1152:
3130:
3178:
3397:
208:
300:
has debatably the most foreign linguistic influence on all the
Bahraini dialects. The differences between Bahrani Arabic and other Bahraini dialects suggest differing historical origins. The main differences between Bahrani and non-Bahrani dialects are evident in certain grammatical forms and
301:
pronunciation. Most of the vocabulary, however, is shared between dialects, or is distinctly
Bahraini, arising from a shared modern history. Many Bahrani words have also been borrowed from Urdu, Ottoman Turkish, or English.
289:
An interesting sociolinguistic feature of
Bahrain is the existence of two main dialects: Bahrani and Sunni Arabic. Sunni Bahrainis speak a dialect which is most similar to urban dialect spoken in
3676:
1508:
3557:
3166:
3144:
3360:
1535:
1347:
3550:
1661:
1321:
1586:
1668:
460:
Type A, which includes the dialects of Sunni tribes that settled in
Eastern Arabia between the 17th and 19th century, and
973:
957:
815:
479:
by its speakers) shares many features with surrounding Type A dialects (e.g. Kuwait, UAE, Qatar). Some general features:
3692:
3543:
3159:
2129:
1477:
1461:
1438:
1408:
1331:
1305:
1200:
879:
829:
701:
3353:
2776:
1673:
1052:
1046:
797:
2303:
1569:
1247:
845:
3697:
3152:
2751:
1528:
765:
3174:
2068:
1619:
1066:
1060:
1019:
1014:
899:
852:
3717:
3702:
3346:
2712:
2191:
1085:
1080:
966:
804:
3707:
3566:
2465:
2455:
2432:
1097:
1092:
836:
104:
1269:
1222:
1151:
3712:
3440:
3133:
3041:
2523:
1521:
1503:
1031:
1026:
715:
683:
574:
441:
1443:
Clive Holes. 1983. "Bahraini
Dialects: Sectarian Differences and the Sedentary/Nomadic Split,"
2288:
2231:
1634:
868:
738:
708:
537:
264:
2590:
3383:
3196:
2396:
2356:
2281:
2276:
2040:
1576:
890:
1190:
3122:
2955:
2907:
2717:
2699:
2692:
2682:
2677:
2669:
2489:
2224:
2196:
2186:
1990:
1614:
1483:
1297:
1237:
923:
747:
648:
635:
461:
94:
497:/q/ and /ð/ is preserved for some Classical Arabic borrowings, for example (Dhu Al-Qa'dah).
391:
3445:
3327:
3267:
3182:
2858:
2618:
2538:
2018:
1372:
772:
599:
471:
Type B, which includes the dialects of Omani Ibadis and
Eastern Arabian Shia (the Baharna).
162:
20:
1659:
8:
3653:
3524:
3289:
2917:
2727:
2600:
2423:
1974:
1888:
1825:
1112:
791:
673:
228:
1816:
1484:
Dialect and
National Identity. The Cultural Politics of Self-Representation in Bahraini
3085:
2771:
2687:
2484:
2409:
2148:
2134:
1257:
1210:
622:
614:
579:
3450:
2154:
1951:
1933:
1726:
198:
3369:
3311:
3240:
2832:
2505:
2445:
2208:
2100:
2011:
1654:
1473:
1457:
1434:
1404:
1327:
1301:
1243:
1196:
1117:
822:
754:
690:
604:
584:
405:
347:
322:
283:
268:
114:
99:
2585:
2115:
1942:
3475:
3455:
3435:
3419:
3277:
3250:
3245:
3224:
2853:
2651:
2632:
2595:
2474:
2404:
2347:
2259:
2105:
2090:
2035:
1997:
1701:
1644:
1604:
860:
732:
594:
569:
564:
445:
433:
425:
415:
401:
387:
377:
367:
357:
318:
297:
109:
2995:
2332:
3470:
3460:
3299:
3255:
3036:
2965:
2902:
2896:
2765:
2640:
2580:
2440:
2384:
2369:
2364:
2337:
2327:
2271:
2244:
2219:
2120:
2077:
2059:
1649:
1629:
1564:
1491:
Monarchies and
Nations: Globalisation and Identity in the Arab states of the Gulf
1468:
1452:
1429:
909:
589:
279:
158:
86:
1401:
Language and linguistic origins in Baḥrain : the Baḥārnah dialect of Arabic
3637:
3501:
3465:
3304:
3116:
3046:
2980:
2885:
2659:
2548:
2543:
2528:
2479:
2264:
1639:
1581:
236:
232:
151:
1453:
Language
Variation and Change in a Modernising Arab State: The Case of Bahrain
3686:
3616:
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3601:
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3078:
3073:
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3005:
2940:
2922:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2756:
2575:
2570:
2555:
2518:
2379:
2374:
2298:
2254:
2110:
2084:
1609:
1596:
1139:
3535:
274:
The
Bahrani Arabic dialect has been significantly influenced by the ancient
3621:
3496:
3051:
3010:
2950:
2930:
2890:
2803:
2798:
2565:
2560:
2450:
2173:
2159:
1863:
1773:
1746:
724:
252:
57:
2876:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1861:
1853:
1843:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1789:
1781:
1771:
1763:
1754:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1717:
207:
182:
3611:
3402:
3206:
2945:
2875:
2837:
2781:
2533:
1694:
1430:
Language and Linguistic Origins in Bahrain: The Bahrani Dialect of Arabic
1165:
1008:
996:
943:
465:
1834:
1780:
1753:
2095:
2004:
1870:
1169:
1144:
1074:
1001:
629:
1960:
1906:
1897:
1852:
1845:
1798:
1791:
1762:
3294:
3000:
1039:
786:
247:, the dialect is primarily spoken in Shia villages and some parts of
191:
175:
3338:
1924:
1735:
1192:
Non-Arabic Semitic elements in the Arabic dialects of eastern Arabia
503:/θ/ has the free variant /f/, and in some dialects /t/, for example
2985:
2975:
1678:
525:
suffix (/ʃ/) as a feminine second-person pronoun akin to masculine
2868:
1513:
304:
3177:
3020:
1684:
668:
275:
244:
67:
53:
3580:
3260:
2935:
2863:
1559:
1544:
456:
Holes divides the sedentary dialects of the Gulf to two types:
248:
3671:
tags on this page, but the references will not show without a
3272:
3015:
2970:
2960:
1879:
1807:
1689:
500:
Affrication of /k/ to /tʃ/ in many words, for example (dog).
339:
314:
290:
256:
3282:
2990:
437:
343:
332:
260:
240:
1287:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 105–107.
1469:
Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary
1298:
Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary
1239:
Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary
514:/dʒ/ becomes /j/ in some rural dialects, for example
3392:
3673:{{reflist|group=note}}
432:Bahrani dialect has borrowed some vocabulary from
3684:
543:(pronounced ) to indicate questions, for example
305:Examples of words borrowed from other languages
1195:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 270–279.
490:Classical Arabic /ð/ becomes /d/, for example
483:Classical Arabic /q/ becomes /g/, for example
255:, the dialect is spoken in the governorate of
3565:
3551:
3354:
3160:
1529:
1489:", in Paul Dresch and James Piscatori (eds),
1323:Language & Linguistic Origins In Bahrain
41:
16:Variety of Arabic of Eastern Arabia and Oman
1326:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 134, 135.
3558:
3544:
3361:
3347:
3167:
3153:
1536:
1522:
1282:
206:
1493:, London: I.B. Tauris, 2005, p. 60.
1398:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1188:
3685:
263:, it is spoken in the governorates of
3539:
3368:
3342:
3148:
1517:
1394:
1392:
1235:
1135:
1133:
561:
1445:Zeitschrift für arabische Linguistik
1310:
3666:
1543:
468:of Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and UAE.
464:. This group includes the standard
42:
13:
3121:Languages between parentheses are
1421:
1389:
1229:
1130:
14:
3729:
1509:Dialects of the Arabian Peninsula
1497:
1403:. London: K. Paul International.
1096:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1013:
972:
965:
956:
922:
898:
889:
878:
867:
851:
844:
835:
828:
821:
814:
803:
796:
771:
764:
753:
746:
737:
723:
714:
707:
700:
689:
682:
647:
634:
3395:
3176:
3129:
3128:
1399:Al-Tajir, Mahdi Abdalla (1982).
1373:"دریچه - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس"
1320:Al-Tajer, Mahdi Abdulla (1982).
1150:
3669:<ref group=note>
1365:
1300:. Clive Holes. 2001. Page XXX.
3125:of the language on their left.
1427:Mahdi Abdalla Al-Tajir. 1983.
1340:
1291:
1283:Bassiouney, Reem (2009). "5".
1276:
1182:
1158:
1:
1504:Baharna Arabic Travel Phrases
1123:
1620:Ancient South Arabian script
1587:Influence on other languages
1242:. BRILL. pp. XXIX–XXX.
1072:
1006:
551:
7:
2877:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1862:
1854:
1844:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1790:
1782:
1772:
1764:
1755:
1745:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1660:
1106:
451:
10:
3734:
557:Bahrani Arabic consonants
18:
3693:Languages of Saudi Arabia
3646:
3630:
3589:
3573:
3567:Languages of Saudi Arabia
3517:
3484:
3428:
3412:
3390:
3376:
3320:
3233:
3217:
3189:
3108:
3101:Islam and Arabic language
3094:
3029:
2916:
2846:
2825:
2750:
2668:
2650:
2611:
2504:
2464:
2431:
2422:
2395:
2355:
2346:
2320:
2207:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2028:
1982:
1973:
1710:
1595:
1552:
1348:"Persian: Dareesha دریچه"
942:
908:
785:
667:
628:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
444:, and more recently from
205:
189:
173:
168:
148:
136:
83:
73:
63:
49:
40:
33:
28:
3042:Arabic script in Unicode
2777:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
2137:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
1166:"Arabic, Baharna Spoken"
19:Not to be confused with
2304:Western Egyptian Bedawi
1285:Arabic Sociolinguistics
538:sentence-final particle
475:Bahrani Arabic (called
3667:Cite error: There are
1189:Jastrow, Otto (2002).
989:Bahrani Arabic vowels
36:Bahrani Shīʿite Arabic
3413:Main foreign language
3218:Semiofficial language
2908:Quranic Arabic Corpus
1615:Ancient North Arabian
1236:Holes, Clive (2001).
3698:Languages of Bahrain
3328:Arabic Sign Language
3183:Languages of Bahrain
2859:Sun and moon letters
2019:Pre-classical Arabic
1352:WordReference Forums
466:Gulf Arabic dialects
163:Arabic chat alphabet
21:Bahraini Gulf Arabic
3654:Saudi Sign Language
3525:Omani Sign Language
3485:Varieties of Arabic
2713:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2192:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1466:Clive Holes. 2001.
1450:Clive Holes. 1987.
1113:Varieties of Arabic
990:
558:
313:'ceiling fan' from
79:730,000 (2019)
3675:template (see the
3429:Minority languages
3234:Minority languages
3086:MacArabic encoding
988:
556:
338:Jooti 'shoe' from
3718:Peninsular Arabic
3703:Languages of Oman
3662:
3661:
3590:Vernacular Arabic
3574:Official language
3533:
3532:
3377:Official language
3370:Languages of Oman
3336:
3335:
3190:Official language
3142:
3141:
3117:extinct languages
3056:MS-DOS codepages
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2500:
2499:
2418:
2417:
2316:
2315:
2012:Old Hijazi Arabic
1148:(25th ed., 2022)
1118:Peninsular Arabic
1104:
1103:
986:
985:
331:'equipment' from
229:variety of Arabic
214:
213:
43:العربية البحرانية
3725:
3708:Arabic languages
3680:
3674:
3670:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3537:
3536:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3181:
3180:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3132:
3131:
2880:
2429:
2428:
2353:
2352:
2289:Western Algerian
2236:Eastern Algerian
2232:Algerian Saharan
2162:(Lesser Kabylia)
2065:
2064:
2056:
2055:
1998:Nabataean Arabic
1980:
1979:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1867:
1857:
1849:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1795:
1785:
1777:
1767:
1758:
1750:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1702:Maltese alphabet
1665:
1645:Algerian Braille
1635:Eastern numerals
1605:Nabataean script
1538:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1317:
1308:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1137:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
991:
987:
976:
969:
960:
926:
902:
893:
882:
871:
855:
848:
839:
832:
825:
818:
807:
800:
775:
768:
757:
750:
741:
727:
718:
711:
704:
693:
686:
651:
638:
559:
555:
400:'mattress' from
298:Persian language
210:
201:
185:
178:
154:
89:
45:
44:
26:
25:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3713:Mashriqi Arabic
3683:
3682:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3658:
3642:
3626:
3585:
3569:
3564:
3534:
3529:
3513:
3480:
3424:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3372:
3367:
3337:
3332:
3316:
3229:
3213:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3143:
3138:
3104:
3090:
3037:Arabic keyboard
3025:
2920:
2912:
2897:Mater lectionis
2891:Triliteral root
2842:
2813:
2754:
2746:
2664:
2646:
2607:
2496:
2460:
2414:
2391:
2342:
2312:
2203:
2183:Judeo-Maghrebi
2051:
2045:
2041:Modern Standard
2024:
1969:
1706:
1650:Maltese Braille
1630:Arabic numerals
1591:
1548:
1542:
1500:
1424:
1422:Further reading
1419:
1418:
1411:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1318:
1311:
1296:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1234:
1230:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1109:
554:
454:
442:Ottoman Turkish
414:'already' from
356:'lighter' from
307:
219:(also known as
197:
181:
174:
159:Arabic alphabet
155:
150:
132:
105:Central Semitic
90:
87:Language family
85:
76:
75:Native speakers
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3731:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3647:Sign languages
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3518:Sign languages
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3492:Bahrani Arabic
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3321:Sign languages
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3119:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3047:ISO/IEC 8859-6
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:Naskh (script)
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2759:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:Judeo-Tunisian
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2700:Judeo-Moroccan
2697:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2683:Judeo-Egyptian
2680:
2678:Judeo-Algerian
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2660:Bedouin Arabic
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2272:Moroccan koiné
2269:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2245:Tunisian koiné
2241:Eastern Hilal
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2225:Judeo-Algerian
2220:Algerian koiné
2216:Central Hilal
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2197:Judeo-Tunisian
2194:
2189:
2187:Judeo-Moroccan
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2081:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1640:Arabic Braille
1637:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1498:External links
1496:
1495:
1494:
1482:Clive Holes, "
1480:
1464:
1448:
1441:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1388:
1364:
1339:
1332:
1309:
1290:
1275:
1248:
1228:
1201:
1181:
1157:
1140:Bahrani Arabic
1128:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1056:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1023:
1011:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
984:
983:
981:
979:
977:
970:
963:
961:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
906:
905:
903:
896:
894:
887:
885:
883:
876:
874:
872:
865:
863:
857:
856:
849:
842:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
810:
808:
801:
794:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
776:
769:
762:
760:
758:
751:
744:
742:
735:
729:
728:
721:
719:
712:
705:
698:
696:
694:
687:
680:
678:
676:
671:
665:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
645:
643:
641:
639:
632:
626:
625:
620:
617:
612:
608:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
575:Denti-alveolar
572:
567:
562:
553:
550:
549:
548:
534:
529:, for example
519:
512:
501:
498:
495:
488:
473:
472:
469:
453:
450:
430:
429:
424:'lights' from
419:
409:
395:
386:'window' from
381:
371:
361:
351:
336:
326:
306:
303:
237:Eastern Arabia
225:Baharna Arabic
217:Bahrani Arabic
212:
211:
203:
202:
195:
187:
186:
179:
171:
170:
169:Language codes
166:
165:
156:
152:Writing system
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
120:Bahrani Arabic
93:
91:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
51:
50:Native to
47:
46:
38:
37:
34:Baharna Arabic
31:
30:
29:Bahrani Arabic
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3730:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3393:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3135:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Sini (script)
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Ruqʿah script
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Hijazi script
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2619:Central Asian
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Taʽizzi-Adeni
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2170:Traras-Msirda
2169:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:Arabic script
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1478:90-04-10763-0
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1462:0-7103-0244-4
1459:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1439:0-7103-0024-7
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1412:
1410:0-7103-0024-7
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1333:9780710300249
1329:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1314:
1307:
1306:90-04-10763-0
1303:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1212:
1204:
1202:9783447044912
1198:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
992:
982:
980:
978:
975:
971:
968:
964:
962:
959:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
941:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
925:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
907:
904:
901:
897:
895:
892:
888:
886:
884:
881:
877:
875:
873:
870:
866:
864:
862:
859:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
841:
838:
834:
831:
827:
824:
820:
817:
813:
811:
809:
806:
802:
799:
795:
793:
790:
788:
784:
781:
779:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
761:
759:
756:
752:
749:
745:
743:
740:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
722:
720:
717:
713:
710:
706:
703:
699:
697:
695:
692:
688:
685:
681:
679:
677:
675:
672:
670:
666:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
650:
646:
644:
642:
640:
637:
633:
631:
627:
624:
621:
618:
616:
613:
610:
609:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
560:
546:
542:
539:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
518:(watermelon).
517:
513:
510:
506:
502:
499:
496:
493:
489:
486:
482:
481:
480:
478:
470:
467:
463:
459:
458:
457:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
423:
420:
417:
413:
410:
407:
403:
399:
396:
393:
389:
385:
382:
379:
375:
372:
369:
366:'wheel' from
365:
362:
359:
355:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
330:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
308:
302:
299:
294:
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32:
27:
22:
3664:
3631:other spoken
3596:
3497:Omani Arabic
3491:
3201:
3112:
3052:Windows-1256
3011:Taliq script
2951:Jeli Thuluth
2931:Ajami script
2895:
2799:Pidgin madam
2786:
2764:
2728:Judeo-Yemeni
2670:Judeo-Arabic
2652:Sociological
2639:
2601:Judeo-Yemeni
2513:
2424:Mesopotamian
2299:Libyan koiné
2083:
2076:
2069:Pre-Hilalian
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1991:Proto-Arabic
1989:
1624:Zabūr script
1577:Romanization
1490:
1485:
1467:
1451:
1444:
1428:
1400:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:
1367:
1356:. Retrieved
1354:. 2008-01-15
1351:
1342:
1322:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1238:
1231:
1191:
1184:
1173:. Retrieved
1160:
1143:
544:
540:
533:(your door).
530:
526:
522:
515:
508:
504:
491:
484:
476:
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455:
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411:
397:
390:'Darecheh' (
383:
376:'time' from
373:
363:
353:
328:
310:
295:
288:
273:
253:Saudi Arabia
224:
220:
216:
215:
190:
119:
95:Afro-Asiatic
58:Saudi Arabia
3403:Oman portal
2946:Jawi script
2918:Calligraphy
2847:Linguistics
2772:Gulf Pidgin
2688:Judeo-Iraqi
2629:Kashkadarya
2485:Judeo-Iraqi
2410:Palestinian
2321:Nile Valley
1983:Pre-Islamic
1695:Dagger alif
1266:|work=
1219:|work=
944:Approximant
286:languages.
265:Al Dhahirah
233:the Baharna
3687:Categories
3268:Indo Aryan
2833:Literature
2506:Peninsular
2446:Khuzestani
2176:(Mountain)
2096:Australian
2005:Old Arabic
1655:Diacritics
1582:Numerology
1486:Musalsalat
1382:2024-09-19
1358:2024-09-19
1249:9004107630
1175:2013-07-29
1170:Ethnologue
1145:Ethnologue
1124:References
600:Pharyngeal
462:the Huwala
404:'Doshak' (
321:'Pankeh' (
317:(पंखा) or
269:Al Batinah
231:spoken by
115:Peninsular
3677:help page
3295:Malayalam
3290:Dravidian
3123:varieties
3115:indicate
3030:Technical
3001:Shahmukhi
2956:Kairouani
2854:Phonology
2633:Khorasani
2623:Bakhtiari
2475:Anatolian
2405:Jordanian
2385:Damascene
2348:Levantine
2260:Hassaniya
2101:Cottenera
2036:Classical
1975:Varieties
1553:Overviews
1377:abadis.ir
1268:ignored (
1258:cite book
1221:ignored (
1211:cite book
792:voiceless
787:Fricative
674:voiceless
552:Phonology
536:Usage of
521:Usage of
346:'Joota' (
192:Glottolog
176:ISO 639-3
64:Ethnicity
3312:Armenian
3134:Category
2986:Nastaliq
2976:Muhaqqaq
2966:Maghrebi
2826:Academic
2766:Bimbashi
2722:Tunisene
2693:Baghdadi
2641:Shirvani
2581:Hadhrami
2539:Bahraini
2490:Baghdadi
2441:Baghdadi
2380:Aleppine
2370:Lebanese
2365:Cilician
2338:Sudanese
2328:Egyptian
2209:Hilalian
2167:Western
2145:Eastern
2142:Village
2121:Żurrieqi
2085:Sicilian
2078:Andalusi
2060:Maghrebi
2029:Literary
1681:(tanwin)
1679:Nunation
1565:Alphabet
1560:Language
1547:language
1447:10:7-38.
1107:See also
623:emphatic
615:emphatic
580:Alveolar
545:'inzaine
511:(three).
452:Features
384:dareesha
284:Akkadian
199:baha1259
137:Dialects
3597:Baharna
3502:Dhofari
3476:Swahili
3456:Kumzari
3446:Ḥarsusi
3441:Baṭḥari
3436:Balochi
3420:English
3278:Punjabi
3251:Balochi
3246:Persian
3241:Iranian
3225:English
3202:Bahrani
3113:Italics
3021:Thuluth
2886:Grammar
2757:pidgins
2752:Creoles
2741:Sanʽani
2626:Bukhara
2586:Sanʽani
2549:Kuwaiti
2544:Emirati
2529:Dhofari
2514:Bahrani
2480:Cypriot
2468:(Qeltu)
2295:Sulaym
2282:Western
2277:Eastern
2155:Sfaxian
2151:(Sahel)
2106:Gozitan
2091:Maltese
1711:Letters
1685:Shaddah
1674:Harakat
1669:Tashkil
1597:Scripts
1570:History
669:Plosive
605:Glottal
585:Palatal
509:talāteh
505:falāfeh
494:(tail).
487:(moon).
477:Baħrāni
446:English
434:Persian
426:English
416:English
402:Persian
398:dowshag
388:Persian
378:English
368:English
358:English
319:Persian
276:Aramaic
245:Bahrain
227:) is a
221:Bahrani
100:Semitic
68:Baharna
54:Bahrain
3617:Hejazi
3607:Bedawi
3602:Bareqi
3581:Arabic
3507:Shihhi
3471:Shehri
3461:Luwati
3451:Hobyót
3384:Arabic
3300:Telugu
3261:Pashto
3256:Achomi
3197:Arabic
2936:Diwani
2923:Script
2881:(case)
2878:ʾIʿrāb
2864:Tajwid
2809:Bongor
2788:Maridi
2738:Habban
2612:Others
2596:Tihami
2576:Yemeni
2571:Shihhi
2556:Hejazi
2524:Bedawi
2519:Bareqi
2375:Syrian
2333:Saʽidi
2265:Nemadi
2251:Maqil
2149:Sahili
2116:Żejtun
2052:spoken
2050:Modern
1545:Arabic
1476:
1460:
1437:
1407:
1330:
1304:
1246:
1199:
861:voiced
733:voiced
595:Uvular
570:Dental
565:Labial
547:(OK?).
531:babish
422:leitāt
412:orradi
282:, and
280:Syriac
249:Manama
142:Qatifi
110:Arabic
3638:Faifi
3622:Najdi
3466:Mehri
3305:Tamil
3273:Hindi
3095:Other
3016:Tawqi
2971:Mashq
2961:Kufic
2869:Imāla
2838:Names
2804:Turku
2732:Adeni
2566:Omani
2561:Najdi
2466:North
2456:South
2451:Shawi
2433:Gilit
2397:South
2357:North
2255:Fessi
2174:Jebli
2160:Jijel
2135:Tunis
2130:Urban
2111:Qormi
1720:ʾAlif
1690:Hamza
1662:i‘jām
1009:Close
997:Front
910:Trill
630:Nasal
619:plain
611:plain
590:Velar
516:yiħħe
492:danab
485:gamar
392:دریچه
354:lētar
340:Hindi
329:sōmān
315:Hindi
311:bānka
291:Qatar
259:. In
257:Qatif
251:. In
243:. In
3612:Gulf
3283:Urdu
3207:Gulf
2991:Rasm
2794:Nubi
2782:Juba
2755:and
2735:Beda
2707:Wqal
2704:Kjal
2534:Gulf
1882:Ġayn
1873:ʿAyn
1474:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1270:help
1244:ISBN
1223:help
1197:ISBN
1075:Open
1002:Back
438:Urdu
406:دوشک
348:جوتا
344:Urdu
333:Urdu
323:پنکه
296:The
267:and
261:Oman
241:Oman
239:and
3079:864
3074:720
3070:711
3067:710
3064:709
3060:708
2903:IPA
1963:Yāʾ
1954:Wāw
1945:Hāʾ
1936:Nūn
1927:Mīm
1918:Lām
1909:Kāf
1900:Qāf
1891:Fāʾ
1864:Ẓāʾ
1855:Ṭāʾ
1846:Ḍād
1837:Ṣād
1828:Šīn
1819:Sīn
1810:Zāy
1801:Rāʾ
1792:Ḏāl
1783:Dāl
1774:Ḫāʾ
1765:Ḥāʾ
1756:Ǧīm
1747:Ṯāʾ
1738:Tāʾ
1729:Bāʾ
1142:at
1040:Mid
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223:or
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