vaporized silicon hypothesis 346:, in his 1864 US edition of 259:As we were coming thro' the 7: 5053:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 4951:Upper-atmospheric lightning 4473:), 152, No. 4, pp. 177–226. 3892:10.1016/j.jastp.2012.08.005 1648:Ley, Willy (October 1960). 1236:List of lightning phenomena 1173: 916:Microwave cavity hypothesis 754:Water discharge experiments 674:. The researchers detected 656:Northwest Normal University 563:Cape Naturaliste Lighthouse 10: 5147: 4683:, Vol. 20, No. 2, 215–238. 4657:Coleman, Peter F. (2004). 4616:. 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(1984). 4451:Singer, Stanley (1971). 3195:О природе шаровой молнии 3194: 2996:Slezak, Michael (2014). 2842:National Geographic News 2105:Jennison, R. C. (1969). 2057:There is no present-day 1876:. Random House. p. 1652:. For Your Information. 1596:: CS1 maint: location ( 1326:. Exeter: James G Commin 1216:Atmospheric ghost lights 30:For the Czech film, see 4853:Atmospheric electricity 4751:Stenhoff, Mark (1999). 4238:Proceedings of the SPIE 4084:16 October 2013 at the 3819:Zelikin, M. I. (2008). 3295:Wu, H. C. (June 2019). 3149:Muldrew, D. B. (2010). 3136:10.1029/GL017i012p02277 1415:Physical Review Letters 1128:vector spinning in the 1070:can directly cause the 1067:University of Innsbruck 995:Hill's spherical vortex 414:with my grandfather in 5033:Georg Wilhelm Richmann 5012:Electrodynamic tethers 4897:Earth's magnetic field 4776:. 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Акад. наук СССР 2889:Meteorological Essays 2391:"The Aviation Herald" 2251:Wilder, Laura Ingalls 2210:Mark Stenhoff (1999) 2155:"Miracle saved panth" 1221:Brown Mountain Lights 761: 649: 620:On 15 December 2014, 532: 488: 473: 450: 408: 374: 366:Thunder and Lightning 284: 257: 231:Widecombe-in-the-Moor 220: 201: 190:Gervase of Canterbury 184:Gervase of Canterbury 46: 32:Ball Lightning (film) 4882:Atmospheric dynamics 4714:Keul, Alexander G. " 4550:Meessen, A. (2012). 4240:. SPIE Proceedings. 2848:on 10 February 2007. 1711:Barry, J.D. (1980a) 1320:J. B R, ed. (1905). 774:in a tank of water. 768:Max Planck Institute 622:Loganair Flight 6780 577:Laura Ingalls Wilder 370:Wilfrid de Fonvielle 360:Wilfrid de Fonvielle 5116:Terrestrial plasmas 4877:Atmospheric physics 4872:Atmospheric science 4511:2016NatSR...628263W 4422:1976Natur.263..753E 4379:2007JPCM...19A6206H 4336:2010JETPL..92..630M 4293:2001JETPL..73...10N 4250:2006SPIE.6181E..05M 4244:: 618105–618105–9. 4171:2010PhLA..374.4797P 4129:2010PhLA..374.2932P 3966:2007NRL.....2..319M 3954:Nanoscale Res. Lett 3927:1993Wthr...48...27. 3884:2012JASTP..89...62D 3787:1980Natur.284..150D 3741:2013JPhA...46d5501D 3673:2012RSPSA.468..415D 3615:2005PhLA..336...46D 3554:2011JPlPh..77..749D 3498:2010PhyS...81e5502D 3412:2003physics...6157D 3323:2016NatSR...628263W 3270:1994JGR....9910689H 3167:2010AnGeo..28..223M 3155:Annales Geophysicae 3128:1990GeoRL..17.2277M 3058:2000Natur.403..519A 3016:2014NewSc.221...17S 2955:. 10 January 2007. 2919:2007PhRvL..98d8501P 2814:on 20 December 2008 2706:2006PFR.....1...39S 2635:1991Natur.353..868O 2588:1991Natur.350..139O 2456:10.1103/Physics.7.5 2448:2014PhyOJ...7....5B 2178:, 24 November 1894. 2123:1969Natur.224..895J 1841:. 24 December 1726. 1766:Scientific American 1688:Barry, James Dale: 1618:on 22 December 2008 1545:2010JETPL..92..630M 1477:2014NewSc.221...17S 1428:2014PhRvL.112c5001C 1298:on 17 February 2021 965:power is shut off. 910:ponderomotive force 857:William Snow Harris 810:Silicon experiments 558:the following year. 527:newspaper reported: 332:HMS Warren Hastings 315:Academy of Sciences 165:Historical accounts 4920:Radio atmospherics 4887:Atmospheric dynamo 4793:The Lightning Book 4489:Scientific Reports 4483:Wu, H.-C. (2016). 3428:on 8 December 2015 3301:Scientific Reports 2977:on 7 November 2018 2476:Pearson's Magazine 1826:. 27 January 2022. 1261:Sprite (lightning) 1120:Spinning electric 1040:epileptic seizures 953:Julio Rubinstein, 939:Soliton hypothesis 764: 678:of neutral atomic 652: 604:Uppsala University 491: 463:University of Kent 436:British occultist 253:Catherine and Mary 243:Catherine and Mary 223: 49: 5106:Anomalous weather 5093: 5092: 4974: 4973: 4944:Optical emissions 4913:ELF/VLF emissions 4802:978-0-262-22017-0 4783:978-0-486-25237-7 4762:978-0-306-46150-7 4743:978-1-4583-7373-1 4710:. Academic Press. 4698:978-0-12-287802-2 4668:978-1-4116-1276-1 4649:978-0-200-71531-7 4623:978-0-306-40272-2 4519:10.1038/srep28263 4416:(5580): 753–755. 4301:10.1134/1.1355396 4258:10.1117/12.675004 4165:(47): 4797–4799. 4159:Physics Letters A 4113:(29): 2932–2935. 4107:Physics Letters A 4041:on 22 April 2017. 3781:(5752): 150–151. 3657:(2138): 415–428. 3593:Physics Letters A 3421:978-1-59033-928-2 3331:10.1038/srep28263 3278:10.1029/93JD01021 3217:Kapitsa, Peter L. 3122:(12): 2277–2280. 2891:by, Longman, 1855 2874:978-0-554-87861-4 2715:10.1585/pfr.1.039 2582:(6314): 139–141. 2514:978-0-913022-26-9 2483:on 6 October 2008 2266:978-0-06-440005-3 2259:. Harper Trophy. 2090:978-0-14-019189-9 2019:The Leeds Mercury 2003:978-1-142-61255-9 1887:978-1-84212-272-3 1868:Clarke, Ronald W. 1762:"Ask the experts" 1656:. pp. 56–71. 1385:HowStuffWorks.com 1159:superconductivity 1132:frequency region. 1104:Vacuum hypothesis 1080:magnetophosphenes 1060:magnetophosphenes 1021:The declassified 955:David Finkelstein 739:San Marcos, Texas 386:in the valley of 311:Benjamin Franklin 197:Durham University 188:The chronicle of 156:Odors resembling 16:(Redirected from 5138: 5081: 5080: 5069: 5068: 5017:Magnetotellurics 4986:Solar irradiance 4910: 4909: 4906:Electromagnetism 4846: 4839: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4806: 4787: 4766: 4747: 4711: 4702: 4672: 4653: 4627: 4599: 4598: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4568:on 17 April 2019 4567: 4556: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4530: 4504: 4480: 4474: 4471:Physical Letters 4463: 4457: 4456: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4430:10.1038/263753a0 4405: 4399: 4398: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4148: 4122: 4102: 4093: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4025: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3977: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3877: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3840: 3831:(6): 3473–3496. 3816: 3807: 3806: 3795:10.1038/284150a0 3770: 3761: 3760: 3734: 3710: 3701: 3700: 3666: 3646: 3635: 3634: 3608: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3547: 3527: 3518: 3517: 3491: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3424:. Archived from 3405: 3387: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3342: 3316: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3284:on 13 July 2012. 3280:. Archived from 3249: 3243: 3242: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3066:10.1038/35000525 3052:(6769): 519–21. 3041: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2973:. Archived from 2967: 2961: 2960: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2898: 2892: 2887:François Arago, 2885: 2879: 2878: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2844:. Archived from 2833: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644:10.1038/353868a0 2614: 2608: 2607: 2596:10.1038/350139a0 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2551:. Archived from 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2522: 2516: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2479:. Archived from 2466: 2460: 2459: 2428: 2417: 2416: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2221: 2215: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2190:"(Météorologie)" 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2134: 2132:10.1038/224895a0 2107:"Ball Lightning" 2102: 2096: 2094: 2076: 2070: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2035:. Orthodox.net. 2029: 2023: 2022: 2014: 2008: 2007: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1969:. pp. 13–14 1960: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1944:on 1 August 2009 1940:. Archived from 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1906: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1816: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1731: 1725: 1709: 1703: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1645: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1409: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1345: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1317: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1294:. Archived from 1283: 1266:Will-o'-the-wisp 1226:Earthquake light 1211:Antimatter comet 1204: 1199: 1198: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1112:Other hypotheses 805: 627:Aberdeen Airport 581:Caroline Ingalls 521:Golden, Colorado 438:Aleister Crowley 432:Aleister Crowley 395:Tsar Nicholas II 307:Saint Petersburg 207: 21: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5057: 5038:Egon Schweidler 5021: 5000: 4970: 4961:St. Elmo's fire 4939: 4901: 4855: 4850: 4813: 4803: 4784: 4763: 4744: 4699: 4669: 4650: 4624: 4608: 4606:Further reading 4603: 4602: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4554: 4548: 4544: 4481: 4477: 4467:Physics Reports 4464: 4460: 4449: 4445: 4406: 4402: 4363: 4359: 4320: 4316: 4277: 4273: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4103: 4096: 4086:Wayback Machine 4077: 4073: 4066: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4014: 3997: 3993: 3946: 3942: 3911: 3907: 3868:(2012): 62–66. 3858: 3854: 3817: 3810: 3771: 3764: 3711: 3704: 3651:Proc. R. Soc. A 3647: 3638: 3606:physics/0408023 3589: 3585: 3528: 3521: 3476:Physica Scripta 3468: 3461: 3449: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3429: 3422: 3403:physics/0306157 3388: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3363:"Rubinstein, J" 3361: 3360: 3356: 3293: 3289: 3258:J. Geophys. Res 3250: 3246: 3231: 3214: 3210: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3161:(1): 223–2010. 3147: 3143: 3112: 3108: 3093: 3089: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2907:Phys. Rev. Lett 2899: 2895: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2857: 2853: 2834: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2669:on 11 July 2006 2657: 2656: 2652: 2615: 2611: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2523: 2519: 2503: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2467: 2463: 2429: 2420: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2357:. 5 March 2005. 2347: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2306:on 8 April 2013 2298: 2297: 2293: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2222: 2218: 2209: 2205: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2077: 2073: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2015: 2011: 2004: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1865: 1861: 1850: 1846: 1835: 1831: 1818: 1817: 1810: 1799: 1795: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1758: 1751: 1746:(824): 632–635. 1732: 1728: 1710: 1706: 1687: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1650:"The Moon Worm" 1646: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1589: 1588: 1581: 1579: 1572: 1568: 1529: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1503: 1499: 1489: 1487: 1455: 1451: 1410: 1399: 1389: 1387: 1377: 1373: 1363: 1361: 1346: 1339: 1329: 1327: 1318: 1311: 1301: 1299: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1200: 1193: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1114: 1106: 1097:state of matter 1088: 1036: 1023:Project Condign 1019: 1003: 983: 951: 949:St. Elmo's fire 943:Main articles: 941: 918: 901: 873: 852: 812: 803: 780: 756: 747: 723: 715:electric fields 668:Tibetan Plateau 644: 553:Bulletin de la 537:School of Mines 483: 459: 434: 412:all-night vigil 397: 362: 341: 327: 324:Warren Hastings 299: 280: 261:Gulf of Florida 246: 229:at a church in 215: 205: 186: 167: 104:St. Elmo's fire 84: 82:Characteristics 68:St. Elmo's fire 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5144: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5075: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5048:George Simpson 5045: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4968: 4966:Ball lightning 4963: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4849: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4812: 4811:External links 4809: 4808: 4807: 4801: 4788: 4782: 4767: 4761: 4748: 4742: 4729: 4712: 4703: 4697: 4684: 4673: 4667: 4654: 4648: 4635: 4632:Ball Lightning 4628: 4622: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4591:|journal= 4542: 4475: 4465:Smirnov 1987, 4458: 4443: 4400: 4373:(27): 276206. 4357: 4314: 4271: 4228: 4200: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4094: 4071: 4065:978-1118949962 4064: 4044: 4012: 3991: 3960:(3): 319–330. 3940: 3905: 3852: 3808: 3762: 3702: 3636: 3583: 3538:(6): 749–764. 3519: 3459: 3450:|journal= 3420: 3379: 3354: 3287: 3244: 3229: 3208: 3201:(in Russian). 3182: 3141: 3106: 3087: 3036: 2988: 2962: 2940: 2893: 2880: 2873: 2851: 2825: 2799: 2773: 2747: 2721: 2680: 2650: 2609: 2566: 2555:on 4 June 2012 2540: 2517: 2494: 2461: 2418: 2400: 2382: 2360: 2354:Guernsey Press 2340: 2317: 2291: 2272: 2265: 2242: 2216: 2203: 2180: 2168: 2146: 2097: 2089: 2071: 2067:Camp Pasquaney 2059:Lake Pasquaney 2050: 2024: 2009: 2002: 1980: 1955: 1922: 1893: 1886: 1859: 1854:London Journal 1844: 1829: 1808: 1793: 1778: 1749: 1726: 1704: 1681: 1659: 1629: 1603: 1566: 1523: 1497: 1449: 1397: 1371: 1337: 1309: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1202:Physics portal 1191: 1188:Weather portal 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1149: 1139: 1133: 1126:electric field 1113: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1092:Rydberg matter 1087: 1084: 1044:occipital lobe 1035: 1032: 1018: 1015: 1002: 999: 982: 979: 940: 937: 917: 914: 900: 897: 872: 869: 865:François Arago 861:French Academy 851: 848: 811: 808: 784:microwave oven 779: 776: 755: 752: 746: 743: 722: 719: 676:emission lines 643: 640: 639: 638: 630: 618: 610: 607: 596: 592: 584: 573: 566: 559: 543: 542: 529: 528: 517: 506: 482: 481:Other accounts 479: 458: 457:R. C. Jennison 455: 442:Lake Pasquaney 433: 430: 396: 393: 361: 358: 340: 337: 326: 320: 303:Georg Richmann 298: 297:Georg Richmann 295: 279: 273: 245: 239: 214: 211: 185: 182: 166: 163: 162: 161: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 136: 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 118: 83: 80: 64:lightning bolt 52:Ball lightning 26: 18:Ball Lightning 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5143: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5086: 5085: 5076: 5074: 5073: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4682: 4681:J. Sci. Expl. 4678: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4596: 4583: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4454: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4048: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4016: 4007: 4002: 3995: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3767: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3725:(4): 045501. 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3707: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3482:(5): 055502. 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3384: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3264:(D5): 10689. 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3230:9780835759502 3226: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3191:Капица, П. Л. 3186: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3003:New Scientist 2999: 2992: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2959: 2954: 2953:New Scientist 2950: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2913:(4): 048501. 2912: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2884: 2876: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2830: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2668: 2664: 2663:Cosmos Online 2660: 2654: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2629:(6347): 868. 2628: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2528: 2525:Anon (2008). 2521: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2370: 2364: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2328: 2321: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2246: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2213: 2207: 2199: 2196:(in French). 2195: 2191: 2184: 2177: 2172: 2156: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2117:(5222): 895. 2116: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2092: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2064: 2063:Newfound Lake 2060: 2054: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2020: 2013: 2005: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1968: 1967: 1959: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1910: 1905: 1897: 1889: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1855: 1848: 1840: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1804: 1797: 1789: 1782: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1754: 1745: 1741: 1740:New Scientist 1737: 1730: 1724: 1723:0-306-40272-6 1720: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1701: 1700:0-306-40272-6 1697: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1669: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1599: 1593: 1577: 1570: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1464:New Scientist 1460: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1422:(3): 035001. 1421: 1417: 1416: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1386: 1382: 1375: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1344: 1342: 1325: 1324: 1316: 1314: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1282: 1278: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1251:Naga fireball 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1178: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1152:M. 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