44:
91:
71:
293:, Shela, and other Swahili towns were flourishing. According to a Bajuni legend, the Bajuni and Portuguese came on this stretch of the coast at the same time, in the sixteenth century, however they disagree on who arrived first. Many settled around the northern Kenya coast and offshore islands, where they discovered Lamu Archipelago residents living in cities with
415:
The Bajuni have a treasure of songs and poetry. Aside from the well-known mashairi and t'endi from the rest of the
Swahili coast, there are also vave and randa, farmer songs, and kimayi, a fisherfolk song. All of these, as well as lengthy oral traditions known to the majority of the community's elder
351:
Since the Somali incursions of the 1960s, most Kenyan Bajuni, except those who have gone upcountry or elsewhere along the coast – to
Malindi, Mombasa, or Tanzania – have lived on the northern off shore islands, particularly Pate Island, where Bajuni settlements such as Kidhingichini thrive. The 1978
312:
invasion of the sixteenth century, and modern archaeology can not distinguish Bajuni from other
Swahili ruins. Along the whole coastline, Bajuni culture and language were and still are relatively consistent, thanks to continual mobility of people between communities and a common way of life centered
372:
The Kenya
National Assembly Official Record (Hansard) contains several records of land ownership and rights discussions. One official record, dated Jun 24 – Jul 30 1971 documents a discussion of traditionally Bajuni lands (Lamu, Kenya) and dissenting opinions as to ownership. In the official record
269:
When a child is born, it is held up by the father, a friend, or a teacher, who recites the traditional call of prayer into its ear. From the moment of birth, the child is instructed in the basic teachings of Islam. Men are the working breadwinners. A woman's place among the Bajuni is usually within
419:
The Watamu Bajuni call themselves waungwana, meaning freeborn. Any slave ancestry has largely been forgotten, and other communities accept Bajuni claims of freeborn status. Although the Bajuni retain ties to the villages from where they relocated to Watamu, movement allows for the re-definition of
355:
Prior to the 1960s, the bulk of Bajuni lived on the mainland coast. Somali attacks led many people to migrate to the outlying islands, a migratory trend that appears to have been a characteristic of Bajuni life for several centuries. Although very few people were killed, the continuous razing of
376:
With the downfall of the Somali government in 1991, Bajuni people experienced abandonment by both the
Somalia and Kenyan governments. The Bajuni refer to this period as "The Troubles". This marginalization led Chairman of the Bajuni, Mohamed Ismail Barkale to petition Africa's Intergovernmental
336:
of both the Orma and the Somali is strong, and some elders speak with equal venom about the Orma and the Somali, as if the events of the sixteenth century were only yesterday. Prior to the arrival of the Orma, the Bajuni were forced to move south from
Somalia to Kenya, or to the Somali offshore
364:
Initially, Bajuni was given positions in the nascent hotel industry in Watumu. Wage labor, on the other hand, is a source of income that many
Swahili equate with slavery, and most immediately quit or were fired. Few Bajuni now work at the five major international tourist hotels in or near
424:
are treated and behave as a servant class. Intermarriage between Bajuni and
Giriama, on the other hand, undermines the master-servant relationship. Such encounters are typically facilitated by Giriama, refers to as "intermediary Swahili," or people who seek to become Swahili through the
360:
of animals, burning of crops, and general terror campaign discouraged mainland Bajuni to the point where they evacuated en masse, either to the islands or further away. Self-defense was difficult because, despite the Bajuni's developed competence with rifles for hunting, the post-independence
416:
male members, typically refer to events that occurred around and before the Orma advance. Because oral recollections of events before the sixteenth century, whether official or impromptu, accord in basic outline but differ in detail, what follows is a recap of the areas of agreement.
461:
361:
authorities confiscated their weapons. Prior to the shifta conflicts, there were roughly a dozen villages between
Mkokotoni and Kiunga, with several hundred inhabitants on average; as of 1978, just four villages exist, with a total population of 1,000.
270:
the home. She customarily leaves the house only to visit or to go to the market. Her visiting is done late in the afternoon when the housework is finished and the children are playing. The husbands like to gather at a men's meeting place or the mosque.
411:
The term homa, which means fever or high temperature, is derived directly from Arabic. However, many Bajuni use the term baridi or cold to refer to both the homa of standard
Swahili and any sickness. As a result, someone suffering with baridi is sick.
262:, their lives revolve around the mosque and daily prayers. In the course of saying five prayers a day, they also wash at least five times. Every Muslim parent insists on giving his child the basic Islamic education. A Muslim judge, or
400:. Kibajuni is only spoken by the Bajuni people and is an important indicator of their ethnicity. This is essential because the ethnicity of the Bajuni defines their social standing in the Somali
341:(as many as grains of earth). Prior to the Orma invasion, the main Bajuni homeland and the majority of the inhabitants were in southern Somalia; after that, it relocated south to Kenya.
352:
Bajuni population on the northern shore was around 15,000, with prior estimates inflated by an official decision requiring everyone living on the northern coast to register as Bajuni.
348:
was a small, minor community until the 1960s. Many Bajuni resettled in Watamu after being forced to abandon mainland settlements by criminals operating near the Somali border.
404:
clan structure. As the Bajuni are not considered 'real' (i.e. ethnically integrated) Somalis, they are the least empowered of the Somali clans, and are often disregarded or
344:
Despite the fact that additional Swahili settlers arrived from the north and Bajuni fishermen had traditionally used the Kenyan coast as a seasonal fishing ground,
313:
on the twin poles of fishing and cultivation. Bajuni, like all other Swahili, sailed far and wide, reaching the entire Swahili territory from Somalia to Kenya and
1401:
1068:
377:
Authority on Development for the lawful rights of the Bajuni people in December 2003. Barkale was made a delegate to the 2003 Somali peace talks.
247:
ancestry. Bajuni clan names are of two kinds, one of Bantu origin while the others are southern Somali in origin, and one clan is even called the
987:
717:
1554:
332:
The Orma encroachments of the 16th century, like the Somali attacks of the 1960s, marked a major watershed in Bajuni fortunes: Bajuni
1000:
777:
1394:
373:
of May 28 – Jul 4 1974, there were questions regarding what government actually had jurisdiction over the Bajuni tribal lands.
436:, a Swahili blanket wrapped around the waist like a shirt, and rubber thongs on their feet. Bajun ladies wear discrete black
1559:
961:
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Watamu. As tourism grew in popularity, the Bajuni fishermen's maritime industry was put under strain. The establishment of a
440:
that reveal just their eyes to the outside world. A woman would traditionally wear a ring through the center of her nose, a
1061:
444:
disk through one pierced nostril, and numerous earrings through the tops of her ears. These are now considered outmoded.
1549:
1387:
586:
Theory and description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics
308:
in the south. It is possible that there were Bajuni villages further south, but if so, they were washed away by the
611:
462:"2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics"
289:
on their own. Bajuni traditions confirm recorded accounts from Lamu and Pate that by the sixteenth century, Lamu,
1544:
1054:
1410:
1034:[War-1-3, December, Mbagathi, Nairobi. Community Baajuun in dagaalantey to] (in Somali). December 2003
1077:
1088:
798:
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to the 1960s appears to have been pretty steady. Bajuni communities extended from Mogadishu to the
1335:
1327:
1046:
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324:) gained its freedom from colonial governance. Kenya gained its independence in December 1963.
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1358:
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893:
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637:
240:
485:
294:
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The Bajuni are traditionally fishermen and sailors. Some also pursue other trades such as
8:
1350:
1282:
1176:
1379:
890:
742:
Beckerleg, Susan (1994). "Medical Pluralism and Islam in Swahili Communities in Kenya".
1011:
878:
759:
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from the mainland. They additionally trace their ancestry from later arrivals such as
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The population's members trace their origins to diverse groups; primarily coastal
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ethnicity and rank. "Slaves" (wachumwa) are now considered outsiders, and local
297:. This continued until the 1960s, allowing for a steady ebb and flow of people.
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1032:"War-1-3, December,Mbagathi,Nairobi. Beesha Baajuun oo ku dagaalantey in lagu"
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856:"Re-locating the Ethnographic Field: From 'Being There' to 'Being There'"
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who have migrated there from other regions of Somalia. Some also have
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The Bajuni people collectively refer to themselves and are known as
258:
The Bajuni follow the laws of Islam to conduct their affairs. Being
1523:
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in Kenya. Many relocated from Somalia to Kenya due to war with the
144:
697:"Somalia – Trusteeship and Protectorate: The Road to Independence"
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357:
205:
181:
177:
148:
96:
20:
1439:
952:
Nurse, Derek; Hinnebusch, Thomas J.; Philipson, Gérard (1993).
613:
Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon
345:
1475:
1434:
1424:
669:
Nurse, Derek (January 1980). "Bajun Historical Linguistics".
433:
252:
248:
228:
201:
128:
76:
53:
266:, handles the criminal and civil disputes of the community.
441:
437:
263:
49:
1409:
972:"Trusteeship and Protectorate: The Road to Independence"
951:
1001:"Bajuni: people, society, geography, history, language"
778:"The Kenya National Assembly Official Record (Hansard)"
176:
of Somalia and coastal areas between the port city of
200:
in the Somali Sea. Many also traditionally reside in
188:, who drove them out from their ancestral territory.
337:
islands, or were slaughtered. The Orma are known as
285:
As a result, several Bajuni made their way into the
1371:Population and Housing Census - Ethnic Affiliation
911:
327:
583:Clem, Emily; Jenks, Peter; Sande, Hannah (2019).
369:restricted fishing rights in specific locations.
1536:
854:Craith, Máiréad Nic; Hill, Emma (1 March 2015).
737:
735:
733:
731:
196:The Bajuni people group principally inhabit the
408:against by many members of other Somali clans.
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863:Anthropological Journal of European Cultures
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988:"Dec. 12, 1963 | Kenya Gains Independence"
853:
718:"Dec. 12, 1963 | Kenya Gains Independence"
909:
741:
651:
562:. Norwegian Refugee Council. p. 52.
544:
542:
540:
454:
87:
954:Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History
525:
507:
505:
503:
589:. Language Science Press. p. 662.
380:
172:ethnic group who live primarily in the
67:
1537:
560:Land, Property, and Housing in Somalia
557:
537:
1411:Ethnic and national groups in Somalia
1383:
1050:
998:
668:
609:
500:
813:"Derek Nurse | Bajuni Database"
62:Regions with significant populations
486:"Interactive language map: Somalia"
466:Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
13:
956:. University of California Press.
910:Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001).
208:and other towns in that country's
14:
1581:
1555:Somalian people of Bajuni descent
1010:. Open Publishing. Archived from
834:"Somalitalk.com Online Community"
89:
69:
42:
847:
826:
805:
710:
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328:Displacement and discrimination
914:Culture and customs of Somalia
744:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
630:
603:
576:
551:
1:
933:Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2007).
836:. Somaliatalk.com. 2003-12-04
756:10.1525/maq.1994.8.3.02a00030
610:Allen, James De Vere (1993).
447:
251:. The Katwa clan are also of
1560:Muslim communities in Africa
815:. Faculty.mun.ca. 2013-06-07
7:
935:Kenya: Identity of a Nation
191:
10:
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974:. U.S. Library of Congress
616:. J. Currey. p. 107.
280:
18:
1468:
1417:
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1200:
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699:. Countrystudies.us. 1971
339:mwingi kama ntanga wa ifi
139:
134:
127:
122:
111:
106:
86:
66:
61:
41:
34:
1550:Ethnic groups in Somalia
875:10.3167/ajec.2015.240104
558:Norton, Gregory (2008).
19:Not to be confused with
320:By 1960, Somalia (then
1545:Ethnic groups in Kenya
1081:(by linguistic origin)
1078:Ethnic groups in Kenya
793:Cite journal requires
671:Kenya Past and Present
425:adoption of Islam and
165:
999:Nurse, Derek (2011).
683:10520/AJA02578301_323
135:Related ethnic groups
992:The Learning Network
937:. New Africa Press.
722:The Learning Network
381:Language and culture
367:Marine National Park
300:The period from the
1008:Memorial University
994:. 12 December 2011.
724:. 12 December 2011.
548:Mwakikagile, p.102.
393:, a dialect of the
317:, and even beyond.
31:
1017:on 19 January 2019
780:. July 1974: 1118.
322:Italian Somaliland
295:coral-built houses
219:peoples along the
29:
16:Bantu ethnic group
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963:978-0-520-09775-9
944:978-0-9802587-9-0
925:978-0-313-31333-2
638:"Swahili, Bajuni"
623:978-0-85255-075-5
596:978-3-96110-205-1
569:978-92-1-132039-8
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534:Abdullahi, p.11.
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432:Bajuni men wear
398:Swahili language
287:Lamu Archipelago
180:and the city of
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795:|journal=
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750:(3): 299–313.
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488:. Clear Global
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329:
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210:Coast Province
198:Bajuni Islands
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174:Bajuni Islands
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1570:Bantu peoples
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918:. Greenwood.
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1202:Nilo-Saharan
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1012:the original
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26:Ethnic group
1418:Traditional
1270:Afroasiatic
1089:Niger–Congo
402:patrilineal
356:dwellings,
1539:Categories
1491:Ethiopians
1038:23 October
1021:23 October
978:23 October
898:1700651462
891:A415960538
840:2015-11-12
819:2015-11-12
703:2015-11-12
644:2015-11-12
518:2023-03-16
471:2020-03-24
448:References
334:resentment
306:Tana River
245:Indonesian
48:Bajuni in
1494:(various)
1481:Al-Akhdam
1469:Immigrant
1455:Benadiris
1450:Bravanese
1445:Rahanweyn
1288:Daasanach
1167:Mijikenda
275:metalwork
149:Comorians
107:Languages
1524:Ugandans
1499:Italians
1369:Source:
1359:European
1351:European
1308:Rendille
1225:Kalenjin
894:ProQuest
883:26355934
513:"Bajuni"
391:Kibajuni
387:Wabajuni
315:Tanzania
255:origin.
233:Persians
192:Overview
168:) are a
166:Wabajuni
145:Benadiri
123:Religion
113:Kibajuni
36:Wabajuni
1514:Swahili
1460:Bajunis
1336:Chinese
1293:El Molo
1260:Turkana
1230:Samburu
1182:Swahili
1122:Giriama
422:Giriama
358:robbery
281:History
237:Somalis
225:Somalis
206:Mombasa
182:Mombasa
178:Kismayo
162:Swahili
141:Swahili
117:Swahili
97:Somalia
21:Badgini
1504:Mehris
1486:Bantus
1440:Hawiye
1341:Indian
1313:Somali
1245:Maasai
1215:Ateker
1210:Ariaal
1192:Taveta
1172:Pokomo
1157:Mbeere
1137:Kikuyu
1127:Jibana
1107:Chonyi
1102:Bajuni
1097:Agumba
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346:Watamu
235:, and
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30:Bajuni
1519:Turks
1476:Arabs
1435:Darod
1425:Isaaq
1328:Asian
1318:Yaaku
1298:Gabra
1278:Aweer
1250:Okiek
1220:Camus
1187:Taita
1152:Luhya
1147:Kuria
1142:Kisii
1132:Kamba
1015:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
879:JSTOR
859:(PDF)
760:JSTOR
438:veils
434:kikoy
395:Bantu
264:kadhi
253:Garre
249:Garre
241:Malay
229:Arabs
217:Bantu
202:Kenya
170:Bantu
129:Islam
102:7,028
77:Kenya
54:Kenya
1303:Orma
1255:Teso
1235:Kore
1177:Suba
1162:Meru
1117:Embu
1112:Digo
1040:2015
1023:2015
980:2015
958:ISBN
939:ISBN
920:ISBN
887:Gale
799:help
618:ISBN
591:ISBN
564:ISBN
494:2024
442:gold
310:Orma
291:Pate
243:and
223:and
186:Orma
156:The
147:and
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1430:Dir
1240:Luo
871:doi
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