623:, the French had only a few hundred soldiers in Annam, dispersed around the citadels of Huế, Thuận An, Vinh and Qui Nhơn. With hardly any French troops to attack, the insurgents directed their anger instead against Vietnamese Christians, long regarded as potential allies of the French. Although the numbers remain disputed, it seems likely that between the end of July and the end of September 1885 Cần Vương fighters killed around 40,000 Vietnamese Christians, wiping out nearly a third of Vietnam's Christian population. The two worst massacres took place in the towns of Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định, both south of Huế, in which some 24,000 men, women and children, from a total Christian population of 40,000 were killed. A further 7,500 Christians were killed in Quảng Trị province. In other provinces the number of victims was considerably lower. In many areas the Christians fought back under the leadership of French and Spanish priests, in response to a call from their bishops to defend themselves with every means at their disposal. Outnumbered and on the defensive, the Christians were nevertheless able to inflict a number of local defeats on Cần Vương formations.
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672:, and landed at Qui Nhơn. After raising the siege Prud'homme marched on Bình Định. On 1 September, Vietnamese insurgents attempted to block his advance. Armed only with lances and antiquated firearms and deployed in unwieldy masses which made perfect targets for the French artillery, the Cần Vương fighters were no match for Prud'homme's veterans. They were swept aside, and on 3 September the French entered Bình Định. Three Vietnamese mandarins were tried and executed for complicity in the massacre of Bình Định's Christians. In November 1885 a so-called 'Annam column' under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Mignot set off from Ninh Bình in southern Tonkin and marched down the narrow spine of Vietnam as far as Huế, scattering any insurgent bands in its way.
698:
it full of
Annamese and Tonkinese insurgents, and dared the French to attack him there. The French obliged, and after a two-month siege in which the defenders were exposed to relentless bombardment by French artillery, the surviving insurgents were forced to break out of Ba Đình on 20 January 1887. The French entered the abandoned Vietnamese stronghold the following day. Their total casualties during the siege amounted to only 19 dead and 45 wounded, while Vietnamese casualties ran into thousands. The Vietnamese defeat at Ba Đình highlighted the disunity of the Cần Vương movement. Tráng gambled that his fellow resistance leaders would harass the French lines from the rear while he held them from the front, but little help reached him.
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commanders of all levels, perhaps not having the heart to abandon Me, unite as never before, those with intellect helping to plan, those with strength willing to fight, those with riches contributing for supplies – all of one mind and body in seeking a way out of danger, a solution to all difficulties. With luck, Heaven will also treat man with kindness, turning chaos into order, danger into peace, and helping thus to restore our land and our frontiers. Is not this opportunity fortunate for our country, meaning fortunate for the people, since all who worry and work together will certainly reach peace and happiness together?
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domestic situation would continue to worsen until the 1850s. This had critical implications for
Vietnamese resistance to the coming French colonial aggression. It robbed Vietnam of a united front by setting the administration and the people against each other. The resulting mistrust and antagonism would discourage any attempt by the government to move the court out amongst the peasants in the advent of serious foreign incursions, a successful precedent set by previous dynasties. The peasantry would also be deprived of leadership and regional coordination traditionally provided by the royal court.
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hatred towards the French. The
Emperor could also promulgate edicts across the entire country, calling on subjects in every province and village to rise up and resist the French. Last but not least, the capital city of Huế and the dynasties it harboured had historically played an active role in struggles against Mongol and Chinese aggression. It was the source of leaders and patriotic imagery for the rest of the country. Its participation would link the current resistance movement to previously successful movements and also to future movements up to the modern era.
652:, which had been reinforced in June 1885 to 35,000 men. Initially forbidden by the French government to launch a full-scale invasion of Annam, General de Courcy landed troops along the vulnerable coastline of central Vietnam to seize a number of strategic points and to protect the embattled Vietnamese Christian communities in the wake of the massacres at Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định. In early August 1885 Lieutenant-Colonel Chaumont led a battalion of marine infantry on a march through the provinces of Hà Tĩnh and Nghệ An to occupy the citadel of Vinh.
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716:. By September 1886 had won control of the province. In the following spring the French moved into Bình Định and Phú Yên provinces. One of the Cần Vương leaders went over to the French side, and the resistance soon collapsed. By June 1887 the French had established control over the Annamese provinces to the south of Huế. More than 1,500 Cần Vương insurgents laid down their arms, and brutal reprisals, orchestrated by Trần Bá Lộc, were taken against their leaders.
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into Khánh Hòa and Bình Thuận, the southernmost provinces of Annam. Cần Vương forces were now uncomfortably close to the French posts in
Cochinchina, and the French authorities in Saigon at last responded. In July 1886 the French struck back in the south. A 400-man 'column of intervention' was formed in Cochinchina, consisting of French troops and a force of Vietnamese partisans under the command of Trần Bá Lộc. The column landed at Phan Ry, on the coast of
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course to make better plans, acting according to the situation. Surely all those who share care and worry for events in our country already understand, having also gnashed their teeth, made their hair stand on end, swearing to wipe out every last bandit. Is there anyone not moved by such feelings? Are there not plenty of people who will use lance as pillow, thump their oars against the side, grab the enemy's spears, or heave around water jugs?
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have to come down from his throne to greet him. de Courcy also commented on Thuyết's absence from the meeting and suggested that this was due to Thuyết's planning an attack on him. After being told that Thuyết was sick, de Courcy's response was that he should have attended the meeting regardless and threatened to arrest him. Finally, de Courcy rejected the gifts sent by the
Emperor and demanded tribute from the Vietnamese.
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514:, who had helped Hàm Nghi escape from Huế, persuaded Hàm Nghi to issue an edict calling for the people to rise up and "aid the king" ("cần vương"). Thousands of Vietnamese patriots responded to this appeal in Annam itself, and it undoubtedly also strengthened indigenous resistance to French rule in neighbouring Tonkin, much of which had been brought under French control during the
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were some 50 resistance groups, there was a lack of collaboration and unifying military authority. Though the Cần Vương edict was spread to every part of the country, actions taken by the resistance were never national in scope, instead being restricted to the areas where the scholar-gentry were familiar with and with these actions being undertaken independently of each other.
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leadership and military effectiveness of the royal court in Huế. Discontentment was amplified by the continued reliance of the royal court on negotiation, despite the willingness of local mandarins and people to take up armed resistance against the French. Dispatches from French commanders confirmed this, praising court representatives for pacifying the
Vietnamese around Huế.
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war in 1894. Until then, it was relatively easy for partisans, weapons and supplies to cross the Sino-Vietnamese border and support the resistance. With the outbreak of war, Chinese mandarins along the southern border were strictly instructed to avoid antagonizing the French and the border was sealed, along with the fate of the Cần Vương movement.
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leave brightness for darkness – all may continue to live in this world, but they will be like animals disguised in clothes and hats. Who can accept such behavior? With rewards generous, punishments will also be severe. The court retains normal usages, so that repentance should not be postponed. All should follow this Edict strictly.
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villagers into armed bands and planning guerrilla raids on French forces, this was in direct contrast to the royal courts’ attempts to make peace. This had the added effect of convincing the French that the Huế court had lost control of its forces in the Mekong delta region and thus offering any concessions was pointless.
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people of the delta who had no other option but to stay, the setback was to prove insurmountable. Popular resistance quickly lost all morale and disbanded, with the peasants resigning themselves to nonviolent postures. At this stage, the Nguyễn dynasty had lost all allegiance and respect from the
Vietnamese in the South.
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The Siege of Ba Đình (December 1886 to
January 1887) in Thanh Hóa province was a decisive engagement between the insurgents and the French. The siege was deliberately willed by the Vietnamese resistance leader Đinh Công Tráng, who built an enormous fortified camp near the Tonkin-Annam border, crammed
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From time immemorial there have been only three strategies for opposing the enemy: attack, defense, negotiation. Opportunities for attack were lacking. It was difficult to gather required strength for defense. And in negotiations the enemy demanded everything. In this situation of infinite trouble we
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Next, the royal court's flight to the resistance brought about access to two key tools mentioned earlier, regional coordination and spiritual encouragement. Witnessing the hardships endured by the
Emperor and his entourage allowed subjects to develop a newfound empathy for their Emperor and increased
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First, it brought moral and spiritual authority over to the resistance. Mandarins who chose to work with the French could no longer claim to work on behalf of the court; they had to acknowledge the realities of being tools of a foreign power. On the other hand, mandarins who chose to fight the French
496:
After the reception, Văn Tường met with Thuyết to discuss the events that had transpired during the discussion. Both mandarins agreed that de Courcy's intention was to destroy them. Forced into a corner, they decided to stake their hopes on a surprise attack on the French. That very night, the French
468:
In May 1885, de Courcy arrived in Hanoi and took control of French military power in order to remove the mandarins Thuyết and Tường. Most historians agree that de Courcy felt France's military might was enough to cow the
Vietnamese and that he was a strong advocate of the use of force. However, there
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Resistance continued growing while the French in Tonkin were distracted by the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). Matters came to a head in June 1885, when France and China signed the Treaty of Tientsin, in which China implicitly renounced its historic claims to suzerainty over Vietnam. Now
295:
As a result, the reign of the dynasty was marred by peasant resentment and constant revolts. Discontentment by the oppressed peasants, particularly among the lower classes, provided fertile grounds for Catholic missionaries, further widening the divide between the Nguyễn dynasty and its subjects. The
761:
The Cần Vương movement was one of firsts and lasts. It was the first resistance movement which saw all strata of Vietnamese society—royalty, scholar-gentry, and peasantry—working together against the French. However, this massive, spontaneous support was to prove its weakness as well. Although there
601:
On the other hand, those who fear death more than they love their king, who put concerns of household above concerns of country, mandarins who find excuses to be far away, soldiers who desert, citizens who do not fulfill public duties eagerly for a righteous cause, officers who take the easy way and
416:
In 1883, the last of the great Emperors of Vietnam died without an heir. His death resulted in internecine discord among the different factions in Huế. At the same time, having witnessed the reconquest of Hanoi by French forces under Riviere, northern Vietnamese became further disillusioned with the
752:
was the leader of an armed band operating in the mountains of north Vietnam, Yên Thế. He managed to frustrate French attempts to pacify the area up to 1897, when a settlement was reached with the French. The final nail in the coffin of the Cần Vương came about with the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese
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were attacked by thousands of Vietnamese insurgents organized by the two mandarins. De Courcy rallied his men, and both his own command and other groups of French troops cantoned on both sides of the citadel of Huế were able to beat off the attacks on their positions. Later, under the leadership of
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in central Vietnam, Nguyễn Ánh reestablished the Confucian traditions and institutes that were overturned during the Tây Sơn uprising. Having returned to power with the aid of foreigners, this was in order to reassure the scholar-gentry families that comprised much of the government and bureaucracy
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The catastrophe at Bình Định broke the power of the Cần Vương in northern Annam and Tonkin. The first half of 1887 also saw the collapse of the movement in the southern provinces of Quảng Nam, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định and Phú Yên. For several months after Prud'homme's brief campaign in September 1885
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repeated Garnier's feat of taking Hanoi. Rather than preparing the military for increased French aggression, the military was instructed to remain out of sight of the French. Rivière was later killed by the Black Flag Army during a military action; however the dynasty continued sounding out France
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The loss of the South had a momentous effect on Vietnam. First, it exposed the weaknesses of the dynasty's policy of compromise. The few remaining mandarins and scholar-gentry in the region were left with two options: to flee the region permanently or to collaborate with the new overlords. For the
354:
Up to 1865, the Nguyễn dynasty followed its policy of compromise and continued attempting to reclaim the three southern provinces through diplomacy. This was despite warnings by the French that they would seize the remaining three southern provinces if popular resistance, which they referred to as
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was a striking example of a resistance leader. He first gained prominence and military position during the siege of Saigon and also for his military accomplishments immediately after the defeat of the Vietnamese army. Despite the order to withdraw, Quản Định remained in the region at the behest of
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was fully committed in Tonkin and northern Annam, while French troops in Cochinchina were busy dealing with an insurrection against the French protectorate in neighbouring Cambodia. In the early months of 1886 the insurgents took advantage of French weakness in the south to extend their influence
680:
The French responded politically to the uprising by pressing ahead with arrangements for entrenching their protectorate in both Annam and Tonkin. They were helped by the fact that there was by no means unanimous support for the Cần Vương movement. The queen mother, Từ Dũ, and other members of the
566:
The high ministers sought ways to retain peace in the country and protect the court. It was decided, rather than bow heads in obedience, sitting around and losing chances, better to appreciate what the enemy was up to and move first. If this did not succeed, then we could still follow the present
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Our country recently has faced many critical events. We came to the throne very young, but have been greatly concerned with self-strengthening and sovereign government. Nevertheless, with every passing day the Western envoys got more and more overbearing. Recently they brought in troops and naval
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Having arrived at Huế on July 3, 1885, de Courcy summoned the princes and high mandarins of the royal court to his residence for a discussion on the presentation of his credentials to the Emperor. During the discussion, he demanded that the central gate was to be opened and that the Emperor would
328:
In 1861, the French had managed to consolidate their forces and break the Vietnamese army's siege of Saigon. To the surprise of the French forces, the defeat of the royal army did not put an end to Vietnamese resistance. Instead, it marked the decline of formal, government led resistance and gave
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A key development at this juncture was the transfer of the leadership role from the dynasty to local scholar-gentries. Having witnessed the ineffectiveness of the regular Vietnamese army and the uncertain direction of the royal court, many decided to take matters into their own hands. Organizing
324:
This was due in large part to dissension within the royal court on the best approach to deal with the French. One party advocated armed resistance while the other argued for compromise. Most writers concede that the Emperor and many high-ranking officials favoured appeasing the French, through a
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managed to escape. In an attempt to regain power, Nguyễn Ánh sought the assistance of France through French missionaries in Vietnam. Though he did not receive formal military assistance, he was supplied with sufficient aid by sympathetic merchants and was able to reclaim the throne. Although not
765:
The Cần Vương movement also marked the fall of the last independent Vietnamese dynasty and with it the scholar-gentry bureaucracy. Yet, the narratives of their struggle against foreign domination continued to live on and were passed down to the next generation, some who witnessed first-hand the
737:
For a few years after Hàm Nghi's capture, resistance to the French continued, albeit in another form, the Văn Thân (Scholars’ Resistance). In contrast to the royalist nature of the Cần Vương movement, the Văn Thân insurrection was wholly focused on resisting the French. The Văn Thân was led by
597:
Our virtue being insufficient, amidst these events We did not have the strength to hold out and allowed the royal capital to fall, forcing the Empresses to flee for their lives. The fault is Ours entirely, a matter of great shame. But traditional loyalties are strong. Hundreds of mandarins and
521:
The Cần Vương edict was undoubtedly a turning point in Vietnamese resistance to French rule. For the first time, the royal court had a common goal with the peasantry in the north and south, which stood in stark contrast to the bitter divisions between the royal court and its subjects which had
501:
Metzinger, the French mounted a successful counterattack from the west, fighting their way through the gardens of the citadel and capturing the royal palace. By daybreak the isolated French forces had linked up, and were in full control of the citadel. Angered by what they saw as Vietnamese
440:
in 1883 after hearing French guns near the capital city. The harsh and derogatory terms of the treaty which subjected Vietnam to French control served to destroy any possible support Hiệp Hòa had among the Vietnamese people and at court. He was quickly arrested and killed by the mandarin
647:
The French were slow to respond to the Cần Vương, and for several weeks did not believe the gruesome rumours emanating from Annam. Eventually the scale of the massacres of Christians became clear, and the French belatedly responded. Incursions into Annam were made by troops of the
344:. Some authors point to the dynasty's need to put down rebellions in the North as a reason territories were ceded in the South. Regardless of the reason, the regular army was to withdraw from the surrendered provinces, leaving the popular resistance movement to the French.
655:
In southern Annam, 7000 Christian survivors of the Bình Định massacre took refuge in the small French concession in Qui Nhơn. In late August 1885 a column of 600 French and Tonkinese soldiers under the command of General Léon Prud'homme sailed from Huế aboard the warships
351:
this subordinates and also for patriotic reasons, echoing the sentiments of fellow scholar-gentries. However, the popular resistance lacked coordination across regions and also could not provide spiritual encouragement, tools that only the Nguyễn dynasty had access too.
292:
of a return to the system that guaranteed their privileges. While this helped to legitimize the returning Nguyễn dynasty in the eyes of the Confucian mandarins and officials, it did little to assuage or address the grievances that sparked the Tây Sơn uprising.
224:
as the leader of an independent Vietnam. The movement lacked a coherent national structure and consisted mainly of regional leaders who attacked French troops in their own provinces. The movement initially prospered as there were only a few French garrisons in
744:
was one of the final and most remarkable of the Văn Thân resistance leaders. Together with his troops, he held the province of Hà Tĩnh in central Vietnam up till 1896. His death from dysentery marked the final chapters of the Cần Vương and Văn Thân movement.
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policy named "hoa nghi" (peace and negotiation). Additionally, for reasons mentioned previously in the article, the dynasty was reluctant to arm or rely on the peasantry, relying instead on the royal troops which could only put up a feeble struggle.
424:
in 1883 against the combined forces of the Vietnamese, Chinese and Black Flag armies. Subsequently, there were attacks by local Vietnamese in the north on French forces, some even led by former Mandarins in direct defiance of the policy set by Huế.
728:
and the Cần Vương movement was dealt a fatal blow. By losing the anti-French emperor, the movement had lost its purpose and objective. However, resistance to the French from the Cần Vương movement would not die out for another decade or so.
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region in 1859. However, Vietnamese reinforcements from nearby provinces soon put both French positions under siege. Despite the tenuous situation of the French, Vietnamese forces were unable to force the foreigners out of the country.
456:
was enthroned as the Emperor of Vietnam. Only twelve years of age, he was easily and quickly dominated by the regents Thuyết and Tường. By now, the French had realized the obstacles the two mandarins posed and decided to remove them.
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reinforcements, trying to force on Us conditions We could never accept. We received them with normal ceremony, but they refused to accept a single thing. People in the capital became very afraid that trouble was approaching.
502:
treachery, they looted the royal palace. Following the failure of the 'Huế ambush', as it was immediately dubbed by the French, the young Vietnamese king Hàm Nghi and other members of the Vietnamese imperial family fled from
407:
Following actions taken by predecessors, the Nguyễn dynasty turned to China for aid. Unsurprisingly, the French took action first in order to avoid being boxed out of north Vietnam. In 1882, a French naval captain named
299:
In 1858, ostensibly to avenge the killing of some of its missionaries, France took military action against Vietnam. French interest in Vietnam had not waned since Nguyễn Ánh's request for assistance. After its
403:
and the city returned as part of a treaty signed in 1874. However the Nguyễn dynasty now faced a loss of support and allegiance from its subjects in the north, similar to what had transpired in the south.
522:
hobbled resistance to the French to date. The flight of the Emperor and his court to the countryside amongst the peasants had serious implications for both resistance and collaboration with the French.
681:
Vietnamese royal family deserted Hàm Nghi and returned to Huế shortly after the uprising began. In September 1885, to undercut support for Hàm Nghi, General de Courcy enthroned the young king's brother
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738:
Confucian scholars who took over the Cần Vương movement after Hàm Nghi was captured. By 1892, the Văn Thân was defeated and its leaders scattered to China and the remaining resistance leaders.
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appears to be contention regarding the French government's endorsement, if any, of de Courcy's agenda. Regardless, General de Courcy and an escort of French troops of the
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304:, the French government now had sufficient support from commercial, religious and nationalistic sources to stage its conquest of Vietnam. A force led by Admiral
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The Cần Vương movement was aimed at the French, but although there were more than 35,000 French soldiers in Tonkin and thousands more in the French colony of
1885:
1943:
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in his stead. Although many Vietnamese regarded Đồng Khánh as a French puppet king, not all did. One of the most important Vietnamese leaders, Prince
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officially sanctioned by the French government, this was to heighten French interest in Vietnam and mark the start of increasing intervention.
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1466:
3123:
1811:
810:, pg. 10 (2011): "The ultimately unsuccessful Cần Vương (Aid the King) Movement of 1885–89, for example, was coordinated by scholars such as
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freed from external distractions, the French government was determined to gain direct rule over Vietnam. Their agent of choice was General
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banditry, was not stopped. In 1867, citing the above-mentioned reasons, the French took over the remaining three southern provinces.
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rise to localized popular resistance. Nonetheless, the widespread struggle by the Vietnamese people dealt the French many setbacks.
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1904:
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The last of the Cần Vương resistance leaders was its most famous and one of the few to survive the resistance against the French.
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Thuyết was also secretly drawing upon the economy to make guns for a secret fortress in Tân Sở. Tôn Thất Thuyết had an associate,
237:. The insurrection in Annam spread and flourished in 1886, reached its climax the following year and gradually faded out by 1889.
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1936:
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229:, but failed after the French recovered from the surprise of the insurgency and poured troops into Annam from bases in
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2176:
17:
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1967:
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432:, was in power for barely three days before being deposed due to his unbecoming conduct. The following Emperor
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449:
128:
3170:
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1977:
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305:
230:
3047:
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1973:
1818:
382:
226:
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708:
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Court figures had best follow the righteous path, seeking to live and die for righteousness. Were not
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even without traditional royal sanction would be greatly relieved to find their decisions vindicated.
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340:. It agreed to surrender Saigon and three southern provinces to France which were to become known as
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2914:
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around Qui Nhơn and Bình Định, the Cần Vương fighters in the south had hardly seen a Frenchman. The
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3287:
3281:
3269:
3009:
2919:
2595:
2425:
2109:
1739:
689:, who had been fighting the French for several years in Tonkin, gave his allegiance to Đồng Khánh.
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437:
2863:
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1578:
1451:
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3263:
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1486:
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775:
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spreading the Catholic faith. This situation was to remain until the late 18th century, when the
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2615:
1638:
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811:
741:
347:
136:
132:
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2079:
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1406:
686:
2899:
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2003:
399:, facing little or no organized resistance. Garnier was eventually killed with the aid of the
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1674:
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823:
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107:
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2535:
1865:
1659:
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French involvement in Vietnam began as early as the 17th century, with missionaries such as
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2811:
2781:
2457:
1719:
1396:
276:
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2304:
1684:
1669:
1583:
819:
39:
8:
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2858:
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2751:
2620:
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749:
682:
579:
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179:
140:
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2929:
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1952:
1842:
1714:
1532:
1527:
620:
420:
The final straw for many Northern Vietnamese came when the French captured the city of
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93:
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have unwillingly been forced to resort to expedients. Was this not the example set by
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452:, who was also considered a problematic mandarin by the French. In 1884, the Emperor
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for new negotiations and sidelining mandarins who still advocated armed resistance.
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Annam–Tonkin 1885–1896: Lettrés et paysans vietnamiens face à la conquête coloniale
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259:
217:
2274:
1573:
3157:
2826:
2816:
2292:
2045:
1770:
1386:
515:
400:
392:
372:
368:
3370:
3092:
2268:
433:
2359:
1796:
1734:
815:
27:
Failed insurgency within Vietnam against French colonial rule from 1887 to 1889
3247:
2555:
184:
3395:
3375:
2244:
2169:
1552:
548:
258:, a popular revolt against heavy taxation and corruption, toppled the ruling
507:
2119:
2050:
1512:
591:
421:
317:
3314:
428:
Matters at the royal court of Huế were equally chaotic. The next Emperor,
3067:
2981:
1801:
639:
2280:
1921:
1765:
453:
221:
120:
1155:
Huard, pp. 1096–1107; Huguet, pp. 133–223; Sarrat, pp. 271–3; Thomazi,
587:
2298:
1775:
192:
189:
2379:
2327:
3211:
2238:
583:
575:
1477:
Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
830:, who sought to restore sovereign authority to the Nguyễn throne."
2208:
Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1996:
1371:
725:
556:
503:
309:
288:
68:
391:
In 1873, the French, citing restrictions on shipping and led by
2954:
571:
313:
159:
147:
2068:
Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century
396:
626:
287:
After regaining the throne in 1802 at the capital city of
220:. Its objective was to expel the French and install the
3356:
Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking
362:
270:
2438:
Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)
1370:
1286:
Vietnam: domination coloniale et résistance nationale
1272:
The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai
1255:
The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai
1213:
The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai
1061:
The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai
1045:
The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai
1032:
The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai
938:
The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai
766:
weaknesses and strengths of the Cần Vương movement.
614:
506:and took refuge in a mountainous military base in
692:
3393:
841:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation
701:
240:
724:In 1888, Hàm Nghi was captured and deported to
610:Second day, sixth month, first year of Hàm-Nghi
312:. This was followed up with the capture of the
3341:Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth
476:
473:went to Huế and attempted to incite problems.
3124:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam
1937:
1356:
308:attacked and occupied the Vietnamese town of
1264:
719:
675:
197:
2365:House of People's Representatives of Annam
1944:
1930:
1363:
1349:
1335:Histoire militaire de l'Indochine français
1321:Journal d'un marsouin au Tonkin, 1883–1886
488:Léon-Frédéric-Hubert Metzinger (1842–1914)
3131:Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted
1951:
216:insurgency between 1885 and 1889 against
3422:Resistance to the French colonial empire
3336:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884
2193:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
1467:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
732:
638:
630:
627:French military intervention from Tonkin
480:
98:
3136:Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin
395:, easily captured the northern city of
336:In 1862, the Nguyễn dynasty signed the
14:
3394:
3088:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục
1300:En colonne: souvenirs d'Extrême-Orient
533:
3310:Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam
2145:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
2135:History of Vietnam during World War I
1925:
1543:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
1344:
1307:Vietnamese Anticolonialism, 1885–1925
1236:
1234:
1055:
1053:
987:
985:
178:
880:
878:
864:
862:
363:19th century – the loss of the North
271:19th century – the loss of the South
245:
635:General Léon Prud'homme (1833–1921)
24:
2802:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)
2767:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)
1231:
1050:
982:
594:men who lived by it in antiquity?
25:
3443:
2864:Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets
2762:Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam
2056:Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam
875:
859:
445:, who was fervently anti-French.
3427:Vietnamese independence movement
3098:Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty
2737:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia
2338:Court of Imperial Entertainments
2177:French Indochina in World War II
2009:
2002:
1995:
1392:Capture of the Citadel of Saigon
615:Attacks on Vietnamese Christians
158:
146:
100:
38:
3407:Asian resistance to colonialism
3298:Orders, decorations, and medals
2742:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)
2730:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
1247:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1179:
1166:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1118:
1105:
1092:
1079:
1066:
1037:
1024:
1011:
998:
969:
956:
943:
2948:Special administrative regions
930:
917:
904:
891:
846:
833:
800:
693:Siege of Ba Đình, January 1887
188:
13:
1:
2807:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
2375:Imperial Household Department
2353:Office of the National Altars
2073:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution
1974:French protectorates of Annam
1831:French protectorate of Tonkin
702:Intervention from Cochinchina
241:French involvement in Vietnam
212:) movement was a large-scale
2878:Prominent military personnel
2834:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
2348:Court of Imperial Sacrifices
1843:French colony of Cochinchina
1819:French protectorate of Annam
1402:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
793:
379:Tonkin (French protectorate)
306:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
7:
2960:Principality of Thuận Thành
2443:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty
769:
477:The 'Huế ambush', July 1885
383:Annam (French protectorate)
44:Cần Vương edict written in
10:
3448:
3228:French Indochinese piastre
2797:Cambodian rebellion (1840)
2747:Cambodian rebellion (1820)
2343:Court of the Imperial Stud
2160:Communist Party of Vietnam
2100:French conquest of Vietnam
1991:
1558:Communist Party of Vietnam
1328:La conquête de l'Indochine
1242:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
1226:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
1113:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
1100:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
1087:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
1019:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
1006:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
977:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
964:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
951:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
925:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
899:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
870:Vietnamese Anticolonialism
756:
709:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
650:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
518:(August 1884–April 1885).
471:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
376:
366:
280:
274:
262:in 1776. A Nguyễn prince,
3323:
3297:
3256:
3240:
3220:
3189:
3156:
3149:
3106:
3060:
3025:
3002:
2995:
2947:
2877:
2717:
2708:
2505:
2484:
2458:Provincial administration
2456:
2408:
2321:Ministries & agencies
2320:
2229:
2220:
2198:Vietnamese famine of 1945
2185:
2088:
2025:
2018:
1960:
1899:
1858:
1789:
1753:
1652:
1566:
1500:
1462:1940 Cochinchina uprising
1432:1916 Cochinchina uprising
1379:
1265:General and cited sources
720:Capture of Hàm Nghi, 1888
676:French political response
114:
87:
51:
37:
32:
2996:Palaces & mausoleums
2777:Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion
2757:Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion
2333:Court of Judicial Review
2110:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre
993:Viet Nam: A long history
912:Viet Nam: A long history
886:Viet Nam: A long history
854:Viet Nam: A long history
3351:Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi
3083:Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí
2967:Principality of Hà Tiên
2526:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
2140:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
1538:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
1487:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
1314:Vietnam: A Long History
463:Count Roussel de Courcy
164:General Léon Prud'homme
3432:Wars involving Vietnam
3381:Vietnamese nationalism
3073:Đại Nam nhất thống chí
2844:Pacification of Tonkin
2772:Nduai Kabait rebellion
2150:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
2090:French protectorate(s)
1548:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
1407:Pacification of Tonkin
1374:independence movements
1253:Oscar Chapuis (2000).
1174:Annam-Tonkin 1885–1896
1030:Oscar Chapuis (2000).
644:
636:
612:
539:The Emperor proclaims
489:
115:Commanders and leaders
3417:Rebellions in Vietnam
3114:Imperial Academy, Huế
3061:Society & culture
2485:French administration
2390:Ministry of Education
2203:Abdication of Bảo Đại
1910:independence movement
1211:Oscar Chapuis (2000)
1059:Oscar Chapuis (2000)
1043:Oscar Chapuis (2000)
936:Oscar Chapuis (2000)
839:Charles Keith (2012)
733:Resistance after 1888
642:
634:
537:
484:
3346:House of Nguyễn Phúc
3119:Imperial examination
3010:Imperial City of Huế
2854:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
2849:Thái Nguyên uprising
2839:Yên Thế Insurrection
2812:Cochinchina campaign
1437:Thái Nguyên uprising
1422:Yên Thế Insurrection
1397:Cochinchina Campaign
808:Education in Vietnam
776:Holy Man's Rebellion
643:Provinces of Vietnam
277:Cochinchina campaign
218:French colonial rule
3331:Domain of the Crown
3221:Colonial currencies
3176:Khải Định Thông Bảo
3033:Thien Tho Mausoleum
2787:Ja Thak Wa uprising
2782:Katip Sumat's Jihad
2752:Ja Lidong rebellion
2370:Imperial Clan Court
2155:Le Travail movement
2026:Sovereign Việt Nam
1482:First Indochina War
1442:Bazin assassination
1293:La guerre du Tonkin
1224:David Marr (1971).
806:Jonathan D. London
606:—By Imperial Order,
547:in leaving for the
534:The Cần Vương Edict
252:Alexandre de Rhodes
3141:Tonkin Free School
2977:Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá
2822:Garnier Expedition
2792:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
2551:Michael Hồ Đình Hy
2531:Jean Marie Despiau
1700:Nguyễn Thượng Hiền
1624:Nguyễn Thiện Thuật
1533:Tonkin Free School
1309:(California, 1971)
1240:David Marr (1971)
1187:Histoire militaire
1161:Histoire militaire
1146:Huard, pp. 1020–23
1111:David Marr (1971)
1098:David Marr (1971)
1085:David Marr (1971)
1017:David Marr (1971)
1004:David Marr (1971)
975:David Marr (1971)
962:David Marr (1971)
949:David Marr (1971)
923:David Marr (1971)
897:David Marr (1971)
868:David Marr (1971)
645:
637:
490:
283:French Cochinchina
180:[kə̂nvɨəŋ]
59:2 July 1885 – 1896
33:Cần Vương movement
3389:
3388:
3236:
3235:
3181:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
3056:
3055:
2972:Sip Song Chau Tai
2943:
2942:
2935:Trương Minh Giảng
2925:Nguyễn Tri Phương
2869:August Revolution
2704:
2703:
2681:Trương Minh Giảng
2631:Nguyễn Tri Phương
2448:Vietnamese dragon
2216:
2215:
2130:Hanoi Poison Plot
2080:Văn Thân movement
2063:Citadel of Saigon
1984:Empire of Vietnam
1919:
1918:
1644:Nguyễn Trung Trực
1579:Nguyễn Quang Bích
1523:Empire of Vietnam
1492:Geneva Conference
1472:August Revolution
1452:Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets
1417:Hanoi Poison Plot
991:Khac Vien (2013)
910:Khac Vien (2013)
884:Khac Vien (2013)
852:Khac Vien (2013)
787:War of the Insane
499:chef de bataillon
486:Chef de bataillon
246:17th–18th century
168:
167:
154:Roussel de Courcy
83:
82:
46:Classical Chinese
16:(Redirected from
3439:
3402:1880s in Vietnam
3166:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
3154:
3153:
3078:Đại Nam thực lục
3000:
2999:
2910:Nguyễn Văn Thành
2905:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
2718:Battles and wars
2715:
2714:
2696:Philippe Vannier
2691:Nguyễn Văn Tường
2581:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
2576:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
2516:Bạch Xuân Nguyên
2492:Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ
2431:Provincial flags
2227:
2226:
2115:Hanoi Exhibition
2093:(Pháp thuộc, 法屬)
2023:
2022:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1876:Nguyễn Trọng Hợp
1812:Governor-General
1807:French Indochina
1695:Nguyễn Thần Hiến
1680:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng
1567:Uprising Leaders
1412:Bãi Sậy uprising
1365:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1002:
996:
989:
980:
973:
967:
960:
954:
947:
941:
934:
928:
921:
915:
908:
902:
895:
889:
882:
873:
866:
857:
850:
844:
837:
831:
828:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng
804:
555:when fleeing to
450:Nguyễn Văn Tường
387:French Indochina
338:Treaty of Saigon
256:Tây Sơn uprising
222:Hàm Nghi Emperor
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
195:
182:
177:
163:
162:
151:
150:
129:Nguyễn Văn Tường
110:
106:
104:
103:
53:
52:
42:
30:
29:
21:
18:Ba Dinh Uprising
3447:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3412:1880s conflicts
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3319:
3293:
3252:
3232:
3216:
3185:
3145:
3102:
3052:
3038:Khiêm Mausoleum
3021:
2991:
2939:
2920:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
2900:Nguyễn Cư Trinh
2873:
2827:Sino-French War
2817:Tonkin campaign
2700:
2656:Tôn Thất Thuyết
2641:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
2626:Phan Thanh Liêm
2621:Phan Thanh Giản
2616:Phan Đình Phùng
2596:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
2501:
2497:Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ
2480:
2452:
2404:
2316:
2212:
2186:Japanese period
2181:
2092:
2084:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1968:Sovereign state
1956:
1950:
1920:
1915:
1905:Wars in Vietnam
1901:
1895:
1854:
1785:
1749:
1740:Phan Văn Trường
1705:Nguyễn Thái Học
1653:Revolutionaries
1648:
1639:Đinh Công Tráng
1629:Tôn Thất Thuyết
1609:Phan Đình Phùng
1594:Nguyễn Hữu Huân
1562:
1496:
1387:Siege of Saigon
1375:
1369:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:Huard, 1,017–19
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1012:
1003:
999:
990:
983:
974:
970:
961:
957:
948:
944:
935:
931:
922:
918:
909:
905:
896:
892:
883:
876:
867:
860:
851:
847:
838:
834:
812:Phan Đình Phùng
805:
801:
796:
772:
759:
742:Phan Đình Phùng
735:
722:
704:
695:
678:
629:
617:
549:mountains of Qi
536:
516:Sino-French War
512:Tôn Thất Thuyết
479:
443:Tôn Thất Thuyết
401:Black Flag Army
393:Francis Garnier
389:
375:
373:Tonkin Campaign
369:Sino-French War
367:Main articles:
365:
302:1848 revolution
285:
279:
273:
248:
243:
209:
206:
203:
200:
175:
157:
156:
145:
139:
137:Phan Đình Phùng
135:
133:Đinh Công Tráng
131:
127:
125:Tôn Thất Thuyết
123:
101:
99:
71:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3361:Thoại Hà Canal
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3190:Currency units
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
3168:
3162:
3160:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3006:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2987:Trấn Tây Thành
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:Yên Bái mutiny
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2721:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Trương Tấn Bửu
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Trần Trọng Kim
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Thoại Ngọc Hầu
2643:
2638:
2636:Thân Văn Nhiếp
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2611:Phạm Thận Duật
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
2588:
2586:Nguyễn Văn Tâm
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Hoàng Cao Khải
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2032:thời độc lập,
2020:
2016:
2015:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1953:Nguyễn dynasty
1949:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:Huỳnh Công Tấn
1878:
1873:
1868:
1866:Hoàng Cao Khải
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1799:
1797:Albert Sarraut
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1735:Phan Chu Trinh
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1715:Nguyễn An Ninh
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:Hoàng Hoa Thám
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:Nguyễn Xuân Ôn
1601:
1599:Phan Xích Long
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1528:Nguyễn dynasty
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Yên Bái mutiny
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1284:Fourniau, C.,
1282:
1277:Fourniau, C.,
1275:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1246:
1230:
1217:
1204:
1191:
1178:
1165:
1159:, pp. 272–75;
1148:
1139:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1091:
1078:
1065:
1049:
1036:
1023:
1010:
997:
981:
968:
955:
942:
929:
916:
903:
890:
874:
858:
845:
832:
816:Phan Chu Trinh
798:
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
784:
779:
771:
768:
758:
755:
734:
731:
721:
718:
703:
700:
694:
691:
677:
674:
628:
625:
616:
613:
608:
607:
535:
532:
478:
475:
364:
361:
275:Main article:
272:
269:
247:
244:
242:
239:
166:
165:
143:
141:Hoàng Hoa Thám
117:
116:
112:
111:
96:
94:Nguyễn dynasty
90:
89:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:French victory
77:
73:
72:
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3444:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Vĩnh Tế Canal
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3048:Ứng Mausoleum
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3015:Meridian Gate
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Phan Văn Thúy
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:Hoàng Kế Viêm
2883:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:Tôn Thất Đính
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Phan Văn Thúy
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Ngô Đình Khôi
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:Ngô Đình Diệm
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Hoàng Kế Viêm
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Đăng đàn cung
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:Collaborators
1857:
1849:
1848:Administrator
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:Administrator
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:Administrator
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:French rulers
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:Vũ Hồng Khanh
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:Phan Bội Châu
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Lương Văn Can
1658:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:Organisations
1499:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1337:(Hanoi, 1931)
1336:
1333:Thomazi, A.,
1332:
1330:(Paris, 1934)
1329:
1326:Thomazi, A.,
1325:
1323:(Paris, 1887)
1322:
1318:
1316:(Hanoi, 2007)
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1302:(Paris, 1888)
1301:
1297:
1295:(Paris, 1887)
1294:
1290:
1288:(Paris, 2002)
1287:
1283:
1281:(Paris, 1989)
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:Chapuis, O.,
1269:
1268:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
986:
978:
972:
965:
959:
952:
946:
939:
933:
926:
920:
913:
907:
900:
894:
887:
881:
879:
871:
865:
863:
855:
849:
842:
836:
829:
825:
821:
820:Phan Bội Châu
817:
813:
809:
803:
799:
788:
785:
783:
780:
777:
774:
773:
767:
763:
754:
751:
746:
743:
739:
730:
727:
717:
715:
710:
699:
690:
688:
687:Hoàng Kế Viêm
684:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:La Cocheterie
653:
651:
641:
633:
624:
622:
611:
605:
604:
603:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
564:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
540:
531:
527:
523:
519:
517:
513:
510:. The regent
509:
505:
500:
494:
487:
483:
474:
472:
466:
464:
458:
455:
451:
446:
444:
439:
438:Treaty of Huế
435:
431:
426:
423:
418:
414:
411:
410:Henri Rivière
405:
402:
398:
394:
388:
384:
380:
374:
370:
360:
356:
352:
349:
345:
343:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
297:
293:
290:
284:
278:
268:
265:
261:
260:Nguyễn family
257:
253:
238:
236:
232:
228:
223:
219:
215:
194:
191:
186:
181:
173:
161:
155:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
118:
113:
109:
97:
95:
92:
91:
86:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3324:Other topics
3043:An Mausoleum
2890:Lê Văn Duyệt
2833:
2725:Tây Sơn wars
2671:Đặng Huy Trứ
2666:Trần Cao Vân
2566:Ngô Đình Khả
2521:Cao Xuân Dục
2416:Coat of arms
2380:Quốc Tử Giám
2360:Hàn lâm viện
2165:Phú Riềng Đỏ
2104:
2041:Nguyễn lords
2030:(Nhà Nguyễn
1745:Trần Cao Vân
1725:Nguyễn Thành
1720:Nguyễn Quyền
1665:Trần Quý Cáp
1634:Cầm Bá Thước
1614:Tống Duy Tân
1584:Võ Duy Dương
1507:
1457:World War II
1401:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1319:Sarrat, L.,
1313:
1312:Nguyen K.C,
1306:
1299:
1298:Huguet, E.,
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1202:, pp. 387–90
1199:
1194:
1189:, pp. 139–40
1186:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1163:, pp. 124–25
1160:
1156:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1126:Annam–Tonkin
1125:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1000:
992:
976:
971:
963:
958:
950:
945:
937:
932:
924:
919:
911:
906:
898:
893:
885:
869:
853:
848:
840:
835:
824:Trần Quý Cáp
807:
802:
782:Tống Duy Tân
764:
760:
747:
740:
736:
723:
705:
696:
679:
669:
665:
661:
657:
654:
646:
618:
609:
600:
596:
569:
565:
561:
541:
538:
528:
524:
520:
498:
495:
491:
485:
467:
459:
447:
427:
419:
415:
406:
390:
357:
353:
346:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:Mekong Delta
298:
294:
286:
249:
207:Aid the King
171:
169:
88:Belligerents
2895:Lê Văn Khôi
2676:Trương Định
2400:Viện cơ mật
2313:(1925–1945)
2307:(1916–1925)
2301:(1907–1916)
2295:(1889–1907)
2289:(1885–1889)
2283:(1884–1885)
2277:(1883–1884)
2259:(1847–1883)
2253:(1841–1847)
2247:(1820–1841)
2241:(1802–1820)
2125:Duy Tân Hội
1980:(1883–1945)
1970:(1802–1883)
1886:Nguyễn Thân
1871:Trần Bá Lộc
1802:Jean Decoux
1730:Tạ Thu Thâu
1710:Hồ Chí Minh
1589:Trương Định
1518:Duy Tân Hội
1427:World War I
1176:, pp. 77–79
1128:, pp. 39–77
1115:, pp. 49-51
789:(1918–1921)
778:(1901–1936)
621:Cochinchina
436:signed the
348:Trương Định
342:Cochinchina
235:Cochinchina
176:Vietnamese:
3396:Categories
3158:Cash coins
2606:Phạm Quỳnh
2541:Hoàng Diệu
2506:Prominent
2293:Thành Thái
2287:Đồng Khánh
2222:Government
2046:Đàng Trong
1771:Thành Thái
1690:Ngô Đức Kế
1372:Vietnamese
1305:Marr, D.,
1198:Fourniau.
1172:Fourniau.
1124:Fourniau,
714:Bình Thuận
683:Đồng Khánh
588:Li Guangbi
377:See also:
281:See also:
264:Nguyễn Ánh
214:Vietnamese
3376:Việt gian
3315:Kim Khánh
3248:Hương ước
3107:Education
2982:Trấn Ninh
2508:mandarins
2476:Tổng Trấn
2328:Censorate
2305:Khải Định
2275:Kiến Phúc
2251:Thiệu Trị
2245:Minh Mạng
2170:Việt Minh
2105:Cần Vương
2028:/ Đại Nam
1574:Phạm Bành
1553:Việt Minh
1508:Cần Vương
1185:Thomazi.
1072:Thomazi,
995:, pg. 140
914:, pg. 135
888:, pg. 134
856:, pg. 106
794:Citations
172:Cần Vương
3371:Tôn Thất
3257:Treaties
3150:Currency
3093:Khăn vấn
2710:Military
2471:Tuần phủ
2281:Hàm Nghi
2269:Hiệp Hòa
2239:Gia Long
2231:Emperors
2051:Nam tiến
1961:Overview
1766:Hàm Nghi
1754:Emperors
1675:Cường Để
1215:, pg. 93
1157:Conquête
1102:, pg. 47
1089:, pg. 48
1076:, 268–72
1074:Conquête
1063:, pg. 19
1047:, pg. 17
1034:, pg. 16
1021:, pg. 46
1008:, pg. 41
979:, pg. 35
966:, pg. 34
953:, pg. 31
940:, pg. 13
927:, pg. 30
901:, pg. 29
872:, pg. 25
843:, pg. 65
770:See also
584:Guo Ziyi
576:Zhao Cui
553:Xuanzong
545:King Tai
454:Hàm Nghi
434:Hiệp Hòa
152:General
121:Hàm Nghi
64:Location
3003:Palaces
2556:Lê Chất
2409:Symbols
2395:Nội các
2311:Bảo Đại
2299:Duy Tân
2263:Dục Đức
2120:Đông Du
2034:茹阮𥱯獨立)
2019:History
1891:Lê Hoan
1781:Bảo Đại
1776:Duy Tân
1513:Đông Du
1291:Huard,
1257:, p. 94
1244:, p. 76
1228:, p. 68
1200:Vietnam
757:Summary
750:Đề Thám
726:Algeria
662:Brandon
551:and by
430:Dục Đức
422:Sơn Tây
316:in the
310:Da Nang
201:
185:chữ Hán
69:Vietnam
3290:(1884)
3284:(1883)
3278:(1874)
3276:Saigon
3272:(1863)
3266:(1862)
3264:Saigon
3068:Áo dài
2955:Champa
2466:Đề Đốc
2385:Lục bộ
2271:(1883)
2265:(1883)
2257:Tự Đức
1986:(1945)
1978:Tonkin
1955:topics
1761:Tự Đức
1380:Events
1274:(2000)
670:Comète
572:Hu Yan
508:Tân Sở
385:, and
314:Saigon
231:Tonkin
108:France
105:
76:Result
3026:Tombs
2426:Flags
666:Lutin
397:Hanoi
227:Annam
3241:Laws
3212:Tiền
3207:Quán
3202:Mạch
1976:and
826:and
668:and
592:Tang
586:and
574:and
371:and
233:and
198:lit.
170:The
56:Date
3305:Bai
3288:Huế
3282:Huế
3270:Huế
3197:Văn
590:of
580:Jin
578:of
557:Shu
504:Huế
289:Huế
3398::
1233:^
1052:^
984:^
877:^
861:^
822:,
818:,
814:,
664:,
660:,
582:,
559:?
465:.
381:,
196:,
187::
183:,
1945:e
1938:t
1931:v
1364:e
1357:t
1350:v
210:'
204:'
193:王
190:勤
174:(
20:)
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