3884:
3722:
728:, a fuel used in Russian rocket engines, is highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rains and cancers in the local population, near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology "Kazmechanobr", notes: "Scientists have established the extreme character of the destructive influence of the "Baikonur" space center on environment and population of the region: 11 000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic UDMH is still laying on the falling grounds". Scrap recovery is part of the local economy.
344:
603:, the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away. Additionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is advantageous to place space launch sites closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed in such areas. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the
311:
377:
74:
801:
964:
4091:
384:
351:
318:
175:
4119:
6279:
696:
3972:
560:
4077:
4105:
3930:
187:
1083:
1067:
1035:
1099:
1051:
1019:
1003:
987:
1115:
971:
3693:
multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy
Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia.
896:
On 7 March 2023, the Kazakh government seized control of the
Baiterek launch complex, one of the launch sites at Baikonur Cosmodrome, banning numerous Russian officials from leaving the country and preventing the liquidation of assets by Roscosmos. One of the reasons for the seizure was due to Russia
3916:
system. An additional benefit will be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side will be US$ 223 million over 19 years. As of 2010, the project
716:
were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the
Baikonur cosmodrome. Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died
3692:
and incomplete orbiters or segments of the
Energia core stage. After arrival on one of the transport aircraft, an orbiter was loaded onto a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254. A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large
637:, the first NASA astronauts were allowed to tour the cosmodrome. Upon their return to the United States, the crews commented that on their evening flight to Moscow they had seen lights on launch pads and related complexes for more than 15 minutes, and according to astronaut
3983:
Baikonur's museum holds many objects related to
Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule.
3847:
Although
Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled
893:) to modernize it for the slightly larger Soyuz-2 rocket. In 2023, it was announced that the Russian and Kazakhstan authorities plan to deactivate the site as a space launch pad and turn it into a museum (in part for tourism purposes).
3967:
The museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from
Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the
3704:). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the
546:, who piloted Vostok 1 and became the first human in outer space. Under the current Russian management, Baikonur remains a busy spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually.
3917:
was stalling due to insufficient funding. It was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it will allow both parties – Russia and
Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the
3680:). It features one runway, called 06/24, which is 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) long and 84 metres (276 ft) wide, paved with "Grade 600" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway were two special
3895:
On 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the "Russia–Kazakhstan
Baiterek JV" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50% stake. The goal of the project is the construction of the
607:. The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects undertaken by the
4877:
4671:
3792:, serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from
859:(ISS), as it is the only spaceport from which Russian missions to the ISS are launched. It is primarily the border's position (but to a lesser extent Baikonur's position at about the
4759:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
4960:
889:
rocket with a planned first launch in 2023. The final launch from
Gagarin's Start took place 25 September 2019. Gagarin's Start failed to receive funding (in part due to
4019:
spacecraft and eliminating several high-value targets at the launch complex. It was Also featured in its Multiplayer Map "Launch", as well as the Zombies map "Ascension"
7959:
5249:
5826:
3952:. Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artefacts. A restored test article from the Soviet
7934:
5310:
7735:
3960:, which flew a single orbital test mission in 1988, was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002. For a complete list of surviving Buran vehicles and artefacts, see
4785:
5786:
4808:
863:) that led to the 51.6° orbital inclination of the ISS; the lowest inclination that can be reached by Soyuz boosters launched from Baikonur without flying over
611:. A supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools, and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named
3642:– Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the
4697:
897:
failing to pay a $ 29.7 million debt to the Kazakh government. The seizure comes after Russia's relations with Kazakhstan became tense due to its ongoing
7954:
4204:
4234:
5074:. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. Berlin ; New York : Chichester, UK: Springer ; Published in association with Praxis Pub.
7519:
6905:
4477:
3864:
until the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities.
828:
for Baikonur, but agreed to a US$ 115 million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension. On 8 June 2005, the
717:
from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near
7969:
5623:"Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer" – Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the "Heroes of the Fatherland"
5211:
4846:
844:
per year – is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries. In an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia built the
596:
7227:
6814:
6193:
5455:
4869:
4903:
5819:
7201:
5189:
4661:
3768:
on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special
7312:
3776:, the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to
4571:
3665:. After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that
3549:
3516:
3483:
3450:
3417:
3384:
3279:
3246:
3213:
3180:
3147:
3081:
3048:
3015:
2982:
2949:
2842:
2809:
2743:
2710:
2677:
2644:
2611:
2512:
2479:
2446:
2413:
2380:
2314:
2149:
2116:
1951:
1918:
1692:
4755:
4524:
4320:
4809:"Mission Control Answers Your Questions: Why is the space station in a 51.6° inclined orbit instead of something less or something more?"
5046:
4410:
7949:
7074:
376:
5155:
5016:
343:
7924:
6871:
5812:
3871:, said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008, an
3589:
3351:
3315:
3114:
2916:
2883:
2776:
2578:
2545:
2347:
2277:
2241:
2193:
2083:
2050:
2017:
1984:
1885:
1849:
1805:
1765:
1725:
1659:
1620:
1587:
1542:
1509:
1476:
1443:
1406:
1370:
1322:
1282:
1246:
1206:
1162:
511:(CIS), but ratified an agreement with Kazakhstan in 2005 that allowed it to lease the spaceport until 2050. It is jointly managed by
4999:
4612:
4175:
724:
Scientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population.
253:
7939:
7705:
5284:
4929:
310:
5759:
5133:
5103:
4264:
4956:
595:. NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by General
7418:
5241:
4975:
4546:
7057:
5712:
5663:
5347:
5079:
4404:
3883:
7944:
4719:
4638:
3672:
Site 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the
657:
to a place about 320 kilometres (200 mi) northeast of the launch center, the small mining town and railway station of
17:
5306:
7514:
7025:
6990:
6915:
6186:
952:
is dropped directly on the ground in the Russian far east where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population.
7856:
7685:
7642:
7363:
7214:
7137:
7064:
5407:
4781:
821:
588:
523:
508:
7829:
7800:
4816:
7893:
7753:
7552:
7206:
6900:
5649:
5639:
5628:
5618:
5594:
5580:
5567:
5550:
526:
issued a decree and founded the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was originally built as the chief base of operations for the
418:
7257:
6957:
5377:
4360:
5430:
7790:
7759:
7423:
7045:
7035:
7030:
6920:
6829:
3734:
885:
hosted three crewed launches, in March, July and September, before being shut down for modernisation for the new
817:
5707:"I look back and have no regrets. " - Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher "New format" Barnaul, 2022.
4693:
7780:
6179:
3940:
The Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of the rocket engineer
1130:
963:
587:) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first
7740:
6866:
4316:
4200:
3666:
507:, has retained control over the facility since 1991; it originally assumed this role through the post-Soviet
4287:
4226:
3921:
is commissioned. The first scheduled launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex is scheduled for 2025.
3696:
Site 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the
7919:
6406:
6160:
6124:
6067:
5971:
5965:
4499:
3897:
3861:
3643:
3639:
3579:
3345:
3309:
2271:
2223:
2179:
1121:
1089:
1073:
1041:
829:
712:
researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the
246:
4433:
585:
5-й Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Полигон, Pyatyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Ispytatel'nyy Poligon
445:
7690:
7616:
7487:
7372:
6893:
6466:
5918:
5911:
5869:
5863:
5857:
3697:
1879:
1835:
1795:
1755:
1400:
1352:
1312:
1276:
1236:
1192:
1105:
1057:
1025:
1009:
993:
898:
890:
856:
658:
154:
5219:
4838:
440:
7462:
7457:
7069:
7040:
3987:
In 2021, the Baikonur space complex was named as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in Kazakhstan.
3721:
3669:
was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002.
3661:). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the
7547:
874:
in 2011, Baikonur became the sole launch site used for crewed missions to the ISS until the launch of
487:, some 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level, it is 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the east of the
7862:
7695:
7428:
7403:
7358:
7325:
7232:
6778:
3654:
949:
7339:
4782:"Kazcosmos chief Talgat Musabaev: Baikonur is Still the Core of Kazakh-Russian Cooperation in Space"
435:
7898:
7610:
7294:
7252:
7188:
7176:
7142:
7087:
6952:
6430:
4031:
The Baikonur Cosmodrome and its surroundings serve as the setting of the 2022 French TV miniseries
3673:
516:
159:
6435:
5181:
3961:
7716:
7700:
7393:
6983:
6794:
6474:
6370:
5511:
4007:
840:
extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price—which remained fixed at
4575:
820:
in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the
7542:
7276:
7147:
6528:
6298:
6293:
6245:
5777:
5486:
4516:
4312:
4061:
3979:
satellite test model is shown at the Baikonur Cosmodrome Museum of Space History in Kazakhstan.
3773:
709:
236:
7281:
5555:
7560:
7286:
7112:
6303:
5042:
4493:
4394:
3777:
3709:
3635:, several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters:
3583:
1152:
1144:
938:
922:
871:
4022:
The Baikonur Cosmodrome also serves as the inspiration for a location in the 2014 videogame
630:
found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957.
7850:
7666:
7581:
7388:
7376:
7245:
7095:
6268:
6202:
5681:
5159:
5107:
5020:
4445:
4132:
4024:
3918:
3833:
3701:
3685:
3677:
3658:
845:
753:
527:
5604:
8:
7929:
7872:
7569:
7538:
7474:
7304:
7120:
7100:
6558:
6534:
6260:
6255:
4996:
4666:
4590:
4167:
4142:
4137:
4096:
1156:
860:
781:
718:
118:
5685:
5272:
4449:
4038:
The Baikonur Cosmodrome, the city of Baikonur, and the surrounding areas (including the
7661:
6976:
6928:
6861:
6665:
6511:
6440:
5850:
5697:
5129:
4469:
4082:
4047:
3991:
3957:
3933:
3829:
3817:
3765:
3705:
3681:
2235:
1196:
1148:
1140:
977:
942:
882:
875:
805:
653:
was deliberately chosen in 1961 (around the time of Gagarin's flight) to misdirect the
638:
539:
500:
223:
79:
73:
5795:
5599:"Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life" Events and facts –
4607:
4256:
7964:
7433:
7219:
7125:
6888:
6878:
6740:
6585:
6497:
6445:
6414:
6335:
6313:
5708:
5701:
5659:
5645:
5635:
5634:"Rocket and space feat Baikonur" – Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007.
5624:
5614:
5590:
5576:
5563:
5546:
5542:
5449:
5085:
5075:
4741:
4473:
4461:
4400:
4344:
3849:
3821:
3809:
3801:
910:
477:
107:
96:
5693:
5575:"A breakthrough in space" – Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC "Veles", 1994, –
4457:
476:, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian
7795:
7650:
6910:
6773:
6647:
6378:
6357:
6352:
6330:
6171:
5804:
5768:
5754:
5689:
5522:
5502:
4602:
4453:
4054:
3868:
3689:
3684:; PUA-100 was designed to lift Buran orbiters and complete Energia stages onto the
3650:
2231:
681:
634:
616:
580:
430:
62:
7811:
5333:
7823:
7656:
7469:
7438:
6481:
6382:
5600:
5497:
5477:
5402:
Remains of Buran photo with right front windscreen still visible under the debris
5003:
4124:
4012:
3953:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3797:
3725:
A Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to launchpad at Baikonur in 2009.
3632:
3626:
2877:
1581:
926:
800:
600:
48:
4728:
4634:
7805:
7627:
6936:
6600:
6570:
6540:
6340:
5743:
3941:
2187:
2183:
1577:
1240:
934:
777:
757:
713:
4342:
Wilson, Jim (5 August 2000). "Safe Launch For Critical Space Station Module".
7913:
7878:
7680:
7367:
7317:
7160:
6845:
6652:
6606:
5737:
5669:
5559:
5089:
4591:"The impact of the cosmodrome "Baikonur" on the environment and human health"
4465:
4110:
3604:
3591:
3564:
3551:
3531:
3518:
3498:
3485:
3465:
3452:
3432:
3419:
3399:
3386:
3366:
3353:
3330:
3317:
3294:
3281:
3261:
3248:
3228:
3215:
3195:
3182:
3162:
3149:
3129:
3116:
3096:
3083:
3063:
3050:
3030:
3017:
2997:
2984:
2964:
2951:
2931:
2918:
2898:
2885:
2857:
2844:
2824:
2811:
2791:
2778:
2758:
2745:
2725:
2712:
2692:
2679:
2659:
2646:
2626:
2613:
2593:
2580:
2560:
2547:
2527:
2514:
2494:
2481:
2461:
2448:
2428:
2415:
2395:
2382:
2362:
2349:
2329:
2316:
2292:
2279:
2256:
2243:
2208:
2195:
2164:
2151:
2131:
2118:
2098:
2085:
2065:
2052:
2032:
2019:
1999:
1986:
1966:
1953:
1933:
1920:
1900:
1887:
1864:
1851:
1820:
1807:
1780:
1767:
1740:
1727:
1707:
1694:
1674:
1661:
1635:
1622:
1602:
1589:
1557:
1544:
1524:
1511:
1491:
1478:
1458:
1445:
1421:
1408:
1385:
1372:
1337:
1324:
1297:
1284:
1261:
1248:
1221:
1208:
1177:
1164:
825:
809:
674:
604:
484:
268:
255:
5399:
5369:
7769:
7637:
7299:
6564:
6552:
6398:
6250:
5799:
5069:
4662:"In Russia's Space Graveyard, Locals Scavenge Fallen Spacecraft for Profit"
4147:
3949:
3875:
missile was test-fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case.
3769:
1200:
761:
749:
654:
627:
608:
592:
567:
spy plane photograph of R-7 launch pad in Tyuratam, taken on 5 August 1957.
564:
543:
504:
397:
83:
7887:
3649:
Site 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their
7193:
6612:
5733:
4957:"Kazakhstan Impounds Property Of Russian Cosmodrome Operator In Baikonur"
4050:
4043:
3758:
3662:
2227:
849:
773:
666:
4904:"After six decades, 'Gagarin's Start' will meet its end as a launch pad"
4368:
7764:
7589:
7482:
7413:
6804:
6766:
6761:
6238:
5725:
5215:
4003:
3908:
rocket launcher. This will allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to
1364:
914:
837:
744:, on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon,
699:
One of the main gates at Baikonur Cosmodrome spaceport in Kazakhstan.
469:
227:
180:
736:
Many historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational
496:
7240:
7172:
7155:
6999:
6809:
6799:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6720:
6691:
6675:
6217:
6206:
5338:
3976:
3945:
3904:
tree") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian
3730:
1843:
1651:
1437:
1316:
804:
A Soyuz rocket is erected into position at the Baikonur Cosmodrome's
741:
662:
531:
512:
492:
461:
218:
141:
6278:
695:
421:
7834:
7817:
7775:
6824:
6819:
6714:
6670:
6621:
5644:"Unknown Baikonur" – edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001.
5610:
4870:"Russia may soon decommission the world's most historic launch pad"
4039:
3971:
1799:
1759:
1360:
785:
689:
670:
612:
559:
535:
488:
473:
5748:
4011:. In one mission in the campaign, the main character is tasked by
7867:
7745:
7331:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6657:
6627:
6591:
3929:
3901:
3888:
3872:
3789:
3761:
1573:
1356:
930:
886:
5760:"World's Oldest Space Launch Facility: The Baikonur Cosmodrome."
784:, killing over 100 people. Baikonur is also the site from which
7839:
6579:
6546:
6450:
5755:
Baikonur: the town, the cosmodrome, the MetOp-A launch campaign
5586:
4815:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
3793:
2308:
1839:
918:
855:
Baikonur has been a major part of Russia's contribution to the
833:
789:
769:
745:
465:
192:
5672:(2019), "From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome",
5429:
June 2021, Adelya Dauletkyzy in Tourism on 16 (16 June 2021).
4756:"Kazakhstan Finally Ratifies Baikonur Rental Deal With Russia"
3816:), which however are not accessible to the public. The larger
909:
Baikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both
752:
on 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space,
7844:
7622:
7082:
7053:
6968:
6883:
6345:
4517:"The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project"
4057:
4016:
4002:
The Baikonur Cosmodrome was featured prominently in the 2010
2873:
864:
765:
5780:// Baikonur commemorated a test rocket and space technology.
748:, on 2 January 1959; the first crewed and orbital flight by
7564:
7383:
7107:
5726:
historical note (in Russian) and historical pictures (2002)
5655:
4897:
4895:
4520:
868:
737:
725:
5218:
State Research and Production Space Center. Archived from
3688:
carrier aircraft and the smaller PKU-50 was used with the
289:
6422:
6365:
5343:
5307:"Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex set to launch in 2025"
5778:
The official website of the city administration Baikonur
4976:"Kazakhstan Seizes Russia's Launch Facility at Baikonur"
4930:"Kazakhstan Seizes Russian Assets At Baikonur Spaceport"
4892:
756:, in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, including
82:" launchpad on 10 October 2008, prior to the rollout of
5270:
5017:"Energia-Buran processing complex at Site 112 and 112A"
3891:(background) in storage at Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2020.
5729:
5271:
Vorontsov, Dmitri; Igor Afanasyev (10 November 2009).
5242:"Kazakh President Signs Law Re Baiterek Rocket Center"
4396:
The first manned spaceflight: Russia's quest for space
3788:
The Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose
5516:
688:
was not chosen to misdirect, but was the name of the
6201:
5834:
5491:
4839:"Russian Craft Docks at International Space Station"
4434:"From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome"
4072:
538:. The launchpad used for both missions was renamed "
5654:"Bank of the Universe" – edited by Boltenko A. C.,
5156:"Buran processing facility at Site 254 in Baikonur"
3852:. The official (and secret) name of the center was
692:region before the establishment of the cosmodrome.
530:. The Cosmodrome served as the launching point for
7960:Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union
5182:"Russia test-fires old missile to extend lifespan"
4959:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 March 2023.
4928:
4727:
3994:launch complex to the museum complex at Baikonur.
3860:. It remained under the control of the Soviet and
3646:and later converted for the Energia-Buran program.
808:on 24 March 2009. The rocket launched the crew of
6906:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
5541:J. K. Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths",
4227:"Baikonur cosmodrome celebrated 63rd anniversary"
3653:launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the
503:. Russia, as the official successor state to the
7935:Transport buildings and structures in Kazakhstan
7911:
5431:"Kazakhstan Selects Top 10 Tourist Destinations"
5104:"Buran landing facility at Site 251 in Baikonur"
5609:"Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." – M. I. Kuznetsk,
3832:was transported to Baikonur on the back of the
812:and a spaceflight participant on 26 March 2009.
363:Location relative to Russia (leased until 2050)
4595:International Journal of Biology and Chemistry
4582:
6984:
6187:
5820:
5668:
4589:Abdrazak, P. Kh; Musa, K. Sh (21 June 2015).
669:built to support the cosmodrome, was renamed
641:, "that makes Cape Kennedy look very small."
54:
5067:
4588:
2344:Pad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90) —
1656:Pad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 –
1617:Pad 67/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66) —
40:
5454:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4720:"Russia, Kazakhs reach Biakonur lease deal"
4288:"World's Most Important Spaceport Turns 60"
4174:. Federation of American Scientists (FAS).
3956:sits next to the museum entrance. The only
2979:Pad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78) —
383:
350:
317:
7955:Soviet and Russian space program locations
6991:
6977:
6194:
6180:
5827:
5813:
5331:
917:. It has supported several generations of
6872:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
5428:
4606:
4511:
4509:
3990:In 2023, a plan was announced to add the
1882:(inactive >2006): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 –
1403:(Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 –
633:In April of 1975, in preparation for the
589:intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)
5264:
5071:Energiya-Buran: the Soviet space shuttle
4973:
4431:
3970:
3928:
3882:
3720:
2476:Pad 142/34: R-36 (three silo complex) —
799:
694:
558:
27:Spaceport in Kazakhstan leased to Russia
7970:1955 establishments in the Soviet Union
5838:
4392:
3936:test article OK-ML-1 at Baikonur Museum
3348:(200R): Proton-K (inactive >1991) –
1134:Major launchpads at Baikonur Cosmodrome
703:
14:
7912:
5299:
5252:from the original on 13 September 2015
4901:
4867:
4659:
4506:
4341:
4335:
4195:
4193:
776:program as well. In 1960, a prototype
772:have launched from Baikonur under the
628:U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane
6972:
6175:
5808:
5658:, 2014., publishing house "Phoenix",
5562:, M: "mechanical engineering", 1999.
5521:
5496:
5410:from the original on 20 December 2006
5049:from the original on 5 September 2017
4806:
4413:from the original on 17 February 2021
4388:
4386:
4267:from the original on 20 December 2021
3997:
3716:
955:
5192:from the original on 19 October 2020
4963:from the original on 8 January 2024.
4949:
4641:from the original on 12 October 2016
4527:from the original on 1 December 1998
4480:from the original on 18 October 2021
4323:from the original on 31 January 2011
4285:
4237:from the original on 20 October 2018
649:According to most sources, the name
573:Scientific Research Test Range No. 5
6916:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
5287:from the original on 1 January 2010
5068:Hendrickx, Bart; Vis, Bert (2007).
4967:
4399:. Nova Publishers. pp. 16–17.
4190:
4178:from the original on 14 August 2016
4168:"Baikonur Cosmodrome 45.9 N 63.3 E"
3783:
3620:
680:According to NASA's history of the
24:
6349:(incorporated into Salyut program)
5535:
5350:from the original on 20 March 2007
5313:from the original on 27 March 2017
5136:from the original on 18 March 2016
4880:from the original on 23 April 2019
4849:from the original on 28 March 2016
4615:from the original on 8 August 2016
4432:Gruntman, Mike (1 February 2019).
4383:
4257:"Yuri Gagarin: First Man in Space"
3962:Buran programme § List of vehicles
3924:
3878:
822:Commonwealth of Independent States
795:
509:Commonwealth of Independent States
25:
7981:
7950:Rocket launch sites in Kazakhstan
5736:, maker of Russian space shuttle
5718:
5380:from the original on 25 July 2017
5334:"Russia's space dreams abandoned"
5332:Whitehouse, David (13 May 2002).
5273:"Angara getting ready for launch"
5212:""Baiterek" Space Launch Complex"
4788:from the original on 19 July 2011
4758:. spacedaily.com. 12 April 2010.
4674:from the original on 12 June 2018
4608:10.26577/2218-7979-2015-8-1-26-29
4207:from the original on 1 March 2021
7925:Infrastructure completed in 1955
6958:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
6277:
5498:[bɑjqoˈŋɤrʁɑˈrəʃɑjɫɑˈʁə]
4974:Williams, Matt (27 March 2023).
4902:Berger, Eric (16 October 2023).
4762:from the original on 14 May 2015
4700:from the original on 24 May 2011
4572:"Group – Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov"
4358:
4117:
4103:
4089:
4075:
3912:, compared to 20 tons using the
3867:In 2006, the head of Roscosmos,
3778:the public railway of Kazakhstan
3733:are based on its own intra-site
3078:Pad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79) —
2575:Pad 162/36: Tsyklon (1966–75) —
2542:Pad 161/35: Tsyklon (1967–73) —
1243:(Destroyed in 1960 explosion) –
1113:
1097:
1081:
1065:
1049:
1033:
1017:
1001:
985:
969:
962:
740:; the first man-made satellite,
542:" in honour of Soviet cosmonaut
472:. Located in the Kazakh city of
382:
375:
349:
342:
316:
309:
185:
173:
72:
6921:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
5744:RussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur
5694:10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.12.021
5422:
5392:
5362:
5325:
5234:
5204:
5174:
5148:
5130:"UAON pilot info @ OurAirports"
5122:
5096:
5061:
5035:
5009:
4990:
4921:
4861:
4831:
4800:
4774:
4748:
4726:. 30 March 1994. Archived from
4712:
4686:
4653:
4627:
4564:
4539:
4458:10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.12.021
4425:
4286:Putz, Catherine (2 June 2015).
3842:
2806:Pad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78) —
2773:Pad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81) —
2707:Pad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79) —
818:dissolution of the Soviet Union
6998:
5468:
4868:Berger, Eric (23 April 2019).
4807:Curry, John (8 October 2002).
4784:. interfax.kz. February 2008.
4352:
4305:
4279:
4249:
4219:
4160:
3764:network, which is the largest
3111:Pad 191/66: R-36O (1969–71) —
2377:Pad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02) —
1082:
1066:
1034:
948:Downrange from the launchpad,
832:ratified an agreement between
13:
1:
6867:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
5787:The Russian Union Of Veterans
5589:, "the Golden path", 2001, –
5523:[kəsmɐˈdrombəjkɐˈnur]
4317:International Launch Services
4153:
2410:Pad 140/18: R-36 (1965–78) —
1098:
1050:
731:
571:The Soviet government issued
554:
6407:Soviet crewed lunar programs
4843:Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty
4660:Cooper, Paul (7 June 2018).
3644:Soviet lunar landing program
3312:(200L): Proton-M/Proton-K –
2913:Pad 175/59: Rokot, Strela —
1722:Pad 80/17: Tsyklon (1965) —
1018:
1002:
986:
480:are launched from Baikonur.
402:Show map of the Soviet Union
7:
7945:Space program of Kazakhstan
7940:Kazakhstan–Russia relations
7154:Japanese private launches:
6467:International Space Station
5789:// Day of memory and grief.
5517:
5492:
4623:– via ijbch.kaznu.kz.
4068:
3862:Russian Ministry of Defense
3780:and the rest of the world.
2839:Pad 174: UR-100, UR-100K —
2740:Pad 171: UR-100, UR-100N —
2274:(inactive >1969): N-1 –
2080:Pad 106: R-36M (1974–83) —
2047:Pad 105: R-36M (1974–77) —
2014:Pad 104: R-36M (1972–74) —
1981:Pad 103: R-36M (1973–77) —
1915:Pad 101: R-36M (1973–76) —
1539:Pad 60/8: R-16 (1962–66) —
1506:Pad 60/7: R-16 (1963–67) —
1473:Pad 60/6: R-16 (1963–66) —
1114:
970:
904:
891:Russian invasion of Ukraine
857:International Space Station
446:GPX (secondary coordinates)
205:; 69 years ago
10:
7986:
7052:Chinese private launches:
5749:360° interactive panoramas
4393:Suvorov, Vladimir (1997).
4042:) are featured heavily in
3624:
830:Russian Federation Council
824:. Russia wanted to sign a
549:
524:Soviet Ministry of Defence
7725:
7602:
7580:
7530:
7449:
7350:
7268:
7013:
7006:
6947:
6854:
6838:
6787:
6733:
6684:
6640:
6521:
6510:
6490:
6459:
6391:
6323:
6312:
6286:
6275:
6226:
6213:
5845:
5680:, Elsevier Ltd: 350–366,
5585:"At risk," – A. A. Toul,
5506:
5481:
5372:Photo of collapsed hangar
4365:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1279: : R-16 (1961–67) –
1141:Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)
867:. With the conclusion of
806:Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)
682:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
635:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
620:
584:
441:GPX (primary coordinates)
416:Map all coordinates using
303:
298:
284:
245:
234:
217:
199:
168:
147:
137:
132:
91:
71:
55:
41:
34:
6953:Space industry of Russia
5613:: IPF "Voronezh", 1997,
4498:: CS1 maint: location (
1948:Pad 102: R-36M (1978) —
517:Russian Aerospace Forces
424:Download coordinates as:
160:Russian Aerospace Forces
7861:Soviet Union / Russia:
6475:Russian Orbital Segment
5771:// RussianSpaceWeb.com
5002:13 January 2018 at the
4008:Call of Duty: Black Ops
3887:OK-MT (foreground) and
3690:Myasishchev VM-T Atlant
3565:45.765601°N 63.423444°E
3532:45.817592°N 63.526831°E
3499:45.840238°N 63.634400°E
3466:45.854873°N 63.736967°E
3433:45.945334°N 63.481266°E
3400:45.858357°N 63.455686°E
3295:45.828128°N 63.147363°E
3262:45.792929°N 63.274628°E
3229:45.865265°N 63.286486°E
3196:45.953101°N 63.389145°E
3163:46.024256°N 63.299723°E
3097:46.057032°N 63.031970°E
3064:45.989370°N 62.963890°E
3031:46.025231°N 62.891115°E
2998:45.979856°N 63.100512°E
2965:46.022748°N 63.046610°E
2858:46.081768°N 62.918076°E
2825:46.029481°N 63.130727°E
2759:46.103711°N 63.008046°E
2726:45.948045°N 63.025630°E
2693:45.991019°N 62.918739°E
2660:45.944321°N 63.063822°E
2627:46.013689°N 63.169115°E
2528:46.077709°N 62.942152°E
2495:45.940690°N 63.462309°E
2462:45.910054°N 63.349123°E
2429:45.996640°N 63.553517°E
2396:46.036724°N 63.047795°E
2330:46.085924°N 62.915518°E
2165:46.238912°N 63.894699°E
2132:46.237492°N 63.892040°E
1967:45.932813°N 63.435014°E
1934:45.951504°N 63.427341°E
1708:45.963600°N 63.201922°E
673:on 20 December 1995 by
644:
396:Location in the former
241:90 m / 295 ft
5751:of Baikonur Cosmodrome
5605:Bibliography 1996–2004
4062:The Year Of The Locust
3980:
3937:
3892:
3854:State Test Range No. 5
3820:(Юбилейный аэропорт) (
3774:Soviet Railroad Troops
3726:
950:spent launch equipment
813:
782:exploded before launch
710:Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov
700:
568:
333:Show map of Kazakhstan
330:Location in Kazakhstan
7113:Shahroud Space Center
6207:Russian space program
5763:Sometimes Interesting
5493:Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy
5482:Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы
5006:, Russianspaceweb.com
4935:Aviation Week Network
4845:. Radio Free Europe.
4313:"Baikonur Cosmodrome"
4201:"Baikonur Cosmodrome"
3974:
3932:
3886:
3724:
3582:(inactive >1987):
2872:Pad 175/2: UR-100NU,
2226:(inactive >1988):
1838:(inactive >1997):
1758:(inactive >2004):
872:Space Shuttle program
803:
698:
562:
436:GPX (all coordinates)
42:Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy
7582:International waters
6269:Vostochny Cosmodrome
5724:Baikonur Cosmodrome
5556:"Rockets and people"
5309:. The Astana Times.
4813:spaceflight.nasa.gov
4732:on 24 September 2015
4133:Vostochny Cosmodrome
3919:Vostochny Cosmodrome
3686:Antonov An-225 Mriya
3570:45.765601; 63.423444
3537:45.817592; 63.526831
3504:45.840238; 63.634400
3471:45.854873; 63.736967
3438:45.945334; 63.481266
3405:45.858357; 63.455686
3300:45.828128; 63.147363
3267:45.792929; 63.274628
3234:45.865265; 63.286486
3201:45.953101; 63.389145
3168:46.024256; 63.299723
3102:46.057032; 63.031970
3069:45.989370; 62.963890
3036:46.025231; 62.891115
3003:45.979856; 63.100512
2970:46.022748; 63.046610
2863:46.081768; 62.918076
2830:46.029481; 63.130727
2764:46.103711; 63.008046
2731:45.948045; 63.025630
2698:45.991019; 62.918739
2665:45.944321; 63.063822
2632:46.013689; 63.169115
2533:46.077709; 62.942152
2500:45.940690; 63.462309
2467:45.910054; 63.349123
2434:45.996640; 63.553517
2401:46.036724; 63.047795
2335:46.085924; 62.915518
2170:46.238912; 63.894699
2137:46.237492; 63.892040
1972:45.932813; 63.435014
1939:45.951504; 63.427341
1713:45.963600; 63.201922
1131:class=notpageimage|
846:Vostochny Cosmodrome
754:Valentina Tereshkova
704:Environmental impact
528:Soviet space program
18:Baikonour Kosmodrome
7920:Baikonur Cosmodrome
7553:Barreira do Inferno
7258:Dombarovsky / Yasny
7058:Wenchang Commercial
6894:Veterok and Ugolyok
6261:Svobodny Cosmodrome
6256:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
6234:Baikonur Cosmodrome
5836:Baikonur Cosmodrome
5796:Baikonur Cosmodrome
5686:2019AcAau.155..350G
5277:Russia CIS Observer
5248:. 24 October 2005.
5188:. 22 October 2008.
5110:on 25 February 2015
4450:2019AcAau.155..350G
4263:. 13 October 2018.
4143:Svobodny Cosmodrome
4138:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
4097:Soviet Union portal
3772:. Once part of the
3682:mate–demate devices
3601: /
3561: /
3528: /
3495: /
3462: /
3429: /
3396: /
3363: /
3327: /
3291: /
3258: /
3225: /
3192: /
3159: /
3126: /
3093: /
3060: /
3027: /
2994: /
2961: /
2928: /
2895: /
2854: /
2821: /
2788: /
2755: /
2722: /
2689: /
2656: /
2623: /
2590: /
2557: /
2524: /
2491: /
2458: /
2425: /
2392: /
2359: /
2326: /
2289: /
2253: /
2205: /
2161: /
2128: /
2095: /
2062: /
2029: /
1996: /
1963: /
1930: /
1897: /
1861: /
1817: /
1777: /
1737: /
1704: /
1671: /
1632: /
1599: /
1554: /
1521: /
1488: /
1455: /
1418: /
1382: /
1334: /
1294: /
1258: /
1218: /
1174: /
899:invasion of Ukraine
861:46th parallel north
719:Nyurbinsky District
499:, a station on the
478:crewed spaceflights
458:Baikonur Cosmodrome
390:Baikonur Cosmodrome
357:Baikonur Cosmodrome
324:Baikonur Cosmodrome
265: /
36:Baikonur Cosmodrome
7732:Algeria / France:
7364:Cape Canaveral SFS
7340:Spaceport Cornwall
6940:(1997 documentary)
6932:(1995 documentary)
6929:Out of the Present
6862:List of cosmonauts
6839:Images and artwork
6779:Deep Space Network
6426:(Mars/Venus flyby)
5518:Kosmodrom Baykonur
5507:Космодром Байконур
5246:www.spacedaily.com
4997:Baikonur Downrange
4819:on 4 December 2002
4444:. Fig.7: 350–366.
4231:Dispatch News Desk
4083:Spaceflight portal
4015:with destroying a
3998:In popular culture
3981:
3938:
3893:
3850:ballistic missiles
3818:Yubileyniy Airport
3766:industrial railway
3727:
3717:Intra-site railway
3045:Pad 179: UR-100 —
3012:Pad 178: UR-100 —
2946:Pad 176: UR-100 —
956:List of launchpads
876:Crew Dragon Demo-2
814:
708:Russian scientist
701:
569:
501:Trans-Aral Railway
366:Show map of Russia
78:The Cosmodrome's "
56:Космодром Байконур
7907:
7906:
7617:Kulasekharapatnam
7598:
7597:
7434:Spaceport America
6966:
6965:
6889:Belka and Strelka
6879:Soviet space dogs
6741:Sputnik programme
6729:
6728:
6662:
6617:
6596:
6575:
6506:
6505:
6471:
6427:
6419:
6411:
6403:
6375:
6362:
6350:
6314:Human spaceflight
6265:
6242:
6169:
6168:
5713:978-5-00202-034-8
5674:Acta Astronautica
5664:978-966-136-169-9
5515:
5490:
5081:978-0-387-69848-9
4742:HighBeam Research
4438:Acta Astronautica
4406:978-1-56072-402-5
4345:Popular Mechanics
3958:completed orbiter
3605:46.008°N 63.305°E
3546:Pad 246: R-36O —
3513:Pad 245: R-36O —
3480:Pad 244: R-36O —
3447:Pad 243: R-36O —
3414:Pad 242: R-36O —
3381:Pad 241: R-36O —
3367:46.036°N 63.038°E
3331:46.040°N 63.032°E
3276:Pad 196: R-36O —
3243:Pad 195: R-36O —
3210:Pad 194: R-36O —
3177:Pad 193: R-36O —
3144:Pad 192: R-36O —
3130:45.970°N 63.197°E
2932:46.052°N 62.986°E
2899:46.051°N 62.987°E
2792:46.065°N 63.092°E
2674:Pad 165: R-36O —
2641:Pad 164: R-36O —
2608:Pad 163: R-36O —
2594:46.032°N 63.067°E
2561:46.034°N 63.063°E
2509:Pad 160: R-36O —
2363:46.072°N 62.956°E
2293:45.962°N 63.310°E
2272:Pad 110/38 (110R)
2257:45.965°N 63.305°E
2224:Pad 110/37 (110L)
2209:45.951°N 63.497°E
2099:45.951°N 63.497°E
2066:45.950°N 63.496°E
2033:45.988°N 63.420°E
2000:45.952°N 63.445°E
1901:46.080°N 62.935°E
1865:46.081°N 62.932°E
1821:46.071°N 62.985°E
1781:46.074°N 62.978°E
1741:46.007°N 64.020°E
1675:46.033°N 63.096°E
1636:45.990°N 63.707°E
1603:45.989°N 63.705°E
1558:46.017°N 64.018°E
1525:46.018°N 64.018°E
1492:46.019°N 64.016°E
1459:45.924°N 63.341°E
1422:45.940°N 63.655°E
1386:45.943°N 63.653°E
1338:45.976°N 63.669°E
1298:45.976°N 63.665°E
1262:45.975°N 63.660°E
1222:45.996°N 63.564°E
1178:45.920°N 63.342°E
495:. It is close to
491:and north of the
411:
410:
269:45.965°N 63.305°E
16:(Redirected from
7977:
7886:
7851:Broglio, Malindi
7796:Greifswalder Oie
7788:
7715:
7676:
7655:United Kingdom:
7651:Spaceport Sweden
7520:Reagan Test Site
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7336:United Kingdom:
7330:
7170:
7135:
7023:
7011:
7010:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6970:
6969:
6911:Cosmonauts Alley
6774:Luch (satellite)
6660:
6632:
6615:
6594:
6573:
6519:
6518:
6469:
6425:
6417:
6409:
6401:
6373:
6360:
6348:
6321:
6320:
6281:
6263:
6236:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6173:
6172:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5806:
5805:
5792:
5783:
5774:
5769:Nedelin Disaster
5704:
5603:, Korolev, 2001.
5572:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5510:
5508:
5500:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5472:
5460:
5459:
5453:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5435:The Astana Times
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5162:on 9 August 2015
5158:. Archived from
5152:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5106:. Archived from
5100:
5094:
5093:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5019:. Archived from
5013:
5007:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4978:. Universe Today
4971:
4965:
4964:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4932:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4899:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4610:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4578:on 23 July 2011.
4574:. Archived from
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4513:
4504:
4503:
4497:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4390:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4367:. Archived from
4356:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4164:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
3869:Anatoly Perminov
3839:cargo aircraft.
3828:) was where the
3784:On-site airports
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3737:
3621:Buran facilities
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2443:Pad 141: R-36 —
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2146:Pad 108: R-36 —
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2113:Pad 107: R-36 —
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1117:
1116:
1101:
1100:
1085:
1084:
1069:
1068:
1053:
1052:
1037:
1036:
1021:
1020:
1005:
1004:
989:
988:
973:
972:
966:
843:
622:
599:, influenced by
586:
483:Situated in the
403:
386:
385:
379:
367:
353:
352:
346:
334:
320:
319:
313:
294:
291:
280:
279:
277:
276:
275:
270:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
213:
211:
206:
191:
189:
188:
179:
177:
176:
125:
124:
114:
103:
76:
66:
58:
57:
52:
44:
43:
32:
31:
21:
7985:
7984:
7980:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7884:
7849:Kenya / Italy:
7824:Salto di Quirra
7786:
7721:
7713:
7686:Clinton-Sherman
7674:
7594:
7576:
7570:Guiana / Kourou
7526:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7495:
7488:Mahia Peninsula
7470:Southern Launch
7445:
7439:SpaceX Starbase
7346:
7328:
7264:
7168:
7133:
7021:
7002:
6997:
6967:
6962:
6943:
6850:
6846:Mission patches
6834:
6783:
6725:
6680:
6636:
6630:
6514:
6502:
6486:
6455:
6387:
6316:
6308:
6287:Launch vehicles
6282:
6273:
6222:
6209:
6200:
6170:
6165:
5841:
5833:
5790:
5781:
5772:
5721:
5570:
5538:
5536:Further reading
5533:
5532:
5528:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5447:
5446:
5439:
5437:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5353:
5351:
5330:
5326:
5316:
5314:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5288:
5269:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5222:on 30 June 2006
5210:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5193:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5163:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5139:
5137:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5113:
5111:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5082:
5066:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5043:"Buran The end"
5041:
5040:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5004:Wayback Machine
4995:
4991:
4981:
4979:
4972:
4968:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4940:
4938:
4937:. 10 March 2023
4927:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4900:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4850:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4805:
4801:
4791:
4789:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4735:
4733:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4701:
4694:"Expedition 19"
4692:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4675:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4616:
4587:
4583:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4553:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4407:
4391:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4371:on 29 June 2011
4357:
4353:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4233:. 3 June 2018.
4225:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4125:Rocketry portal
4123:
4118:
4116:
4109:
4104:
4102:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4013:John F. Kennedy
4000:
3992:Gagarin's Start
3954:Buran programme
3927:
3925:Baikonur Museum
3910:low Earth orbit
3881:
3879:Future projects
3845:
3834:Antonov An-225
3798:Krayniy Airport
3796:to the smaller
3786:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:4 ft
3740:
3735:
3729:All Baikonur's
3719:
3633:Buran programme
3631:As part of the
3629:
3627:Buran programme
3623:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1880:Pad 90/20 (90R)
1869:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1836:Pad 90/19 (90L)
1825:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1796:Pad 81/24 (81P)
1785:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1756:Pad 81/23 (81L)
1745:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1582:MR-UR-100 Sotka
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1006:
998:
997:
996:
990:
982:
981:
980:
974:
958:
907:
883:Gagarin's Start
842:US$ 115,000,000
841:
798:
796:Post-Soviet era
792:were launched.
734:
706:
665:. Leninsk, the
647:
639:Thomas Stafford
601:Sergey Korolyov
557:
552:
540:Gagarin's Start
454:
453:
452:
451:
450:
407:
406:
405:
404:
401:
400:
394:
393:
392:
391:
387:
370:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
359:
358:
354:
337:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
326:
325:
321:
288:
273:
271:
267:
264:
259:
256:
254:
252:
251:
235:Elevation
209:
207:
204:
186:
184:
174:
172:
164:
128:
122:
117:
106:
95:
87:
80:Gagarin's Start
67:
60:
53:
46:
38:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7983:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7890:
7881:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7859:
7853:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7826:
7820:
7814:
7808:
7806:Tuchola Forest
7803:
7798:
7793:
7783:
7778:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7729:
7727:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7664:
7653:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7640:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7619:
7613:
7606:
7604:
7600:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7592:
7586:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7550:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7453:
7451:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7373:Vandenberg SFB
7370:
7354:
7352:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7342:
7334:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7302:
7291:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7186:
7185:
7184:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7079:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7061:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7017:
7015:
7008:
7004:
7003:
6996:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6973:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6937:Mission to Mir
6933:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6901:Ivan Ivanovich
6898:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6864:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6737:
6735:
6734:Communications
6731:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6688:
6686:
6685:In development
6682:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6625:
6619:
6610:
6604:
6601:Resurs-DK No.1
6598:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6571:Phobos program
6568:
6562:
6556:
6550:
6544:
6541:Luna programme
6538:
6532:
6525:
6523:
6516:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6491:In development
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6420:
6412:
6410:(Moon landing)
6404:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6376:
6368:
6363:
6355:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6318:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6290:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5866:
5861:
5854:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5832:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5793:
5784:
5775:
5766:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5741:
5720:
5719:External links
5717:
5716:
5715:
5705:
5666:
5652:
5642:
5632:
5621:
5607:
5597:
5583:
5573:
5553:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5421:
5391:
5361:
5324:
5298:
5263:
5233:
5203:
5173:
5147:
5121:
5095:
5080:
5060:
5034:
5023:on 6 July 2015
5008:
4989:
4966:
4948:
4920:
4891:
4860:
4830:
4799:
4773:
4747:
4711:
4685:
4652:
4626:
4581:
4563:
4538:
4505:
4424:
4405:
4382:
4351:
4334:
4304:
4278:
4248:
4218:
4189:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4114:
4100:
4086:
4070:
4067:
3999:
3996:
3944:and the first
3942:Sergei Korolev
3926:
3923:
3880:
3877:
3873:SS-19 Stiletto
3844:
3841:
3785:
3782:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3694:
3670:
3663:N1 Moon rocket
3647:
3625:Main article:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3610:46.008; 63.305
3577:
3544:
3511:
3478:
3445:
3412:
3379:
3372:46.036; 63.038
3343:
3336:46.040; 63.032
3307:
3274:
3241:
3208:
3175:
3142:
3135:45.970; 63.197
3109:
3076:
3043:
3010:
2977:
2944:
2937:46.052; 62.986
2911:
2904:46.051; 62.987
2870:
2837:
2804:
2797:46.065; 63.092
2771:
2738:
2705:
2672:
2639:
2606:
2599:46.032; 63.067
2573:
2566:46.034; 63.063
2540:
2507:
2474:
2441:
2408:
2375:
2368:46.072; 62.956
2342:
2305:
2298:45.962; 63.310
2269:
2262:45.965; 63.305
2221:
2214:45.951; 63.497
2177:
2144:
2111:
2104:45.951; 63.497
2078:
2071:45.950; 63.496
2045:
2038:45.988; 63.420
2012:
2005:45.952; 63.445
1979:
1946:
1913:
1906:46.080; 62.935
1877:
1870:46.081; 62.932
1833:
1826:46.071; 62.985
1793:
1786:46.074; 62.978
1753:
1746:46.007; 64.020
1720:
1689:Pad 75: R-9 —
1687:
1680:46.033; 63.096
1654:
1648:
1641:45.990; 63.707
1615:
1608:45.989; 63.705
1570:
1563:46.017; 64.018
1537:
1530:46.018; 64.018
1504:
1497:46.019; 64.016
1471:
1464:45.924; 63.341
1434:
1427:45.940; 63.655
1398:
1391:45.943; 63.653
1350:
1343:45.976; 63.669
1310:
1303:45.976; 63.665
1274:
1267:45.975; 63.660
1234:
1227:45.996; 63.564
1190:
1183:45.920; 63.342
1129:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1000:
999:
992:
991:
984:
983:
976:
975:
968:
967:
961:
960:
959:
957:
954:
906:
903:
816:Following the
797:
794:
758:Czechoslovakia
733:
730:
714:Sakha Republic
705:
702:
646:
643:
597:Vasily Voznyuk
556:
553:
551:
548:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
427:
414:
413:
412:
409:
408:
395:
389:
388:
381:
380:
374:
373:
372:
371:
362:
356:
355:
348:
347:
341:
340:
339:
338:
329:
323:
322:
315:
314:
308:
307:
306:
305:
304:
301:
300:
296:
295:
286:
282:
281:
274:45.965; 63.305
249:
243:
242:
239:
232:
231:
221:
215:
214:
201:
197:
196:
170:
166:
165:
163:
162:
157:
151:
149:
148:Owner/Operator
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
130:
129:
127:
126:
115:
104:
92:
89:
88:
77:
69:
68:
39:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7982:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7889:
7882:
7880:
7879:El Arenosillo
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7858:
7855:North Korea:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7827:
7825:
7821:
7819:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7757:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7718:
7711:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7672:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7654:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7624:
7620:
7618:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7601:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7579:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7531:South America
7529:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7481:New Zealand:
7480:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7468:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7351:United States
7349:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7318:El Arenosillo
7316:
7315:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7259:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7216:
7213:South Korea:
7212:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7200:North Korea:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7166:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7106:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7070:Satish Dhawan
7068:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6994:
6989:
6987:
6982:
6980:
6975:
6974:
6971:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6837:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6795:Baikal-Angara
6793:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6743:(begun 1957)
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6639:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6607:Koronas-Foton
6605:
6602:
6599:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6578:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6424:
6421:
6416:
6413:
6408:
6405:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6270:
6267:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5818:
5816:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5779:
5776:
5770:
5767:
5765:. 26 May 2014
5764:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5670:Mike Gruntman
5667:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5651:
5650:5-8155-0051-8
5647:
5643:
5641:
5640:5-7030-0969-3
5637:
5633:
5630:
5629:5-91017-018-X
5626:
5622:
5620:
5619:5-89981-117-X
5616:
5612:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5601:A.I. Ostashev
5598:
5596:
5595:5-7111-0333-1
5592:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:5-87955-001-X
5578:
5574:
5569:
5568:5-217-02942-0
5565:
5561:
5560:B. E. Chertok
5557:
5554:
5552:
5551:5-02-000822-2
5548:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5488:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5457:
5451:
5436:
5432:
5425:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5395:
5379:
5375:
5373:
5365:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5064:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4977:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4936:
4931:
4924:
4909:
4905:
4898:
4896:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4743:
4730:
4725:
4724:Defense Daily
4721:
4715:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4656:
4640:
4636:
4635:"GREEN WOMEN"
4630:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4501:
4495:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4389:
4387:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4346:
4338:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4115:
4112:
4111:Russia portal
4101:
4098:
4087:
4084:
4073:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4034:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3985:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3922:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3885:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3831:
3830:Buran orbiter
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3770:Schnabel cars
3767:
3763:
3760:
3738:
3736:1,520 mm
3732:
3723:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3614:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3545:
3541:
3512:
3508:
3479:
3475:
3446:
3442:
3413:
3409:
3380:
3376:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3275:
3271:
3242:
3238:
3209:
3205:
3176:
3172:
3143:
3139:
3110:
3106:
3077:
3073:
3044:
3040:
3011:
3007:
2978:
2974:
2945:
2941:
2912:
2908:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2838:
2834:
2805:
2801:
2772:
2768:
2739:
2735:
2706:
2702:
2673:
2669:
2640:
2636:
2607:
2603:
2574:
2570:
2541:
2537:
2508:
2504:
2475:
2471:
2442:
2438:
2409:
2405:
2376:
2372:
2343:
2339:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2145:
2141:
2112:
2108:
2079:
2075:
2046:
2042:
2013:
2009:
1980:
1976:
1947:
1943:
1914:
1910:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1721:
1717:
1688:
1684:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1616:
1612:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1538:
1534:
1505:
1501:
1472:
1468:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:(1957-2019):
1142:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1123:
1107:
1091:
1075:
1059:
1043:
1027:
1011:
995:
979:
965:
953:
951:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:and uncrewed
912:
902:
900:
894:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:99-year lease
823:
819:
811:
810:Expedition 19
807:
802:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
729:
727:
722:
720:
715:
711:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
675:Boris Yeltsin
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
642:
640:
636:
631:
629:
626:The American
624:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:Kazakh Steppe
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
578:
574:
566:
561:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:In 1955, the
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:Kazakh Steppe
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
426:
425:
420:
419:OpenStreetMap
417:
399:
378:
345:
312:
302:
297:
293:
287:
283:
278:
250:
248:
244:
240:
238:
233:
229:
225:
222:
220:
216:
202:
198:
194:
182:
171:
167:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
131:
120:
116:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
94:
93:
90:
85:
81:
75:
70:
64:
50:
33:
30:
19:
7770:Resolute Bay
7357:Government:
7300:Kapustin Yar
7181:
7136:government:
7024:government:
6935:
6927:
6713:
6565:Vega program
6553:Zond program
6402:(Moon flyby)
6399:Zond (7K-L1)
6358:Soyuz-Apollo
6251:Kapustin Yar
6233:
6227:Launch sites
6123:
6066:
5964:
5917:
5910:
5868:
5856:
5849:
5839:launch sites
5835:
5800:Memory Alpha
5791:(in Russian)
5782:(in Russian)
5773:(in English)
5762:
5677:
5673:
5571:(in Russian)
5470:
5440:27 September
5438:. Retrieved
5434:
5424:
5412:. Retrieved
5401:
5394:
5382:. Retrieved
5371:
5364:
5352:. Retrieved
5337:
5327:
5315:. Retrieved
5301:
5289:. Retrieved
5280:
5276:
5266:
5254:. Retrieved
5245:
5236:
5224:. Retrieved
5220:the original
5206:
5194:. Retrieved
5185:
5176:
5164:. Retrieved
5160:the original
5150:
5138:. Retrieved
5124:
5112:. Retrieved
5108:the original
5098:
5070:
5063:
5051:. Retrieved
5037:
5025:. Retrieved
5021:the original
5011:
4992:
4980:. Retrieved
4969:
4951:
4939:. Retrieved
4934:
4923:
4911:. Retrieved
4908:Ars Technica
4907:
4882:. Retrieved
4874:Ars Technica
4873:
4863:
4851:. Retrieved
4842:
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4817:the original
4812:
4802:
4790:. Retrieved
4776:
4764:. Retrieved
4750:
4740:– via
4734:. Retrieved
4729:the original
4723:
4714:
4702:. Retrieved
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4665:
4655:
4643:. Retrieved
4629:
4617:. Retrieved
4601:(1): 26–29.
4598:
4594:
4584:
4576:the original
4566:
4554:. Retrieved
4550:
4541:
4529:. Retrieved
4494:cite journal
4482:. Retrieved
4441:
4437:
4427:
4415:. Retrieved
4395:
4373:. Retrieved
4369:the original
4364:
4359:Wade, Mark.
4354:
4343:
4337:
4325:. Retrieved
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4292:The Diplomat
4291:
4281:
4269:. Retrieved
4260:
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4230:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4180:. Retrieved
4171:
4162:
4148:Kapustin Yar
4060:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4023:
4021:
4006:
4001:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3966:
3950:Yuri Gagarin
3939:
3894:
3866:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3843:ICBM testing
3835:
3825:
3813:
3805:
3787:
3728:
3630:
1798:: Proton-K,
1584:(1963–72) –
1440:(1961–62) –
1319:(1963–68) –
1201:Soyuz-Fregat
947:
921:spacecraft:
908:
895:
880:
854:
815:
762:East Germany
750:Yuri Gagarin
735:
723:
707:
685:
679:
655:Western Bloc
650:
648:
632:
625:
609:Soviet Union
593:R-7 Semyorka
576:
572:
570:
544:Yuri Gagarin
521:
505:Soviet Union
482:
464:operated by
457:
455:
423:
422:
415:
398:Soviet Union
290:baikonurtour
138:Airport type
111:
100:
84:Soyuz TMA-13
29:
7752:Australia:
7621:Indonesia:
7456:Australia:
7194:Sary Shagan
7143:Tanegashima
7088:Pameungpeuk
7081:Indonesia:
6624:(2011–2019)
6613:Fobos-Grunt
6603:(2006-2016)
6588:(1990-1992)
6582:(1989-1998)
6576:(1988-1989)
6567:(1984-1987)
6561:(1983-1991)
6555:(1964–1970)
6549:(1961–1985)
6543:(1958–1976)
6537:(1972–1996)
6531:(1961–1982)
6371:Shuttle–Mir
6246:Dombarovsky
5734:NPO Molniya
5414:24 February
5400:"Buran.ru:
5384:24 February
5370:"Buran.ru:
5354:14 November
4853:24 December
4556:2 September
4551:www.esa.int
4484:22 February
4271:21 December
4211:24 December
4044:Terry Hayes
3712:spacecraft.
3608: /
3568: /
3535: /
3502: /
3469: /
3436: /
3403: /
3370: /
3334: /
3298: /
3265: /
3232: /
3199: /
3166: /
3133: /
3100: /
3067: /
3034: /
3001: /
2968: /
2935: /
2902: /
2861: /
2828: /
2795: /
2762: /
2729: /
2696: /
2663: /
2630: /
2597: /
2564: /
2531: /
2498: /
2465: /
2432: /
2399: /
2366: /
2333: /
2296: /
2260: /
2212: /
2168: /
2135: /
2102: /
2069: /
2036: /
2003: /
1970: /
1937: /
1904: /
1868: /
1824: /
1784: /
1744: /
1711: /
1678: /
1639: /
1606: /
1572:Pad 67/21:
1561: /
1528: /
1495: /
1462: /
1425: /
1389: /
1341: /
1301: /
1265: /
1225: /
1181: /
850:Amur Oblast
774:Interkosmos
684:, the name
667:closed city
272: /
247:Coordinates
183:(leased to
7930:Spaceports
7914:Categories
7801:Peenemünde
7765:Hall Beach
7726:Historical
7667:Sutherland
7590:Sea Launch
7563:/ France:
7483:Rocket Lab
7414:Corn Ranch
7404:Poker Flat
7400:Academic:
7226:Pakistan:
7171:/ Russia:
7167:Kazakhstan
7000:Spaceports
6951:See also:
6805:Mars-Grunt
6767:Sputnik 99
6762:Sputnik 41
6418:(moonbase)
6239:Kazakhstan
5216:Khrunichev
4913:24 October
4547:"Launcher"
4241:19 October
4154:References
4004:video game
3667:orbiter 1K
3596:63°18′18″E
3593:46°00′29″N
3556:63°25′24″E
3553:45°45′56″N
3523:63°31′37″E
3520:45°49′03″N
3490:63°38′04″E
3487:45°50′25″N
3457:63°44′13″E
3454:45°51′18″N
3424:63°28′53″E
3421:45°56′43″N
3391:63°27′20″E
3388:45°51′30″N
3358:63°02′17″E
3355:46°02′10″N
3346:Pad 200/40
3322:63°01′55″E
3319:46°02′24″N
3310:Pad 200/39
3286:63°08′51″E
3283:45°49′41″N
3253:63°16′29″E
3250:45°47′35″N
3220:63°17′11″E
3217:45°51′55″N
3187:63°23′21″E
3184:45°57′11″N
3154:63°17′59″E
3151:46°01′27″N
3121:63°11′49″E
3118:45°58′12″N
3088:63°01′55″E
3085:46°03′25″N
3055:62°57′50″E
3052:45°59′22″N
3022:62°53′28″E
3019:46°01′31″N
2989:63°06′02″E
2986:45°58′47″N
2956:63°02′48″E
2953:46°01′22″N
2923:62°59′10″E
2920:46°03′07″N
2890:62°59′13″E
2887:46°03′04″N
2849:62°55′05″E
2846:46°04′54″N
2816:63°07′51″E
2813:46°01′46″N
2783:63°05′31″E
2780:46°03′54″N
2750:63°00′29″E
2747:46°06′13″N
2717:63°01′32″E
2714:45°56′53″N
2684:62°55′07″E
2681:45°59′28″N
2651:63°03′50″E
2648:45°56′40″N
2618:63°10′09″E
2615:46°00′49″N
2585:63°04′01″E
2582:46°01′55″N
2552:63°03′47″E
2549:46°02′02″N
2519:62°56′32″E
2516:46°04′40″N
2486:63°27′44″E
2483:45°56′26″N
2453:63°20′57″E
2450:45°54′36″N
2420:63°33′13″E
2417:45°59′48″N
2387:63°02′52″E
2384:46°02′12″N
2354:62°57′22″E
2351:46°04′19″N
2321:62°54′56″E
2318:46°05′09″N
2284:63°18′36″E
2281:45°57′43″N
2248:63°18′18″E
2245:45°57′54″N
2200:63°29′49″E
2197:45°57′04″N
2180:Pad 109/95
2156:63°53′41″E
2153:46°14′20″N
2123:63°53′31″E
2120:46°14′15″N
2090:63°29′49″E
2087:45°57′04″N
2057:63°29′46″E
2054:45°57′00″N
2024:63°25′12″E
2021:45°59′17″N
1991:63°26′42″E
1988:45°57′07″N
1958:63°26′06″E
1955:45°55′58″N
1925:63°25′38″E
1922:45°57′05″N
1892:62°56′06″E
1889:46°04′48″N
1856:62°55′55″E
1853:46°04′52″N
1812:62°59′06″E
1809:46°04′16″N
1772:62°58′41″E
1769:46°04′26″N
1732:64°01′12″E
1729:46°00′25″N
1699:63°12′07″E
1696:45°57′49″N
1666:63°05′46″E
1663:46°01′59″N
1627:63°42′25″E
1624:45°59′24″N
1594:63°42′18″E
1591:45°59′20″N
1549:64°01′05″E
1546:46°01′01″N
1516:64°01′05″E
1513:46°01′05″N
1483:64°00′58″E
1480:46°01′08″N
1450:63°20′28″E
1447:45°55′26″N
1413:63°39′18″E
1410:45°56′24″N
1377:63°39′11″E
1374:45°56′35″N
1329:63°40′08″E
1326:45°58′34″N
1289:63°39′54″E
1286:45°58′34″N
1253:63°39′36″E
1250:45°58′30″N
1213:63°33′50″E
1210:45°59′46″N
1169:63°20′31″E
1166:45°55′12″N
915:spacecraft
838:Kazakhstan
732:Importance
721:, Russia.
555:Soviet era
470:Kazakhstan
260:63°18′18″E
257:45°57′54″N
181:Kazakhstan
7888:Kronogård
7789:Germany:
7760:Churchill
7754:Carnarvon
7741:Hammaguir
7717:El Hierro
7696:Ellington
7548:Alcântara
7410:Private:
7246:Vostochny
7241:Roscosmos
7173:Roscosmos
7156:Space One
7148:Uchinoura
7126:Palmachim
6810:Mercury-P
6800:Laplace-P
6757:Sputnik 3
6752:Sputnik 2
6747:Sputnik 1
6721:Spektr-UV
6692:Luna-Glob
6676:Spektr-RG
6653:Elektro–L
6392:Cancelled
6264:(defunct)
6218:Roscosmos
5702:116406451
5512:romanized
5487:romanized
5339:bbc.co.uk
5291:3 January
5090:153582339
4792:5 January
4766:5 January
4474:116406451
4466:0094-5765
4261:Space.com
3977:Sputnik 1
3946:cosmonaut
3731:logistics
2311:(1965) –
2307:Pad 130:
1844:Tsyklon-2
1652:Tsyklon-2
1580:, R-36O,
1313:Pad 41/15
881:In 2019,
878:in 2020.
742:Sputnik 1
663:Jezkazgan
532:Sputnik 1
513:Roscosmos
493:Syr Darya
462:spaceport
228:UTC+05:00
219:Time zone
155:Roscosmos
142:Spaceport
7965:Baikonur
7873:Svobodny
7835:Nii-jima
7818:Balasore
7810:Greece:
7758:Canada:
7691:Colorado
7677:States:
7662:SaxaVord
7649:Sweden:
7643:Hokkaido
7609:Canada:
7603:Proposed
7559:Europe:
7537:Brazil:
7494:Marshall
7475:Koonibba
7324:Sweden:
7305:Plesetsk
7293:Russia:
7275:Norway:
7239:Russia:
7233:Sonmiani
7182:Baikonur
7132:Japanese
7119:Israel:
7041:Wenchang
6825:Venera-D
6820:Spektr-M
6788:Concepts
6715:Kazachok
6671:Resurs-P
6666:Meteor-M
6631:(failed)
6622:Spektr-R
6616:(failed)
6595:(failed)
6574:(failed)
6515:programs
6317:programs
5730:buran.ru
5611:Voronezh
5545:, 1994,
5450:cite web
5408:Archived
5378:Archived
5348:Archived
5317:26 March
5311:Archived
5285:Archived
5256:5 August
5250:Archived
5190:Archived
5166:2 August
5140:2 August
5134:Archived
5114:2 August
5053:2 August
5047:Archived
5027:2 August
5000:Archived
4961:Archived
4941:15 March
4884:23 April
4878:Archived
4847:Archived
4823:28 March
4786:Archived
4760:Archived
4698:Archived
4696:. NASA.
4672:Archived
4667:Discover
4645:2 August
4639:Archived
4619:2 August
4613:Archived
4531:16 March
4525:Archived
4478:Archived
4411:Archived
4321:Archived
4297:14 April
4265:Archived
4235:Archived
4205:Archived
4203:. NASA.
4176:Archived
4069:See also
4055:thriller
4040:Aral Sea
4033:Infiniti
3898:Bayterek
3790:airports
3755: in
3710:Progress
3640:Site 110
1800:Proton-M
1760:Proton-K
1650:Pad 69:
1436:Pad 51:
1401:Pad 45/2
1365:Zenit-3M
1361:Zenit-2M
1353:Pad 45/1
1317:Kosmos 3
1315:: R-16,
1277:Pad 41/4
1237:Pad 41/3
1195:: Soyuz-
1193:Pad 31/6
1155:, Soyuz-
1153:Progress
1151:, Soyuz-
905:Features
786:Venera 9
690:Tyuratam
686:Baikonur
671:Baikonur
659:Baikonur
651:Baikonur
536:Vostok 1
515:and the
489:Aral Sea
474:Baikonur
169:Location
7894:Edwards
7883:Sweden:
7877:Spain:
7868:Okhotsk
7857:Tonghae
7828:Japan:
7822:Italy:
7816:India:
7776:Guangde
7774:China:
7746:Reggane
7706:Midland
7634:Japan:
7615:India:
7510:States:
7498:Islands
7463:Woomera
7450:Oceania
7419:Pacific
7394:Wallops
7389:Kennedy
7332:Esrange
7311:Spain:
7287:SvalRak
7228:SUPARCO
7063:India:
7046:Xichang
7036:Taiyuan
7031:Jiuquan
7020:Chinese
6855:Related
6707:Luna 28
6702:Luna 27
6697:Luna 26
6661:(joint)
6658:ExoMars
6628:Luna 25
6592:Mars 96
6535:Prognoz
6512:Robotic
6470:(joint)
6379:Energia
6374:(joint)
6361:(joint)
6336:Voskhod
5682:Bibcode
5514::
5503:Russian
5489::
5186:Reuters
4678:19 June
4446:Bibcode
4327:6 April
4182:19 July
4172:FAS.org
4025:Destiny
3889:OK-1.02
3762:railway
3750:⁄
3651:Energia
3584:Energia
3580:Pad 250
2232:Energia
1574:Tsyklon
1357:Zenit-2
931:Tsyklon
919:Russian
887:Soyuz-2
621:Ленинск
617:Russian
613:Leninsk
581:Russian
550:History
497:Töretam
468:within
285:Website
208: (
133:Summary
63:Russian
7885:
7863:Kheysa
7840:Obachi
7812:Koroni
7791:Blizna
7787:
7781:Nanhui
7714:
7712:Spain:
7675:
7673:United
7512:
7508:
7506:United
7504:
7500:
7496:
7429:Mojave
7329:
7282:Andøya
7269:Europe
7169:
7134:
7101:Semnan
7094:Iran:
7075:Thumba
7022:
7007:Active
6648:Bion-M
6641:Active
6633:(2023)
6618:(2011)
6609:(2009)
6597:(1996)
6580:Granat
6559:Astron
6547:Venera
6460:Active
6451:Kliper
6436:Zvezda
6431:Spiral
6415:Zvezda
6341:Salyut
6331:Vostok
6299:Proton
6294:Angara
6203:Soviet
6161:LC-250
6156:LC-246
6151:LC-245
6146:LC-244
6141:LC-243
6136:LC-242
6131:LC-241
6125:LC-200
6119:LC-196
6114:LC-195
6109:LC-194
6104:LC-193
6099:LC-192
6094:LC-191
6089:LC-181
6084:LC-179
6079:LC-177
6074:LC-176
6068:LC-175
6062:LC-174
6057:LC-173
6052:LC-172
6047:LC-171
6042:LC-170
6037:LC-165
6032:LC-164
6027:LC-163
6022:LC-162
6017:LC-161
6012:LC-160
6007:LC-142
6002:LC-141
5997:LC-140
5992:LC-133
5987:LC-132
5982:LC-131
5977:LC-130
5972:LC-110
5966:LC-109
5960:LC-108
5955:LC-107
5950:LC-106
5945:LC-105
5940:LC-104
5935:LC-103
5930:LC-102
5925:LC-101
5711:
5700:
5662:
5648:
5638:
5627:
5617:
5593:
5587:Kaluga
5579:
5566:
5549:
5478:Kazakh
5283:(26).
5226:10 May
5196:2 July
5088:
5078:
4736:28 May
4704:9 June
4472:
4464:
4417:4 June
4403:
4375:4 July
3968:glass.
3914:Proton
3906:Angara
3902:poplar
3794:Moscow
2878:Strela
2309:UR-100
1840:UR-200
1197:Kosmos
1090:200/39
1074:109/95
1042:110/37
927:Proton
911:crewed
869:NASA's
834:Russia
790:Mars 3
770:France
746:Luna 1
591:, the
577:NIIP-5
466:Russia
193:Russia
190:
178:
123:GC0015
59:
49:Kazakh
45:
7892:USA:
7845:Ryori
7830:Akita
7736:CIEES
7701:Maine
7681:Cecil
7623:LAPAN
7611:Canso
7207:Sohae
7083:LAPAN
7054:HICAL
6884:Laika
6830:Sfera
6815:OPSEK
6586:Gamma
6482:Soyuz
6441:Zarya
6383:Buran
6346:Almaz
6304:Soyuz
5919:LC-90
5912:LC-81
5906:LC-80
5901:LC-75
5896:LC-70
5891:LC-69
5886:LC-67
5881:LC-60
5876:LC-51
5870:LC-45
5864:LC-41
5858:LC-31
5738:Buran
5698:S2CID
5543:Nauka
4982:8 May
4470:S2CID
4361:"R-7"
4058:novel
4017:Soyuz
3934:Buran
3858:5 GIK
3836:Mriya
3759:gauge
3706:Soyuz
2874:Rokot
2236:Buran
2188:Dnepr
2184:R-36M
1578:R-36M
1149:Soyuz
1145:Soyuz
1106:90/20
1058:81/23
943:Buran
939:Zenit
935:Dnepr
923:Soyuz
865:China
780:ICBM
766:India
661:near
460:is a
200:Built
7899:WSSH
7785:Nazi
7657:UKSA
7638:Oita
7628:Biak
7565:CNES
7458:RAAF
7424:MARS
7384:NASA
7359:USSF
7313:INTA
7277:NOSA
7220:Naro
7215:KARI
7202:NADA
7138:JAXA
7108:IRGC
7065:ISRO
7026:CNSA
7014:Asia
6522:Past
6498:Orel
6446:MAKS
6324:Past
6237:(in
6205:and
5851:LC-1
5709:ISBN
5660:ISBN
5656:Kyiv
5646:ISBN
5636:ISBN
5625:ISBN
5615:ISBN
5591:ISBN
5577:ISBN
5564:ISBN
5547:ISBN
5456:link
5442:2021
5416:2013
5386:2013
5356:2007
5319:2017
5293:2010
5258:2015
5228:2006
5198:2017
5168:2016
5142:2016
5116:2016
5086:OCLC
5076:ISBN
5055:2016
5029:2016
4984:2023
4943:2023
4915:2023
4886:2019
4855:2011
4825:2017
4794:2011
4768:2011
4738:2015
4706:2011
4680:2018
4647:2016
4621:2016
4558:2023
4533:2007
4521:NASA
4500:link
4486:2020
4462:ISSN
4419:2016
4401:ISBN
4377:2011
4329:2011
4299:2023
4273:2021
4243:2018
4213:2011
4184:2014
4048:2023
3975:The
3826:UAON
3822:IATA
3814:UAOL
3810:ICAO
3802:IATA
3708:and
1241:R-16
1157:Ikar
1026:45/1
1010:41/3
994:31/6
941:and
836:and
788:and
778:R-16
768:and
738:ICBM
726:UDMH
645:Name
534:and
456:The
292:.com
237:AMSL
224:AQTT
210:1955
203:1955
112:none
108:ICAO
101:none
97:IATA
7561:ESA
7543:AEB
7539:FAB
7515:DoD
7326:SSC
7295:VKS
7253:VKS
7189:VKS
7177:VKS
7161:Kii
7121:ISA
7096:ISA
6423:TMK
6366:Mir
6353:TKS
5798:at
5728:on
5690:doi
5678:155
5344:BBC
4603:doi
4454:doi
4442:155
4051:spy
3856:or
3806:BXY
3702:KSC
3700:at
3698:OPF
3678:KSC
3676:at
3674:SLF
3659:KSC
3657:at
3655:VAB
2228:N-1
1438:R-9
1122:250
978:1/5
848:in
623:).
565:U-2
431:KML
299:Map
119:LID
7916::
7541:/
7377:WR
7375:/
7368:ER
7366:/
7175:/
6529:DS
6381:/
6351:/
5732:–
5696:,
5688:,
5676:,
5558:–
5509:,
5505::
5501:;
5484:,
5480::
5452:}}
5448:{{
5433:.
5406:.
5376:.
5346:.
5342:.
5336:.
5279:.
5275:.
5244:.
5214:.
5184:.
5132:.
5084:.
5045:.
4933:.
4906:.
4894:^
4876:.
4872:.
4841:.
4811:.
4722:.
4670:.
4664:.
4637:.
4611:.
4597:.
4593:.
4549:.
4523:.
4519:.
4508:^
4496:}}
4492:{{
4476:.
4468:.
4460:.
4452:.
4440:.
4436:.
4409:.
4385:^
4363:.
4319:.
4315:.
4290:.
4259:.
4229:.
4192:^
4170:.
4065:.
4046:'
4035:.
4028:.
3964:.
3948:,
3900:("
3824::
3812::
3808:,
3804::
3757:)
3752:32
3748:27
3743:11
3586:–
2880:–
2876:,
2238:–
2230:,
2190:–
2186:,
2182::
1846:–
1842:,
1802:–
1762:–
1576:,
1367:–
1363:,
1359:,
1355::
1239::
1203:–
1199:,
1159:–
945:.
937:,
933:,
929:,
925:,
901:.
852:.
764:,
760:,
677:.
619::
583::
579:;
563:A
519:.
121::
110::
99::
7502:/
7060:)
7056:(
6992:e
6985:t
6978:v
6241:)
6195:e
6188:t
6181:v
5828:e
5821:t
5814:v
5740:.
5692::
5684::
5631:.
5458:)
5444:.
5418:.
5404:"
5388:.
5374:"
5358:.
5321:.
5295:.
5281:3
5260:.
5230:.
5200:.
5170:.
5144:.
5118:.
5092:.
5057:.
5031:.
4986:.
4945:.
4917:.
4888:.
4857:.
4827:.
4796:.
4770:.
4744:.
4708:.
4682:.
4649:.
4605::
4599:8
4560:.
4535:.
4502:)
4488:.
4456::
4448::
4421:.
4379:.
4348:.
4331:.
4301:.
4275:.
4245:.
4215:.
4186:.
4053:/
3800:(
3745:+
3739:(
2234:-
1147:-
615:(
575:(
230:)
226:(
212:)
195:)
86:.
65:)
61:(
51:)
47:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
