Baidya - Knowledge

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instruments—were "braided" with Ayurveda to fashion Baidyas as the modern Brahmins. Notwithstanding these contestations of scriptural rank, the material dominance of Baidyas continued unabated into colonial rule when they proactively took to Western forms of education and held a disproportionate share of government jobs, elite professions, and landholding. Male as well as female literacy rate of Baidyas were remarkably higher than in the case of all other castes of Bengal, as recorded in the 1881 census—which was the first to record caste-wise literacy data—and ever since. Baidya women, specifically, had two and three times the literacy( in vernacular and English respectively) of Bengal's overall male population as per the 1931 census.

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Sudras because of their right to offer drinking water to the clean Brahmans who can minister to them without defilement. However, in the secular context the Baidyas and Kayasthas, who were mostly landholders and professionals, occupy a much higher rank than the nabhasakshs, who are mostly traders, manufacturers, and agriculturists. It is due to this reason that Brahmans, Baidyas, and Kayasthas are usually combined together and referred to as uchchajati, i.e. higher castes

3329: 3333: 614:, a member of this society, produced voluminous literature to put forward partisan claims on Baidyas descending from Brahmins. Binodlal Sen later published Bharatamallika's genealogies in print. A rivalry with the Kayasthas, who would be considered to be inferior thenceforth, became an integral part of this discourse; matrimonial alliances were discouraged, fomenting the rise of a rigid, endogamous caste group. 442:, Baidyas often branched out into fields other than medicine and comprised a significant percentage of the elites. They were reputed for their proficiency in Sanskrit, which they needed to read treatises of medicine. By the end of sixteenth century, Baidyas were occupying a position of preeminence in the Bengali social hierarchy alongside Brahmins and 244:(Brh. P.; c. 13th century) was the earliest document to chronicle a hierarchy of castes in Bengal and it became the standard text for popular negotiations of caste status. It mentioned the Baidyas as an occupational caste, equivalent to the Ambasthas, deriving from a well-known mythical episode where Brahmins had them ordained to be the highest of 365:, appears to have been the operating norm in these societies. North-eastern Bengal which saw aggressive encroachment upon tribal tracts via royal settlement of Brahmins witnessed a less egalitarian society; yet, notwithstanding rulers claiming to a Brahmin pedigree etc, the social groups in inscriptions did not have anything to do with 680:—the highest "secular rank" in contemporary Bengal—along with Brahmins and Kayasthas, and serve as the eyes and ears of the British Government. The Bhadraloks were instrumental in demanding democratic reforms during the early twentieth century; a majority of "revolutionary terrorists" from Bengal who partook in the 1055:

Sadvaidyakulapnjika does not invoke any such connection. Chandraprabha mentions Bharatamallika's father to be a Vaidya and an Ambastha; it also quotes from Hindu scriptures to prove why Ambasthas and Baidyas are equable. Annapurna Chattopadhyaya noted the "genuineness and historical bearing" of these

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for an overview. The conclusion is worth noting: "The Brahmanization of Bengal ... seems to have engulfed most of the indigenous local cultures by the time the last redactions to the Puranas were made, and succeeded in forging a common religious cultural tradition, flexible enough to accommodate

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there being no Kshatriya or Vaishya element in the indigenous population of Bengal. Ritually, the rank of the Baidya and the Kayasthas is the same as those of the Nabasakhs with whom they constitute the upper strata of the Bengali Sudras known as satsudra . They are also referred to as jalacharaniya

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During the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries, acrimonious debates about the caste status of Baidyas proliferated. Around 1750, Raja Ballabh wished to have Brahmins officiate at his rituals; he sought Vaishya status and claimed a right of wearing sacred thread for the Baidyas of his own

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in Brh. P. reflected and reinforced the existing social hierarchy of ancient Bengal — that is, even in pre-Brahminized Bengal, the Baidyas had an eminent position and practiced medicine — while allowing the Brahmin authors to conform an alien society to orthodoxic standards, and establish themselves

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Furui senses the express prohibitions on Ambastha/Baidyas to read the Puranas despite granting them the Ayurveda as indicative of a fear of encroachment upon Brahmin intellectual domain and a tacit acknowledgement of groups trained in alternate forms of knowledge; the deeming of Ambastha/Baidyas as

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Copper Plate Inscriptions from the Gupta Era point to a complex society with different professional classes having little socioeconomic homogeneity. Many of these classes had their own hierarchies corresponding to differential geospatial levels or economic conditions but there exists no evidence of

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Baidyas wield considerable socio-economic power in contemporary Bengal as part of Bhadraloks; though in absence of rigorous data, the precise extent is difficult to determine. Parimal Ghosh notes this Bhadralok hegemony to have effectively disenfranchised the rest of Bengal from staking a claim to

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In modern Bengal, Baidyas' place in caste-hierarchy follows Brahmins — they wear the sacred thread, and have access to scriptures, but cannot conduct priestly services. Their ritual rank — whether Sudras or not — is debated and claims to Brahmin status persist. However, their socioeconomic status

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Beginning the 11th century, kinship based organization was increasingly evident across all classes — sects of Brahmins claimed greater authority deriving from the illustriousness of their ancestors and networked among themselves, literate classes entered into practicing endogamy etc. Inscriptions

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And Ronald Inden confirms, after spending 1964 and part of 1965 in Bengal preparing a dissertation on Kayasthas, that intermarriage is becoming increasingly frequent among the urban sections of the Kayasthas, Brahmans, and Vaidyas, that is, among those Western-ized and educated twice-born castes

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According to David L. Curley, Baidyas were "serving in local revenue administrations, managing rent and revenue collections for zamindars, obtaining or providing short-term agrarian and mercantile credit, engaging in trade as agents or partners of the English and French East India

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had declared the genealogical works to be free for anyone who purchased medications above a certain value and Baidya medicine distributors were frequently found to sell revisionist caste histories. Says Mukharji, that elements of colonial modernity—Western notions of physiology and medical

606:, Baidyas would refuse to inoculate the masses and relegate such menial tasks to lower-ranked barbers and garland makers. Beginning in 1822, Brahmin and Baidya scholars produced a series of polemical pamphlets against one another and in 1831, the Baidya Samaj (Baidya Society) was formed by 473:, an immensely wealthy Baidya, organize the annual trip of Caitanya devotees to Puri, and his son wrote several devotional Sanskrit works. As the Caitanya cult shunned doctrines of equality after his death, the associated Baidyas began enjoying a quasi-Brahminic status as Gaudiya Vasihnava 874:

and Annapurna Chattopadhyay express skepticism on the connection but consider Sarma's hypothesis to be plausible. Projit Bihari Mukharji, however, rejects such an equivalence and notes "Ambastha" had meant different things in different contexts across the history of India; it was always a

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The Puranas as well as Mahabharata hold them to be Kshatriyas. Smriti and Shastra texts regard them as a mixed caste—of a Brahmin father and a lower caste wife. The Jatakas mention them as Vaishyas. Ambastha Sutta, a Buddhist text regards them as Brahmins. Also, see the next section on

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Thus to complicate the picture even more, the Baidyas and Kayasthas are often grouped together with the Brahmans to constitute the higher caste group or uccha jati. Some of the Baidyas and the Kayasthas are known to have started using the sacred thread as the sign of being

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at the top. According to Sircar, the Baidya community mentioned in the Bv. P. was a group of degraded Brahmins called Vaidya or Pandita, who resided in the Ganjam district of Odisha and may have served as a link between the Vaidyas of South India and the Baidyas of Bengal.

488:(late 15th c.). Besides, two Chandi Mangalkavyas were penned by Jaynnarayana Sen (c. 1750) and Muktarama Sen (1774), two Manasa Mangalkavyas by Sasthibara Datta (late 17th c.) and one by Dbarik Das. Bharatamallika (fl. 1650), a physician and an instructor of a 1187:

The text reiterates a different version of the Brh. P. myth, where Vaidyas are held to be the son of an Ambastha father and a Vaisya mother. Ambastha was born of a Maula father and a Vaisya mother. Maula was created of a Brahmin father and a Kshatriya

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It was highlighted Baidyas taught the Vedas unlike Brahmins, who were "apparently" only allowed to only recite them. Also, Baidyas exhibited sacrificatory values in the preparation of pakayajna and utterance of mantras during the making of a medical

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Kulajis — a form of literature endemic to Bengal — were essentially immutable genealogical registers but actually, texts in flux, reflecting the needs and anxieties of contemporary society; they primarily served to establish social hierarchy

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territories, stratification became ingrained into the social structure and Brahmins —probably with state patronage— ascended to the top, overshadowing the landed magnates. Pala grants frequently enlist a detailed social hierarchy from the

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Ludo Rocher however notes the text to contain multiple layers (like all other Puranas) making any dating impossible. However, he agrees with R. C. Hazra that a significant part was composed as a response to the Islamic conquest of

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In 1960, Chattopdhyay noted Baidyas were still treated as Sudras on all orthodox religious occasions. However, Sarma in 1980 postulated that the rank of Baidyas in ritual occasions was established to be higher than that of the

1019:, a Kshatriya, had raped a Brahmin pilgrim and she, along with the illegitimate son, were driven out by her husband. This son, who was brought up by Ashvin and trained in Ayurveda, went on to become the progenitor of Baidyas. 3542: 1864:

Furui, Ryosuke (2013). "Finding Tensions in the Social Order: a Reading of the Varṇasaṃkara Section of the Bṛhaddharmapurāṇa". In Ghosh, Suchandra; Bandyopadhyay, Sudipa Ray; Majumdar, Sushmita Basu; Pal, Sayantani (eds.).

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encompassing many professional classes. In contrast, largely-agrarian societies in the east, ruled by the Chandras, exhibited no such radical developments though rudimentary notions of ranks were under development. The

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Nripendra K. Dutt, Pascale Haag as well as Poonam Bala concur that the terms were synonymous. Jyotirmoyee Sarma hypothesizes both groups might have followed the same profession and eventually merged into one.

998:— in total devotion to Brahmins and bearing a lack of material envy — and thus endowed with the right of inviting Srotriya Brahmins and accepting service from lower Sudras; one stanza even notes them to be 653:; now, the Baidyas were not merely equal to Brahmins but identical. It was also suggested all Baidyas change their surnames to Sharma, a Brahmin patronymic. In 1915 and 1916, Kuladakinkara Ray published 2987:

On Occasions where profession was more relevant than ritual purity, Kayasthas, Baidyas and Nabhasakhs were considered together as Sudras whose water is acceptable to the Brahmins(jalacharaniya Shudras)

335:(507 C.E.), demarcated agricultural tracts that were to be collectively owned by Baidyas. The reference was, in all likelihood, to the profession of physicians who probably drew people from various 1697:

Haag, Pascale (2012). "I Wanna Be a Brahmin Too. Grammar, Tradition and Mythology as Means for Social Legitimisation among the Vaidyas in Bengal". In Watanabe, Chikafumi; Honda, Yoshichika (eds.).

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Kunal Chakrabarti and Sudipta Kuvairaj note Ch. M. to demonstrate a confluence of Brahminical and local folk traditions; their views of caste society differed from traditional Brahmanic literature.

561:, who thought this to be an attempt at gaining trans-samaj acceptance as a Baidya leader, and Brahmin scholars of Vikrampur, who resented the loss of monopoly, Ballabh invited 131 Brahmins from 357:, the relatively well-off sections among the landholder class gained eminence and split into several sub-classes depending on economic power. Inscriptions referred to people from these classes 236:

and accommodated elements of the vernacular culture to gain acceptance among masses. In the process, they became evidence of sociocultural negotiations that transpired in late-medieval Bengal.

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introduced admission for Kayasthas. At the same time, they invested efforts to prevent lower rank caste from infiltrating into their ranks and emphasize on their social purity; in the

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Mukharji notes movements to gain social mobility actively sought to safeguard their earned dominance by making sure lower-ranked castes remained as such. Vaidyas were no exception.

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passages to be "questionable". R. C. Majumdar, D. C. Ganguly, and R. C. Hazra reiterate concerns of genuineness but note that Bharatamallika must have reflected contemporary views.

1963:

Nicholas, Ralph W. (1995). "The Effectiveness of the Hindu Sacrament (Samskara): Caste, Marriage, and Divorce in Bengali Culture". In Harlan, Lindsey; Courtright, Paul B. (eds.).

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The text proposed the word Vaidya was constructed either from Veda or Vidya, redefined the word Ambastha as meaning the father (of patients incl. Brahmins), quoted from the

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sub-regional variations and indifference to the emerging consensus on the dominant cultural mode among some social groups, and strong enough to take dissent in its stride."

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In any case, whether the Brhaddharma Purana succeeded in materializing and sustaining the Brahminical visions of Bengali society is doubtful; the medieval law commentary

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Mitra, A. (1953). "Vaidyas". The Tribes and Castes of West Bengal (Report). Census 1951. Land and Land Revenue Department, Government of West Bengal. p. 37.

403: 625:, like Brahmins; Sengupta remained a prolific author for the Baidya cause throughout the first quarter of the twentieth century. In 1901, colonial ethnographer 1602: 659: 630: 637:

supported Risley's observation of non-Shudra status with measured skepticism and went on to produce illustrious histories of the community, deriving from

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Soon, Baidyas sought for equality with the Brahmins and claimed themselves to be "Gauna (secondary) Brahmins", leveraging the recently conferred right to

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Sedentary agrarian societies had formed in western regions of Bengal by c. 1000 BCE. The growth of states were roughly simultaneous with the rise of the

2588:"Styles of mastery of a Calcutta Brahman family: Krishnachandra Ghoshal's pilgrimage to Gaya, Kashi and Prayag, 1769, in Vijayram Sen's Ti-rthaman.gala" 3388: 3136:

dominating the modern, better-paying, and more prestigious occupations of metropolitan Calcutta and constituting perhaps half of the city's population

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for more details. No information exists about this dynasty (?) except what can be gleaned from these two plates; they were probably a lineage of the

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The origins of Baidyas remain surrounded by a wide variety of overlapping and sometimes contradictory myths, and are heavily contested. Aside from

3917: 3427: 1491: 611: 3584: 3271: 667: 642: 254:(Bv. P.) —notable for a very late Bengali recension (c. 14th/15th centuries)— treats the Baidyas as separate to Ambasthas but notes both to be 666:

These attempts at attaining mobility were heavily enmeshed with the modernization of Ayurveda, that transpired across the nineneeth century.

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on the same themes. Pascale Haag notes these efforts to gain mobility would not have partly succeeded without acceptance by Brahmin society.

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s were acceptable as evidences of history. Gupta also rebuked the Kayasthas for fabricating evidence to "malign" the Vaidyas as a low caste.

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were the only group to be referred to by their caste-identity and were revered but still classed as one among the peasant landholder class.

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These efforts met with much resistance from positivist historians. Jadunath Sarkar, R. C. Majumdar, and other historians rejected the idea

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increasingly point to the hereditary nature of a range of professions from merchants to engravers to scribes. In the words of Furui, proto-

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It is noticeable that Brihaddharmapurana has treated the Baidya and Ambastha as separate sub - castes ( Upabarna ) having separate history

538:, a summary of the former text. Bharata claimed a mixed-caste/Vaishya status for the Baidyas whereas Das skipped such discussions. In the 220:, famed for expertise in music and Sastras, and one of them was noted to have served in the dual roles of War-General and Prime Minister. 1250:

Kayasthas rejected the mobility claims of Baidyas to the extent of bribing Brahmins and instead chose to assert themselves as Kshatriyas.

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were concessional transactions where Brahmins entered into co operational agreements with other groups but commanded nominal authority.

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inter-class hierarchy; rather, there were frequent collaborations at the local levels in bureaucratic affairs. It does not appear that

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played a significant role in the history of Bengal: they propagated and established Brahminic ideals in the hitherto-impure fringes of

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s - this rebirth is noted to be their identifying characteristic. Pending completion of these rituals, they were branded as among the

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The region had remained outside the influences of Brahminism for long, being treated as the "land of impure" as late as c. 200 B.C.E.

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Baidyas were unquestionably established as among the "upper castes" by the mid-nineteenth century; they would go on to comprise the

1206:

Both Kavikantahara and Bharatamallika mentioned of several older genealogies, which are now-lost or (unlikely) yet to be retrieved.

208:(c. 660 CE) were drafted by one Vajravarman, described as an "illustrious Vaidya"; besides, three South Indian inscriptions of the 316:

and by then, cultural contacts with North India were gradually flourishing. Written records predating the Guptas do not survive.

3061: 526:(c. mid 16th century) also hold Baidyas to be Sudras. In 1653 C.E., Ramakanta Das wrote the oldest available Baidya kulanji — 4331: 3452: 3368: 3238: 3211: 3184: 3128: 3101: 3071: 3041: 3010: 2980: 2947: 2900: 2858: 2705: 2665: 2638: 2212: 2125: 1814: 1586: 1503: 1474: 1447: 1420: 1371: 693:

rivals that of Brahmins. As of 1960, inter-marriages between the Brahmins, Baidyas and Kayasthas were common and increasing.

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were drawn primarily, but not exclusively, from these three upper castes, who continue to maintain a collective hegemony in

2004:

Furui, Ryosuke (2018). "Social Life: Issues of Varṇa-Jāti System". In Chowdhury, Abdul Momin; Chakravarti, Ranabir (eds.).

1903:"Continuities of Social Mobility in Traditional and Modern Society in India: Two Case Studies of Caste Mobility in Bengal" 879:

label claimed by different groups in their reinvention of themselves. R. C. Majumdar rejected such an identification, too.

4305: 3524: 522:(c. mid 16th century CE) placed the Baidyas below Vaisyas but above Kayasthas, again indicating a Sudra status. Works by 387: 3577: 3313: 1069:(good conduct) in due course of time while SV reiterated the popular tradition of Ballāla Sena conferring Kulin status. 3157: 2424: 2187: 1706: 1228:

Sena is held to have divided the Baidyas into numerous sub-castes, depending on their place of residence, leading to

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to advocate that Baidyas were not just the same as Brahmins but the highest of them. In 1922, Basantakumar Sen wrote

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were forming across these spans which would be legitimized into a Brahminic social order by the Upapuranas etc. The

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Dasgupta, Ratan (2011-12-01). "Maharaja Krishnachandra: Religion, Caste and Polity in Eighteenth Century Bengal".

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cannon about caste groups exhibiting social mobility as a result of virtuous deeds, and highlighted from Veda and

3286: 2921:

Ray, Saumyajit (2009). "Understanding Indian Multiculturalism". In Raj, Christopher S.; McAndrew, Marie (eds.).

1834:. Hermeneutics: Studies in the History of Religions. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 321–369. 3897: 3303: 4336: 3570: 946:, Ambasthas evolved from the forbidden unions of Brahmin fathers with Vaishya mothers, and got classified as 283:(CP; c. late 17th century) constructs a descent from the semi-legendary Ambasthas whereas the slightly older 1166:

es (societies) that exhibited strict conformity in rituals and social behaviour. There were Shaivite Baidya

950:(highest of mixed classes). Venu had these mixed-castes further reproduce with other mixed-castes and four 681: 2549:"Review of Doctoring Traditions: Ayurveda, Small Technologies and Braided Sciences, MukharjiProjit Bihari" 3932: 1322:) but strove (to the fascination of external observers) for the highest of "ceremonial/scriptural rank" ( 1124:. It is not wise to speculate on whether they were (B)Vaidyas — the Nalanda Stone Pillar inscription of 933:

The myth is very popular across a large set of Indian scriptures. It probably has Indo-European origins.

4073: 4197: 4083: 3825: 1569:

Mukharji, Projit Bihari (2016-10-14). "A Baidya-Bourgeois World: The Sociology of Braided Sciences".

790: 595: 361:

the villages they owned and above other professional classes — thus, economic affluence, rather than

2838: 1090: 646: 2402:. Collection of Open Access Books and Monographs. CEDAR, University of Washington. pp. 33–34. 1496:

The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century

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Mrinal Sen was born on 14 May 1923 in a Vaidyabrahman family in Jhiltuli mahalla of Faridpur city

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The Gaya Narasimha Temple Inscription was composed by one "Vaidya Bajrapani" during the reign of

727: 4310: 3998: 3500: 1259:

However, Baidyas continued to marry Kayasthas in East Bengal leading to a diminution in status.

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The particulars of appropriation vary — CP held that the Baidyas gained Kulin status for their

811: 807: 774: 758: 539: 250: 3358: 3201: 3118: 3091: 3031: 2968: 2937: 2414: 1410: 4171: 4033: 3000: 2655: 2628: 2142: 2115: 1437: 1393: 1361: 832: 106: 3481: 1464: 3937: 2792:"Space of Deprivation: The 19th Century Bengali Kerani in the Bhadrolok Milieu of Calcutta" 1699:

Sanskrit Sadhuta: Goodness of Sanskrit : Studies in Honour of Professor Ashok Aklujkar

1120:, as was the Gaya Akshaybata Temple Inscription by "Vaidya Dharmapani" during the reign of 871: 770: 594:

barred Shudras from admission, initially allowing only Brahmins and Baidyas to enrol until

543: 457:, a childhood friend of Caitanya, was a famed physician of Navadwip and went on to compose 450: 2233:

From performance to literature: The "Candīman˙gala" of Kavikan˙kana Mukundarāma Cakravarti

1412:

Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal

8: 2117:

Marriage and Rank in Bengali Culture: A History of Caste and Clan in Middle Period Bengal

626: 240: 102: 4187: 3830: 3260:. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. 3002:

Caste, Entrepreneurship and the Illusions of Tradition: Branding the Potters of Kolkata

2819: 2772: 2764: 2568: 2485: 2469: 2380: 2328: 2282: 2093: 1938: 1930: 1596: 780: 739: 715: 634: 629:

noted the Baidyas to be above Sudras but below Brahmins. Baidya social historians like

485: 394:—even exceeding the Brahmins— pointing to the yet-insignificant roles played by varna. 178: 2351:"Scholar Networks and the Manuscript Economy in Nyāya-śāstra in Early Colonial Bengal" 4207: 4150: 3927: 3448: 3421: 3364: 3309: 3234: 3207: 3180: 3153: 3124: 3097: 3067: 3037: 3006: 2976: 2943: 2896: 2854: 2811: 2756: 2701: 2661: 2634: 2609: 2560: 2477: 2461: 2420: 2384: 2372: 2332: 2320: 2274: 2208: 2183: 2121: 2097: 2085: 1942: 1922: 1810: 1702: 1582: 1499: 1470: 1443: 1416: 1367: 1292: 840: 419: 337: 156: 3403: 2776: 2008:. Vol. 2: Society, Economy & Culture. Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 621:

in an attempt to prove the Ambasthas had scriptural sanction of being ordained into

4135: 4108: 4023: 4018: 4013: 3968: 3922: 3882: 3735: 3725: 3680: 3087: 2888: 2846: 2803: 2748: 2693: 2599: 2489: 2453: 2362: 2312: 2077: 1914: 1574: 1216: 764: 745: 706: 591: 443: 439: 427: 152: 124: 120: 66: 449:

Around the late fifteenth century, Baidyas became intricately associated with the

261:

According to Ryosuke Furui, the Varnasamkara myth and the subsequent ordaining of

4093: 4088: 4078: 3973: 3942: 3912: 3442: 3255: 3228: 3174: 2037: 2020: 1121: 733: 462: 2892: 2400:

Poetry and History: Bengali Maṅgal-kābya and Social Change in Precolonial Bengal

481: 292: 4166: 4140: 4003: 3993: 3730: 3710: 3660: 3593: 2534:

Homo Ahistoricus: Reading Disavowals of History in Colonial South Asian Writing

2367: 2350: 2316: 2263:"Seductive Orientalism: English Education and Modern Science in Colonial India" 2081: 2006:

History of Bangladesh: Early Bengal in Regional Perspectives (up to c. 1200 CE)

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O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (1976). "THE SPLIT CHILD: Good and Evil Within Men".

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about products of mixed marriages being entitled to carry their paternal caste.

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was not a homogeneous unit. The community was divided into numerous endogamous

1142: 1043: 801: 577:. All of them adjudicated in his favour, with ceremonial costs running to five 470: 418:, on whose advice a parcel of land was granted to the family of a dead prince. 354: 205: 3488:

He was born in a Traditional and reputed Vaidya family(a caste of physicians)

2880: 2850: 2807: 2752: 2737:"Beyond Bengal: Gender, Education, and the Writing of Colonial Indian History" 1578: 1215:

This Candrasekhara was based in Banaras and might have been the court poet of

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family to have served as the royal physicians in 11th and 12th century Bengal.

181:

does not discuss details of the caste's origins, nor do any old and authentic

4325: 4068: 3988: 3963: 3820: 3815: 3700: 3645: 2815: 2760: 2613: 2604: 2587: 2564: 2465: 2376: 2324: 2278: 2089: 2065: 1926: 990:. Then, they were made to undergo a second birth as penance for birthing the 795: 350: 128: 98: 94: 4192: 3983: 3907: 3902: 3887: 3665: 3629: 3614: 2481: 2180:

A Vaisnava Poet in Early Modern Bengal: Kavikarnapura's Splendour of Speech

2111: 1965:

From the Margins of Hindu Marriage: Essays on Gender, Religion, and Culture

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languages. Bengal is the only place where they formed a caste or rather, a

3793: 2697: 610:, a teacher at the Native Medical Institution, to defend class interests. 204:

mention migrations from Karnat and other places. The Talamanchi plates of

4260: 4098: 4063: 4053: 4048: 4008: 3747: 3695: 3650: 921: 721: 373: 332: 136: 42: 3230:

Doctoring Traditions: Ayurveda, Small Technologies, and Braided Sciences

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Doctoring Traditions: Ayurveda, Small Technologies, and Braided Sciences

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Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire

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Doctoring Traditions: Ayurveda, Small Technologies, and Braided Sciences

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physicians, the Baidyas have long had pre-eminence in society alongside

4103: 4028: 3851: 3715: 3705: 2473: 2441: 2248:

Caitanya Caritamrta of Krsnadasa Kaviraja: A Translation and Commentary

2165:

Caitanya Caritamrta of Krsnadasa Kaviraja: A Translation and Commentary

1934: 1902: 1767:

Studies in the Society and Administration of Ancient and Medieval India

754: 749: 494: 54: 3116: 1466:

Nationalizing the Body: The Medical Market, Print and Daktari Medicine

4255: 4239: 4043: 3866: 3779: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3624: 2923:

Multiculturalism: Public Policy and Problem Areas in Canada and India

1125: 892:

Religious Process: The Puranas and the Making of a Regional Tradition

823: 675: 586: 546:, one Candrasekhara is variably referred to as a Baidya and a Sudra. 233: 190: 186: 173: 132: 3360:

Hindu Revivalism in Bengal, 1872–1905: Some Essays in Interpretation

3272:"Jibanananda Das death anniversary: Remembering his life and legacy" 2457: 1918: 4280: 3742: 3720: 3670: 1882:

Inter-communities Relations Through Castes, Rituals & Marriages

1117: 836: 622: 599: 570: 557: 288: 116: 78: 2654:

Chandra, Uday; Heierstad, Geir; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo (2015-09-25).

986:(physicians) in light of "existing capacities" and with help from 4285: 4270: 4058: 3685: 3562: 2510:. Kolkata: Basu Research and Documentation Service. pp. 1–3. 1170:

es, with a marked antipathy for the Vaishnava cult. Often, these

1016: 987: 959: 650: 562: 295:

to be among their ancestors; this is agreed upon by some Brahmin

217: 50: 1439:

Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal

1363:

Caste, Culture and Hegemony: Social Dominance in Colonial Bengal

942:

In the myth whose central event takes place during the reign of

498:, and produced miscellaneous works on grammar and lexicography. 248:

and conferred a monopoly to practice Ayurveda. In contrast, the

111: 4234: 4202: 4145: 4038: 3861: 3856: 3846: 3774: 3769: 3675: 3619: 2973:

The Changing Identity of Rural India: A Socio-Historic Analysis

2969:"The social context of Politics in Rural West Bengal (1947-92)" 2879:

Roy Chowdhury, Sunandan (2017), Roy Chowdhury, Sunandan (ed.),

2686:"Partition and the mysterious disappearance of caste in Bengal" 2207:. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. p. 35. 1807:

Land and Society In Early South Asia: Eastern India 400-1250 AD

1785:

Mutating Goddesses: Bengal's Laukika Hinduism and Gender Rights

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origin in Hindu scriptures, but such connections are tenuous.

4275: 4265: 3978: 3253: 963: 603: 574: 46: 982:(as were all other castes), and purposed and synonymised to 446:; marriages between Baidyas and Kayasthas were commonplace. 3690: 3389:"WB Polls: Mamata's triumph, a victory of class over caste" 3029: 1355: 1353: 943: 578: 3330:"গণমানুষের চলচ্চিত্রকার মৃণাল সেন | The Daily Star Bangla" 3120:

The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India

2235:(Thesis). University of Chicago. pp. 25, 27, 233–234. 1982:. Centre of Advanced Study in AIHC, C.U. pp. 173–175. 916:

Older sources on social setup include inscriptions of the

3176:

Essays of a Lifetime: Reformers, Nationalists, Subalterns

3117:

Lloyd I. Rudolph; Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (15 July 1984).

2246:

Dimock, Edward C. "Adi Lila". In Stewart, Tony K. (ed.).

2163:

Dimock, Edward C. "Personae". In Stewart, Tony K. (ed.).

279:

others. Of the two extant pre-modern Baidya genealogies,

185:. The community claims a descent from the semi-legendary 2508:

Castes in Bengal: Some Bengali Publications: 1840 - 1940

1867:

Revisiting Early India: Essays in Honour of D. C. Sircar

1350: 422:

feels that the Baidyas had probably crystallized into a

307: 3288:

Neo-Hinduism and Militant Politics in Bengal, 1875-1910

2653: 3501:"Suchitra sen Filmography | Biography of Suchitra sen" 3199: 3048:

Vaidya A Shudra caste in Bengal. Also known as Baidya.

2960: 2939:

Devoted to the Goddess: The Life and Work of Ramprasad

2536:(Thesis). Princeton University. p. 165, 184, 187. 2250:. Harvard Oriental Series: 56. Cambridge. p. 239. 709:, Indian revolutionary and lawyer, popularly known as 514:

s, of whom Kayasthas were held to be the highest. The

3404:"107th birth anniversary of Pritilata Waddedar today" 2042:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 115. 1629:. G. BHARADWAJ , CALCUTTA. pp. 420–421, 435–437. 492:, wrote numerous commentaries on Sanskrit texts like 349:

With the rise of sovereign kingships centered around

2971:. In Elisabetta Basile; Ishita Mukhopadhyay (eds.). 2442:"The Goddess Śītalā and Epidemic Smallpox in Bengal" 2018: 1783:

Sengupta, Saswati (2021). "Invoking the Goddesses".

1667:. Vol. 2. Kolkata: Firma KLM. pp. 868–908. 1665:

The People And Culture Of Bengal: A Study In Origins

1046:

shares few things in common with Bṛhaddharma Purana.

390:

allotted the Baidyas with the largest share of land

2039:

Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Empire

3110: 2205:The One-eyed Goddess: A Study of the Manasā Maṅgal 2143:"Caste, Class and Politics in Calcutta, 1815-1838" 2120:. University of California Press. pp. 28–29. 388:Paschimbhag copperplate inscription of Sri Chandra 1601:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 501: 4323: 2419:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–145. 2178:Lutjeharms, Rembert (2018). "On Kavikarṇapūra". 1309:Companies and acquiring zamindari estates". 1178:s (places) that had variable degree of autonomy. 1128:explicitly notes one Vaidyanatha to be from the 530:. A few years later, Bharatamallika would write 3918:International Society for Krishna Consciousness 2592:The Indian Economic & Social History Review 2070:The Indian Economic & Social History Review 2066:"Scribal elites in Sultanate and Mughal Bengal" 645:, the first dean of the Faculty of Ayurveda at 196:It is plausible the Baidyas had some link with 3206:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 255–. 3123:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 124–. 2998: 2935: 2885:Politics, Policy and Higher Education in India 1829: 1662: 1359: 1158:It must be borne in mind, however, the Baidya 555:samaj. On facing opposition from other Baidya 433: 216:(trans. "Vaidya clan" /"Vaidya family") to be 3578: 3093:Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices 2992: 2878: 2149:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–56. 2145:. In Leach, Edmund; Mukherjee, S. N. (eds.). 1435: 1395:Origin and growth of caste in India, Volume 2 1318:Jyotirmoyee Sarma notes Baidyas already had ( 962:mothers. After Venu was deposed by the Gods, 3483:Bhāratī: Bulletin of the College of Indology 3193: 3066:. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan. p. 110. 2966: 2679: 2677: 2626: 2531: 2226: 2224: 1967:. Oxford University Press. pp. 145–152. 1095:Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 345:Medieval Bengal (c. 600 C.E. - c. 1400 C.E.) 3426:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2845:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, p. 165, 2839:"Revolutionary Terrorism in British Bengal" 2789: 1769:. Vol. 1. Firma KLM. pp. 19, 115. 1498:, Cambridge University Press, p. 374, 1398:. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 69–70. 974:into the four primordial varnas to restore 970:reincarnate and he sought to integrate the 889: 826:, Indian revolutionary, popularly known as 461:, his oldest extant biography in Sanskrit. 3585: 3571: 3401: 3200:Projit Bihari Mukharji (14 October 2016). 2929: 2734: 2683: 2177: 2063: 1701:. Delhi: DK Printworld. pp. 273–296. 3440: 3023: 2925:. Canada: Manak Publications. p. 90. 2881:"Western University, Indian Nationalisms" 2674: 2630:The Defining Moments in Bengal: 1920–1947 2603: 2366: 2221: 2167:. Harvard Oriental Series: 56. Cambridge. 2140: 1977: 1809:. Routledge. pp. 73, 199, 236, 256. 1408: 287:(SV) did not. Further, both of them hold 177:and two genealogies (Kulajis), premodern 3363:. Oxford University Press. p. 136. 3332:(in Bengali). 2021-06-14. Archived from 3284: 3226: 3033:Caste in Life: Experiencing Inequalities 2439: 2302: 2230: 2012: 1980:Journal of Ancient Indian History, Vol-6 1962: 1879: 1873: 1782: 1624: 1568: 1462: 1415:. Oxford University Press. p. 132. 978:.Thus, the Ambasthas were brought under 223: 3301: 2627:Bhattacharya, Sabyasachi (2014-05-27). 2260: 2182:. Oxford University Press. p. 24. 1823: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1735:Caste Dynamics Among the Bengali Hindus 1658: 1656: 1442:. SAGE Publications India. p. 20. 1091:"Copper-Plate Inscriptions from Sylhet" 617:In 1893, Jnanendramohan Sengupta wrote 480:Multiple Baidya authors partook in the 4324: 3382: 3380: 3254:Padmini Sathianadhan Sengupta (1968). 3227:Mukharji, Projit Bihari (2016-10-14). 3172: 3086: 3059: 2585: 2501: 2499: 2397: 2348: 2158: 2156: 2035: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1900: 1832:The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1764: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 924:periods but Baidyas are not mentioned. 649:, opened a "Baidya Brahman Samiti" in 573:, and other regions with expertise in 212:(c. late 8th century) note the Vaidya- 3566: 3386: 3147: 2836: 2730: 2728: 2520: 2412: 2344: 2342: 2298: 2296: 2202: 2110: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2003: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1896: 1894: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1804: 1778: 1776: 1732: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1409:McDermott, Rachel Fell (2001-06-28). 1088: 324:played any role in the society — the 308:Gupta Bengal (c. 400 C.E. - 550 C.E.) 3030:D. Shyam Babu and R.S Khare (2010). 2690:The Politics of Caste in West Bengal 2657:The Politics of Caste in West Bengal 2505: 1741: 1696: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1489: 1436:Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004-07-01). 1391: 1387: 1385: 1383: 465:, another Baidya devotees, composed 331:One Gunaighar Inscription, dated to 200:of South India; inscriptions of the 37:Regions with significant populations 4306:Bengali Hindu mythology and culture 3441:Mukherjee, Soumyendra Nath (1977). 3377: 3356: 3291:. University of Hawaii. p. 76. 2920: 2887:, Singapore: Springer, p. 48, 2546: 2514: 2496: 2153: 2029: 1986: 1791: 1715: 1671: 1633: 13: 3592: 3357:Sen, Amiya P. (28 February 2001). 3257:Deshapriya Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 2725: 2339: 2293: 2245: 2162: 2046: 1949: 1891: 1838: 1773: 1737:. Firma KLM. pp. 14, 20, 111. 1663:Chattopadhyaya, Annapurna (1960). 1609: 1089:Mitra, Rajendralal (August 1880). 724:, one of India's first film makers 641:. In the early twentieth century, 549: 14: 4348: 3543:"Surendranath Dasgupta Biography" 2999:Geir Heierstad (2 January 2017). 2684:Chatterjee, Partha (2015-09-25). 2586:Curley, David L. (January 2020). 2413:Bayly, C. A. (10 November 2011). 2064:Chatterjee, Kumkum (2010-10-01). 1517: 1380: 700: 3948:Yogoda Satsanga Society of India 3792: 3535: 3517: 3493: 3474: 3469:Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls 3461: 3434: 3395: 3005:. Anthem Press. pp. 45–46. 2741:Victorian Literature and Culture 1463:Mukharji, Projit Bihari (2011). 1360:Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara (2004). 687: 372:With increasing urbanization in 3350: 3322: 3305:Sanskrit and the British Empire 3295: 3278: 3264: 3247: 3233:. University of Chicago Press. 3220: 3166: 3150:What Happened to the Bhadralok? 3141: 3080: 3053: 2975:. Anthem Press. pp. 203–. 2914: 2872: 2830: 2796:Asian Journal of Social Science 2783: 2647: 2620: 2579: 2540: 2525: 2433: 2406: 2391: 2254: 2239: 2196: 2171: 2134: 2104: 1971: 1573:. University of Chicago Press. 1329: 1312: 1302: 1285: 1275: 1262: 1253: 1244: 1235: 1222: 1209: 1200: 1191: 1181: 1152: 1135: 1110: 1081: 1072: 1059: 1049: 1036: 1022: 1009: 936: 927: 910: 900: 882: 863: 718:, Bengali writer, educationist 430:, sometime around these times. 299:but rejected by Kayastha ones. 3898:Brahmo Conference Organisation 3036:. PEARSON INDIA. p. 175. 1869:. Kolkata: R. N. Bhattacharya. 1483: 1456: 1429: 1402: 1392:Dutt, Nripendra Kumar (1968). 853: 742:, philosopher, social reformer 502:Caste status and contestations 1: 2942:. SUNY Press. pp. 163–. 2532:Bhattacharya, Ritwik (2016). 2349:Wright, Samuel (2021-04-01). 2019:Nripendra Kumar Dutt (1965). 1805:Furui, Ryosuke (2019-07-04). 1343: 1174:es were further divided into 798:, Hindu Shakta poet and saint 4332:Social groups of West Bengal 4074:Swami Vivekananda's Birthday 3173:Sarkar, Sumit (2018-12-27). 2967:Mario Prayer (1 July 2009). 2735:O'Dell, Benjamin D. (2014). 2446:The Journal of Asian Studies 2355:Journal of Indian Philosophy 2231:Yazijian, Edward M. (2007). 1907:The Journal of Asian Studies 1901:Sanyal, Hitesranjan (1971). 1366:. SAGE. p. 24,25, 240. 682:Indian independence movement 469:, a theological commentary. 142: 7: 3933:Self-Realization Fellowship 3444:Calcutta: Myths and History 2893:10.1007/978-981-10-5056-5_3 2843:Terror and the Postcolonial 2790:Chakrabarti, Sumit (2017). 2633:. Oxford University Press. 2440:Nicholas, Ralph W. (1981). 2025:. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay. 1880:Malakara, Kalipada (1979). 1733:Sarma, Jyotirmoyee (1987). 1469:. Anthem Press. p. 4. 890:Chakrabarti, Kunal (2001). 783:, revolutionary nationalist 761:winner Indian film director 736:, poet, writer and novelist 434:Sultanate and Mughal Bengal 189:, mostly believed to be of 10: 4353: 3285:Southard, Barbara (1971). 3096:. Routledge. p. 133. 2547:Rai, Saurav Kumar (2018). 2368:10.1007/s10781-020-09449-8 2317:10.1177/037698361103800204 2203:Smith, William L. (1980). 2082:10.1177/001946461004700402 1787:. Oxford University Press. 894:. Oxford University Press. 510:classed the Baidyas among 438:In Sultanate, Mughal, and 414:(c. 1050) to be of Baidya 302: 269: 166: 18: 4298: 4248: 4227: 4220: 4180: 4159: 4128: 4121: 3956: 3875: 3839: 3808: 3801: 3790: 3638: 3607: 3600: 3505:www.indianfilmhistory.com 3471:. Oxford University Press 2851:10.1002/9781444310085.ch6 2808:10.1163/15685314-04501003 2753:10.1017/S1060150314000138 2398:Curley, David L. (2008). 2141:Mukherjee, S. N. (1970). 1627:HISTORY OF ANCIENT BENGAL 1579:10.7208/9780226381824-003 791:Calcutta Sanskrit College 602:epidemic of the 1840s in 596:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 592:Calcutta Sanskrit College 459:Krsna Caitanya Caritamrta 151:means a physician in the 97:community located in the 77: 72: 65: 60: 41: 36: 3308:. Taylor & Francis. 3302:Kochhar, Rajesh (2021). 2605:10.1177/0019464619892893 2305:Indian Historical Review 2261:Kochhar, Rajesh (2008). 2036:Sharma, Tej Ram (1978). 1978:Sircar, D. C (1972–73). 1625:MAJUMDAR, R. C. (1971). 954:varnas with bearing the 846: 647:Banaras Hindu University 19:For the occupation, see 3893:Bharat Sevashram Sangha 3467:McDaniel, June (2004). 3152:. Delhi: Primus Books. 3148:Ghosh, Parimal (2016). 3060:Lochan, Kanjiv (2003). 2936:Malcolm McLean (1998). 1581:(inactive 2024-09-18). 1132:(mercantile community). 1015:The origin story goes: 728:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 4311:Bengali Hindu diaspora 3999:Dhamrai Jagannath Roth 3547:www.tititudorancea.com 3529:abhipedia.abhimanu.com 3387:Dutta-Ray, Sunanda K. 1765:Sircar, D. C. (1959). 808:Siddhartha Shankar Ray 789:, former principal of 748:, India's first human 730:, Indian revolutionary 684:came from this class. 520:Mukundaram Chakrabarti 506:The Vallal Charita of 251:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 4172:Rabindra Nritya Natya 3486:. The College. 1985. 2837:Heehs, Peter (2009), 2698:10.4324/9781315686318 833:Surendranath Dasgupta 484:, the foremost being 482:Mangalkavya tradition 404:Bhatera Copper Plates 224:Scriptural narratives 4337:Bengali Hindu castes 3938:Sri Aurobindo Ashram 2147:Elites in South Asia 872:Dineshchandra Sircar 835:, Indian scholar of 771:Prafulla Chandra Sen 619:Baidyajatir Baisista 544:Krishnadasa Kaviraja 453:alongside Brahmins. 341:including Brahmins. 2692:. Routledge India. 2506:Basu, Hena (2004). 1490:Seal, Anil (1968), 966:was installed as a 660:Baidya Jatir Itihas 631:Umesh Chandra Gupta 627:Herbert Hope Risley 540:Caitanya Caritāmṛta 528:Sadvaidyakulapnjika 285:Sadvaidyakulapnjika 241:Brihaddharma Purana 103:Indian subcontinent 33: 16:Indian ethnic group 4188:Vaishnava Padavali 3274:. 22 October 2021. 781:Pritilata Waddedar 740:Keshub Chandra Sen 716:Dinesh Chandra Sen 635:Dinesh Chandra Sen 179:Bengali literature 31: 4319: 4318: 4294: 4293: 4216: 4215: 4208:Hungry generation 4151:Bishnupur gharana 4117: 4116: 3928:Ramakrishna Order 3788: 3787: 3454:978-0-8364-0202-5 3370:978-0-19-908770-9 3240:978-0-226-38313-2 3213:978-0-226-38182-4 3186:978-1-4384-7431-1 3130:978-0-226-73137-7 3103:978-1-135-24061-5 3073:978-81-86937-66-2 3043:978-93-325-0655-8 3012:978-1-78308-519-4 2982:978-1-84331-823-1 2949:978-1-4384-1258-0 2902:978-981-10-5056-5 2860:978-1-4443-1008-5 2707:978-1-315-68631-8 2667:978-1-317-41477-3 2640:978-0-19-908934-5 2214:978-91-22-00408-0 2127:978-0-52002-569-1 1816:978-1-138-49843-3 1588:978-0-226-38182-4 1505:978-0-521-09652-2 1476:978-0-85728-935-3 1449:978-81-321-0407-0 1422:978-0-19-803071-3 1373:978-0-76199-849-5 841:Indian philosophy 820:, Bengali actress 655:Vaidyakulapanjika 608:Khudiram Bisharad 534:(1675 C.E.), and 467:Krsna Bhajanamrta 420:Kumkum Chatterjee 84: 83: 4344: 4225: 4224: 4136:Rabindra Sangeet 4126: 4125: 4064:Jagaddhatri Puja 4024:Vishwakarma Puja 4019:Ganesh Chaturthi 3969:Rabindra Jayanti 3923:Matua Mahasangha 3883:Adi Brahmo Samaj 3831:Matuasmritokotha 3806: 3805: 3796: 3605: 3604: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3478: 3472: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3447:. Subarnarekha. 3438: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3402:jagonews24.com. 3399: 3393: 3392: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3341: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3027: 3021: 3020: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2732: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2710:. Archived from 2681: 2672: 2671: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2607: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2553:Social Scientist 2544: 2538: 2537: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2370: 2346: 2337: 2336: 2300: 2291: 2290: 2267:Social Scientist 2258: 2252: 2251: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2151: 2150: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2112:Inden, Ronald B. 2108: 2102: 2101: 2061: 2044: 2043: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2001: 1984: 1983: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1960: 1947: 1946: 1898: 1889: 1888: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1861: 1836: 1835: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1802: 1789: 1788: 1780: 1771: 1770: 1762: 1739: 1738: 1730: 1713: 1712: 1694: 1669: 1668: 1660: 1631: 1630: 1622: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1592: 1566: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1389: 1378: 1377: 1357: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1316: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1289: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1266: 1260: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1226: 1220: 1217:Rao Surjan Singh 1213: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1156: 1150: 1139: 1133: 1114: 1108: 1102: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1070: 1063: 1057: 1053: 1047: 1040: 1034: 1026: 1020: 1013: 1007: 940: 934: 931: 925: 914: 908: 904: 898: 895: 886: 880: 867: 861: 857: 765:Nabinchandra Sen 759:Dadasaheb Phalke 746:Madhusudan Gupta 707:Chittaranjan Das 697:social capital. 463:Narahari Sarkara 426:long before the 34: 30: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4290: 4244: 4212: 4176: 4155: 4113: 4094:Maha Shivaratri 4079:Makar Sankranti 3974:Akshaya Tritiya 3952: 3943:Vedanta Society 3913:Gaudiya Mission 3871: 3835: 3797: 3784: 3634: 3596: 3591: 3561: 3560: 3551: 3549: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3439: 3435: 3419: 3418: 3412: 3410: 3400: 3396: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3355: 3351: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3300: 3296: 3283: 3279: 3270: 3269: 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SUNY Press. 3165: 3158: 3140: 3129: 3109: 3102: 3090:(2012-10-02). 3088:Lipner, Julius 3079: 3072: 3052: 3042: 3022: 3011: 2991: 2981: 2959: 2948: 2928: 2913: 2901: 2871: 2859: 2829: 2782: 2724: 2706: 2673: 2666: 2646: 2639: 2619: 2578: 2559:(7–8): 79–80. 2539: 2524: 2513: 2495: 2432: 2425: 2405: 2390: 2361:(2): 323–359. 2338: 2311:(2): 225–242. 2292: 2273:(3/4): 49–50. 2253: 2238: 2220: 2213: 2195: 2188: 2170: 2152: 2133: 2126: 2103: 2076:(4): 445–472. 2045: 2028: 2011: 1985: 1970: 1948: 1913:(2): 315–339. 1890: 1872: 1837: 1822: 1815: 1790: 1772: 1740: 1714: 1707: 1670: 1632: 1608: 1587: 1516: 1504: 1482: 1475: 1455: 1448: 1428: 1421: 1401: 1379: 1372: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1328: 1311: 1301: 1284: 1274: 1261: 1252: 1243: 1234: 1221: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1180: 1151: 1143:R. C. Majumdar 1134: 1109: 1080: 1071: 1058: 1048: 1035: 1021: 1008: 935: 926: 909: 899: 881: 862: 851: 850: 848: 845: 844: 843: 830: 821: 815: 814:of West Bengal 812:Chief Minister 805: 802:R. C. Majumdar 799: 793: 784: 778: 777:of West Bengal 768: 762: 752: 743: 737: 731: 725: 719: 713: 702: 701:Notable people 699: 689: 686: 551: 548: 503: 500: 471:Sivananda Sena 435: 432: 428:Sultanate rule 355:Pundravardhana 346: 343: 309: 306: 304: 301: 271: 268: 225: 222: 206:Vikramaditya I 168: 165: 144: 141: 82: 81: 75: 74: 70: 69: 63: 62: 58: 57: 39: 38: 32:Bengali Baidya 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4349: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4069:Kalpataru Day 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3989:Savitri Brata 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3964:Poila Baisakh 3962: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3816:Bhagavad Gita 3814: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3701:Suvarna Banik 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3464: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3437: 3429: 3423: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3383: 3381: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3353: 3346: 3336:on 2021-06-14 3335: 3331: 3325: 3317: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3290: 3289: 3281: 3273: 3267: 3259: 3258: 3250: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3169: 3161: 3159:9789384082994 3155: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3056: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2932: 2924: 2917: 2904: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2862: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2714:on 2022-07-15 2713: 2709: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2678: 2669: 2663: 2660:. 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Retrieved 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3508:. Retrieved 3504: 3495: 3487: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3463: 3443: 3436: 3411:. Retrieved 3407: 3397: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3338:. Retrieved 3334:the original 3324: 3304: 3297: 3287: 3280: 3266: 3256: 3249: 3229: 3222: 3202: 3195: 3175: 3168: 3149: 3143: 3134: 3119: 3112: 3092: 3082: 3062: 3055: 3047: 3032: 3025: 3018:second-born. 3016: 3001: 2994: 2986: 2972: 2962: 2953: 2938: 2931: 2922: 2916: 2906:, retrieved 2884: 2874: 2864:, retrieved 2842: 2832: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2744: 2740: 2716:. 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Further, 536:Ratnaprabha 333:Vainyagupta 137:West Bengal 43:West Bengal 4326:Categories 4249:Folk dance 4181:Literature 4029:Durga Puja 3852:Kartabhaja 3716:Kansabanik 3552:2022-02-01 3510:2022-02-01 3413:2022-01-29 3340:2022-02-14 2908:2021-07-28 2866:2021-07-29 2747:(3): 547. 2718:2021-07-23 1511:2021-07-30 1492:"Glossary" 1344:References 1130:Vanik-kula 1101:: 141–151. 992:Svarnakara 956:Svarnakara 877:post-facto 755:Mrinal Sen 711:Deshbandhu 542:of Baidya 495:Amarakosha 383:Chandalas, 230:Upapuranas 187:Ambashthas 174:Upapuranas 147:The terms 133:Bhadraloks 55:Bangladesh 4256:Raibenshe 4240:Sholapith 4084:Maghotsab 4044:Kali Puja 3957:Festivals 3867:Vaishnava 3753:Namasudra 3711:Kaibartya 3625:Bhadralok 2816:1568-4849 2761:1060-1503 2614:0019-4646 2598:(1): 80. 2565:0970-0293 2466:0021-9118 2452:(1): 28. 2385:225131874 2377:1573-0395 2333:144331664 2325:0376-9836 2279:0970-0293 2098:143802267 2090:0019-4646 1943:163001574 1927:0021-9118 1597:cite book 1320:bhadralok 1141:However, 1126:Rajyapala 1067:sadachara 1044:Dāyabhāga 1002:(best of 996:Satsudras 828:Master Da 824:Surya Sen 750:dissector 587:upanayana 558:zamindars 444:Kayasthas 359:alongside 277:vis à vis 256:Satsudras 234:Aryavarta 191:Kshatriya 143:Etymology 127:. 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