33:
1661:
1633:
920:
771:
615:
from the sun to the Earth, and arrive simultaneously with the white light flare photons that
Carrington observed. The resulting geomagnetic disturbance from the ionospheric currents occurs nearly simultaneously with the photon arrivals and lasts only for as long as the flare X-ray flux continues to ionize the upper atmosphere. The larger magnetic storm that commenced 17.5 hours after the flare is now understood to be caused by a
536:., Sept. 1st, of short duration; and that towards four hours after midnight there commenced a great magnetic storm, which subsequent accounts established to be considerable in the southern as in the northern hemisphere. While the contemporary occurrence may deserve noting, he would not have it supposed that he even leans towards hastily connecting them. “One swallow does not make a summer.”)
403:
352:
657:(EUV) driven enhancement of the ionosphere current vortices responsible for the regular daily variation observed on magnetometer traces. SFE are mostly observed in locations close to the sub-solar point (i.e. the point on Earth when the Sun is overhead) and can only be observed from stations in the sunlit hemisphere at the time of the solar flare. Using Stewart's times, the
1673:
293:, into which he had been elected six years before. Of other papers in which he dealt with this and kindred branches of physics may be mentioned "Observations with a Rigid Spectroscope," "Heating of a Disc by Rapid Motion in Vacuo," "Thermal Equilibrium in an Enclosure Containing Matter in Visible Motion," and "Internal Radiation in Uniaxal Crystals."
282:'s "Law of Exchanges," and enabled him to establish the fact that radiation is not a surface phenomenon, but takes place throughout the interior of the radiating body, and that the radiative and absorptive powers of a substance must be equal, not only for the radiation as a whole, but also for every constituent of it.
614:
This small, short-duration, disturbance described by
Stewart is now understood to be due to a rapid ionization increase and resultant electric currents in the ionosphere due to intense X-ray radiation from the solar flare. Travelling at the speed of light, solar flare X-rays take 8 minutes to travel
673:
that is known to have caused the second storm, it is interesting to ask if a SFE is evident in the Kew magnetograph records prior to the onset of the second storm. Given that CME speeds can vary widely between solar eruptions, even those with similar-sized flares, the SFE signal may not be 17 hours
503:
and
Richard Hodgson observed telescopically on the morning of 1 September, 1859. The first disturbance had no observed solar activity prior to its onset. This could be because the associated solar eruption was either unobserved by optical telescopes at the time of its occurrence, or because the
594:
learned that at the very moment when he had observed this phenomenon the three magnetic elements at Kew were simultaneously disturbed. If no connexion had been known to subsist between these two classes of phenomena, it would, perhaps, be wrong to consider this in any other light than a casual
668:
Stewart reported that the first geomagnetic storm began at 22:30 GMT on the evening of 28 August 1859, as recorded by self-recording magnetographs at the Kew
Observatory. Assuming that the first large geomagnetic storm was caused by a solar eruption similar in scale to the
515:
presented a paper describing his observations of the super flare that occurred on 1 September, at 11:18 GMT and later named in his honor. In what appears to be an editorial addition made after the meeting the following observation was appended in parentheses.
560:
But, beside these two remarkable disturbances into which it divided itself, this great storm comprehends a minor disturbance, not approaching these two in extent, but yet possessing an interest peculiar to itself, which entitles it to be mentioned.
487:, each commencing abruptly and ending gradually, the first of which began on the evening of August 28 and the second on the early morning of September 2. These two great disturbances correspond therefore in point of time to the two great
544:
was not willing to commit professionally to connecting the magnetic disturbance with the event he had observed on the surface of the Sun even though they occurred at nearly identical times. He had indeed displayed the magnetographs at the
1033:
300:, and there naturally became interested in problems of meteorology and terrestrial magnetism. In 1870, the year in which he was very seriously injured in a railway accident, he was elected professor of physics at
468:
on 21 November 1861. He noted that while "magnetic disturbances of unusual violence and very wide extent" were recorded in various places around the world, the Kew
Observatory had the benefit of self-recording
473:, which allowed "the means of obtaining a continuous photographic register of the state of the three elements of the Earth’s magnetic force—namely, the declination, and the horizontal and vertical intensity."
549:
meeting. The time of 11:20 GMT is good agreement with other reports but the time of 4:00 GMT on 2 September 1859 for the commencement of the magnetic storm is an hour earlier than reported by
Stewart.
1040:
638:
and the magnetic disturbance that was recorded at the same time were in fact connected. The magnetic phenomena that occurred at about 11:18 GMT on 1 September 1859 are now known as a
417:
222:, in Ireland, on 19 December 1887. He was the author of several successful science textbooks, and also of the article on "Terrestrial Magnetism" in the ninth edition of the
504:
eruption itself did not produce an optical, or "white light", flare like the
Carrington flare and was therefore invisible to the optical telescopes in use at the time.
1758:
1026:
528:
a complete diagram of the disk of the sun at the time, and copies of the photographic records of the variations of the three magnetic elements, as obtained at
1723:
884:
1559:
278:
Radiant heat first claimed his attention, and by 1858 he had completed his first investigations into the subject. These yielded a remarkable extension of
786:
1743:
1611:
868:
572:
which might then be seen on the surface of our luminary, when a remarkable appearance presented itself, which he described in communications to the
852:
1728:
649:(SFE) or a Magnetic Crochet, but the connection would not be proven for another 80 years. The SFE is a sudden ionosphere disturbances caused by
1733:
244:), the son of William Stewart a tea merchant, and his wife, Jane Clouston. His father was involved in business in Great Britain and Australia.
1636:
1049:
1000:
849:
An account of the construction of the self-recording magnetographs at present in operation at the Kew
Observatory of the British Association.
311:
He was the author of several successful textbooks of science, and also of the article on "Terrestrial
Magnetism" in the ninth edition of the
1753:
421:
791:
938:
837:
On the Great
Magnetic Disturbance Which Extended from 28 August to 7 September 1859, as Recorded by Photography at the Kew Observatory
1713:
552:
Stewart also reported on a smaller magnetic disturbance that occurred at the same time as the white light solar flare observed by
822:
On the Great Magnetic Disturbance of 28 August to 7 September 1859, as Recorded by Photography at the Kew Observatory. (Abstract)
323:, at first published anonymously, which was intended to combat the common notion of the incompatibility of science and religion.
1748:
1738:
1395:
610:
Greenwich mean time, on September 1, 1859, affecting all the elements simultaneously, and commencing quite abruptly.
1718:
1703:
642:
443:
301:
215:
164:
1258:
912:
425:
881:
362:
809:
635:
591:
565:
553:
541:
521:
512:
500:
327:
839:
by Balfour Stewart, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 151, (1861), pp. 423–430
279:
1708:
1221:
992:
906:
1216:
674:
earlier than the first storm's onset and could be as much as 24--48 hours prior to the storm onset time.
1651:
573:
546:
525:
508:
224:
1292:
1113:
1104:
99:
929:
967:
335:
252:
824:
by Balfour Stewart, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 11, (1860–1862), pp. 407–410
256:
102:
1018:
470:
412:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
1575:
1306:
1247:
882:
The 1859 Solar–Terrestrial Disturbance and the Current Limits of Extreme Space Weather Activity
1665:
1327:
1205:
1193:
1175:
1152:
658:
616:
272:
120:
776:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1698:
1693:
1580:
1483:
1322:
1287:
1211:
1199:
1181:
1169:
1146:
963:
460:
disturbances on the evening of 28 August 1859 and the morning of 2 September 1859, at the
8:
1426:
1359:
683:
654:
603:, it is not impossible to suppose that in this case our luminary was taken "in the act".
369:
532:, and pointed out that a moderate but very marked disturbance took place at about 11 20
1455:
1403:
1337:
1297:
1158:
707:
316:
260:
176:
905:
737:
699:
1478:
1367:
1314:
1137:
691:
863:
1677:
1390:
1231:
1129:
1010:
924:
670:
662:
496:
171:
1590:
1385:
1375:
1343:
1242:
1095:
1078:
977:
888:
848:
646:
587:
529:
461:
297:
211:
160:
1351:
1252:
1236:
1187:
1163:
942:
631:
32:
1687:
1526:
1466:
1332:
795:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 912–913.
782:
777:
623:
596:
465:
290:
286:
207:
203:
130:
424:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
1449:
1417:
1380:
1124:
933:
199:
69:
639:
480:
I now proceed to notice some of the peculiarities of this magnetic storm.
1585:
1279:
1263:
1119:
457:
268:
116:
891:, Solar Physics (2004) 224: 407–422 (2005), E.W. Cliver and L. Svalgaard
864:
Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on 1 September 1859
723:
715:
259:. Following his studies of physics at Edinburgh, he became assistant to
1595:
599:
has proved that a relation subsists between magnetic disturbances and
600:
241:
46:
836:
821:
627:
305:
219:
192:
81:
50:
1141:
1048:
619:(CME) associated with the eruption that caused the solar flare.
569:
488:
341:
326:
A devoted churchman, Stewart was prominently identified with the
150:
275:, and it was to these that Stewart also mainly devoted himself.
650:
304:, and retained that chair until his death, which happened near
248:
218:, and retained that chair until his death, which happened near
495:
The second disturbance resulted from what is now known as the
237:
568:
happened to be observing, by means of a telescope, a large
264:
112:
263:
in 1856. Forbes was especially interested in questions of
191:(1 November 1828 – 19 December 1887) was a
634:, Stewart advanced the theory that the event observed by
606:
This disturbance occurred as nearly as possible at 11 15
464:, and presented his findings in a paper presented to the
377:
373:
717:
Paradoxical Philosophy: A Sequel to the Unseen Universe
236:
Stewart was born on 1 November 1828 at 1 London Row in
581:(Richard Carrington’s paper is then quoted at length.)
1649:
285:
In recognition of this work, he received in 1868 the
476:
Stewart went on the make the following observation.
869:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
734:with W. H. Gee, (volume i, 1885; volume ii, 1887)
665:took 17 hours and 45 minutes to reach the Earth.
1685:
16:Scottish physicist and meteorologist (1828–1887)
1051:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
759:Edinburgh and Leith Post Office Directory 1828
342:The Great Geomagnetic Storms of September 1859
210:in 1868. In 1859 he was appointed director of
1759:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
1034:
1001:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
485:we have two distinct well-marked disturbances
372:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
1724:People educated at the High School of Dundee
916:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
564:On September 1, a little before noon,
1041:
1027:
626:, which established a correlation between
1744:Academics of the University of Manchester
524:exhibited at the November Meeting of the
444:Learn how and when to remove this message
334:, that William James first put forth his
214:. He was elected professor of physics at
781:
985:Professional and academic associations
507:At the 11 November 1859 meeting of the
1729:Alumni of the University of St Andrews
1686:
832:
830:
804:
802:
1734:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1391:Prof. Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster
1022:
540:From this addendum, it is clear that
363:too many or overly lengthy quotations
296:In 1859 he was appointed director of
1479:Prof. Donald Stephen Lowell Cardwell
688:(1866; sixth edition, revised, 1895)
456:Balfour Stewart recorded remarkable
396:
345:
842:
827:
815:
799:
622:By citing the previous research of
308:, in Ireland, on 19 December 1887.
13:
1754:Presidents of the Physical Society
810:The New International Encyclopedia
14:
1770:
921:Works by or about Balfour Stewart
898:
251:. He then studied Physics at the
1671:
1659:
1632:
1631:
1352:Prof. Sir William Lawrence Bragg
913:Dictionary of National Biography
769:
401:
350:
31:
1714:Scottish scholars and academics
1619:Who's Who of Greater Manchester
1328:Prof. Sir Henry Alexander Miers
330:. It was in his 1875 review of
1408:Sir Peter Percy F. R. Venables
1323:Prof. Sir Grafton Elliot Smith
1288:Prof. Sir William Boyd Dawkins
875:
857:
762:
753:
739:An Elementary Treatise on Heat
328:Society for Psychical Research
1:
1344:Rev. Aloysius Laurence Cortie
746:
693:Lessons in Elementary Physics
491:displays already alluded to.
195:physicist and meteorologist.
1749:Fellows of the Royal Society
1739:Scottish non-fiction writers
1446:Anthony Edmund Rivers Goulty
1404:Prof. Sir Geoffrey Jefferson
1376:Prof. Douglas Rayner Hartree
1368:Prof. Reginald William James
1307:Prof. Frederick Ernest Weiss
1222:Robert Dukinfield Darbishire
993:Robert Dukinfield Darbishire
732:Lessons in Practical Physics
426:Knowledge's inclusion policy
198:His studies in the field of
7:
1217:William Crawford Williamson
728:(1875; ninth edition, 1900)
685:Elementary Treatise on Heat
677:
499:, a large solar flare that
10:
1775:
1527:Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick
1523:Prof. Kenneth M. Letherman
1467:Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick
1450:Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson
1418:Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson
1396:Dr Eric John Francis James
851:by Balfour Stewart, 1859;
725:The Conservation of Energy
574:Royal Astronomical Society
547:Royal Astronomical Society
509:Royal Astronomical Society
1719:British parapsychologists
1704:Scientists from Edinburgh
1627:
1604:
1568:
1549:
1498:
1488:Prof. Alexander Donnachie
1381:Prof. Herbert John Fleure
1360:Prof. Bernard Mouat Jones
1315:Prof. Sydney John Hickson
1272:
1243:Prof. Sir Arthur Schuster
1088:
1065:
1058:
1007:
997:
989:
984:
974:
961:
955:
950:
939:Papers by Balfour Stewart
872:, Vol. 20, pp. 13–15
645:24 September 2015 at the
590:a day or two afterwards,
302:Owens College, Manchester
231:
216:Owens College, Manchester
202:led to him receiving the
182:
170:
165:Owens College, Manchester
156:
146:
139:
126:
108:
100:University of St. Andrews
95:
87:
77:
57:
39:
30:
23:
1356:Charles Edmond Stromeyer
1338:Prof. Harold Baily Dixon
1298:Prof. Harold Baily Dixon
1293:Sir William Henry Bailey
1212:Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe
968:University of Manchester
930:Works by Balfour Stewart
907:"Stewart, Balfour"
370:summarize the quotations
336:Will to Believe Doctrine
253:University of St Andrews
68:Ballymagarvey, Balrath,
1613:Memoirs and Proceedings
1484:Dr Edward Fletcher Cass
1443:Dr Edward Noah Abrahart
1253:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
1237:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
1188:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
1164:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
792:Encyclopædia Britannica
595:coincidence; but since
313:Encyclopædia Britannica
257:University of Edinburgh
225:Encyclopædia Britannica
103:University of Edinburgh
1463:Dr Lionel J. R. Postle
1437:Dr George N. Burkhardt
887:11 August 2011 at the
612:
538:
493:
315:. In conjunction with
1472:Dr Brian S. H. Rarity
1440:Dr George James Kynch
1386:Prof. Michael Polanyi
1280:Prof. Sir Horace Lamb
1264:Prof. Sir Horace Lamb
1206:Edward William Binney
1194:Edward William Binney
1176:Edward William Binney
1159:Dr Robert Angus Smith
1153:Edward William Binney
1138:Sir William Fairbairn
617:coronal mass ejection
558:
518:
478:
273:terrestrial magnetism
121:Terrestrial Magnetism
1431:Horace Hayhurst (II)
1372:Robert Henry Clayton
1333:Thomas Alfred Coward
1200:James Prescott Joule
1182:James Prescott Joule
1170:James Prescott Joule
1147:James Prescott Joule
964:Langworthy Professor
866:; Carrington, R.C.;
661:associated with the
317:Professor P. G. Tait
1709:Scottish physicists
1556:Honorary Membership
1427:Margaret Pilkington
1400:Horace Hayhurst (I)
1259:James Cosmo Melvill
709:The Unseen Universe
655:Extreme ultraviolet
566:Mr. R.C. Carrington
332:The Unseen Universe
321:The Unseen Universe
247:He was educated at
1535:Dr Susan R. Hilton
1532:Dr Diana M. Leitch
1520:David J. Higginson
1517:Mary, Lady Mallick
1514:Vivienne Blackburn
1508:Angus G. D. Yeaman
1456:Harry M. Fairhurst
1348:Herbert Levinstein
1096:Dr Thomas Percival
1079:Dr Thomas Percival
808:Stewart, Balfour.
640:Solar Flare Effect
636:Richard Carrington
554:Richard Carrington
542:Richard Carrington
513:Richard Carrington
501:Richard Carrington
261:James David Forbes
177:James David Forbes
1647:
1646:
1545:
1544:
1505:Iain E. Gillespie
1475:Philip G. Livesey
1311:Francis Nicholson
1017:
1016:
1008:Succeeded by
999:President of the
975:Succeeded by
951:Academic offices
609:
582:
535:
454:
453:
446:
395:
394:
186:
185:
141:Scientific career
1766:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1511:Keith D. Buckley
1232:Osborne Reynolds
1130:Eaton Hodgkinson
1072:Peter Mainwaring
1063:
1062:
1052:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1011:Osborne Reynolds
990:Preceded by
956:Preceded by
948:
947:
925:Internet Archive
917:
909:
892:
879:
873:
861:
855:
846:
840:
834:
825:
819:
813:
812:(1905), vol. 18.
806:
797:
796:
787:Stewart, Balfour
775:
773:
772:
766:
760:
757:
671:Carrington Event
663:Carrington Event
607:
580:
533:
497:Carrington Event
483:It appears that
449:
442:
438:
435:
429:
405:
404:
397:
390:
387:
381:
354:
353:
346:
172:Doctoral advisor
135:
64:
61:19 December 1887
35:
21:
20:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1623:
1600:
1564:
1541:
1494:
1460:David G. Wilson
1319:William Thomson
1268:
1227:Balfour Stewart
1125:Dr Edward Holme
1084:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1013:
1004:
995:
980:
978:Arthur Schuster
971:
959:
904:
901:
896:
895:
889:Wayback Machine
880:
876:
862:
858:
847:
843:
835:
828:
820:
816:
807:
800:
785:, ed. (1911). "
770:
768:
767:
763:
758:
754:
749:
680:
647:Wayback Machine
632:magnetic storms
588:Kew Observatory
482:
481:
462:Kew Observatory
450:
439:
433:
430:
416:Please help by
415:
406:
402:
391:
385:
382:
376:or excerpts to
367:
355:
351:
344:
298:Kew Observatory
234:
212:Kew Observatory
189:Balfour Stewart
161:Kew Observatory
133:
96:Alma mater
73:
66:
62:
53:
44:
43:1 November 1828
26:
25:Balfour Stewart
17:
12:
11:
5:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1666:United Kingdom
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1284:Charles Bailey
1282:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1006:
996:
991:
987:
986:
982:
981:
976:
973:
960:
957:
953:
952:
946:
945:
943:Google Scholar
936:
927:
918:
900:
899:External links
897:
894:
893:
874:
856:
841:
826:
814:
798:
783:Chisholm, Hugh
761:
751:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
735:
729:
721:
713:
705:
697:
689:
679:
676:
597:General Sabine
592:Mr. Carrington
586:On calling at
522:Mr. Carrington
452:
451:
409:
407:
400:
393:
392:
358:
356:
349:
343:
340:
280:Pierre Prévost
233:
230:
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
137:
136:
128:
124:
123:
110:
109:Known for
106:
105:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
67:
65:(aged 59)
59:
55:
54:
45:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1771:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1640:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:Dianne Wilson
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1434:Brian Rodgers
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:Leonard Cohen
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:Francis Jones
1302:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1101:George Walker
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1012:
1003:
1002:
994:
988:
983:
979:
970:
969:
965:
954:
949:
944:
940:
937:
935:
931:
928:
926:
922:
919:
915:
914:
908:
903:
902:
890:
886:
883:
878:
871:
870:
865:
860:
854:
850:
845:
838:
833:
831:
823:
818:
811:
805:
803:
794:
793:
788:
784:
779:
778:public domain
765:
756:
752:
741:
740:
736:
733:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
710:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
686:
682:
681:
675:
672:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:Edward Sabine
620:
618:
611:
604:
602:
598:
593:
589:
584:
583:
577:
575:
571:
567:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
537:
531:
527:
523:
517:
514:
510:
505:
502:
498:
492:
490:
486:
477:
474:
472:
471:magnetographs
467:
466:Royal Society
463:
459:
448:
445:
437:
427:
423:
419:
413:
410:This article
408:
399:
398:
389:
379:
375:
371:
365:
364:
359:This section
357:
348:
347:
339:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
291:Royal Society
288:
287:Rumford Medal
283:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
229:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:Royal Society
205:
204:Rumford Medal
201:
196:
194:
190:
181:
178:
175:
173:
169:
166:
162:
159:
155:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
132:
131:Rumford Medal
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
71:
60:
56:
52:
48:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1618:
1612:
1605:Publications
1560:Dalton Medal
1499:21st Century
1411:Dr F. C. Toy
1273:20th Century
1226:
1114:Thomas Henry
1110:Dr John Hull
1105:Thomas Henry
1089:19th Century
1075:James Massey
1066:18th Century
998:
962:
934:Google Books
911:
877:
867:
859:
844:
817:
790:
764:
755:
738:
731:
724:
716:
708:
704:(1872, 1884)
700:
696:(1871, 1886)
692:
684:
667:
621:
613:
605:
585:
579:
578:
563:
559:
551:
539:
519:
506:
494:
484:
479:
475:
455:
440:
431:
418:spinning off
411:
383:
368:Please help
360:
331:
325:
320:
312:
310:
295:
284:
277:
246:
235:
223:
200:radiant heat
197:
188:
187:
157:Institutions
140:
70:County Meath
63:(1887-12-19)
18:
1699:1887 deaths
1694:1828 births
1538:Ian Cameron
1414:C. E. Young
1248:Henry Wilde
1120:John Dalton
458:geomagnetic
269:meteorology
117:Meteorology
88:Citizenship
78:Nationality
1688:Categories
1596:Manchester
1364:John Allan
1134:John Moore
1059:Presidents
747:References
434:April 2011
422:relocating
378:Wikisource
255:, and the
240:(north of
1678:Biography
601:sun spots
386:June 2009
374:Wikiquote
361:contains
319:he wrote
242:Edinburgh
72:, Ireland
47:Edinburgh
1638:Category
1591:Percival
1569:Lectures
1005:1887–88
972:1874–87
958:Creation
885:Archived
853:PDF Copy
678:Writings
643:Archived
628:sunspots
306:Drogheda
220:Drogheda
193:Scottish
119:, &
82:Scottish
51:Scotland
1652:Portals
966:at the
923:at the
780::
701:Physics
526:Society
489:auroral
289:of the
206:of the
151:Physics
91:British
1586:Dalton
1550:Awards
774:
742:(1888)
720:(1878)
712:(1875)
651:X-rays
271:, and
249:Dundee
232:Career
147:Fields
134:(1868)
127:Awards
1581:Joule
1576:Wilde
1239:(III)
1196:(III)
1184:(III)
238:Leith
1529:(II)
1452:(II)
1340:(II)
1255:(IV)
1208:(IV)
1202:(IV)
1190:(II)
1178:(II)
1172:(II)
1116:(II)
1098:(II)
653:and
630:and
608:A.M.
570:spot
265:heat
113:Heat
58:Died
40:Born
1469:(I)
1420:(I)
1300:(I)
1166:(I)
1155:(I)
1149:(I)
1107:(I)
1081:(I)
941:at
932:at
789:".
659:CME
534:A.M
530:Kew
420:or
1690::
1142:Bt
1140:,
910:.
829:^
801:^
576:.
556::
511:,
338:.
267:,
228:.
163:,
115:,
49:,
1654::
1042:e
1035:t
1028:v
520:(
447:)
441:(
436:)
432:(
428:.
414:.
388:)
384:(
380:.
366:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
