372:
404:, there, black and white stripes are used. Another predominantly used color scheme consists of orange and white stripes. A person who wears this kind of clothing is distinctly marked and as a result, they can unmistakably be identified as a prison inmate from a far distance, which allows citizens to instantly identify escapees and notify the authorities. Some facilities use hot pink uniforms for the same reasons: better visibility as well as deterrence, as male inmates generally find pink clothes emasculating.
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702:, the lead character Hester Prynne is led from the town prison with the scarlet letter "A" on her breast. The scarlet letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she had committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin for all to see. Originally intended as a badge of shame, it would later take on different meanings as her fictional life progressed in the story.
384:
uniforms could easily be dyed with another color; however, dyeing a striped uniform cannot hide the stripes. They were temporarily abolished in the United States early in the 20th century because their use as a badge of shame was considered undesirable because they were causing constant feelings of embarrassment and exasperation to the
1652:
In old-fashioned schoolrooms in France, teachers made misbehaving students sit in the corner wearing a sign saying Âne, or ass, and a cap with donkey's ears ... Their naughty
British and American counterparts wore a tall conical dunce cap, a term probably borrowed from French "cap d'âne." which means
534:
or similar devices) has always served as a method of shaming the person as well. In addition to their practical use of preventing movement and escape, they are usually uncomfortable to wear and often lock the body in unnatural positions. Especially restraining the hands of a captive behind his or her
1088:
The work of Jean Genet, poet, playwright and novelist (1910–86) and
Violette Leduc, innovator in prose narrative (1907–72) reverts to the ancient traditions of bastardy as excess, a badge of shame and evil, a latter-day mark of Cain, which at the same time distinguishes the bastard from the herd and
383:
were commonly used in the 19th century, as a way to instantly mark escaping convicts. Modern orange prison uniforms serve the same purpose, but with a highly visible bright color in order to make it difficult for escaping convicts to hide them. The use of stripes was adopted because simple one-color
72:
of blue or red cloth on the shoulder of the right sleeve in an open and visible manner, in order to discourage people from collecting relief unless they were desperate, as while many would be willing to collect relief, few would be willing to do so if required to wear the "shameful" mark of the poor
1736:
The 1947 plaque, which simply names the victims and the event, depicts a row of triangle badges, which had been used in the concentration camps to designate categories of prisoners according to the reason for their imprisonment. This badge of shame, which was unmistakably linked to the Nazi camps,
1965:
Soldiers who never made it overseas were eventually given silver chevrons, which many saw as a badge of shame. In a poem published by The Stars and
Stripes, one soldier imagined the ideal homecoming for a soldier with a silver chevron: 'But, my darling, don't you bleat. No one thinks you had cold
469:
were branded with the letter "D" as a mark of shame that was intended to discourage others from deserting. Runaway slaves could be branded with an "R" for "runaway", which had the effect of ensuring he or she was watched closely and often prejudiced against by any subsequent owners and overseers.
1936:
After the war, the War
Department awarded silver chevrons for each six months of army service in the United States. The silver chevron intended to recognize honorable stateside service, became instead a badge of shame to those who wore
535:
back is perceived as particularly shameful, as it renders the person practically defenceless and showcases his or her physical defeat to onlookers. The effect is often multiplied by combining means of marking people such as the use of
1483:
The distinctive prison stripes were abolished in 1904. ...stripes had come to be looked upon as a badge of shame and were a constant humiliation and irritant to many prisoners' (Report of the New York (State) Prison
Department, 1904:
1817:
The Star of David was used by the Nazis as a "badge of shame" every Jew had to wear prior to deportation and mass murder. Expressing the feelings of hope and re-assurance, the State of Israel in 1948 placed the sign on its
1785:...the pink triangle, which had been the designation for concentration camp inmates incarcerated under Paragraph 175 of the German Penal Code, became one of the most widespread symbols of the new gay liberation movement.
456:
convicted of blasphemy in 1656, was famously branded with a "B" on his forehead. The practice of human branding was abolished in
England by 1829. It continued in the United States until at least 1864, during the
233:
patches in the shape of donkeys were worn by Jews and patches in the shape of pigs were worn by
Christians. These symbols of identification held the primary function of marking individuals as belonging to the
238:
minorities, which required them to pay a special tax. Thus, they had the effect of marking individuals as socially inferior to
Muslims and could act as a target for persecution during periods of unrest.
996:
Did we not say that when Mr. Lewis wrote his first history of A.M.O.R.C. that he also wrote his confession, placing on it the badge of shame—the mark of Cain—that revealed its real purpose and spurious
621:
to soldiers serving in the combat zones in Europe. The silver chevrons awarded for honorable domestic service in support of the war effort were instead considered a badge of shame by many recipients.
1178:
After the
Occupation, Dutch women and girls who had consorted with the Germans were accused of treason. It was known before the war was over that they would be punished by having their heads shaved.
1307:
Pope
Innocent III, the most power of the medieval popes, presided over the fourth Lateran Council in 1215 and had the bishops decree that non-Christians must wear distinctive garments.
934:
But the wearing of a badge or outward sign — whose effect, intended or otherwise, successful or not, was to shame and to make vulnerable as well as to distinguish the wearer...
2040:
1880:
Intended to be the Jews' badge of shame, the Jews transformed it into a badge of honor and affirmation. It has acquired a new significance and flows proudly as the flag of Israel.
628:
ordered the expropriation, denaturalisation and ensuing deportation of all Germans and Hungarians. In May 1945 Germans had to wear white or yellow armbands with a capital N, for
262:
The Lord made Cain a wanderer and a fugitive over the earth, but set a mark upon him,... as wanderers must remain upon the earth, until their countenance be filled with shame...
651:
armbands that had been intended to be worn as a badge of shame for minor infractions were instead treated as collectibles by offending officers forced to wear them, creating a
1117:
Other sexual punishments left a temporary mark of shame on the body. Perhaps the most important of these was depilation, especially the burning off of anal and pubic hair.
1150:
Historically a shaven head has also always had meaning – and in a woman's case, mostly negative. It has been used as a badge of shame, often linked to sexual promiscuity.
1399:
Most secular governments chose to ignore that decision, although in 1269, at the end of his life, Saint Louis was obliged, apparently against his will, to observe it.
506:", often marked with the letter "D", was used as the badge of shame for disfavored students. The dunce cap is no longer used in modern education. During the Chinese
443:, which specified the burning of the letter "S" on the cheek or forehead of an escaped slave, and the letter "F" for "fraymaker" on the cheek of a church brawler.
2186:
246:
prohibited Christians from causing Jews bodily harm, but supported their segregation in society. On at least one occasion he likened this to the fate of
1227:...through conviction under the law was cast as a prostitute, most visibly through imposition of the label of the toga, the prostitute's badge of shame.
140:
have also been forced to wear specific icons or marks, or had their hair shorn, as a badge of shame. Many women who fraternized with the occupiers in
894:
1444:
A History of Matrimonial Institutions: Chiefly in England and the United States, With an Introductory Analysis of the Literature and the Theories of
574:
of shame were triangular and color-coded to classify prisoners by reason for detention, and Jews wore two triangles in the shape of the six-pointed
1025:
In light of this horror, some of the more ardent rulers and princes of this 'Christian' church-related this badge of shame to the mark of Cain as
61:
The term is also used metaphorically, especially in a pejorative sense, to characterize something associated with a person or group as shameful.
412:
Societies have marked people directly in the practice generally known as being "branded a criminal". Criminals and slaves have been marked with
727:
1751:"Between Silence and License: The Representation of the National Socialist Persecution of Homosexuality in Anglo-American Fiction and Film"
968:
As the term is used today, the idea of a protective mark has been lost; only the negative sense of a mark of shame or criminality remains.
632:(German), printed on. The armbands were to be worn on the outside clothes until finally, the government had deported all Germans, by 1947.
2048:
1908:
In a different context, the Star of David, once used by the Nazis to signal vermin to be exterminated, adorns the national flag of Israel.
1339:...we decree that such Jews ... shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress...
906:...the badge of shame was imposed locally and infrequently in Italy until the Bull of Pope Alexander IV enforced it on all papal states.
2028:
It is the pink armband of shame for wayward police officers, as cute as it can be, with a Hello Kitty face and a pair of linked hearts.
1849:
The Star of David, imprinted on the flag of Israel,... The Nazis made it a badge of shame, and we reestablished it as a badge of honor.
2016:
1530:
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1497:
1618:
The branding was sometimes done over the cheek so that the would-be deserter carried a visible mark of shame on his face forever.
1427:
Suspects found guilty of heresy had ecclesiastical penances imposed on them, which might include the wearing of a badge of shame.
1042:
1138:
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in the United States, inmates are forced to wear striped prison uniforms. A prominent example of this practice exists in the
1588:
869:
2215:
2157:
494:'s cap with donkey's ears, sometimes conical in shape, known as a "bonnet d'âne", meaning "donkey's cap". In traditional
136:, was intended as a mark of shame in ancient Mediterranean cultures where male body hair was valued. Women who committed
159:, the Nazis also used head shaving as a mark of shame to punish Germans like the youthful non-conformists known as the
1989:
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1929:
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Star of David, also co-opted for the Nazi version of the yellow badge, was subsequently featured prominently on the
1599:
215:
were frequently compelled to wear distinctive markings on their clothes to signify their status as a follower of a
1542:
For thousands of years, people have been getting tattoos.... Others were branded a criminal or slave with tattoos.
614:
755:). According to the backstory, Sparrow was branded a pirate by Beckett for refusing to transport slaves for the
46:, is typically a distinctive symbol required to be worn by a specific group or an individual for the purpose of
672:
571:
886:
1701:
Lawson, Alastair. "Rare Chinese Cultural Revolution photos on display," BBC News, Saturday, October 13, 2012.
1689:...the "dunce cap" placed as a badge of shame on the heads of children who had failed to learn their lessons.
1575:
In the reign of Edward VI. was passed the famous Statute of Vagabonds, authorising the branding with hot iron
830:. The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. (accessed: January 13, 2008).
294:
781:
shows the Eldians living in Marley were forced to wear armbands to identify themselves in internment zones.
1866:
A history of the Jewish experience: Book 1, Torah and history: Book 2, Torah, mitzvot, and Jewish thought
1801:
1246:
1750:
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into the foreheads of surviving German soldiers, to make their malfeasance known to all in the future.
756:
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or similar clothing like penitential garbs and the exposure of bare feet. Such a prisoner may also be
747:
with the letter "P" that he used to impart the "pirate's brand" seen on the right forearm of Captain
482:
schoolrooms, misbehaving students were sent to sit in a corner of the room wearing a sign that said "
514:
were publicly humiliated by being forced to wear dunce caps with their war crimes written on them.
1359:. The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia Of Religious Thought. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 59.
435:
The practice of human branding with visible marks on the face had been firmly established by King
420:
with a hot iron, by having the marks burned into the skin of the face or forehead for all to see.
606:
1292:
1286:
1103:
Sex and conquest: gendered violence, political order, and the European conquest of the Americas
953:
947:
149:
141:
112:
97:
582:: the triangle symbols were used on memorials to those killed in the concentration camps, the
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298:
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2006:
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2182:
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104:, as well as identification. Other identifying marks may include making shamed people go
8:
1981:
Facing History: The Evolution of Czech-German Relations in the Czech Provinces, 1848-1948
1805:
1011:
What Really Happened in the Garden of Eden?: And Rebuttal To: Eve, Did She or Didn't She?
715:
710:
686:
578:. These symbols, intended by the Nazis to be marks of shame, had opposite meanings after
507:
335:
316:
304:
This canon was largely ignored by the secular governments of Europe until 1269 when King
175:
2246:
2086:
2069:
Bercovitch, Sacvan (Spring 1988). "The A-Politics of Ambiguity in The Scarlet Letter".
2011:
1770:
1352:
1328:
1068:
842:
795:
790:
691:
677:
652:
618:
458:
305:
301:, requiring Jews (and Muslims) to dress distinctively to prevent interfaith relations.
47:
1320:
371:
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as the preferred form of dress, while prostitutes retained the toga. Later, under the
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1985:
1954:
1925:
1897:
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388:. They came back into use because the public's viewpoint changed. In many of today's
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24:
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1718:
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1762:
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Hunters, herders, and hamburgers: the past and future of human-animal relationships
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In 1269 Louis IX. required all Jews to wear a badge of yellow on breast and back...
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1979:
1603:
777:
740:
356:
during the 17th and 18th centuries, courts required people who were convicted of
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faith which often varied between the eras of different rulers. Underneath Caliph
1262:
The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism (Stimulus Books)
823:
2251:
2154:"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006): Partial film transcription"
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827:
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Punishment and civilization: penal tolerance and intolerance in modern society
423:
308:, later Saint Louis, was persuaded to decree that French Jews must wear round
2225:
805:
736:
583:
575:
499:
230:
65:
870:"Dependency, Shame and Belonging: Badging the Deserving Poor, c. 1550–1750*"
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1830:
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446:
309:
271:
199:
183:
156:
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93:
77:
1984:. Gallery for the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. p. 218.
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1413:
Faith Of Our Fathers: Reflections On Catholic Traditions (Continuum Icons)
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752:
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the use of yellow belts or fringes on the clothing were used to signify
1072:
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483:
466:
401:
133:
129:
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1966:
feet; You had to do as you were told; Silver stripes instead of gold.'
1861:
1351:
Gilmore, George C.; Jackson, Samuel Macauley; Sherman, Charles Neil.
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591:
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428:
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51:
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Conversely, symbols intended to have positive connotations can have
16:
Type of symbol worn for public humiliation, ostracism or persecution
2082:
1951:
World War I (The Greenwood Press Daily Life Through History Series)
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527:
385:
361:
137:
105:
2210:
945:
696:
636:
595:
551:
450:
416:. Sexual immorality in colonial New England was also punished by
413:
331:
211:
Starting in the 8th century Jews and Christians living under the
1589:"William Chester Minor, M.D.: The Brilliance of a Tortured Mind"
844:
Mark of Shame: Stigma of Mental Illness and an Agenda for Change
643:
police switched to punitive pink armbands adorned with the cute
19:
648:
491:
487:
479:
453:
393:
365:
343:
339:
217:
85:
171:
68:, paupers in receipt of parish relief were required to wear a
2044:
2041:"Thai police too macho for Hello Kitty armbands – World Blog"
887:"Jewish History 1250–1259 : 1257 Badge Of Shame (Italy)"
531:
191:
101:
69:
1896:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. xvi.
1894:
The deathly embrace: orientalism and Asian American identity
1161:
560:
522:
Presenting a prisoner to the public in restraints (such as
389:
276:
247:
187:
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as a badge of shame to be worn by the remaining repentant
115:" can be interpreted as synonymous with a badge of shame.
1924:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 59.
1415:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 159.
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
81:
655:. The revised scheme, however, was also soon abandoned.
1232:
1922:
Doughboys, the Great War, and the remaking of America
148:
by angry mobs of their peers after liberation by the
1711:
1709:
1669:
The woman's dictionary of symbols and sacred objects
1554:
1552:
1550:
1437:
1435:
1411:
Duffy, Eamon (2006). "What About the Inquisition?".
1213:
Prostitution, sexuality, and the law in ancient Rome
1089:
confers a sort of perverse and even grandiose power.
1629:
1558:
1312:
1259:
1100:
917:
590:prisoners were required to wear became a symbol of
1948:
1919:
1835:Modern folk Judaism: the reality and the challenge
1717:
1666:
1664:
1191:"BBC - h2g2 - Youth Resistance in Wartime Germany"
841:
1942:
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1460:
1441:
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1215:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 340.
1210:
1204:
1164:Children of World War II: The Hidden Enemy Legacy
1128:
1094:
848:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
2223:
1953:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 131.
1829:
1724:. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press.
1598:. West Hudson Psychiatric Society branch of the
1284:
1247:"Jewish Badge: Origins | Holocaust Encyclopedia"
939:
1837:. New York: Ktav Publishing House. p. 47.
1636:. New York: Columbia University Press. p.
1382:
1008:
979:
360:to wear the letter "A" or the letters "AD" for
2007:"Cute Kitty Is Pink Badge of Shame in Bangkok"
1520:
1040:
952:. Springfield, Mass: Merriam-Webster. p.
2004:
1891:
1446:. Fred B Rothman & Co. pp. 169–178.
1318:
1715:
1410:
1264:. New York, NY: Paulist Press. p. 103.
1166:. Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers. p. 157.
1047:The name of the mother: writing illegitimacy
946:Feinsilber, Mike; Webber, Elizabeth (1999).
1748:
1742:
1673:. San Francisco: Harper & Row. p.
1498:"Greer County Inmates Now Wearing Hot Pink"
839:
375:Inmate in orange and white striped jumpsuit
293:After Innocent III later presided over the
203:
2068:
1977:
1860:
1563:. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 138.
1471:. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage. p. 76.
984:. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 207.
728:Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
1288:Readings for diversity and social justice
1105:. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
949:Merriam-Webster's dictionary of allusions
186:, both men and women originally wore the
2129:"Clara Kimball Young – Silent Film Star"
1868:. New York: Behrman House. p. 508.
1586:
1013:. New York: Vantage Press. p. 122.
662:
550:
422:
370:
270:
229:status, while during the rule of Caliph
170:
18:
1514:
1162:Eva Simonsen; Kjersti Ericsson (2005).
2224:
1385:The Birth of Europe (Making of Europe)
400:which was under the administration of
242:At the beginning of the 13th century,
208:, as the prostitute's badge of shame.
2171:
1978:Beneš, Zdeněk; Kural, Václav (2002).
1580:
922:. New York: Citadel. pp. 23–24.
2160:from the original on 11 January 2008
2135:from the original on 13 October 2007
1533:from the original on 21 January 2008
1049:. New York: Routledge. p. 164.
897:from the original on 3 November 2007
775:The Japanese manga and anime series
681:prominently features the letter "A".
431:in class, from a staged photo c.1906
190:, but over time matrons adopted the
1523:"Tattoos : AKA: Getting inked"
1495:
1141:from the original on 7 October 2007
13:
658:
84:were required to wear in parts of
14:
2263:
2203:
2019:from the original on May 12, 2011
1737:was now used as a badge of honor.
1043:"9. 'Better to reign in Hell...'"
982:Rosicrucian Fraternity in America
546:
2209:
1600:American Psychiatric Association
1321:"Lateran IV: Canon 68 - on Jews"
1129:Winterman, Denise (2007-02-20).
891:The History of the Jewish People
624:In April 1945 the government of
2189:from the original on 2007-05-27
2121:
2097:
2062:
2033:
1998:
1971:
1790:
1694:
1489:
1387:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 85.
1319:Halsall, Paul (February 1996).
1291:. New York: Routledge. p.
1155:
1122:
510:, individuals accused of being
502:schoolrooms, the tall conical "
132:of men, especially burning off
23:A medieval "Mask of Shame", or
1034:
1002:
973:
911:
879:
862:
833:
817:
722:when it was reissued in 1917.
689:'s classic 1850 romance novel
572:Nazi concentration camp badges
319:ended in 1229, the subsequent
1:
1587:Abdullah, Syed (March 2001).
1521:Sayer, Melissa (2007-06-17).
811:
517:
297:in 1215, the council adopted
295:Fourth Council of the Lateran
279:
123:
100:, was effectively a badge of
2105:"The Yellow Passport (1916)"
2005:Myndans, Seth (2007-08-25).
1804:. 2005-04-27. Archived from
1630:Bulliet, Richard W. (2005).
1559:Andrews, William L. (2006).
1357:Volume VI: Innocents-Liudger
1260:Flannery, Edward H. (2004).
1101:Trexler, Richard C. (1995).
635:More recently, in 2007, the
490:, and were forced to wear a
312:on their breasts and backs.
7:
2109:The Internet Movie Database
1949:Keene, Jennifer D. (2006).
1920:Keene, Jennifer D. (2001).
1802:The University of Rochester
1665:Walker, Barbara G. (1988).
784:
647:cartoon character when the
473:
289:considered a badge of shame
166:
10:
2268:
1467:Pratt, John Clark (2002).
1442:Howard, George P. (1994).
1211:McGinn, Thomas A. (1998).
757:East India Trading Company
250:as it is described in the
118:
1285:Adams, Maurianne (2000).
461:, when the faces of some
1703:Retrieved April 23, 2018
1383:Jacques Le Goff (2006).
1009:Clayton Kendall (2007).
918:D'Ancona, Jacob (2003).
543:through a public place.
1041:Maclean, Marie (1994).
768:the protagonists carve
607:unintended consequences
563:were forced to wear in
512:counter-revolutionaries
407:
364:and the letter "I" for
2214:Quotations related to
1892:Ma, Sheng-mei (2000).
695:, set in 17th century
682:
568:
432:
376:
290:
269:
204:
202:were forced to wear a
179:
150:Allies of World War II
142:German-occupied Europe
98:German-occupied Europe
64:In England, under the
27:
2131:. goldensilents.com.
1767:10.1353/ham.2003.0012
1716:Hayes, Peter (1991).
980:R. Swinburne Clymer.
739:) is seen using as a
666:
554:
426:
374:
274:
260:
198:, women convicted of
174:
22:
2183:Walt Disney Pictures
2071:New Literary History
1755:History & Memory
1749:Seifert, D. (2003).
1720:Lessons and legacies
1353:"Israel, History of"
840:Hinshaw, S. (2006).
765:Inglourious Basterds
718:, was also known as
441:Statute of Vagabonds
437:Edward VI of England
398:Maricopa County Jail
1808:on 22 December 2007
1325:Medieval Sourcebook
716:Clara Kimball Young
711:The Yellow Passport
687:Nathaniel Hawthorne
615:U.S. War Department
567:as a badge of shame
508:Cultural Revolution
368:on their clothing.
336:Cathar yellow cross
317:Albigensian Crusade
176:Cathar yellow cross
2012:The New York Times
1561:Bygone Punishments
1329:Fordham University
796:Physical restraint
791:Public humiliation
725:In the 2006 film,
720:The Badge of Shame
692:The Scarlet Letter
683:
678:The Scarlet Letter
653:perverse incentive
569:
459:American Civil War
433:
427:A child wearing a
377:
306:Louis IX of France
291:
180:
48:public humiliation
28:
2179:"Black Pearl 101"
1135:BBC News Magazine
1131:"Mark of a woman"
1020:978-0-533-15291-9
920:The City Of Light
893:. Jewish Agency.
855:978-0-19-530844-0
580:World War II
478:In old-fashioned
358:sexual immorality
321:Papal inquisition
254:, writing to the
244:Pope Innocent III
213:Abbasid Caliphate
161:Edelweiss Pirates
2259:
2213:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2047:. Archived from
2037:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1831:Bulka, Reuven P.
1827:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1723:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1672:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1602:. Archived from
1593:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1496:Griffin, David.
1493:
1487:
1486:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1230:
1229:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1075:. Archived from
1038:
1032:
1031:
1006:
1000:
999:
977:
971:
970:
943:
937:
936:
915:
909:
908:
903:
902:
883:
877:
876:
874:
866:
860:
859:
847:
837:
831:
821:
285:wearing striped
284:
281:
267:
207:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2222:
2221:
2206:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2022:
2020:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1976:
1972:
1961:
1947:
1943:
1932:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1828:
1824:
1811:
1809:
1798:"Star of David"
1796:
1795:
1791:
1779:
1777:
1747:
1743:
1732:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1663:
1659:
1648:
1628:
1624:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1557:
1548:
1536:
1534:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1502:www.newson6.com
1494:
1490:
1479:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1440:
1433:
1423:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1349:
1345:
1333:
1331:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1233:
1223:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1160:
1156:
1144:
1142:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1080:
1065:
1055:10.2307/3734056
1039:
1035:
1021:
1007:
1003:
992:
978:
974:
964:
944:
940:
930:
916:
912:
900:
898:
885:
884:
880:
872:
868:
867:
863:
856:
838:
834:
822:
818:
814:
787:
778:Attack on Titan
741:fireplace poker
673:1934 adaptation
661:
659:Fictional works
549:
537:prison uniforms
520:
476:
439:under the 1547
410:
381:prison uniforms
325:Pope Gregory IX
287:prison uniforms
282:
268:
266:
256:Count of Nevers
252:Book of Genesis
223:Harun al-Rashid
169:
126:
121:
92:, and later in
36:symbol of shame
17:
12:
11:
5:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2220:
2219:
2216:Badge of shame
2205:
2204:External links
2202:
2200:
2199:
2170:
2145:
2120:
2096:
2083:10.2307/469093
2077:(3): 629–654.
2061:
2032:
1997:
1990:
1970:
1959:
1941:
1930:
1912:
1902:
1884:
1874:
1853:
1843:
1822:
1789:
1741:
1730:
1705:
1693:
1683:
1657:
1646:
1622:
1579:
1569:
1546:
1513:
1488:
1477:
1459:
1452:
1431:
1421:
1403:
1393:
1375:
1365:
1343:
1311:
1301:
1277:
1270:
1252:
1231:
1221:
1203:
1182:
1172:
1154:
1121:
1111:
1093:
1063:
1033:
1027:Christ killers
1019:
1001:
990:
972:
962:
938:
928:
910:
878:
861:
854:
832:
828:Dictionary.com
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
803:
801:Prison uniform
798:
793:
786:
783:
733:Cutler Beckett
660:
657:
626:Czechoslovakia
600:flag of Israel
548:
547:Other meanings
545:
519:
516:
475:
472:
418:human branding
409:
406:
329:ecclesiastical
264:
205:toga muliebris
168:
165:
125:
122:
120:
117:
111:The biblical "
32:badge of shame
25:scold's bridle
15:
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3:
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2264:
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2248:
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2208:
2207:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2051:on 2012-05-08
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1991:9788086010649
1987:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1960:0-313-33181-2
1956:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1931:0-8018-7446-7
1927:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1905:
1903:0-8166-3711-3
1899:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1877:
1875:0-87441-672-8
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1850:
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1844:0-88125-783-4
1840:
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1826:
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1760:
1756:
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1684:0-06-250923-3
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1647:0-231-13076-7
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1609:on 2004-12-25
1605:
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1570:1-4254-9141-3
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1478:0-7619-4753-1
1474:
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1453:0-8377-2180-6
1449:
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1422:0-8264-7665-1
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1394:1-4051-5682-1
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959:
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882:
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865:
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825:
820:
816:
807:
806:Social stigma
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
782:
780:
779:
773:
771:
767:
766:
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745:branding iron
742:
738:
737:Tom Hollander
734:
730:
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723:
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717:
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712:
708:
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674:
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656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
622:
620:
617:awarded gold
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:pink triangle
581:
577:
576:Star of David
573:
566:
562:
558:
553:
544:
542:
538:
533:
529:
525:
515:
513:
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505:
501:
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489:
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471:
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464:
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403:
399:
395:
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367:
363:
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355:
352:
347:
345:
342:convicted of
341:
337:
333:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
310:yellow badges
307:
302:
300:
296:
288:
278:
275:Prisoners in
273:
263:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
237:
232:
231:al-Mutawakkil
228:
224:
220:
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214:
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66:Poor Act 1697
62:
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41:
40:mark of shame
37:
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21:
2218:at Wikiquote
2191:. Retrieved
2173:
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2148:
2137:. Retrieved
2123:
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2108:
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2053:. Retrieved
2049:the original
2035:
2027:
2021:. Retrieved
2010:
2000:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1921:
1915:
1907:
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1848:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:the original
1792:
1784:
1778:. Retrieved
1758:
1754:
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1719:
1696:
1688:
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1660:
1653:"ass's head.
1651:
1632:
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1611:. Retrieved
1604:the original
1595:
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1535:. Retrieved
1526:
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1501:
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1468:
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1443:
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1324:
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1185:
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1134:
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1010:
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890:
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864:
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774:
763:
762:In the film
761:
749:Jack Sparrow
726:
724:
719:
709:
704:
690:
684:
676:
634:
629:
623:
604:
570:
565:Nazi Germany
557:yellow badge
521:
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447:James Nayler
445:
440:
434:
411:
378:
348:
327:imposed the
314:
303:
292:
261:
241:
235:
226:
216:
210:
200:prostitution
184:Ancient Rome
181:
178:for radicals
157:World War II
154:
146:heads shaved
127:
113:Mark of Cain
110:
94:Nazi Germany
78:yellow badge
75:
63:
60:
43:
39:
35:
31:
29:
2242:Persecution
2237:Punishments
1596:The Synapse
1527:The Surgery
753:Johnny Depp
714:, starring
707:silent film
645:Hello Kitty
611:World War I
541:perp walked
486:", meaning
354:New England
283: 1885
90:Middle Ages
88:during the
73:in public.
56:persecution
2226:Categories
2193:2007-05-31
2164:2008-01-13
2139:2007-11-06
2114:2007-11-06
2055:2013-12-06
2023:2007-11-06
1862:Trepp, Leo
1812:2007-11-10
1780:2007-11-11
1613:2008-01-13
1537:2008-01-13
1507:2022-10-03
1334:2008-01-12
1197:2008-01-12
1145:2007-11-06
1083:2017-08-24
901:2007-11-06
812:References
669:lobby card
594:, and the
588:homosexual
518:Restraints
467:Union Army
402:Joe Arpaio
315:After the
144:had their
134:pubic hair
130:depilation
124:Depilation
2247:Symbolism
1775:159598928
770:swastikas
705:The 1916
596:Zionists'
592:gay pride
524:handcuffs
504:dunce cap
465:from the
463:deserters
429:dunce cap
386:prisoners
196:Lex Julia
128:Punitive
52:ostracism
34:, also a
2232:Morality
2187:Archived
2158:Archived
2133:Archived
2017:Archived
1864:(2001).
1833:(2002).
1531:Archived
1139:Archived
895:Archived
785:See also
671:for the
641:Thailand
619:chevrons
609:. After
528:shackles
500:American
474:Headwear
379:Striped
362:adultery
351:colonial
299:canon 68
265:—
167:Clothing
138:adultery
106:barefoot
1529:. BBC.
1073:3734056
997:nature?
731:, Lord
697:Puritan
637:Bangkok
496:British
451:English
414:tattoos
394:prisons
340:Cathars
334:of the
332:penance
155:During
119:History
2091:469093
2089:
1988:
1957:
1928:
1900:
1872:
1841:
1773:
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1681:
1644:
1567:
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1071:
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1017:
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960:
926:
852:
824:stigma
700:Boston
649:tartan
613:, the
532:chains
492:jester
488:donkey
480:French
454:Quaker
366:incest
344:heresy
236:dhimmi
227:dhimmi
218:dhimmi
86:Europe
44:stigma
2252:Shame
2087:JSTOR
2045:MSNBC
1818:flag.
1771:S2CID
1607:(PDF)
1592:(PDF)
1193:. BBC
1069:JSTOR
873:(PDF)
667:This
630:Němec
586:that
559:that
449:, an
390:jails
192:stola
102:shame
80:that
70:badge
42:or a
1986:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1417:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1217:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1015:ISBN
986:ISBN
958:ISBN
924:ISBN
850:ISBN
743:, a
561:Jews
555:The
498:and
408:Skin
392:and
277:Utah
248:Cain
188:toga
96:and
82:Jews
76:The
38:, a
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1937:it.
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323:of
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