1307:
3735:
4549:
5097:
4759:
5432:
611:
4729:, which engage in aquatic escape behaviours from predators by running into a water source and swimming. They can swim with only the upper half of their heads out of the water and can even completely submerge, although the behaviours prove to be exhaustive for the small ruminants. In comparison, this behaviour is not as common in pecorans, supporting the hypothesis that the Tragulidae retains such rare escape behaviours because they diverged within the Ruminantia at an early stage. The oldest tragulid, known from the Krabi Basin of southern
4908:
1507:
4604:
4276:
3764:, where the P is evolutionarily lost, thus explaining why it has one less premolar in its upper jaw than its lower jaw. There are also no upper incisors recorded from the skeleton or other related specimens, typical of ruminant traits. The upper canine is curved in a hook-like manner and strong but relatively short since it does not exceed the height of the upper edge of the mandible. The lower canine is also short similar to the upper canine and the lower incisors but is incisiform in shape. In terms of
136:
1528:
4802:
4691:
1079:
5253:
3585:
620:
115:
5733:
4953:
4397:
long with an articular surface being almost perpendicular to the body of the bone. The fusions of the bones appear to be an advanced trait since it is also present in pecoran evolution while the fusions are not always represented in the
Tragulidae. Because of this, the Bachitheriidae are considered "advanced" in phylogenetic traits compared to similar tragulines but more "primitive" than early pecorans or their predecessors.
1582:
superfamily
Traguloidea is sometimes used in systemic palaeontological diagnoses, plus Janis and Jessica M. Theodor defined Hypertraguloidea as a valid superfamily consisting of the Hypertragulidae and Praetragulidae based on the fusion of the magnum and trapezoid bones in the carpus, a trait unseen in other artiodactyls. The two superfamilies are not often mentioned in research papers on members of the Tragulina, however.
5451:, and all Paleogene European nimravids, the latter of which are suggested to have gone extinct by 28 Ma. These faunal changes brought an end to the dominance of feliforms in Europe in favor of caniforms (amphicyonids and ursids), the complete extinction of the palaeotheres, and the extirpations of the entelodonts and amynodonts from Europe, potentially correlating with increased aridity in Europe.
1586:
and Asian "Gelocidae" (a known wastebasket family), Bachitheriidae, late
Oligocene or early Miocene Pecora of ambiguous affinities, Lophiomerycidae, Tragulidae, Leptomerycidae, Archaeomerycidae, and Hypertragulidae. Below are two phylogenetic trees of the defined Oligocene ruminants, the first based on a 50% majority consensus and the second based on a strict consensus:
4679:, the last surviving species of the Bachitheriidae, likely lived in more open environments than preceding species based on the significant elongation of the metacarpals for locomotion, coinciding with the large transition from forested environments to more open environments by MP28, correlated with major climatic and faunal events. All species of
1278:), or some 20 Ma. It is the oldest-recognized instance of island endemism within the region (fossils dating to the Eocene are known although rare, but the faunas do not display endemism since the landmass had not separated from the European plate yet). In his previous 1999 list of the large mammals of the early Miocene of Sardinia, he listed
4409:, he and Jean-Noël Martinez used the dimensions of the astragali of Paleogene artiodactyls to estimate their body masses, since the astragalus is the most frequently postcranial bone in fossil assemblages from its reduction of vulnerability to fragmentation due to its stocky shape and compact structure. Four known
4966:
faunal turnover in western Europe, in which faunal immigrants from Asia disperse there as a result of the closing of seaways previously separating western Europe from the rest of
Eurasia. The Grande Coupure also marks the first European appearances of the later anthracotheres, gelocids, lophiomerycids, and
5826:'s management sought to promote conservation of the Oligocene-aged phosphorite deposits in part by educating nearby inhabitants to understand the generally niche palaeontological heritage in their areas to become the locality's future guarantors. In 2021, the Geopark's management commissioned the sculptor
1354:
animal." He also defined the etymologies of the species names, "curtum" and "insigne" translating in Latin to "shortened" and "distinguished" respectively, "vireti" being in honor of Jean Viret, "guirounetensis" being unknown, and "lavocati" being in honor of
Lavocati for studying the lower dentition of
5553:
was the last bachitheriid species to exist in Europe. Its near-exclusivity to the MP28 zonation unit means that the species was short-lived, existing for only ~300,000 years. The Late
Oligocene Warming event, which marks large increases in surface temperatures, not only marked the final speciation of
5492:
by MP28. The speciation changes coincide in part with the Late
Oligocene Warming, a period lasting ~26 to 24 Ma (MP26 and MP28), which caused a reversal of climates towards warmer surface temperatures similar to those observed in the late Eocene. This is evident in part by a 2 °C (36 °F) to
4965:
The Eocene-Oligocene transition of western Europe, as a result of the global climatic conditions, is marked by a transition from tropical and subtropical forests to more open, temperate or mixed deciduous habitats with adaptations to increased seasonality. The extinction event also marks a coincident
4797:
mammalian faunas of western Europe were therefore mostly isolated from other continents including
Greenland, Africa, and eastern Eurasia, allowing for endemism to occur within western Europe. The European mammals of the late Eocene (MP17 - MP20) were mostly descendants of endemic middle Eocene groups
4534:
In 2014, Takehisa
Tsubamoto reexamined the relationship between astragalus size and estimated body mass based on extensive studies of extant terrestrial mammals, reapplying the methods to Paleogene artiodactyls previously tested by Sudre and Martinez. The researcher used linear measurements and their
1420:
formations that were found during extensive geographical mapping by drilling. The basal breccia-conglomerate-sandstone formation's exact age, although known to be of Eocene age, has an unknown exact age that cannot be possible to deduce because of factors such as a lack of biostratigraphically useful
5638:
in the short but gradual extinction process as a result of the Mi-1 Glaciation event, an immediate event occurring after the Late
Oligocene Warming that marked a reversal to colder climates and aridification from the latest Oligocene to the earliest Miocene (why aridification occurred in both events
5267:
Although the Eocene-Oligocene transition marked long-term drastic cooling global climates, western Eurasia was still dominated by humid climates, albeit with dry winter seasons in the Oligocene. Europe during the Oligocene had environments largely adapted to winter-dry seasons and humid seasons that
4238:
The spinal processes are short on C3 and C4 but lengthen from C5 to D1. The lengths of the spinal processes are more or less constant up to D7. The spine is slightly curved backwards from vertebrae C7-D2, then straight on D3-D4, and finally slightly inclined forward until D9. In the spine, there are
1585:
In 2015, Bastien Mennecart and Grégoire Métais created a hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships of Oligocene ruminants by compiling a matrix of 40 dental, cranial, and postcranial features known from them. The taxa included in the analysis are 20 ruminant species representative of the European
2874:
or as sister taxa of the Bachitheriidae, favouring the former hypothesis over the latter. The Bachitheriidae are considered the sister family to the Tragulidae and are thus phylogenetically within the crown Ruminantia, seemingly supported in part thanks to the Eocene-aged remains recently described
1581:
Several researchers such as Innessa Anatolevna Vislobokova have considered the two superfamilies within the infraorder, the Traguloidea (Tragulidae, Gelocidae, Leptomerycidae, Archaeomerycidae, Lophiomerycidae, Bachitheriidae) and Hypertraguloidea (Hypertragulidae, Praetragulidae), to be valid. The
4898:
are also typical Eocene faunas of typically Asian origins that are present in eastern Europe prior to the Grande Coupure, although the exact ages of the formations that they appeared in are not well-established due to the difficulties in estimating them in eastern European formations. These faunas
4396:
are missing, the former trait being suggested as an autapomorphy of the Bachitheriidae since the skeleton specimen is excellently preserved that the bones being missing could not have been an accident. The first phalanges of the back feet are short compared to the second, while the third are very
2839:
in various phylogenetic trees of Paleogene ruminants, most of which were done by hand. Despite having a complete skeleton, the phylogenetic position of the Bachitheriidae with respect to the "crown" Ruminantia (i.e. below or above the Tragulidae) remained unstable. They suggested that basicranial
1577:
is not found in Asia). This is especially evident after the abrupt Grande Coupure extinction event within the MP20-MP21 boundary (which includes the Eocene-Oligocene boundary), which marks the base of the Rupelian at 33.9 Ma. The first true ruminants to appear in western Europe, the Gelocidae and
4780:
Land-based connections to the north of the developing Atlantic Ocean were interrupted around 53 Ma, meaning that North America and Greenland were no longer well-connected to western Europe. From the early Eocene up until the Grande Coupure extinction event (56 Ma - 33.9 Ma), the western Eurasian
4627:
Although artiodactyls of the Paleogene are not as popular in palaeobiological research as their Neogene counterparts, there has been efforts in recent decades to contextualize the palaeobiologies of Paleogene ruminants in relation to those of Neogene and modern ruminants. The relatively abundant
7610:
Hutchinson, David K.; Coxall, Helen K.; Lunt, Daniel J.; Steinthorsdottir, Margret; De Boer, Agatha M.; Baatsen, Michiel L.J.; Von der Heydt, Anna S.; Huber, Matthew; Kennedy-Asser, Alan T.; Kunzmann, Lutz; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Lear, Caroline; Moraweck, Karolin; Pearson, Paul; Piga, Emanuela;
4925:
and other factors causing a 60% extinction rate of western European mammalian lineages while Asian faunal immigrants replaced them. The Grande Coupure is often marked by palaeontologists as part of the Eocene-Oligocene boundary as a result at 33.9 Ma, although some estimate that the event began
2822:
Mennecart and MĂ©tais stated that the systematic position of the monogeneric family Bachitheriidae is somewhat problematic since the uncertain phylogenetic position of the Bachitheriidae with other Oligocene ruminants is due to its postcranial and dental features being similar to other ruminant
591:
is the earliest-known ruminant to have appeared in the European fossil record, originating in eastern Europe during the late Eocene and migrating to western Europe by the early Oligocene after major seaway barriers fell. The genus remained endemic to the continent and survived several waves of
5001:
The causes of the abrupt extinctions are debated, with suggested causes being climatic and environmental deterioration following late Eocene-early Oligocene glaciations, intensified competition from Asian faunas resulting from seaways previously separating western Europe from other landmasses
1353:
was first reported in 1986 by Jean Sudre at Le Garouillas in France and has since been found in multiple sites in France and Italy. He also defined the etymology of the genus, the prefix "Bach" referring to the old collections of the Quercy site and the suffix "therium" meaning "wild beast or
3823:
of the Neogene) and Bachitheriidae are defined by special traguline-shaped lower premolars that feature a lack of metaconids and two elongated parallel cristids forming the edges of the back valley of the cusp. The lower molars are derived, having relatively selenodont cusps, typical of most
1429:
or early Priabonian (late Eocene). Within the locality, Mennecart et al. reported the oldest Paleogene ruminant from Europe as well as the earliest one known from outside Asia and North America, dating well before the Grande Coupure faunal event in western Europe which dated back to the
1251:
stood out to Sudre, the paraconid being offset lingually and close to the protoconid, but the palaeontologist speculated that the slight difference is not significant enough for a certain allocation to a different species since it could be interpreted as a variation in the more common
573:, weighing up to 36 kg (79 lb), was more cursorial and therefore built for more open forested environments and a diet consisting mainly of leaves. The morphological differences between the species, combined with their frequent appearances in the same fossil deposits, imply
592:
climatic changes of the Oligocene without evolving into a new genus. The Microbunodon Event in the late Oligocene, however, led to its extinction as it faced a combination of a warming climate plus subsequent habitat turnover and competition from a new wave of migrating species.
6845:
Mennecart, Bastien; Wazir, Wasim Abass; Sehgal, Ramesh K.; Patnaik, Rajeev; Singh, Ningthoujam P.; Kumar, Navin; Nanda, Avinash C. (2021). "New remains of Nalamaeryx (Tragulidae, Mammalia) from the Ladakh Himalaya and their phylogenetical and palaeoenvironmental implications".
4773:(or the suborder Euprimates) appeared already by the early Eocene, diversifying rapidly and developing dentitions specialized for folivory. The omnivorous forms mostly either switched to folivorous diets or went extinct by the middle Eocene (47 - 37 Ma) along with the archaic "
1055:), although the specimens from southern Germany were thought to characterize the lower Oligocene. In the palaeontological locality of Itardies in Quercy, two species were determined by Sudre to have characterized the 19th-century Quercy collections of the site: the abundant
5866:. The mayors of the villages approved of the commissioned statues to represent the locations. In addition to serving as palaeontological icons for village inhabitants, the sculptures are intended to interest visitors in the geological histories surrounding the areas.
8710:
Musalizi, Sarah; Schnyder, Johann; Segalen, Loic; Rössner, Gertrud E. (2022). "Early and Middle Miocene Tragulidae of the Napak Region (Uganda) including the Oldest African tragulids: Taxonomic revision, stratigraphical background, and biochronological framework".
4647:, a small-sized species, would have lived in warm, humid environments that were either wooded or semi-aquatic in characteristics, evident by its shorter limb proportions. Therefore, its palaeobiogical niches would have been equvivalent to modern-day chevrotains or
5124:
and Greater Caucasus Basin, thus separating southeastern Europe from western Europe. It was not until ~31 Ma (ca. MP23) that the Paratethys Sea branch of the Tethys Ocean became shallower and eventually disappeared. The disappearance of the seaway barrier allowed
8575:
PeignĂ©, StĂ©phane; Vianey-Liaud, Monique; PĂ©lissiĂ©, Thierry; SigĂ©, Bernard (2014). "Valbro : un nouveau site Ă vertĂ©brĂ©s de l'OligocĂšne infĂ©rieur (MP22) de France (Quercy). I â Contexte gĂ©ologique ; Mammalia : Rodentia, Hyaenodontida, Carnivora".
5873:
sculpture in front of the village's town hall was completed on November 12, 2022. By that time, the village mayor Patrick Valette, Causses du Quercy Geopark president Catherine Marlas, and Patrick Médéric held an inauguration there to celebrate its completion.
1560:
fold (or similar cuspid structures) on the lower molars, and bunoselenodont dentition on the molars. The Tragulidae (its members commonly known as "chevrotains" or "mouse deer") is the only extant family of the infraorder and are, as a result, considered
4718:
habitats. When alarmed, the species is reported to rush to the nearest river and submerge, swimming upstream, and coming to the surface beneath water banks or overhanging vegetation. Although not as often observed, this behaviour is also reported in
5002:
closing, or some combination of the two. Either way, the post-Grande Coupure faunas of Europe had few endemic representatives, the Asian faunal immigrants that were better-adapted for the Oligocene becoming the dominant faunal assemblages.
4941:
decreases and an estimated drop of ~70 m (230 ft) in sea level. Alexis Licht et. al suggested that the Grande Coupure could have possibly been synchronous with the Oi-1 glaciation (33.5 Ma), which records a decline in atmospheric
4821:, the first ruminant to appear in eastern Europe, in regions like modern-day Bulgaria during the middle-late Eocene. Fossil evidence indicates that the late Eocene mammals of eastern Europe during the Priabonian age include the palaeothere
983:
in the Leptomerycidae. They first reviewed the basic diagnosis of the hypertragulids, a primitive ruminant family with numerous characteristics distinct from other ruminants such as sharp cutting premolars and loss of the mesostyle in the
1202:
remains supporting the criteria on which the species were based (dental dimensions and diastemas of the P-P) were not variable and did not reflect any dimorphism in between species, thereby supporting the distinction between the smaller
3824:
ruminants, as well as possessing no cingulum. The upper molars of the Bachitheriidae do not possess any aligned paracone and metacone. Some more recently described dental autapomorphies of the Bachitheriidae are the diastema between P
6578:
Costa, Elisenda; GarcĂ©s, Miguel; SĂĄez, Alberto; Cabrera, LluĂs; LĂłpez-Blanco, Miguel (2011). "The age of the "Grande Coupure" mammal turnover: New constraints from the EoceneâOligocene record of the Eastern Ebro Basin (NE Spain)".
2843:
In 2021, Bastien Mennecart et al. reused the morphological matrix of some 40 characters from 2015 by Mennecart and MĂ©tais (as explained above) to produce a hypothesis regarding the phylogenetic affinities of the Oligocene tragulid
4930:, an abrupt shift from a greenhouse world characterizing much of the Paleogene to a coolhouse/icehouse world of the early Oligocene onwards. The massive drop in temperatures stems from the first major expansion of the Antarctic
4640:. Therefore, the different sizes of the fossil specimens can be explained as belonging to different species that fill different palaeoecological niches from each other and the many other artiodactyls that coexisted with them.
5120:) were unable to fully disperse to western Europe (modern-day Spain, France, Germany, Belgium, and England) from eastern Europe because of deep water barriers resulting from the Northern Alpine water basin connecting to the
8192:
Scherler, Laureline; Lihoreau, Fabrice; Becker, Damien (2018). "To split or not to split Anthracotherium? A phylogeny of Anthracotheriinae (Cetartiodactyla: Hippopotamoidea) and its palaeobiogeographical implications".
4899:
contrast strongly with western Europe due to the stronger endemism in the western landmass and great difficulties for mammals of Asian affinities in crossing to the landmass prior to the latest Eocene-early Oligocene.
4920:
The Grande Coupure, translating in French to "the great break," is one of the largest extinction and faunal turnover events in the Cenozoic palaeontological record, occurring in Europe within MP20-MP21 as a result of
5287:
By MP24, a faunal turnover event occurred, likely caused by environmental changes resulting from the Oi-2 glaciation and European sea regressions. The extinction event resulted in the extinctions of the rhinocerotid
1397:, the assigned names are to be taken with caution since the materials are generally fragmented and mainly based on postcranial remains, which most often are prone to insular adaptations from the now-extinct animals.
1135:, which she felt was less likely than the alternate hypothesis that it is a derived character state, which would involve three independent evolutions of the character in the Hypertragulidae, the Leptomerycidae, and
8314:
Solé, Floréal; Fischer, Valentin; Le Verger, Kévin; Mennecart, Bastien; Speijer, Robert P.; Peigné, Stéphane; Smith, Thierry (2022). "Evolution of European carnivorous mammal assemblages through the Paleogene".
6685:
Ducrocq, Stéphane; Soe, Aung Naing; Chavasseau, Olivier; Sein, Chit; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Lazzari, Vincent; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2019). "New basal ruminants from the Eocene of the Pondaung Formation, Myanmar".
5821:
is also a focus of further recent efforts within France to promote palaeontological heritage, including as a representation of the post-Grande Coupure faunas of the Quercy fossil record. More specifically, the
5615:. The immigrant pecorans were able to live in the arid and open habitats because they were better-adapted to mixed feeding diets and cursoriality compared to the European tragulines. The complete extinctions of
5558:
but eventually its extinction. In part, the event brought changes in vegetation towards more open habitats like savannahs that were adjusted to drier and more seasonal climates. Although postcranial remains of
8611:
Harzhauser, Mathias; Daxner-Höck, Gudrun; López-Guerrero, Paloma; Maridet, Olivier; Oliver, Adriana; Piller, Werner E.; Richoz, Sylvain; Erbajeva, Margarita A.; Neubauer, Thomas A.; Göhlich, Ursula B. (2016).
5834:
was selected to represent the village of Bach in the program, which was known as "Mon village, mon fossile" ("My village, my fossil"). The other animals chosen to represent other areas were the chalicothere
1547:
is the type and only genus of the family Bachitheriidae within the infraorder Tragulina in the artiodactyl suborder Ruminantia. Tragulina is more basal than Pecora and is characterized by doglike astragalus
1151:" fold ("fold on the posterolingual face of the metaconid") and the posterior lower premolars possessing primitive ruminant conditions of elongated, posteriorly directed metaconids. The hypoconulid of the M
7338:
Badiola, Ainara; Perales-Gogenola, Leire; Astibia, Humberto; Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda (2022). "A synthesis of Eocene equoids (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Iberian Peninsula: new signs of endemism".
5100:
Palaeobiogeography of eastern Eurasian ruminants during the late Eocene-early Oligocene with dispersal routes to western Europe during the Grande Coupure (33.9 Ma) and Bachitherium Dispersal Event (31 Ma).
4227:, of which the anterior member is much shorter than the posterior one. The axis's body is short, but the axis itself is noted to be remarkable for the vertical and especially caudal extension of its high
6531:
Licht, Alexis; MĂ©tais, GrĂ©goire; Coster, Pauline; Ä°bilioÄlu, Deniz; OcakoÄlu, Faruk; Westerweel, Jan; Mueller, Megan; Campbell, Clay; Mattingly, Spencer; Wood, Melissa C.; Beard, K. Christopher (2022).
1573:
or western Europe, which became isolated from North America and Greenland by the later early Eocene and thereby had faunas that evolved in the form of distinct endemism compared to the rest of Eurasia (
1325:
from previous decades. He documented the biostratigraphical distribution of western European ruminants during the early-middle Oligocene by Mammal Paleogene zones. In the distribution chart, he listed
4651:(tribe Cephalophini/subfamily Cephalophinae), both of which live in humid wooded habitats in Africa and/or southern Asia with freshwater bank sources. Based on dental microwear analysis, the diet of
7199:
Métais, Grégoire; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Jean-Jacques, Jaeger; Ducrocq, Stéphane (2001). "New remains of primitive ruminants from Thailand: Evidence of the early evolution of the Ruminantia in Asia".
4769:
For much of the Eocene, a hothouse climate with humid, tropical environments with consistently high precipitations prevailed. Modern mammalian orders including the Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, and
1163:
was thought to be separate from the leptomerycids based on derived characteristics more similar to "gelocids" and its lack of derived features with the leptomerycids. Unlike the leptomerycids, the I
6037:
Obergfell, Friedlinde A. (1957). "Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Dentitionen und Dentale Altburdigaler Cerviden von Wintershof-West in Bayern und rezenter Cerviden (Eine phylogenetische Studie)".
8803:
Pélissié, Thierry; Orliac, Maëva J.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Biot, Vincent; Escarguel, Gilles (2021). "Beyond Eocene and Oligocene Epochs: The Causses du Quercy Geopark and the Grande Coupure".
6378:
Mennecart, Bastien; Zoboli, Daniel; Costeur, LoĂŻc; Pillola, Gian Luigi (2017). "Reassessment of the latest Oligocene ruminant from Sardara, the last non-insular mammal from Sardinia (Italy)".
3753:
is distinguished by its dentition that is closer to the Tragulina than other artiodactyls but are distinct enough to justify it belonging to its own family. The dental formula of the genus is
3565:
allow for distinguishing it as a distinct family compared to other members of the Tragulina infraorder such as the Gelocidae, Lophiomerycidae, Hypertragulidae, Leptomerycidae, and Tragulidae.
2875:
from the Balkans. Below is an updated tree based on the 2015 phylogenetic trees by Mennecart and MĂ©tais resulting from the cladistic analysis of 41 dental, cranial, and postcranial specimens:
4916:, an iconic genus of the Western European endemic fauna from the late Eocene to the early Oligocene. It died out by the Eocene-Oligocene transition due to the Grande Coupure extinction event.
1365:
per van der Made in 2008, stating that the species is based only on postcranial remains and that the association of characteristics does not allow for a strict attribution of the remains to
1100:, in which the recent discovery of the complete skeleton of the genus and her investigation of the European dental material of it could enable a reassessment of the ruminant. Janis verified
6300:
Sudre, Jean (1995). "Le Garouillas et les sites contemporains (OligocÚne, MP 25) des phosphorites du Quercy (Lot, Tarn-et-Garonne, France) et leurs faunes de vertébrés: 12. Artiodactyles".
5803:
4817:
Although Paleogene mammals are incomplete in the fossil record in eastern Europe compared to western Europe, there is enough fossil evidence indicating which mammals likely coexisted with
1198:
Jean Sudre wrote a research article chapter on the Oligocene artiodactyls of the Quercy collections of France in 1995, including the Bachitheriidae. He said that recent diagnoses of many
8900:
3618:. The premaxillary, being edentulous (lacking teeth), upright, and short, comes into contact with long nasals, broadened behind and ending towards the front. There is a small gap in the
3557:, allowing for more thorough diagnoses for the Bachitheriidae. Unfortunately, the skeleton is strongly flattened transversely, limiting observations of it to only its left side. The
8838:
3811:" fold on the molars. It is also different from other traguline genera by the straight outline of the lower mandible and the elongated diastema being highly constricted just after P
569:, weighing 7 kg (15 lb) to 8 kg (18 lb), was well-adapted to closed forest environments and ate a mix of leaves, fruit, and herbages. In comparison, the larger
8386:"On the morphology of the astragalus and calcaneus of the amphicyonids (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Paleogene of Europe: implications for the ecology of the European bear-dogs"
4579:, however, was unusually large in comparison to not just other bachitheriid species but also other Paleogene tragulines, being estimated to weigh up to 36 kg (79 lb).
5795:
5145:
2864:
are classified as outgroups within the Artiodactyla due to not falling within the Ruminantia suborder. However, the 2021 phylogenetic tree also adds the enigmatic artiodactyl
6260:
Janis, Christine Marie (1987). "Grades and Clades in Hornless Ruminants Evolution: the Reality of the Gelocidae and the Systematic Position of Lophiomeryx and Bachitherium".
5799:
8046:"New data on the earliest European ruminant (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): A revision of the fossil mandible from Rusce in the PÄinja basin (late Eocene, Southeastern Serbia)"
6186:"Un squelette complet de Bachitherium (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) de l'OligocÚne de Céreste (Alpes de Haute-Provence). Remarques sur la systématique des Ruminants primitifs"
8868:
5823:
1286:, basing the species etymology on the island. He based it off of postcranial remains that have the general morphologies of primitive ruminants and sizes intermediate to
1112:, the palaeontologist argued, could be excluded from the Tragulidae and Hypertragulidae families because of a combination of features of its limb anatomy. Nonetheless,
7945:
Solé, Floréal; Fischer, Fischer; Denayer, Julien; Speijer, Robert P.; Fournier, Morgane; Le Verger, Kévin; LadevÚze, Sandrine; Folie, Annelise; Smith, Thierry (2020).
1578:
Lophiomerycidae, were immigrant taxa that dispersed from Asia while most mammal lineages of western Europe, most of which were endemic to the continent, disappeared.
5770:
frog, a complete but currently undescribed shell of a turtle with associated skeletal remains, an almost complete skull and postcranial skeleton of the alligatoroid
1393:
5830:
to create seven sculptures of Eocene-Oligocene animals whose genus/species names or synonymized names derive from a particular village as mascots of the locations.
1465:
The researchers also reviewed reports of the supposed previously oldest Bachitheriidae from the German localities of Herrlingen1, Möhren13, Ronheim1, and Weinheim (
7986:
Peigné, Stéphane (2003). "Systematic review of European Nimravinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Nimravidae) and the phylogenetic relationships of Palaeogene Nimravidae".
4777:." By the late Eocene (approx. 37 - 33 Ma), most of the ungulate form dentitions shifted from bunodont cusps to cutting ridges (i.e. lophs) for folivorous diets.
4388:
II and IV (or long bones of the feet) are partially fused (fused except at their distal extremities without a groove (or furrow) on the anterior face) while the
1024:
5827:
4848:
3673:
The horizontal region of the mandible increases in height towards the back, the lower edge having two concavities. Of the two concavities, one is in front of P
8023:"Insect bone-modification and palaeoecology of Oligocene mammal-bearing sites in the Doupov Mountains,northwestern Bohemia. Dvérce, Detan, Valec (NW Bohemia)"
8271:
Solé, Floréal; Dubied, Morgane; Le Verger, Kévin; Mennecart, Bastien (2018). "Niche partitioning of the European carnivorous mammals during the paleogene".
5698:
tribe by MN2, thus bringing the end of the post-Grande Coupure faunas. The tragulines were completely absent from Europe as a result of the extinctions of
5567:
4552:
Estimated body masses (kg) of Paleogene artiodactyls based on recalculated trochlear widths (Li1) in comparison to estimates from Martinez and Sudre (1995)
4535:
products with adjusted correction factors. The recalculations resulted in somewhat lower estimates compared to the 1995 results (with the exception of the
8538:"Ursidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Late Oligocene of the "Phosphorites du Quercy" (France) and a reappraisal of the genus Cephalogale Geoffroy, 1862"
6802:
Mennecart, Bastien; Métais, Grégoire (2015). "Mosaicomeryx gen. nov., a ruminant mammal from the Oligocene of Europe and the significance of 'gelocids'".
5563:
suggest that it was better-adapted towards open habitats compared to its predecessors, it may have been unable to adapt to further changes in vegetation.
7164:
Meijaard, Erik; Arifin, Umilaela; Wijeyeratne, Gehan de Silva (2010). "Aquatic escape behaviour in mouse-deer provides insight into tragulid evolution".
5798:
in 1991. The park management, intending to allow the skeleton to be displayed for public display and education, gave the ownership of the fossil to the
7291:"Western European middle Eocene to early Oligocene Chiroptera: systematics, phylogeny and palaeoecology based on new material from the Quercy (France)"
7107:"The European Ruminants during the "Microbunodon Event" (MP28, Latest Oligocene): Impact of Climate Changes and Faunal Event on the Ruminant Evolution"
6902:
Geraads, Denis; Bouvrain, GeneviÚve; Sudre, Jean (1987). "Relations phylétiques de Bachitherium Filhol, Ruminant de l'OligocÚne d'Europe occidentale".
6111:
The Ruminantia (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla) from the Oligocene to the Early Miocene of Western Europe: systematics, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography
5027:
3642:
appears to be absent from the skull, the lacrimal hole instead opening inside the orbit which is small and closed posteriorly by a complete and robust
585:
and was likely better adapted to open forested environments than other species of its genus, coinciding with major climatic and faunal restructurings.
6944:
Martinez, Jean-Noël; Sudre, Jean (1995). "The astragalus of Paleogene artiodactyls: comparative morphology, variability and prediction of body mass".
6343:
van der Made, Jan (2008). "New endemic large mammals from the Lower Miocene of Oschiri (Sardinia): Observations on evolution in insular environment".
8746:
Coster, Pauline; Legal, Stéphane (2021). "An Early Oligocene Fossil LagerstÀtten from the Lacustrine Deposits of the Luberon UNESCO Global Geopark".
7382:
Nikolov, Ivan; Heissig, Kurt (1985). "Fossile SĂ€ugetiere aus dem ObereozĂ€n und UnteroligozĂ€n Bulgariens und ihre Bedeutung fĂŒr die PalĂ€ogeographie".
6428:"Discovery of the oldest European ruminant in the late Eocene of Bulgaria: Did tectonics influence the diachronic development of the Grande Coupure?"
5849:
5320:
5117:
4735:
3304:
3152:
2569:
2425:
1957:
1770:
1387:
separated from the mainland by the early Miocene, in which then the Sandinian insular Neogene fossils represented the oldest case of endemism in the
787:
6729:
Draz, Omer; Ni, Xijun; Samiullah, Khizar; Yasin, Riffat; Fazal, Rana Mehroz; Naz, Sakeela; Akhtar, Saleem; Gillani, Mahpara; Ejaz, Muzammil (2020).
1569:
is technically considered a mammal of Asian origin based on its geographical origins being that of eastern Europe as opposed to the Eocene landmass
5332:
5033:
4835:
1243:
series. The mandible fragment was referred to the species with some reservation based on its slightly smaller size compared to those attributed to
940:
543:
9098:
5684:
5408:
5182:
5766:
site for its well-preserved flora and fauna fossils. The site contains hundreds of species of fossil plants, fossil fish a skeletal remain of a
4231:
which reaches the level of C4. The unusual traits of the cervical vertebrae could be connected with the strong development of the large oblique
1000:
being developed into a tusk similar to leptomerycids, it was very reduced unlike them, therefore not belonging to the family due to the lack of
8909:
7660:
Toumoulin, Agathe; Tardif, Delphine; Donnadieu, Yannick; Licht, Alexis; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Kunzmann, Lutz; Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume (2022).
5586:
5435:
Africa today largely consists of tropical savannahs with dry conditions, making it slightly similar to Europe during the middle-late Oligocene.
5314:
5056:
4841:
4392:
III and IV (or long bones of the hands coming after wrist bones) are unfused. The lateral metacarpals appear to be absent and all of the front
3595:
3576:, the major differences between the two species are the former species' smaller teeth, diastema, and postcranial bones compared to the latter.
3376:
3352:
3280:
2651:
2634:
2552:
2063:
2046:
1940:
479:, is currently pending reassessment. The genus name derives from "Bach", the French locality where its first fossils were found, and the Greek
4961:, a rhinocerotid that appeared in Europe during the Grande Coupure extinction-faunal turnover event and lived there for most of the Oligocene.
1063:, which was much rarer. At the Pech Desse locality in Quercy (the most recent site at the former province at the time), a second new species,
6234:
Sudre, Jean (1986). "Le genre Bachitherium Filhol 1882 (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): diversite specifique, phylogenie, extension chronologique".
5695:
5230:
3328:
2977:
2668:
2357:
1974:
1702:
808:
8773:
7023:
Blondel, CĂ©cile (1997). "Les ruminants de Pech Desseet de Pech du Fraysse (Quercy; MP28); Ă©volution des ruminants de l'oligocĂšne d'Europe".
6629:"Unearthing deep-time biodiversity changes: The Palaeogene mammalian metacommunity of the Quercy and Limagne area (Massif Central, France)"
5537:
5276:
or purely broadleaved deciduous forests aligning with the northernmost belt between 40°N and 50°N, the middle belt of warmth-adapted mixed
5236:
5162:
5047:
3169:
2866:
2528:
2442:
1916:
1787:
827:
1369:. The shape of the postcranial remains resembling those of primitive ruminants could potentially be due to insular effects similar to the
1306:
526:
in France in 1981, which helped palaeontologists understand its morphology compared to other ruminants. The complete fossil revealed that
7846:"Ruminants reveal Eocene Asiatic palaeobiogeographical provinces as the origin of diachronous mammalian Oligocene dispersals into Europe"
7447:"EoceneâOligocene mammalian faunal turnover in the Hampshire Basin, UK: calibration to the global time scale and the major cooling event"
5712:
5592:
4829:
3247:
3230:
2307:
2290:
1837:
1820:
5998:"Iberomeryx minor (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the Early Oligocene of Soulce (Canton Jura, NW Switzerland): systematics and palaeodiet"
8425:
O'Brien, Charlotte Lucy; Huber, Matthew; Thomas, Ellen; Pagani, Mark; Super, James; Elder, Leanne Elizabeth; Hull, Pincelli M. (2020).
5791:
5743:
4870:
2324:
1628:
1493:, the cingulum is only more emergent. Therefore, the actual oldest record of the Bachitheriidae in western Europe is ca. 31 Ma (MP23).
1131:
is a primitive ruminant character would entail the loss of the character twice within the evolution of ruminants in the Tragulidae and
7703:"Age and driving mechanisms of the EoceneâOligocene transition from astronomical tuning of a lacustrine record (Rennes Basin, France)"
996:, validating the previous reassignment from the Hypertragulidae. However, Bouvrain and Garaads also observed that although it shared I
5977:
Bouvrain, GeneviĂšve; Geraads; Sudre, Jean (1986). "RĂ©vision taxonomique de quelques Ruminants oligocĂšnes desphosphorites du Quercy".
5052:
4362:
are shorter than the hind limbs, but the difference is smaller than in tragulids. The limb proportions are similar to the musk deer (
3001:
2384:
1729:
668:
8934:
8671:"New records of Dorcatherium guntianum (Tragulidae), stratigraphical framework, and diphyletic origin of Miocene European tragulids"
7611:
Pound, Matthew J.; Salzmann, Ulrich; Scher, Howie D.; Sijp, Willem P.; ĆliwiĆska, Kasia K; Wilson, Paul A.; Zhang, Zhongshi (2021).
7239:"Mountain uplift explains differences in Palaeogene patterns of mammalian evolution and extinction between North America and Europe"
5920:
Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum, (Natural History): Part II. Containing Order Ungulata, Suborder Artiodactyla
9182:
9085:
9031:
4687:
and thereby more adaptable for semi-open habitats as indicated by their elongated cannon bones relative to their metacarpal bones.
4311:
present within the humerus. In the distal area of the humerus, the diameter of the condyle is lower than that of the trochlea. The
7575:
Venczel, MĂĄrton; Codrea, Vlad; FÄrcaĆ, Cristina (2011). "A new palaeobatrachid frog from the early Oligocene of Suceag, Romania".
4263:
of the bachitheriid are wide, short, and straight, contrasting with the later ribs that are thin, long, and curved. The number of
8344:"A new early Late Oligocene (MP 26) continental vertebrate fauna from Saint-Privat-des-Vieux (Ales Basin, Gard, Southern France)"
6509:
Erfurt, Jörg; Métais, Grégoire (2007). "Endemic European Paleogene Artiodactyls". In Prothero, Donald R.; Foss, Scott E. (eds.).
1321:
Bastien Mennecart reviewed the post-Grande Coupure artiodactyls of Europe in his 2012 PhD thesis, including all known species of
8846:
7662:"Evolution of continental temperature seasonality from the Eocene greenhouse to the Oligocene icehouse âa modelâdata comparison"
9197:
8484:
Assemat, Alexandre; Mourlam, Mickaël J.; Weppe, Romain; Maugoust, Jacob; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Orliac, Maeva Judith (2020).
8099:"Oligocene vegetation of Europe and western Asia-Diversity change and continental patterns reflected by plant functional types"
4998:
have all entered the European continent during the Grande Coupure, abruptly making carnivorans the dominant carnivorous group.
4567:, a common species at the Pech Desse locality in France, had any dimorphism, indicating that it was homogenous in nature. Both
8875:
6628:
6493:
3561:
of the skull, as a result, are little or cannot be observed. Nonetheless, the complete skeleton and various other remains of
7063:
Blondel, Cécile (1998). "Le squelette appendiculaire de sept ruminants oligocÚnes d'Europe; implications paléoécologiques".
9177:
8140:"Palaeoclimatic reconstruction for the Late Oligocene La Val fossil site (Estadilla, Huesca, Spain) based on CLAMP and LMA"
4986:) as well as eulipotyphlans (Erinaceidae) were also Grande Coupure arrivals of Asian origins. Carnivorans representing the
4575:
have been estimated to weigh 7 kg (15 lb) - 8 kg (18 lb), consistent with the idea of similar weights.
8097:
Utescher, Torsten; Erdei, Boglårka; François, Louis; Henrot, Alexandra-Jane; Mosbrugger, Volker; Popova, Svetlana (2020).
5284:
broadleaved forests aligning between 40°N and 30°N, and the last belt containing tropical vegetation aligning below 30°N.
866:
teeth, leaving a valley on the tip from the protoconid to the entostylid. In 1971, LĂ©onard Ginsburg created a genus named
750:" synonyms of because the specimens appeared to have belonged to the same species (notably, Filhol described the species "
9202:
9157:
7495:
Legendre, Serge; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile; Hugueney, Marguerite; Maitre, Elodie; Sigé, Bernard; Escarguel, Gilles (2006).
6770:
Janis, Christine M.; Theodor, Jessica M. (2014). "Cranial and postcranial morphological data in ruminant phylogenetics".
6427:
1187:(also known as the talus bone or ankle bone). As a result, Christine Janis suggested that the it should be placed as a
944:
8384:
Fournier, Morgane; LadevÚze, Sandrine; Le Verger, Kévin; Fischer, Valentin; Speijer, Robert P.; Solé, Floréal (2020).
5312:
along with all other rhinocerotoids and anthracotheres. MP24 also involves the first appearances of the stem pecorans
4591:
offers hints of different ecological niches being filled by them within the European continent, as the larger size of
979:), and until then, it only had jaws for fossil remains. The researchers discussed Webb and Taylor's 1980 placement of
9192:
9172:
4927:
4299:
is slightly marked, and the tuberosity (prominence where muscles and connective tissues attach) of the tendon of the
1431:
633:
8956:
7947:"The upper Eocene-Oligocene carnivorous mammals from the Quercy Phosphorites (France) housed in Belgian collections"
6128:
Lavocat, René (1946). "Observations sur le genre Bachitherium et sur l'extension géographique des Hypertragulidés".
4781:
continent was separated into three landmasses, the former two of which were isolated by seaways: western Europe (an
2840:
morphological analyses will provide key features to better understanding the evolutionary history of bachitheriids.
8342:
Vianey-Liaud, Monique; Comte, Bernard; Marandat, Bernard; Peigné, Stéphane; Rage, Jean-Claude; Sudre, Jean (2014).
7613:"The Eocene-Oligocene transition: A review of marine and terrestrial proxy data, models and model-data comparisons"
7497:"Dynamique de la diversité des mammifÚres et des oiseaux paléogÚnes du Massif Central (Quercy et Limagnes, France)"
5762:, a palaeontological site for terrestrial communities dating to the early Oligocene that is considered a Konservat-
5129:
and rodents associated with it to disperse from southeastern Europe into the western European region. The tragulid
5088:. The faunas of this locality are consistent enough with those representative of the post-Grande Coupure deposits.
2831:
and traguloid-shaped astragali, but the selenodont molars and fusion of the carpal bones were probably a result of
1123:
was more similar to hypertragulids than those of the Leptomerycidae which was characterized by their more conical P
5596:, all of which were Asiatic immigrants. Additional carnivorans appear during this time as well, namely the ursids
9167:
5488:, after long periods of existence in Europe, finally disappeared by the end of MP27, where they were replaced by
1466:
1145:
was discerned to have a mixture of primitive and derived dental characteristics, the lower molars retaining the "
1086:
1047:, which then had just two species in its name and were reported additionally in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany.
7903:"Earliest record of rhinocerotoids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) from Switzerland: systematics and biostratigraphy"
6924:
Métais, Grégoire; Vislobokova, Inessa (2007). "Basal Ruminants". In Prothero, Donald R.; Foss, Scott E. (eds.).
5893:"Découverte de quelques nouveaux genres de MammifÚres fossiles, dans les dépÎts de phosphate de chaux du Quercy"
4739:, dates back to the late Eocene, further supporting the Tragulidae being the most basal extant ruminant family.
1071:
by the size of the diastema between the P and P. He also reviewed the systematics of the genus, confirming that
9187:
8086:(in French). Ăcole Pratique des Hautes Ătudes-Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Montpellier. pp. 769â850.
3734:
2835:. The convergent traits, the researchers suggested, caused misinterpretations of the phylogenetic relations of
5940:
Recherches Sur Les Phosphorites Du Quercy: Ătude Des Fossiles Qu'on Y Rencontre Et SpĂ©cialement Des MammifĂšres
7403:"First occurrence of Palaeotheriidae (Perissodactyla) from the lateâmiddle Eocene of eastern Thrace (Greece)"
4632:
species indicates that virtually none display any signs of sexual dimorphism, although it is unknown whether
4595:
likely means that it lived in a different habitat and had slightly different eating habits compared to them.
1216:
518:
was only known from incomplete remains, making assessments difficult. However, a nearly complete skeleton of
460:
6534:"Balkanatolia: The insular mammalian biogeographic province that partly paved the way to the Grande Coupure"
9162:
897:
6476:
Janis, Christine M. (1984). "Tragulids as Living Fossils". In Eldridge, Niles; Stanley, Steven M. (eds.).
5263:. Anthracotheres, rhinocerotoids, and ruminants were the dominant assemblages of Eurasia in the Oligocene.
4327:. The pelvis does not have any peculiar traits except for the elongation of the acetabular portion of the
3795:
The Bachitheriidae is defined as a traguline family that possesses a narrow and "pinched" hypoconulid on M
3553:
is also known by a complete skeleton from the limestone deposits of Cereste, France that is attributed to
900:
angle of the tooth. Because of this and other dental traits of the species, the taxon was reclassified to
8343:
8080:
Aguilar, Jean-Pierre; Legendre, Serge; Michaux, Jacques (1997). "SynthÚses et tableaux de corrélations".
7701:
Boulila, Slah; Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume; Galbrun, Bruno; Bauer, Hugues; ChĂąteauneuf, Jean-Jacques (2021).
5786:, and fossil insects. Mammal fossils are rare within the site, however, making the discovery of the only
4765:
of Europe and Asia during the middle Eocene with possible artiodactyl and perissodactyl dispersal routes.
3785:
1469:) that date back to 32.5 Ma (MP22). The German ruminant fossils were reclassified to the gelocid species
135:
4545:, which as a shorter astragalus proportion than most other artiodactyls), displayed in the below graph:
3646:. The back of the skull, which is slightly inclined with respect to the face, is surmounted by a strong
4706:
The primitive natures of modern chevrotains also provide clues to early ruminant behaviour. The modern
4433:) were analyzed using two different methods of medial weight estimations: the astragalus size and the M
4813:
appeared in Europe by the late Eocene (MP17a) and existed there for up to the earliest Miocene (MP30).
4563:, the latter species considered to be the potential ancestor of the former. There is no evidence that
4548:
3681:. The upward angular region of the mandible is wide, its posterior edge connecting to the neck of the
766:
was known only by some portions of the mandible and maxilla, that it was said to be closely allied to
5133:, known first in the Eocene of eastern Asia, dispersed into southwestern Asia (modern-day Turkey and
799:
530:
had cursorial limb builds unlike typical tragulines and like smaller-sized members of the infraorder
6731:"New Fossil Remains of Artiodactyla from Dhok Pathan Formation, Middle Siwaliks of Punjab, Pakistan"
5892:
5790:
skeleton significant. It was first discovered by a private collector in 1981 within the locality of
4671:
was the largest species and likely lived in light forested habitats, where it would have had a more
1450:
near the border of Bulgaria and Turkey. The species was described as small and differing from other
1235:
sp., which was also known from Le Garouillas based on six astragali and probably a mandible of the P
9022:
3615:
8229:"Evolutionary history of hoofed mammals during the OligoceneâMiocene transition in Western Europe"
5918:
3666:, visible for a short distance, is oblique forwards and backwards and is pierced by several small
8781:
5955:
5794:. The specimen was sold to a German collector in 1984 who held on to it before selling it to the
5497:
only existed for one unit, MP28. The French locality of Pech Desse, an MP28-dated location with
5096:
4758:
1434:. The researchers decided that the fossil material belongs to a new species for which they named
971:, France in addition to previously collected Quercy materials. The skeleton was referred to as a
9049:
5474:) making their first appearances within the continent. The faunas of this time suggest woodland-
4215:(or "wings") that terminate posteriorly at a point exceeding the level of articulation with the
9129:
8984:
5343:
The Le Garouillas locality in France, dating to MP25, contains two, possibly three, species of
4748:
3639:
1477:
because they have bifurcated and shortened postentocristids that are close to the diagnosis of
1400:
In June 2018, Bastien Mennecart et al. described the earliest known European ruminant from the
9103:
7518:
Sun, Jimin; Ni, Xijun; Bi, Shundong; Wu, Wenyu; Ye, Jie; Meng, Jin; Windley, Brian F. (2014).
6772:
Zitteliana Reihe B: Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung fĂŒr PalĂ€ontologie und Geologie
5570:", which occurred between 24.8 and 24 Ma and marks the appearances of the small anthracothere
5431:
4267:
is not determinable because of the transversely flattened state of the sub-complete skeleton.
9124:
9116:
9044:
5428:
in Europe existed only in this locality, suggesting just a short period of existence there.
4949:, boosting the Antarctic glaciation that already started by the Eocene-Oligocene transition.
4823:
3765:
684:
in that the newer genus had all compressed lower premolars whereas only the last premolar of
8614:"Stepwise onset of the Icehouse world and its impact on Oligo-Miocene Central Asian mammals"
7520:"Synchronous turnover of flora, fauna, and climate at the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary in Asia"
5627:
could therefore also potentially be the result of competition with the "advanced" pecorans.
4211:, also known in the anatomy of the neck vertebrae as C1, possesses wide, rounded anatomical
4195:
skeleton is short and robust, its total length measuring less than that of the head. On the
1314:
1313:
maxillae originally from Tarn-et-Garonne, France dating to the Oligocene, now stored at the
696:
immediately following them was strong. Based on these traits, Filhol erected the genus name
8625:
8585:
8438:
8280:
8151:
7857:
7805:
7766:
7714:
7673:
7624:
7531:
7461:
7414:
7348:
7302:
7173:
7118:
7072:
7032:
6953:
6811:
6695:
6640:
6588:
6545:
6442:
6352:
6309:
6269:
5680:
4300:
4280:
1267:
680:, with the posterior edge extending as a deep furrow. It was therefore differentiated from
6747:
6730:
8:
7237:
Eronen, Jussi T.; Janis, Christine M.; Chamberlain, Charles Page; Mulch, Andreas (2015).
5326:
5176:, rodents (theridomyids, sciurids, eomyids, cricetids, murids, and glirids), hyaenodonts
3662:) apophysis (normal developmental outgrowth of a bone) by a mastoid of unknown size. The
8629:
8589:
8442:
8284:
8155:
7861:
7809:
7770:
7718:
7677:
7628:
7535:
7465:
7418:
7352:
7306:
7177:
7122:
7076:
7036:
6957:
6815:
6699:
6644:
6592:
6549:
6446:
6356:
6313:
6273:
3549:
and most other Paleogene ruminants are typically known mostly or only from jaw remains,
1223:, differing from other species by a few astragali whose dimensions are between those of
9152:
8874:(Report) (in French). Parc Naturel RĂ©gional des Causses du Quercy. 2022. Archived from
8820:
8728:
8692:
8646:
8613:
8557:
8510:
8485:
8461:
8426:
8407:
8366:
8296:
8250:
8169:
8120:
8083:
Actes du CongrĂšs Bio-chroM'97. MĂ©moires et Travaux de l'EPHE Institut de Montpellier 21
8003:
7968:
7924:
7878:
7845:
7844:
Mennecart, Bastien; Aiglstorfer, Manuela; Li, Yikun; Li, Chunxiao; Wang, Shiqi (2021).
7823:
7794:"Hogs, hippos or bears? Paleodiet of European Oligocene anthracotheres and entelodonts"
7732:
7642:
7592:
7552:
7519:
7477:
7364:
7320:
7263:
7238:
7216:
7141:
7106:
7002:
6965:
6863:
6827:
6752:
6711:
6458:
6325:
6019:
4308:
4188:
3590:
2832:
574:
378:
130:
7792:
Rivals, Florent; Belyaev, Ruslan I.; Basova, Vera B.; Prilepskaya, Natalya E. (2023).
7778:
7751:
7384:
Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Staatssammlung fĂŒr PalĂ€ontologie und historische Geologie
7084:
7044:
6148:"The phylogeny of hornless ruminants and a description of the cranium of Archaeomeryx"
1262:
In 2008, Jan van der Made reviewed the Oschiri fauna from the Mediterranean island of
610:
9111:
8824:
8732:
8696:
8651:
8561:
8515:
8466:
8411:
8300:
8254:
8173:
8124:
8081:
8022:
7999:
7972:
7883:
7827:
7736:
7646:
7596:
7557:
7496:
7481:
7446:
7368:
7268:
7212:
7146:
6867:
6756:
6715:
6667:
6489:
6462:
6329:
5134:
4987:
4695:
4212:
3686:
2852:
1549:
1388:
459:. The genus was erected in 1882 by Henri Filhol based on fossil remains found in the
8402:
8385:
8370:
8007:
7928:
7324:
7220:
7006:
6831:
6558:
6533:
6321:
6185:
6023:
5493:
4 °C (39 °F) increase in marine temperature. Unlike its two predecessors,
4907:
4623:, making the former adapted to more open habitats and the latter to closed habitats.
4441:
Comparisons (g and oz) of medial weight estimates from the astragalus size and the M
2850:
using additional remains from the genus. Similar to the research article from 2015,
8816:
8812:
8759:
8755:
8720:
8682:
8641:
8633:
8593:
8549:
8505:
8497:
8456:
8446:
8397:
8358:
8324:
8288:
8240:
8202:
8159:
8110:
8057:
7995:
7958:
7914:
7873:
7865:
7813:
7774:
7722:
7681:
7632:
7584:
7547:
7539:
7469:
7422:
7356:
7310:
7258:
7250:
7208:
7181:
7136:
7126:
7080:
7040:
6992:
6961:
6855:
6819:
6779:
6742:
6703:
6648:
6604:
6596:
6553:
6481:
6450:
6387:
6360:
6317:
6281:
6277:
6216:
6208:
6159:
6009:
5121:
5006:
4707:
4389:
4385:
4248:
4244:
4240:
3780:
are recorded to be lengthy. The complex of front teeth being very distant from the
3663:
3558:
1486:
1172:
727:
8724:
7360:
6859:
6707:
5462:, and most other typical Oligocene European faunas, with additional amphicyonids (
4603:
3840:
and a shallow external postprotocristid that is not linked to the prehypocristid.
1211:. After reviewing the previous species, Sudre ascertained that another species of
676:
of the genus was 3:1:3:3, and the genus was characterized by its compressed lower
9007:
8597:
8328:
8164:
8139:
7818:
7793:
7588:
7185:
7131:
6823:
6600:
6454:
6364:
5938:
5687:
5258:
4967:
4922:
4857:
4853:
4790:
4762:
4536:
4208:
3643:
3607:
1534:
1421:
fossils. Since the terrestrial formation is overlain by two marine formations of
1093:
928:
539:
508:
500:
495:
has historically been assigned to various families within the ruminant infrorder
225:
8227:
Scherler, Laureline; Mennecart, Bastien; Hiard, Florent; Becker, Damien (2013).
8206:
6485:
6391:
5806:, located in the village of VachĂšres, was renovated and was chosen to house the
4319:(the other type of long bone found in the forearm) along its entire length. The
4275:
924:
838:
In 1957, the palaeontologist Friedlinde A. Obergfell erected a newer species of
9076:
7869:
7427:
7402:
6652:
6109:
5268:
were composed of three separate vegetational belts by latitude, with temperate
5202:
5014:
4975:
4971:
4943:
4786:
4216:
3781:
3651:
3647:
1562:
1104:
not belonging to the Hypertragulidae in that despite the tusk-like caniniform P
770:
but differed by its first lower premolar. He stated that the dental formula of
693:
673:
551:
534:. In addition, its dentition differs from other traguline families such as the
8687:
8670:
8245:
8228:
7919:
7902:
7315:
7290:
6426:
Mennecart, Bastien; Geraads, Denis; Spassov, Nikolai; Zagorchev, Ivan (2018).
6014:
5997:
5763:
5671:
followed by MP30. The last Oligocene-spanning artiodactyls and perissodactyls
5137:) and also arrived at western Europe where it took the same southern route as
3610:, although just slightly above the M, is as far from the anterior edge of the
1506:
9146:
8138:
Moreno-DomĂnguez, Rafael; Postigo-Mijarra, JosĂ© MÂȘ.; BarrĂłn, Eduardo (2021).
6783:
5515:
5398:
4912:
4866:
4801:
4715:
4316:
4204:
3772:
of similar size for wearing and the frontal teeth. The diastemas of C-P and P
3635:
3417:
3400:
2944:
2610:
2593:
2250:
2015:
1998:
1669:
1425:
age, however, the basal formation could be estimated to date from the latest
985:
821:. In 1986, however, GeneviĂšve Bouvrain, Denis Geraads and Jean Sudre revised
72:
8451:
7727:
7702:
7473:
4690:
1527:
8655:
8519:
8470:
7887:
7686:
7661:
7637:
7612:
7561:
7272:
7254:
7150:
6209:"Miocene Leptomerycidae (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia) and Their Relationships"
5779:
5737:
5691:
5572:
5394:
4957:
4393:
4344:
4332:
4224:
3655:
3631:
3619:
2896:
2859:
2202:
1604:
1570:
1513:
1401:
1147:
1078:
1001:
963:
as a genus in 1984, examining the cast of a sub-complete skeleton from the
647:
559:
468:
256:
247:
8610:
8427:"The enigma of Oligocene climate and global surface temperature evolution"
8292:
7752:"The Eocene-Oligocene ungulates from Western Europe and their environment"
6997:
6980:
4655:
was closest to those of selective browsers, consuming leaves, fruits, and
3759:
3756:
1361:
Additionally, Mennecart made a brief mention of the Sardinian artiodactyl
780:
777:
9016:
7963:
7946:
5858:
5598:
5361:
5273:
5252:
4894:
4889:
4782:
4774:
4656:
3584:
3014:
2827:
is phylogenetically related to other tragulines based on its caniniform P
2800:
2397:
2028:
1742:
1370:
1275:
1108:, the former was more advanced based on dental and postcranial evidence.
939:) teeth, and in 1980, S. David Webb and Beryl E. Taylor placed it in the
896:, closed on the rear; it instead turns inward and opens at the posterior
868:
651:
187:
47:
8908:(Map). Parc Naturel RĂ©gional des Causses du Quercy. 2023. Archived from
8902:
Les Causses du Quercy: Biking for our Fossils! Let's Travel Back in Time
7337:
619:
9090:
9036:
6057:
5783:
5732:
5470:
5439:
MP25 (middle Oligocene) records the last appearances of the entelodont
5309:
5277:
5208:
4991:
4983:
4931:
4885:
4876:
4336:
4315:, or one type of long bone found in the forearm, is separated from the
4264:
4256:
3658:
is the auditory hole, separated from a strong paramastoid (or near the
3623:
3611:
3081:
3018:
2927:
2882:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2411:
2401:
2233:
2165:
2158:
2153:
1756:
1746:
1652:
1422:
1294:
1184:
1018:
846:
from the German locality of Wintershof-West. He said that it resembled
735:
724:
535:
114:
92:
57:
8637:
8553:
8501:
8362:
7543:
6668:"Evolution and classification of Tragulina (Ruminantia, Artiodactyla)"
6609:
4785:), Balkanatolia, and eastern Eurasia (Balkanatolia was in between the
4559:, according to its dental traits, was barely larger as a species than
988:. In comparison, the only dental trait the hypertragulids shared with
523:
8137:
7494:
7445:
Hooker, Jerry J.; Collinson, Margaret E.; Sille, Nicholas P. (2004).
6220:
6163:
6058:"Un ruminant nouveau des faluns miocĂšnesde la Touraine et de l'Anjou"
5611:
5281:
5196:
5191:
4794:
4721:
4684:
4540:
4376:
4370:
4355:
4348:
4324:
4320:
3799:, a strong presence of a distally isolated posterolabial cristid on P
3119:
3102:
2846:
2377:
1722:
1426:
1417:
1379:
1192:
1188:
964:
920:
855:
851:
701:
677:
663:
632:
left ramus of a mandible in an 1885 fossil mammals catalogue for the
496:
486:
456:
448:
207:
147:
97:
41:
34:
8978:
8537:
8115:
8098:
7609:
9070:
9001:
5897:
Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences
5475:
5168:
5156:. The two species were found in the same locality as the marsupial
4979:
4952:
4770:
4730:
4714:) lives in tropical African habitats including swampy habitats and
4672:
4328:
4228:
4200:
3690:
3667:
1409:
1374:
1288:
1263:
1052:
1009:
936:
555:
197:
167:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
7198:
6147:
3606:
is the great development of its face, as the anterior edge of the
2870:, which is typically considered to be either next to the outgroup
1383:. In 2017, Mennecart et al. said that the islands of Sardinia and
1179:
is also excluded from the Pecora by the presence of a caniniform P
1096:
wrote a journal questioning and revising traguline clades such as
654:
genera from the lime phosphate deposits of the French province of
8062:
8045:
5775:
5759:
5607:
5464:
5269:
5010:
4995:
4881:
4648:
4364:
4304:
4296:
4232:
4196:
3682:
3659:
3627:
1384:
1271:
968:
689:
547:
102:
77:
8486:"The ossicular chain of Cainotheriidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)"
8383:
6425:
5996:
Mennecart, Bastien; Becker, Damien; Berger, Jean-Pierre (2010).
4335:, although it is still shorter than that of the Tragulidae. The
8341:
7700:
5810:
skeleton, where it is considered a significantly unique piece.
4252:
3209:
2805:
2793:
2170:
2032:
1447:
1413:
1405:
1132:
662:
epoch in 1882. He thought that the first genus belonged to the
659:
655:
531:
452:
177:
157:
30:
8935:"BouziĂšs. RĂ©ception des sculptures "Mon village, mon fossile""
8709:
8574:
8044:
Mennecart, Bastien; RadoviÄ, Predrag; MarkoviÄ, Zoran (2018).
7791:
4926:
33.6-33.4 Ma. The event correlates directly with or after the
4528:
14,104 g (497.5 oz) - 23,808 g (839.8 oz)
876:
is the type species. He acknowledged the similarities between
8313:
7659:
6377:
5923:. London, Printed by order of the Trustees. pp. 155â159.
5767:
4619:
was larger and more cursorial based on limb proportions than
4511:
4,906 g (173.1 oz) - 12,202 g (430.4 oz)
4340:
4220:
3746:
from Pech Desse, France (2-3) and Gaimersheim, Germany (4-9).
831:
for which the type and only confirmable species would become
785:, that the upper cheek of the genus closely resemble that of
577:
based on their different ecological niches. The last species
480:
8424:
8270:
8226:
6380:
Neues Jahrbuch fĂŒr Geologie und PalĂ€ontologie - Abhandlungen
5758:
was found in the commune of CĂ©reste in the French region of
5144:
The Itardies locality of France is dated to MP23, after the
4659:
that would have been common in humid forested environments.
4495:
4,772 g (168.3 oz) - 6,959 g (245.5 oz)
4479:
4,089 g (144.2 oz) - 5,229 g (184.4 oz)
1565:, since they had changed little in the evolutionary record.
8483:
8096:
7236:
6844:
6130:
Comptes Rendus sommaires de la Société Géologique de France
5956:"Eine Zeitschrift FĂŒr Anatomie Und Entwickelungsgeschichte"
5854:
5478:
environments with forested areas and tree-shrub savannahs.
5173:
4935:
4312:
4260:
1485:. The fossils also have upper molars that possess a strong
1438:. The holotype and only specimen is a right mandible with P
1051:
was considered to have characterized the middle Oligocene (
6627:
Escarguel, Gilles; Legendre, Serge; Sigé, Bernard (2008).
6530:
5706:
since MP29 until the appearances of the Neogene tragulids
4173:
20.4 mm (0.80 in) - 22.5 mm (0.89 in)
4148:
30.5 mm (1.20 in) - 35.7 mm (1.41 in)
1155:
is narrow and somewhat "pinched" in appearance similar to
954:
738:(chevrotains/mouse-deer/tragulids) and listed the species
704:," a location of phosphorite deposits. The first species,
8802:
7944:
7163:
5750:
skeleton, indicating co-existence by the early Oligocene.
5454:
The faunas of MP26 were similar to preceding units, with
3950:
Measurements (mm & in) of the teeth and diastemas of
1127:
teeth. Janis said that the hypothesis that a caniniform P
1004:
shared with them. Furthermore, the C is reduced and the P
8043:
7843:
6684:
5017:, dating to MP21 or MP22, indicates the co-existence of
4255:
is short because it does not exceed the cavities of the
4199:(or shoulder blade), the spine ends in a strong, hooked
4111:
19.5 mm (0.77 in) - 22 mm (0.87 in)
4064:
23 mm (0.91 in) - 25.2 mm (0.99 in)
4061:
18 mm (0.71 in) - 18.2 mm (0.72 in)
1171:
fold" is retained in the lower molars, and the internal
546:
by a combination of a tusklike but reduced bottom first
475:; five more species have since been named although one,
5813:
5359:
sp. The locality has also recorded multiple nimravids (
4583:
overlapping in the MP zones with other species such as
4176:
26 mm (1.0 in) - 32.4 mm (1.28 in)
4120:
26.5 mm (1.04 in) - 28 mm (1.1 in)
4114:
50.5 mm (1.99 in) - 51 mm (2.0 in)
911:
As a result of the perceived closeness of the genus to
8774:"The village of VachĂšres and the Pierre MARTEL Museum"
8191:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8079:
6577:
6062:
Bulletin du Muséum Nationald'Histoire Naturelle, Paris
5943:(in French). Vol. 2. G. Masson. pp. 456â463.
5774:, fossil remains of birds that could be identified as
5724:
4117:
20 mm (0.79 in) - 22 mm (0.87 in)
4055:
10 mm (0.39 in) - 15 mm (0.59 in)
1404:, which is located mostly within the European area of
1067:
was recognized by the palaeontologist, differing from
688:, which has four premolars total, was compressed. The
6981:"Estimating body mass from the astragalus in mammals"
6626:
5995:
5630:
Other typical Oligocene faunas would eventually join
4223:
of the atlas reach dorsally almost to the top of the
7444:
6901:
6728:
5976:
4683:
seem, regardless of their preferred habitats, to be
4429:
nov. sp. (the last of which would later be known as
4170:
51 mm (2.0 in) - 52 mm (2.0 in)
4167:
32 mm (1.3 in) - 34 mm (1.3 in)
4145:
26 mm (1.0 in) - 28 mm (1.1 in)
4058:
40 mm (1.6 in) - 42 mm (1.7 in)
1446:, which was found south of the Bulgarian village of
1301:
360:
271:
263:
8180:
7574:
6928:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 189â212.
4405:In September 1995, prior to Sudre's publication on
4323:of the ulna is wide and located in the axis of the
4287:), a deer species whose cursorial limb proportions
3784:, probably in relation to the strengthening of the
1195:, for which she named the family "Bachitheriidae."
7065:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris
6236:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris
6190:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris
6152:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
5979:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris
850:from the phosphorite sites of Quercy based on the
8144:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
7798:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
7759:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6923:
6581:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6513:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 59â84.
6435:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6295:
6293:
6291:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6141:
6139:
5746:. The skeleton was found in the same area as the
5566:MP28 marks a faunal turnover event known as the "
1282:, in which he would eventually erect the species
9144:
5719:
4351:is robust but is shorter than that of camelids.
1183:tooth and the possession of a traguloid type of
8431:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7839:
7837:
7394:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7058:
7056:
7054:
6919:
6917:
6801:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6480:. Casebooks in Earth Sciences. pp. 87â94.
6421:
6183:
5501:, also has fossil remains of the lophiomerycid
5091:
1043:By 1986, Jean Sudre conducted a close study of
943:by diagnosis of a large mastoid fissure of the
931:in 1946 based on the bachitheriid's tusk-like P
8839:"Cherchez Les 7 Sculptures d'Animaux Disparus"
8668:
8531:
8529:
8266:
8264:
7381:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6288:
6246:
6136:
5340:was able to cross through the turnover event.
3709:Front of premaxilla to top of occipital crest
3596:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
1358:and thereby advancing knowledge of the genus.
1219:from the locality of Le Garouillas in France,
959:Genevieve Bouvrain and Denis Geraads reviewed
7284:
7282:
6943:
6897:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6095:
4437:area, both results shown in the below table:
451:ruminants that lived in Europe from the late
8869:Les Causses du Quercy: Bilan d'Activité 2021
8020:
7834:
7440:
7438:
7232:
7230:
7091:
7051:
6914:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6790:
6769:
6517:
6508:
6342:
6184:Bouvrain, GeneviĂšve; Geraads, Denis (1985).
6093:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6075:
4753:
1391:. However, they also warned that except for
708:, was determined to be a large animal while
8745:
8669:Rössner, Gertrud E.; Heissig, Kurt (2013).
8526:
8261:
8021:Fejfar, OldĆich; Kaiser, Thomas M. (2005).
7940:
7938:
6932:
6665:
6398:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6173:
5108:and associated rodents coexisting with it (
692:, he observed, were quite small, while the
666:family and must be closely affiliated with
565:Based on its dental and limb morphologies,
125:skeleton, Pierre Martel Museum of VachĂšres
8090:
7279:
6622:
6620:
6206:
6145:
5744:National Museum of Natural History, France
5247:
3768:, the C is lodged between the caniniform P
3712:Front of nasals to top of occipital crest
113:
8686:
8645:
8509:
8460:
8450:
8401:
8317:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
8244:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8216:
8195:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
8163:
8114:
8061:
7962:
7918:
7877:
7817:
7743:
7726:
7685:
7636:
7551:
7517:
7435:
7426:
7400:
7314:
7262:
7227:
7140:
7130:
6996:
6978:
6874:
6746:
6608:
6557:
6207:Taylor, Beryl E.; Webb, S. David (1976).
6146:Webb, S. David; Taylor, Beryl E. (1980).
6107:
6072:
6036:
6013:
5953:
5912:
5910:
4303:is strong and oval. There is neither any
3706:Front of premaxilla to occipital condyle
1489:that surrounds the protocone, whereas in
1036:, which has a strong C and a caniniform P
8957:"Bach. Une nouvelle sculpture inaugurée"
8535:
7935:
7104:
6666:Vislobokova, Innessa Anatolevna (2001).
6170:
6055:
5932:
5930:
5916:
5731:
5430:
5251:
5095:
4951:
4906:
4800:
4757:
4689:
4602:
4547:
4274:
3733:
3583:
1552:, a lack of posterolingual cristids on P
1537:, who created the family Bachitheriidae.
1305:
1077:
8845:(in French). 2022-01-26. Archived from
7749:
7062:
7022:
7018:
7016:
6617:
6502:
6127:
5576:and pecorans of uncertain affinities: "
4636:sp. represents a distinct species from
4343:is moderately elevated compared to the
3788:, constitutes the main autapomorphy of
955:Modern revisions of Paleogene ruminants
9145:
8213:
7985:
7900:
7401:Métais, Grégoire; Sen, Sevket (2017).
7288:
6573:
6571:
6569:
5936:
5907:
5890:
3742:from Mailhat, France (Specimen 1) and
1349:from MP25-26. According to Mennecart,
1032:. These traits strongly contrast with
813:, as described by Filhol in 1877, and
8983:
8982:
8075:
8073:
6475:
6299:
6259:
6233:
5927:
4902:
4182:
3815:. The European Tragulidae (including
3697:Cranial lengths (mm & in) of the
1416:. The area is known for having three
1092:In 1987, the British palaeontologist
716:but larger than the smallest species
7013:
4219:of the cervical vertebrae (C2). The
3844:Dental lengths (mm & in) of the
1075:(Filhol 1877) was the type species.
1008:tooth is small and separated by the
798:In 1886, the German palaeontologist
640:mandible at the same museum (right).
7577:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
6804:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
6748:10.17582/journal.pjz/20181028131031
6566:
758:" in 1877 prior to the erection of
514:For much of its taxonomic history,
13:
8070:
7243:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
6966:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01423.x
6688:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
6262:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4675:diet consisting mostly of leaves.
4295:In bachitheriids, the neck of the
4105:Old collections of Quercy, France
4077:Old collections of Quercy, France
1022:, the later leptomerycids such as
791:. Additionally, he also confirmed
499:, but was reclassified to its own
14:
9214:
8780:. 26 January 2018. Archived from
7454:Journal of the Geological Society
5160:(multiple species), nyctitheriid
4663:would have been a counterpart to
4384:are a little less elongated. The
1496:
1454:species by the structure of its P
1302:Increased role of biostratigraphy
1175:is retained in the upper molars.
672:. According to Filhol, the lower
634:British Museum of Natural History
8778:Parc naturel régional du Luberon
8000:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00116.x
7213:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00071.x
5804:Pierre Martel Museum of VachĂšres
4742:
4598:
4460:Astragalus Size Weight Estimate
4380:), although the distal limbs in
3598:in a close-up view of the skull.
1526:
1505:
618:
609:
600:
522:was uncovered in the commune of
134:
45:
9183:Prehistoric Artiodactyla genera
8949:
8927:
8893:
8861:
8831:
8796:
8766:
8739:
8703:
8662:
8604:
8568:
8477:
8418:
8403:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a18
8377:
8335:
8307:
8131:
8037:
8014:
7979:
7894:
7785:
7694:
7653:
7603:
7568:
7511:
7488:
7375:
7331:
7192:
7157:
6972:
6838:
6763:
6722:
6678:
6659:
6559:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103929
6469:
6371:
6336:
6227:
6200:
6121:
5005:The site locality Detan of the
1467:Palaeontological Museum, Munich
1256:, found in the same deposit as
1087:Natural History Museum of Basel
923:, although the palaeontologist
919:was normally placed within the
8817:10.30486/gcr.2021.1913051.1050
8760:10.30486/GCR.2021.1915524.1068
7295:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
6282:10.1080/02724634.1987.10011653
6117:(PhD). Université de Fribourg.
6049:
6030:
5989:
5970:
5947:
5884:
5683:. The Paleogene ursids of the
5021:cf. curtum with the marsupial
4809:in a subtropical environment.
4525:18,647 g (657.8 oz)
4522:12,913 g (455.5 oz)
4291:is suggested to be similar to.
4027:>14 mm (0.55 in)
3848:skeleton from Cereste, France
3701:skeleton from Cereste, France
3540:
658:that he thought indicated the
1:
9198:Fossil taxa described in 1882
8725:10.1080/08912963.2022.2144285
7779:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00252-2
7361:10.1080/08912963.2022.2060098
7085:10.1016/S1251-8050(98)80081-5
7045:10.1016/S0016-6995(97)80123-4
6985:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
6926:The Evolution of Artiodactyls
6860:10.1080/08912963.2021.2014479
6708:10.1080/02724634.2019.1722682
6511:The Evolution of Artiodactyls
6302:Palaeontographica Abteilung A
5877:
5720:Palaeontological significance
5647:became extinct by MP29 while
5544:
5148:, and has fossil evidence of
4628:fossil evidence of different
4508:7,722 g (272.4 oz)
4505:6,905 g (243.6 oz)
4492:6,114 g (215.7 oz)
4489:6,905 g (243.6 oz)
4476:4,553 g (160.6 oz)
4473:4,736 g (167.1 oz)
4439:
3948:
3842:
3695:
1217:Quercy Phosphorites Formation
562:traits unique to the genus.
471:, and another species called
461:Quercy Phosphorites Formation
8675:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
8598:10.1016/j.annpal.2013.11.002
8233:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
8165:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110302
7907:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
7819:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111363
7589:10.1080/14772019.2012.671790
7186:10.1016/j.mambio.2009.05.007
7132:10.1371/journal.pone.0116830
6979:Tsubamoto, Takehisa (2014).
6824:10.1080/14772019.2014.948505
6601:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.005
6455:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.011
6365:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.09.036
6002:Swiss Journal of Geosciences
5862:, and two bats of the genus
5796:Luberon Regional Nature Park
5308:both survived the event and
5146:Bachitherium Dispersal Event
5092:Bachitherium Dispersal Event
4978:, and amynodonts). Rodents (
4400:
4142:57.6 mm (2.27 in)
4139:27.5 mm (1.08 in)
3943:62.5 mm (2.46 in)
3940:33.4 mm (1.31 in)
3937:27.7 mm (1.09 in)
3934:27.2 mm (1.07 in)
3928:56.5 mm (2.22 in)
3925:30.2 mm (1.19 in)
3922:25.7 mm (1.01 in)
3729:
1016:in early leptomerycids like
734:provisionally in the family
487:
354:Species pending reassessment
7:
9178:Oligocene mammals of Europe
6735:Pakistan Journal of Zoology
6486:10.1007/978-1-4613-8271-3_9
6108:Mennecart, Bastien (2012).
5800:Luberon UGGp Geology Museum
5639:remains unknown, however).
5104:During the Grande Coupure,
4928:Eocene-Oligocene transition
3931:7.8 mm (0.31 in)
3832:being longer than that of P
3677:while the other is behind M
1432:Eocene-Oligocene transition
1329:as ranging from MP22-MP27,
1221:Bachitherium guirounetensis
1012:of the canine as with the P
892:" is not, at least on the P
700:, basing its etymology on "
646:The French palaeontologist
595:
331:Bachitherium guirounetensis
10:
9219:
9203:Taxa named by Henri Filhol
9158:Cenozoic mammals of Europe
8329:10.1093/biolinnean/blac002
8050:Palaeontologia Electronica
8027:Palaeontologia Electronica
7870:10.1038/s41598-021-96221-x
7428:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.01.001
7105:Menncart, Bastien (2015).
6653:10.1016/j.crte.2007.11.005
6056:Ginsburg, LĂ©onard (1971).
5917:Lydekker, Richard (1885).
5814:"Mon village, mon fossile"
5300:. The two other ruminants
4746:
4247:(probably sacral), and 17
4089:25 mm (0.98 in)
4033:18 mm (0.71 in)
3723:197 mm (7.8 in)
3720:208 mm (8.2 in)
3717:183 mm (7.2 in)
3572:is commonly confused with
3153:Archaeotragulus krabiensis
2426:Archaeotragulus krabiensis
1771:Archaeotragulus krabiensis
1458:being similar to that of P
1215:could be erected from the
884:" but noticed that unlike
554:, caniniform first bottom
481:
9060:
8991:
8688:10.1007/s00015-013-0132-x
8246:10.1007/s00015-013-0140-x
8207:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly052
7920:10.1007/s00015-009-1330-4
7316:10.1007/s13358-014-0069-3
6633:Comptes Rendus Geoscience
6322:10.1127/pala/236/1995/205
6213:American Museum Novitates
6015:10.1007/s00015-010-0034-0
5824:Causses du Quercy Geopark
5690:were replaced by similar
4754:Pre-Grande Coupure Europe
4462:
4459:
4452:
4449:
4161:Pech Desse (Lot, France)
4092:37 mm (1.5 in)
4086:63 mm (2.5 in)
4083:38 mm (1.5 in)
4049:Nassiet (Landes, France)
4000:
3990:
3980:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3919:41 mm (1.6 in)
3918:
3906:
3896:
3886:
3875:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3740:Bachitherium cf. lavocati
3738:The various specimens of
3722:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3622:probably bordered by the
3414:
3397:
3390:
3373:
3366:
3349:
3342:
3325:
3318:
3305:Prodremotherium elongatum
3301:
3294:
3277:
3270:
3244:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3166:
3149:
3142:
3116:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3058:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
2998:
2991:
2974:
2967:
2941:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2893:
2886:
2773:
2665:
2648:
2631:
2624:
2607:
2590:
2583:
2570:Prodremotherium elongatum
2566:
2549:
2542:
2525:
2518:
2494:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2439:
2422:
2415:
2405:
2381:
2371:
2354:
2347:
2321:
2304:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2247:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2199:
2192:
2150:
2060:
2043:
2036:
2012:
1995:
1988:
1971:
1958:Prodremotherium elongatum
1954:
1937:
1930:
1913:
1906:
1882:
1867:
1860:
1834:
1817:
1810:
1784:
1767:
1760:
1750:
1726:
1716:
1699:
1692:
1666:
1649:
1642:
1625:
1618:
1601:
1594:
384:
377:
292:
287:
262:
255:
131:Scientific classification
129:
121:
112:
23:
9193:Eocene first appearances
9173:Eocene mammals of Europe
8805:Geoconservation Research
8748:Geoconservation Research
8578:Annales de Paléontologie
8536:de Bonis, Louis (2013).
7750:Blondel, CĂ©cile (2001).
6345:Quaternary International
5960:Morphologisches Jahrbuch
5869:The installation of the
5802:. In 1995, the regional
5756:Bachitherium cf. insigne
5726:Bachitherium cf. insigne
5420:, and the lophiomerycid
4819:Bachitherium thraciensis
4270:
4136:Middle Oligocene (MP25)
3846:Bachitherium cf. insigne
3699:Bachitherium cf. insigne
3579:
3555:Bachitherium cf. insigne
2945:Hypertragulus calcaratus
2251:Hypertragulus calcaratus
1670:Hypertragulus calcaratus
1516:, who erected the genus
1471:Gelocus villebramarensis
1436:Bachitherium thraciensis
977:Bachitherium cf. insigne
817:synonyms of the species
762:). Lydekker stated that
636:(left) and a photo of a
342:Bachitherium thraciensis
123:Bachitherium cf. insigne
16:Extinct genus of mammals
8963:(in French). 2022-11-18
8937:(in French). 2022-08-13
8452:10.1073/pnas.2003914117
7901:Becker, Damien (2009).
7728:10.5194/cp-17-2343-2021
7474:10.1144/0016-764903-091
7289:Maitre, Elodie (2014).
6672:Paleontological Journal
6392:10.1127/njgpa/2017/0688
5954:Schlosser, Max (1886).
5549:By the late Oligocene,
5248:Europe in the Oligocene
4657:dicotyledonous herbages
4052:Early Oligocene (MP23)
1394:Sardomeryx oschiriensis
975:species of large size (
888:, the tooth valley of "
854:being connected to the
447:is an extinct genus of
346:Mennecart et al., 2018
9168:Oligocene Artiodactyla
7687:10.5194/cp-18-341-2022
7638:10.5194/cp-17-269-2021
7407:Comptes Rendus Palevol
7255:10.1098/rspb.2015.0136
6784:10.5282/ubm/epub.22383
5937:Filhol, Henri (1877).
5891:Filhol, Henri (1882).
5751:
5436:
5264:
5101:
4962:
4917:
4814:
4766:
4749:Mammal Paleogene zones
4703:
4643:During the Oligocene,
4624:
4553:
4292:
4164:Late Oligocene (MP28)
4133:Le Garouillas, France
4108:Oligocene (MP23-MP27)
4080:Oligocene (MP23-MP27)
3747:
3599:
3353:Dremotherium feignouxi
2978:Lophiomeryx chalaniati
2652:Dremotherium feignouxi
2358:Lophiomeryx chalaniati
2064:Dremotherium feignouxi
1703:Lophiomeryx chalaniati
1318:
1266:, which dates back to
1231:. He also mentioned a
1089:
1059:and the newer species
967:limestone locality of
712:was much smaller than
581:probably evolved from
560:evolutionarily derived
9188:Oligocene extinctions
9125:Paleobiology Database
9045:Paleobiology Database
8293:10.2110/palo.2018.022
6998:10.4202/app.2011.0067
6538:Earth-Science Reviews
6132:(in French): 115â117.
5735:
5434:
5255:
5099:
4994:, Amphicyonidae, and
4955:
4910:
4827:, the anthracotheres
4804:
4789:of the north and the
4761:
4747:Further information:
4693:
4606:
4551:
4501:Bachitherium lavocati
4457:Area Weight Estimate
4278:
3819:of the Paleogene and
3737:
3650:protruding above the
3587:
3418:Amphitragulus quercyi
3401:Amphitragulus elegans
3329:Pseudomeryx gobiensis
2669:Pseudomeryx gobiensis
2611:Amphitragulus quercyi
2594:Amphitragulus elegans
2016:Amphitragulus quercyi
1999:Amphitragulus elegans
1975:Pseudomeryx gobiensis
1309:
1094:Christine Marie Janis
1081:
1025:Pseudoparablastomeryx
742:, for which he made "
723:In 1885, the English
650:described two fossil
320:Bachitherium lavocati
29:Temporal range: Late
7964:10.20341/gb.2020.006
4934:that caused drastic
4892:, and the marsupial
4849:Brachydiastematerium
4712:Hyemoschus aquaticus
4463:Weight Limit Values
4301:infraspinatus muscle
4281:southern red muntjac
3786:adductor musculature
3281:Mosaicomeryx quercyi
3061:Bachitherium insigne
2897:Archaeomeryx optatus
2553:Mosaicomeryx quercyi
2497:Bachitherium insigne
2203:Archaeomeryx optatus
1941:Mosaicomeryx quercyi
1885:Bachitherium insigne
1605:Archaeomeryx optatus
1083:Bachitherium insigne
795:as a valid species.
298:Bachitherium insigne
9163:Eocene Artiodactyla
8630:2016NatSR...636169H
8590:2014AnPal.100....1P
8443:2020PNAS..11725302O
8437:(41): 25302â25309.
8285:2018Palai..33..514S
8156:2021PPP...56710302M
7862:2021NatSR..1117710M
7810:2023PPP...61111363R
7771:2001PPP...168..125B
7719:2021CliPa..17.2343B
7707:Climate of the Past
7678:2022CliPa..18..341T
7666:Climate of the Past
7629:2021CliPa..17..269H
7617:Climate of the Past
7536:2014NatSR...4E7463S
7466:2004JGSoc.161..161H
7419:2017CRPal..16..382M
7353:2022HBio...34.1623B
7307:2014SwJP..133..141M
7178:2010MamBi..75..471M
7123:2015PLoSO..1016830M
7077:1998CRASE.326..527B
7037:1997Geobi..30..573B
6958:1995Letha..28..197M
6816:2015JSPal..13..581M
6700:2019JVPal..39E2682D
6645:2008CRGeo.340..602E
6593:2011PPP...301...97C
6550:2022ESRv..22603929L
6447:2018PPP...498....1M
6357:2008QuInt.182..116V
6314:1995PalAA.236..205S
6274:1987JVPal...7..200J
5772:Diplocynodon rateli
5645:Paenanthracotherium
5507:Paenanthracotherium
5330:, and rhinocerotid
5327:Paenanthracotherium
5240:, and the tragulid
4839:, the brontotheres
4805:Old restoration of
4793:of the south). The
4485:Bachitherium curtum
4469:Bachitherium vireti
4446:
3955:
3849:
3702:
3120:Nalameryx sulaimani
3046:Bachitherium curtum
2482:Bachitherium curtum
1870:Bachitherium curtum
1311:Bachitherium curtum
1284:Bachitherium sardus
992:is the caniniform P
819:Cryptomeryx gaudryi
748:Bachitherium medium
740:Bachitherium curtum
638:Bachitherium curtum
630:Bachitherium curtum
465:Bachitherium curtum
407:Bachitherium medium
365:Bachitherium sardus
309:Bachitherium vireti
276:Bachitherium curtum
8713:Historical Biology
8618:Scientific Reports
8490:Journal of Anatomy
8103:Geological Journal
7850:Scientific Reports
7524:Scientific Reports
7341:Historical Biology
6848:Historical Biology
5752:
5568:Microbunodon Event
5437:
5381:, rhinocerotoids (
5265:
5102:
4982:, Cricetidae, and
4963:
4918:
4903:The Grande Coupure
4815:
4767:
4704:
4625:
4554:
4440:
4309:deltoid tuberosity
4293:
4189:cervical vertebrae
4183:Vertebrae and ribs
3954:species holotypes
3949:
3843:
3748:
3696:
3614:as it is from the
3602:A unique trait of
3600:
3591:Tragulus javanicus
3377:Dremotherium guthi
3231:Notomeryx besensis
2833:parallel evolution
2635:Dremotherium guthi
2291:Notomeryx besensis
2047:Dremotherium guthi
1821:Notomeryx besensis
1319:
1315:Muséum de Toulouse
1090:
1085:mandible remains,
815:Bachitherium minus
806:for which he made
802:erected the genus
575:niche partitioning
369:van der Made, 2008
9140:
9139:
9112:Open Tree of Life
8985:Taxon identifiers
8719:(12): 2456â2503.
8638:10.1038/srep36169
8554:10.5252/g2013n4a4
8502:10.1111/joa.13190
8363:10.5252/g2014n4a4
7988:Zoologica Scripta
7951:Geologica Belgica
7544:10.1038/srep07463
7503:. 1 (in French).
7201:Zoologica Scripta
7166:Mammalian Biology
6854:(12): 2295â2303.
6639:(9â10): 602â614.
6495:978-1-4613-8273-7
6039:Palaeontographica
5966:. Carl Gegenbaur.
5832:B. guirounetensis
5353:B. guirounetensis
5084:, and hyaenodont
5064:, anthracotheres
5009:of the region of
4988:Amphicynodontidae
4861:, the hyracodont
4696:lesser mouse-deer
4638:B. guirounetensis
4589:B. guirounetensis
4532:
4531:
4431:B. guirounetensis
4407:B. guirounetensis
4368:) or small deer (
4285:Muntiacus muntjak
4180:
4179:
4126:B. guirounetensis
4021:Sladun, Bulgaria
3947:
3946:
3727:
3726:
3687:condyloid process
3654:. Forward of the
3537:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3500:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3259:
3258:
3248:Indomeryx cotteri
3199:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3131:
3130:
3103:Nalameryx savagei
3071:
3070:
2956:
2955:
2928:Leptomeryx evansi
2872:Amphirhagatherium
2853:Amphirhagatherium
2819:
2818:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2529:Gobiomeryx dubius
2507:
2506:
2454:
2453:
2336:
2335:
2325:Miomeryx altaicus
2308:Indomeryx cotteri
2262:
2261:
2234:Leptomeryx evansi
2184:
2183:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2074:
1917:Gobiomeryx dubius
1895:
1894:
1849:
1848:
1838:Indomeryx cotteri
1799:
1798:
1681:
1680:
1653:Leptomeryx evansi
1629:Miomeryx altaicus
1389:Mediterranean Sea
1339:B. guirounetensis
1254:B. guirounetensis
1245:B. guirounetensis
1229:B. guirounetensis
1191:genus within the
951:(incisor) teeth.
927:placed it in the
491:meaning "beast".
440:
439:
433:
423:
411:
403:
393:
370:
355:
347:
336:
325:
314:
303:
251:
229:
9210:
9133:
9132:
9120:
9119:
9107:
9106:
9094:
9093:
9081:
9080:
9079:
9053:
9052:
9040:
9039:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9012:
9011:
9010:
8980:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8968:
8953:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8942:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8920:
8914:
8907:
8897:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8886:
8880:
8873:
8865:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8854:
8843:Le Petit Journal
8835:
8829:
8828:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8789:
8784:on July 24, 2023
8770:
8764:
8763:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8690:
8666:
8660:
8659:
8649:
8608:
8602:
8601:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8533:
8524:
8523:
8513:
8481:
8475:
8474:
8464:
8454:
8422:
8416:
8415:
8405:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8348:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8268:
8259:
8258:
8248:
8224:
8211:
8210:
8189:
8178:
8177:
8167:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8118:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8077:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8041:
8035:
8034:
8018:
8012:
8011:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7966:
7942:
7933:
7932:
7922:
7898:
7892:
7891:
7881:
7856:(17710): 17710.
7841:
7832:
7831:
7821:
7789:
7783:
7782:
7765:(1â2): 125â139.
7756:
7747:
7741:
7740:
7730:
7713:(6): 2343â2360.
7698:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7640:
7607:
7601:
7600:
7572:
7566:
7565:
7555:
7515:
7509:
7508:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7451:
7442:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7347:(8): 1623â1631.
7335:
7329:
7328:
7318:
7286:
7277:
7276:
7266:
7234:
7225:
7224:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7144:
7134:
7102:
7089:
7088:
7060:
7049:
7048:
7020:
7011:
7010:
7000:
6976:
6970:
6969:
6941:
6930:
6929:
6921:
6912:
6911:
6904:Palaeovertebrata
6899:
6872:
6871:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6799:
6788:
6787:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6750:
6741:(5): 1955â1967.
6726:
6720:
6719:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6663:
6657:
6656:
6624:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6575:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6528:
6515:
6514:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6432:
6423:
6396:
6395:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6308:(1â6): 205â256.
6297:
6286:
6285:
6257:
6244:
6243:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6181:
6168:
6167:
6143:
6134:
6133:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6105:
6070:
6069:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6017:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5934:
5925:
5924:
5914:
5905:
5904:
5888:
5754:The skeleton of
5535:, and the ursid
5505:, anthracothere
5416:, anthracothere
5373:), the feliform
5324:, anthracothere
5224:, anoplotheriid
5186:, amphicynodont
5158:Amphiperatherium
5122:Carpathian Basin
5110:Pseudocricetodon
5041:, lophiomerycid
5028:Pseudocricetodon
5023:Amphiperatherium
5007:Doupov Mountains
4708:water chevrotain
4700:Tragulus kanchil
4607:Restorations of
4447:
4390:metacarpal bones
4386:metatarsal bones
4331:compared to the
4249:caudal vertebrae
4245:lumbar vertebrae
4241:dorsal vertebrae
3956:
3850:
3807:, and a strong "
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3703:
3664:squamosal suture
3393:
3392:
3369:
3368:
3345:
3344:
3321:
3320:
3297:
3296:
3273:
3272:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3170:Iberomeryx minor
3145:
3144:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3002:Gelocus communis
2994:
2993:
2970:
2969:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2889:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2627:
2626:
2586:
2585:
2545:
2544:
2521:
2520:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2443:Iberomeryx minor
2418:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2385:Gelocus communis
2374:
2373:
2350:
2349:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2039:
2038:
1991:
1990:
1933:
1932:
1909:
1908:
1863:
1862:
1813:
1812:
1788:Iberomeryx minor
1763:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1730:Gelocus communis
1719:
1718:
1695:
1694:
1645:
1644:
1621:
1620:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1530:
1509:
1475:Gelocus communis
1351:Bachitherium sp.
1347:Bachitherium sp.
1274:, or within the
1258:Bachitherium sp.
1118:
874:A. andegaviensis
833:Iberomeryx minor
825:as a synonym of
784:
783:
782:
779:
756:Gelocus insignis
728:Richard Lydekker
622:
613:
490:
484:
483:
467:was defined the
431:
429:Gelocus insignis
418:
409:
401:
388:
368:
362:
353:
345:
334:
323:
312:
301:
273:
265:
246:
239:
224:
219:
139:
138:
117:
107:
44:
21:
20:
9218:
9217:
9213:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9207:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9128:
9123:
9115:
9110:
9102:
9097:
9089:
9084:
9075:
9074:
9069:
9056:
9048:
9043:
9035:
9030:
9021:
9020:
9015:
9006:
9005:
9000:
8987:
8977:
8976:
8966:
8964:
8955:
8954:
8950:
8940:
8938:
8933:
8932:
8928:
8918:
8916:
8912:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8894:
8884:
8882:
8878:
8871:
8867:
8866:
8862:
8852:
8850:
8837:
8836:
8832:
8801:
8797:
8787:
8785:
8772:
8771:
8767:
8744:
8740:
8708:
8704:
8667:
8663:
8609:
8605:
8573:
8569:
8534:
8527:
8482:
8478:
8423:
8419:
8396:(18): 305â325.
8382:
8378:
8346:
8340:
8336:
8312:
8308:
8279:(11): 514â523.
8269:
8262:
8225:
8214:
8190:
8181:
8136:
8132:
8116:10.1002/gj.3830
8095:
8091:
8078:
8071:
8042:
8038:
8019:
8015:
7984:
7980:
7943:
7936:
7899:
7895:
7842:
7835:
7790:
7786:
7754:
7748:
7744:
7699:
7695:
7658:
7654:
7608:
7604:
7573:
7569:
7516:
7512:
7493:
7489:
7449:
7443:
7436:
7399:
7395:
7380:
7376:
7336:
7332:
7287:
7280:
7235:
7228:
7197:
7193:
7162:
7158:
7103:
7092:
7061:
7052:
7021:
7014:
6977:
6973:
6942:
6933:
6922:
6915:
6900:
6875:
6843:
6839:
6800:
6791:
6768:
6764:
6727:
6723:
6694:(6): e1722682.
6683:
6679:
6664:
6660:
6625:
6618:
6587:(1â4): 97â107.
6576:
6567:
6529:
6518:
6507:
6503:
6496:
6474:
6470:
6430:
6424:
6399:
6376:
6372:
6341:
6337:
6298:
6289:
6258:
6247:
6232:
6228:
6205:
6201:
6182:
6171:
6144:
6137:
6126:
6122:
6114:
6106:
6073:
6054:
6050:
6035:
6031:
5994:
5990:
5975:
5971:
5952:
5948:
5935:
5928:
5915:
5908:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5850:Pseudamphimeryx
5847:, amphimerycid
5828:Patrick Médéric
5816:
5730:
5722:
5653:Anthracotherium
5625:Prodremotherium
5547:
5511:Prodremotherium
5418:Anthracotherium
5321:Prodremotherium
5290:Epiaceratherium
5259:Anthracotherium
5256:Restoration of
5250:
5220:, rhinocerotid
5118:Melissodontinae
5094:
5082:Pseudocyonopsis
5072:, rhinocerotid
5066:Anthracotherium
4947:
4939:
4923:climate forcing
4905:
4858:Forstercooperia
4854:paraceratheriid
4791:Neotethys Ocean
4763:Palaeogeography
4756:
4751:
4745:
4736:Archaeotragulus
4601:
4456:
4444:
4436:
4403:
4273:
4229:spinous process
4203:, reaching the
4185:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3868:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3755:
3754:
3732:
3680:
3676:
3644:postorbital bar
3616:occipital crest
3582:
3543:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3484:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3260:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3132:
3072:
2957:
2830:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2508:
2455:
2337:
2263:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
1896:
1850:
1800:
1682:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:Christine Janis
1531:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1499:
1461:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1345:from MP28, and
1304:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1207:and the larger
1182:
1167:is small, the "
1166:
1154:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1107:
1039:
1031:
1015:
1007:
999:
995:
957:
950:
934:
929:Hypertragulidae
904:as the species
895:
865:
861:
788:Prodremotherium
776:
775:
644:
643:
642:
641:
625:
624:
623:
615:
614:
603:
598:
550:, strong upper
540:Hypertragulidae
509:Christine Janis
436:
425:
424:
414:
395:
394:
373:
357:
356:
283:
280:
269:
245:
237:
223:
217:
133:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9216:
9206:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9160:
9155:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9134:
9121:
9108:
9095:
9082:
9066:
9064:
9058:
9057:
9055:
9054:
9041:
9028:
9023:Bachitheriidae
9013:
8997:
8995:
8993:Bachitheriidae
8989:
8988:
8975:
8974:
8948:
8926:
8892:
8860:
8830:
8795:
8765:
8754:(2): 604â612.
8738:
8702:
8681:(2): 335â347.
8661:
8603:
8567:
8548:(4): 787â814.
8525:
8496:(2): 250â262.
8476:
8417:
8376:
8357:(4): 565â622.
8334:
8323:(4): 734â753.
8306:
8260:
8239:(2): 349â369.
8212:
8179:
8130:
8109:(2): 628â649.
8089:
8069:
8036:
8013:
7994:(3): 199â229.
7978:
7934:
7913:(3): 489â504.
7893:
7833:
7784:
7742:
7693:
7672:(2): 341â362.
7652:
7623:(1): 269â315.
7602:
7583:(2): 179â189.
7567:
7530:(7463): 7463.
7510:
7487:
7460:(2): 161â172.
7434:
7413:(4): 382â396.
7393:
7374:
7330:
7301:(2): 141â242.
7278:
7226:
7207:(4): 231â248.
7191:
7172:(5): 471â473.
7156:
7090:
7071:(7): 527â532.
7050:
7031:(4): 573â591.
7012:
6991:(2): 259â265.
6971:
6952:(3): 197â209.
6931:
6913:
6873:
6837:
6810:(7): 581â600.
6789:
6762:
6721:
6677:
6658:
6616:
6565:
6516:
6501:
6494:
6478:Living Fossils
6468:
6397:
6370:
6351:(1): 116â134.
6335:
6287:
6268:(2): 200â216.
6245:
6226:
6215:(2596): 1â22.
6199:
6169:
6135:
6120:
6071:
6068:(5): 996â1002.
6048:
6029:
5988:
5969:
5946:
5926:
5906:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5843:"), marsupial
5841:Limognitherium
5815:
5812:
5748:B. cf. insigne
5729:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5546:
5543:
5523:, cainotheres
5447:, palaeothere
5445:Cadurcotherium
5391:Cadurcotherium
5377:, palaeothere
5375:Stenoplesictis
5333:Molassitherium
5292:and ruminants
5249:
5246:
5228:, cainotheres
5216:, palaeothere
5203:Stenoplesictis
5114:Paracricetodon
5093:
5090:
5080:, amphicyonid
5034:Paracricetodon
5015:Czech Republic
4968:rhinocerotoids
4945:
4937:
4904:
4901:
4836:Prominatherium
4787:Paratethys Sea
4755:
4752:
4744:
4741:
4600:
4597:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4442:
4434:
4402:
4399:
4272:
4269:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4014:B. thraciensis
4010:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3965:Type Locality
3963:
3960:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3678:
3674:
3652:occipital face
3648:sagittal crest
3640:lacrimal fossa
3581:
3578:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2892:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2828:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2406:
2404:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2164:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1563:living fossils
1553:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:Classification
1495:
1459:
1455:
1443:
1439:
1333:from MP23-27,
1303:
1300:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1180:
1164:
1152:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:s caniniform P
1105:
1037:
1029:
1028:losing their P
1013:
1005:
997:
993:
956:
953:
948:
947:and enlarged I
941:Leptomerycidae
932:
893:
863:
859:
752:Gelocus curtus
744:Gelocus curtum
674:dental formula
627:
626:
617:
616:
608:
607:
606:
605:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
544:Leptomerycidae
520:B. cf. insigne
505:Bachitheriidae
438:
437:
435:
434:
417:
416:
415:
413:
412:
404:
399:Gelocus curtus
387:
386:
385:
382:
381:
375:
374:
372:
371:
352:
351:
350:
349:
348:
337:
326:
315:
304:
290:
289:
288:Other species
285:
284:
281:
267:Gelocus curtus
260:
259:
253:
252:
235:
231:
230:
221:Bachitheriidae
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:37.71â24
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9215:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9131:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9100:
9096:
9092:
9087:
9083:
9078:
9072:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9059:
9051:
9046:
9042:
9038:
9033:
9029:
9024:
9018:
9014:
9009:
9003:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8981:
8962:
8958:
8952:
8936:
8930:
8915:on 2023-07-24
8911:
8904:
8903:
8896:
8881:on 2023-07-24
8877:
8870:
8864:
8849:on 2022-05-26
8848:
8844:
8840:
8834:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8799:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8769:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8742:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8706:
8698:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8665:
8657:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8607:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8580:(in French).
8579:
8571:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8542:Geodiversitas
8539:
8532:
8530:
8521:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8480:
8472:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8444:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8421:
8413:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8390:Geodiversitas
8387:
8380:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8351:Geodiversitas
8345:
8338:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8310:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8265:
8256:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8175:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8150:(3): 110302.
8149:
8145:
8141:
8134:
8126:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8093:
8085:
8084:
8076:
8074:
8064:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8040:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7982:
7974:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7957:(1â2): 1â16.
7956:
7952:
7948:
7941:
7939:
7930:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7897:
7889:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7840:
7838:
7829:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7788:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7753:
7746:
7738:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7697:
7688:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7656:
7648:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7606:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7571:
7563:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7514:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7491:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7439:
7429:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7397:
7389:
7386:(in German).
7385:
7378:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7334:
7326:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7283:
7274:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7233:
7231:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7195:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7160:
7152:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7067:(in French).
7066:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7027:(in French).
7026:
7019:
7017:
7008:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6975:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6927:
6920:
6918:
6909:
6906:(in French).
6905:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6841:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6785:
6781:
6778:(32): 15â31.
6777:
6773:
6766:
6758:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6725:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6623:
6621:
6611:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6560:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6512:
6505:
6497:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6472:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6393:
6389:
6386:(1): 97â104.
6385:
6381:
6374:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6339:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6304:(in French).
6303:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6242:(8): 749â754.
6241:
6238:(in French).
6237:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6195:
6192:(in French).
6191:
6187:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6142:
6140:
6131:
6124:
6113:
6112:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6067:
6064:(in French).
6063:
6059:
6052:
6044:
6041:(in German).
6040:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5992:
5985:(2): 101â104.
5984:
5981:(in French).
5980:
5973:
5965:
5962:(in German).
5961:
5957:
5950:
5942:
5941:
5933:
5931:
5922:
5921:
5913:
5911:
5902:
5899:(in French).
5898:
5894:
5887:
5883:
5875:
5872:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5837:Schizotherium
5833:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5685:Cephalogalini
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5657:Amphitragulus
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5579:
5578:Amphitragulus
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5531:, hyaenodont
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5516:Amphitragulus
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5426:Schizotherium
5423:
5419:
5415:
5412:, cainothere
5411:
5410:
5409:Metriotherium
5406:, dichobunid
5405:
5401:
5400:
5399:Schizotherium
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5371:Dinailurictis
5368:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5262:
5260:
5254:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5183:Thereutherium
5179:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5098:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5060:, entelodont
5059:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5045:, cainothere
5044:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4972:rhinocerotids
4969:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4940:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4915:
4914:
4913:Anoplotherium
4909:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4798:as a result.
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4743:Palaeoecology
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4599:Palaeobiology
4596:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4537:anoplotheriid
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4448:
4438:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4235:of the head.
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4205:glenoid fossa
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4046:UCBL FSL9672
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4018:NMNHS FM3320
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
3957:
3953:
3917:
3853:C-P diastema
3851:
3847:
3841:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3767:
3752:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3715:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1536:
1529:
1519:
1518:Bachitherium.
1515:
1508:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1449:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1280:Bachitherium?
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1011:
1003:
991:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
952:
946:
945:temporal bone
942:
938:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:
858:on both the P
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
810:
805:
801:
800:Max Schlosser
796:
794:
790:
789:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
639:
635:
631:
621:
612:
601:Early history
593:
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:
430:
427:
426:
422:
408:
405:
400:
397:
396:
392:
383:
380:
376:
367:
366:
359:
358:
344:
343:
338:
333:
332:
327:
322:
321:
316:
311:
310:
305:
302:Filhol, 1877
300:
299:
294:
293:
291:
286:
278:
277:
268:
261:
258:
254:
249:
244:
243:
236:
233:
232:
227:
222:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
32:
26:
22:
19:
9062:Bachitherium
9061:
8992:
8965:. Retrieved
8960:
8951:
8939:. Retrieved
8929:
8917:. Retrieved
8910:the original
8901:
8895:
8883:. Retrieved
8876:the original
8863:
8851:. Retrieved
8847:the original
8842:
8833:
8808:
8804:
8798:
8786:. Retrieved
8782:the original
8777:
8768:
8751:
8747:
8741:
8716:
8712:
8705:
8678:
8674:
8664:
8624:(1): 36169.
8621:
8617:
8606:
8581:
8577:
8570:
8545:
8541:
8493:
8489:
8479:
8434:
8430:
8420:
8393:
8389:
8379:
8354:
8350:
8337:
8320:
8316:
8309:
8276:
8272:
8236:
8232:
8198:
8194:
8147:
8143:
8133:
8106:
8102:
8092:
8082:
8063:10.26879/883
8053:
8049:
8039:
8030:
8026:
8016:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7954:
7950:
7910:
7906:
7896:
7853:
7849:
7801:
7797:
7787:
7762:
7758:
7745:
7710:
7706:
7696:
7669:
7665:
7655:
7620:
7616:
7605:
7580:
7576:
7570:
7527:
7523:
7513:
7504:
7500:
7490:
7457:
7453:
7410:
7406:
7396:
7387:
7383:
7377:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7298:
7294:
7246:
7242:
7204:
7200:
7194:
7169:
7165:
7159:
7114:
7110:
7068:
7064:
7028:
7024:
6988:
6984:
6974:
6949:
6945:
6925:
6907:
6903:
6851:
6847:
6840:
6807:
6803:
6775:
6771:
6765:
6738:
6734:
6724:
6691:
6687:
6680:
6671:
6661:
6636:
6632:
6584:
6580:
6541:
6537:
6510:
6504:
6477:
6471:
6438:
6434:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6305:
6301:
6265:
6261:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6212:
6202:
6193:
6189:
6155:
6151:
6129:
6123:
6110:
6065:
6061:
6051:
6042:
6038:
6032:
6005:
6001:
5991:
5982:
5978:
5972:
5963:
5959:
5949:
5939:
5919:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5871:Bachitherium
5870:
5868:
5863:
5857:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5819:Bachitherium
5818:
5817:
5808:Bachitherium
5807:
5788:Bachitherium
5787:
5780:hummingbirds
5771:
5755:
5753:
5747:
5738:Diplocynodon
5736:
5725:
5711:
5708:Dorcatherium
5707:
5703:
5700:Bachitherium
5699:
5692:hemicyonines
5679:died out by
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5649:Microbunodon
5648:
5644:
5641:Ronzotherium
5640:
5636:Bachitherium
5635:
5631:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5617:Bachitherium
5616:
5610:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5587:Dremotherium
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:Microbunodon
5571:
5565:
5560:
5556:Bachitherium
5555:
5550:
5548:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5469:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5453:
5449:Plagiolophus
5448:
5444:
5443:, amynodont
5440:
5438:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5404:Doliochoerus
5403:
5397:
5395:chalicothere
5390:
5386:
5383:Ronzotherium
5382:
5379:Plagiolophus
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5345:Bachitherium
5344:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5315:Mosaicomeryx
5313:
5305:
5302:Bachitherium
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5266:
5257:
5241:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5222:Ronzotherium
5221:
5218:Plagiolophus
5217:
5213:
5212:), nimravid
5207:
5201:
5195:
5190:, enigmatic
5188:Amphicynodon
5187:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5166:, erinaceid
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5139:Bachitherium
5138:
5130:
5127:Bachitherium
5126:
5113:
5109:
5106:Bachitherium
5105:
5103:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5074:Ronzotherium
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:Doliochoerus
5055:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5022:
5019:Bachitherium
5018:
5004:
5000:
4964:
4958:Ronzotherium
4956:
4919:
4911:
4893:
4875:
4869:
4863:Prohyracodon
4862:
4856:
4847:
4842:Sivatitanops
4840:
4834:
4828:
4824:Plagiolophus
4822:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4806:
4779:
4768:
4734:
4726:
4720:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4681:Bachitherium
4680:
4676:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4652:
4644:
4642:
4637:
4634:Bachitherium
4633:
4630:Bachitherium
4629:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4539:
4533:
4517:Bachitherium
4516:
4500:
4484:
4468:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:Bachitherium
4410:
4406:
4404:
4382:Bachitherium
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4360:Bachitherium
4359:
4353:
4345:femoral head
4294:
4289:Bachitherium
4288:
4284:
4259:. The first
4237:
4225:neural canal
4193:Bachitherium
4192:
4186:
4153:
4125:
4102:MNHN Qu3917
4097:
4074:MNHN QU4258
4069:
4041:
4024:Late Eocene
4013:
3952:Bachitherium
3951:
3845:
3821:Dorcatherium
3820:
3816:
3809:Dorcatherium
3808:
3794:
3790:Bachitherium
3789:
3751:Bachitherium
3750:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3698:
3672:
3656:nuchal lines
3620:ethmoid bone
3604:Bachitherium
3603:
3601:
3589:
3588:Skeleton of
3573:
3569:
3567:
3563:Bachitherium
3562:
3554:
3551:Bachitherium
3550:
3547:Bachitherium
3546:
3544:
3416:
3415:
3399:
3398:
3375:
3374:
3351:
3350:
3327:
3326:
3303:
3302:
3279:
3278:
3246:
3245:
3229:
3228:
3168:
3167:
3151:
3150:
3118:
3117:
3101:
3100:
3060:
3059:
3045:
3044:
3000:
2999:
2976:
2975:
2943:
2942:
2926:
2925:
2895:
2894:
2871:
2865:
2860:Merycoidodon
2858:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2837:Bachitherium
2836:
2825:Bachitherium
2824:
2821:
2667:
2666:
2650:
2649:
2633:
2632:
2609:
2608:
2592:
2591:
2568:
2567:
2551:
2550:
2527:
2526:
2496:
2495:
2481:
2480:
2441:
2440:
2424:
2423:
2383:
2382:
2356:
2355:
2323:
2322:
2306:
2305:
2289:
2288:
2249:
2248:
2232:
2231:
2201:
2200:
2062:
2061:
2045:
2044:
2014:
2013:
1997:
1996:
1973:
1972:
1956:
1955:
1939:
1938:
1915:
1914:
1884:
1883:
1869:
1868:
1836:
1835:
1819:
1818:
1786:
1785:
1769:
1768:
1728:
1727:
1701:
1700:
1668:
1667:
1651:
1650:
1627:
1626:
1603:
1602:
1584:
1580:
1575:Bachitherium
1574:
1571:Balkanatolia
1567:Bachitherium
1566:
1558:Dorcatherium
1557:
1545:Bachitherium
1544:
1543:
1517:
1514:Henri Filhol
1512:Portrait of
1491:Bachitherium
1490:
1483:Bachitherium
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1452:Bachitherium
1451:
1435:
1402:Thrace Basin
1399:
1392:
1378:
1367:Bachitherium
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:Bachitherium
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:Bachitherium
1322:
1320:
1310:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1233:Bachitherium
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:Bachitherium
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:Bachitherium
1199:
1197:
1177:Bachitherium
1176:
1169:Dorcatherium
1168:
1161:Bachitherium
1160:
1156:
1148:Dorcatherium
1146:
1143:Bachitherium
1142:
1141:
1137:Bachitherium
1136:
1114:Bachitherium
1113:
1110:Bachitherium
1109:
1102:Bachitherium
1101:
1098:Bachitherium
1097:
1091:
1082:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:Bachitherium
1048:
1045:Bachitherium
1044:
1042:
1034:Bachitherium
1033:
1023:
1017:
1002:autapomorphy
990:Bachitherium
989:
981:Bachitherium
980:
976:
973:Bachitherium
972:
961:Bachitherium
960:
958:
925:René Lavocat
917:Bachitherium
916:
912:
910:
905:
901:
889:
886:Bachitherium
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
847:
843:
840:Bachitherium
839:
837:
832:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
803:
797:
792:
786:
772:Bachitherium
771:
767:
764:Bachitherium
763:
760:Bachitherium
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:Bachitherium
731:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:Bachitherium
697:
685:
681:
667:
648:Henri Filhol
645:
637:
629:
628:Sketch of a
589:Bachitherium
588:
587:
582:
578:
570:
566:
564:
558:, and other
528:Bachitherium
527:
519:
516:Bachitherium
515:
513:
504:
493:Bachitherium
492:
476:
472:
469:type species
464:
455:to the late
444:Bachitherium
443:
442:
441:
432:Filhol, 1877
428:
420:
419:Synonyms of
410:Filhol, 1882
406:
402:Filhol, 1877
398:
390:
389:Synonyms of
364:
363:
341:
340:
335:Sudre, 1995
330:
329:
324:Sudre, 1986
319:
318:
313:Sudre, 1986
308:
307:
297:
296:
282:Filhol, 1877
275:
274:
266:
257:Type species
242:Bachitherium
241:
240:
220:
204:Infraorder:
188:Artiodactyla
122:
25:Bachitherium
24:
18:
9017:Wikispecies
8811:(2): 1â13.
8584:(1): 1â45.
8201:(2): 1â24.
8056:(3): 1â12.
7117:(2): 1â28.
6910:(2): 43â73.
6196:(2): 75â78.
6008:: 115â132.
5859:Palaeotodus
5845:Peratherium
5764:LagerstÀtte
5704:Lophiomeryx
5696:Hemicyonini
5632:Lophiomeryx
5621:Lophiomeryx
5599:Phoberogale
5561:B. lavocati
5551:B. lavocati
5525:Plesiomeryx
5509:, pecorans
5503:Lophiomeryx
5499:B. lavocati
5495:B. lavocati
5490:B. lavocati
5424:. Notably,
5422:Lophiomeryx
5362:Quercylurus
5336:. Notably,
5306:Lophiomeryx
5274:broadleaved
5231:Plesiomeryx
5078:Cephalogale
5043:Lophiomeryx
5037:), gelocid
5025:, rodents (
4976:eggysodonts
4895:Peratherium
4890:Erinaceidae
4783:archipelago
4775:condylarths
4702:) foraging.
4677:B. lavocati
4611:(left) and
4569:B. lavocati
4565:B. lavocati
4557:B. lavocati
4158:UM PDS1330
4154:B. lavocati
3744:B. lavocati
3689:similar to
3638:bones. The
3541:Description
2862:culbertsoni
1533:Picture of
1408:as well as
1371:Pleistocene
1343:B. lavocati
1341:from MP25,
1276:Burdigalian
1270:(the early
1159:. However,
1157:Lophiomeryx
1065:B. lavocati
902:Andegameryx
872:, of which
869:Andegameryx
823:Cryptomeryx
809:Lophiomeryx
804:Cryptomeryx
652:artiodactyl
579:B. lavocati
9147:Categories
8961:La DĂ©pĂȘche
8033:(1): 1â11.
7804:: 111363.
7507:: 275â282.
6610:2445/34510
6544:: 103929.
5903:: 138â139.
5878:References
5784:passerines
5742:skeleton,
5728:exhibition
5604:Cyonarctos
5545:Extinction
5538:Cyonarctos
5529:Caenomeryx
5471:Brachycyon
5460:B. insigne
5414:Caenomeryx
5298:Iberomeryx
5278:mesophytic
5270:needleleaf
5242:Iberomeryx
5237:Caenomeryx
5209:Palaeogale
5163:Darbonetus
5131:Iberomeryx
5048:Paroxacron
4992:Nimravidae
4984:Castoridae
4932:ice sheets
4886:Cricetidae
4877:Cadurcodon
4867:amynodonts
4865:, and the
4673:folivorous
4669:B. insigne
4661:B. insigne
4617:B. insigne
4613:B. insigne
4593:B. insigne
4581:B. insigne
4577:B. insigne
4423:B. insigne
4337:trochanter
4307:curve nor
4265:sternebrae
4257:acetabulum
4130:UM GAR441
4070:B. insigne
3971:Diastema P
3817:Iberomeryx
3782:cheekbones
3612:premaxilla
3574:B. insigne
3082:Tragulidae
3019:Ruminantia
2883:Ruminantia
2867:Stenomeryx
2823:lineages.
2783:Ruminantia
2412:Tragulidae
2402:Ruminantia
2160:Ruminantia
1757:Tragulidae
1747:Ruminantia
1423:Priabonian
1331:B. insigne
1295:Hyemoschus
1209:B. insigne
1185:astragalus
1019:Leptomeryx
878:B. insigne
848:B. insigne
828:Iberomeryx
793:B. insigne
736:Tragulidae
725:naturalist
714:B. insigne
706:B. insigne
571:B. insigne
536:Tragulidae
473:B. insigne
421:B. insigne
198:Ruminantia
194:Suborder:
9153:Tragulina
9008:Q21290936
8825:243764500
8733:254625390
8697:132558321
8562:131561629
8412:220714559
8301:134345822
8255:128585686
8174:233968947
8125:216198894
7973:224860287
7828:254801829
7737:244097729
7647:234099337
7597:129158241
7482:140576090
7369:248164842
6868:245480633
6757:208647044
6716:216324257
6674:: 69â145.
6463:134845249
6330:247399047
6221:2246/5473
6164:2246/1042
6045:: 71â166.
5864:Vaylatsia
5713:Dorcabune
5673:Eggysodon
5669:Hyaenodon
5665:Babameryx
5612:Amphictis
5593:Babameryx
5533:Hyaenodon
5486:B insigne
5482:B. curtum
5456:B. curtum
5441:Entelodon
5387:Eggysodon
5349:B. curtum
5347:, namely
5338:B. curtum
5310:speciated
5282:evergreen
5226:Diplobune
5197:Stenogale
5192:feliforms
5178:Hyaenodon
5154:B. vireti
5150:B. curtum
5086:Hyaenodon
5062:Entelodon
4830:Bakalovia
4811:Hyaenodon
4807:Hyaenodon
4795:Holarctic
4722:Moschiola
4685:cursorial
4665:B. curtum
4653:B. curtum
4645:B. curtum
4621:B. curtum
4615:(right).
4609:B. curtum
4585:B. curtum
4573:B. curtum
4561:B. curtum
4541:Diplobune
4519:nov. sp.
4419:B. curtum
4415:B. vireti
4413:species,
4401:Body mass
4394:phalanges
4377:Hyelaphus
4371:Muntiacus
4356:forelimbs
4349:calcaneus
4325:diaphysis
4321:olecranon
4213:processes
4098:B. curtum
4042:B. vireti
3962:Holotype
3884:diastema
3873:diastema
3766:occlusion
3730:Dentition
3628:maxillary
3570:B. curtum
3545:Although
2847:Nalameryx
2378:Gelocidae
1723:Gelocidae
1556:teeth, a
1550:trochleas
1427:Bartonian
1418:Paleogene
1380:Myotragus
1363:B. sardus
1337:in MP23,
1335:B. vireti
1327:B. curtum
1225:B. curtum
1205:B. curtum
1193:Tragulina
1189:monotypic
1073:B. curtum
1069:B. curtum
1061:B. vireti
1057:B. curtum
965:Oligocene
921:Gelocidae
856:metaconid
852:entoconid
710:B. medium
678:premolars
664:Moschidae
583:B. curtum
567:B. curtum
511:in 1987.
501:monotypic
497:Tragulina
477:B. sardus
457:Oligocene
449:Paleogene
391:B. curtum
208:Tragulina
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
35:Oligocene
9077:Q3632528
9071:Wikidata
9002:Wikidata
8967:July 24,
8941:July 24,
8919:July 24,
8885:July 24,
8853:July 24,
8788:July 24,
8656:27897168
8520:32255213
8471:32989142
8371:85908676
8008:86827900
7929:67817430
7888:34489502
7562:25501388
7390:: 61â79.
7325:84066785
7273:26041349
7249:(1809).
7221:85647031
7151:25692298
7111:PLOS ONE
7007:54686160
6832:56365084
6024:73655017
5792:Pichovet
5716:by MN4.
5677:Elomeryx
5606:and the
5476:savannah
5402:, suoid
5367:Nimravus
5214:Nimravus
5169:Tetracus
5076:, ursid
5070:Elomeryx
4980:Eomyidae
4871:Amynodon
4771:Primates
4731:Thailand
4727:Tragulus
4716:riparian
4450:Species
4329:hip bone
4201:acromion
3959:Species
3691:camelids
3668:foramina
3636:lacrimal
2855:weigelti
1487:cingulum
1481:and not
1410:Bulgaria
1375:Holocene
1289:Tragulus
1264:Sardinia
1173:cingulum
1053:Stampian
1010:diastema
937:premolar
906:A. serum
890:B. serum
882:B. serum
844:B. serum
718:B. minus
690:incisors
596:Taxonomy
556:premolar
379:Synonyms
214:Family:
178:Mammalia
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
33:to Late
9117:3615965
9104:1195021
9091:4835226
9037:8639107
8647:5126638
8626:Bibcode
8586:Bibcode
8511:7369187
8462:7568263
8439:Bibcode
8281:Bibcode
8273:PALAIOS
8152:Bibcode
7879:8421421
7858:Bibcode
7806:Bibcode
7767:Bibcode
7715:Bibcode
7674:Bibcode
7625:Bibcode
7553:4264005
7532:Bibcode
7462:Bibcode
7415:Bibcode
7349:Bibcode
7303:Bibcode
7264:4590438
7174:Bibcode
7142:4334963
7119:Bibcode
7073:Bibcode
7033:Bibcode
7025:Geobios
6954:Bibcode
6946:Lethaia
6812:Bibcode
6696:Bibcode
6641:Bibcode
6589:Bibcode
6546:Bibcode
6443:Bibcode
6441:: 1â8.
6353:Bibcode
6310:Bibcode
6270:Bibcode
5776:trogons
5760:Luberon
5740:ratelii
5694:of the
5661:quercyi
5608:ailurid
5582:quercyi
5521:quercyi
5465:Cynelos
5294:Gelocus
5135:Georgia
5039:Gelocus
5013:in the
5011:Bohemia
4996:Ursidae
4882:Muridae
4649:duikers
4365:Moschus
4339:of the
4305:triceps
4297:humerus
4233:muscles
4197:scapula
4191:of the
3760:3.1.4.3
3757:0.1.3.3
3683:condyle
3660:mastoid
3632:frontal
3594:at the
3559:sutures
1479:Gelocus
1385:Corsica
1272:Miocene
1247:. Its P
1040:tooth.
969:Cereste
913:Gelocus
898:lingual
811:gaudryi
781:3.1.3.3
778:?.?.3.3
768:Gelocus
754:" and "
746:" and "
730:placed
686:Gelocus
682:Gelocus
669:Gelocus
548:incisor
524:CĂ©reste
503:family
488:therium
234:Genus:
184:Order:
174:Class:
9050:184981
8823:
8731:
8695:
8654:
8644:
8560:
8518:
8508:
8469:
8459:
8410:
8369:
8299:
8253:
8172:
8123:
8006:
7971:
7927:
7886:
7876:
7826:
7735:
7645:
7595:
7560:
7550:
7501:STRATA
7480:
7367:
7323:
7271:
7261:
7219:
7149:
7139:
7005:
6866:
6830:
6755:
6714:
6492:
6461:
6328:
6022:
5782:, and
5667:, and
5623:, and
5590:, and
5355:, and
5261:magnum
4880:. The
4852:, the
4667:since
4425:, and
4347:. The
4317:radius
4253:sacrum
4251:. The
4221:joints
4207:. The
3634:, and
3568:Since
3210:Pecora
3017:
2807:Pecora
2795:Pecora
2400:
2172:Pecora
2033:Pecora
2031:
1745:
1448:Sladun
1414:Greece
1406:Turkey
1377:bovid
1133:Pecora
986:molars
842:named
694:canine
660:Eocene
656:Quercy
552:canine
542:, and
532:Pecora
453:Eocene
250:, 1882
248:Filhol
228:, 1987
31:Eocene
9130:42605
9099:IRMNG
8913:(PDF)
8906:(PDF)
8879:(PDF)
8872:(PDF)
8821:S2CID
8729:S2CID
8693:S2CID
8558:S2CID
8408:S2CID
8367:S2CID
8347:(PDF)
8297:S2CID
8251:S2CID
8170:S2CID
8121:S2CID
8004:S2CID
7969:S2CID
7925:S2CID
7824:S2CID
7755:(PDF)
7733:S2CID
7643:S2CID
7593:S2CID
7478:S2CID
7450:(PDF)
7365:S2CID
7321:S2CID
7217:S2CID
7003:S2CID
6864:S2CID
6828:S2CID
6753:S2CID
6712:S2CID
6459:S2CID
6431:(PDF)
6326:S2CID
6158:(3).
6115:(PDF)
6020:S2CID
5768:ranid
5688:tribe
5513:and "
5053:suoid
4543:minor
4445:area
4341:femur
4333:ilium
4271:Limbs
4209:atlas
3803:and P
3685:in a
3624:nasal
3608:orbit
3580:Skull
3015:Crown
2802:Crown
2398:Crown
2029:Crown
1743:Crown
1117:'
880:and "
862:and P
226:Janis
9086:GBIF
9032:GBIF
8969:2023
8943:2023
8921:2023
8887:2023
8855:2023
8790:2023
8652:PMID
8516:PMID
8467:PMID
7884:PMID
7558:PMID
7269:PMID
7147:PMID
6490:ISBN
5855:tody
5710:and
5702:and
5675:and
5643:and
5634:and
5602:and
5527:and
5484:and
5318:and
5304:and
5296:and
5280:and
5234:and
5180:and
5174:bats
5152:and
5068:and
4874:and
4846:and
4833:and
4725:and
4587:and
4571:and
4354:The
4313:ulna
4261:ribs
4243:, 7
4217:axis
4187:The
3968:Age
3862:P-M
3859:M-M
3856:P-P
2857:and
2790:Stem
2778:Stem
2167:Stem
2155:Stem
1473:and
1412:and
1292:and
1227:and
774:was
702:Bach
48:Preê
8813:doi
8756:doi
8721:doi
8683:doi
8679:106
8642:PMC
8634:doi
8594:doi
8582:100
8550:doi
8506:PMC
8498:doi
8494:237
8457:PMC
8447:doi
8435:117
8398:doi
8359:doi
8325:doi
8321:135
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