Ballistic Missile Early Warning System

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rate...fast enough that a missile or satellite cannot pass through...undetected". Concerns in 1962 of "ERBM's (Extended Range Ballistic Missiles)" were that missile speeds after burnout would be higher than the initially-deployed Soviet ICBMs and prevent the sweeping "Lower Fan" and then the "Upper Fan" (with "revisit time of 2 sec") from detecting the missiles. A missile within the lower arc (~1.75-5.25° elevation) would be detected at a "Lower Fan Q Point" (black dot) and then by the upper fan (black dot with jagged outline), which allowed the impact area to be estimated from "where the object crossed the two fans and the elapsed time interval between fan crossings" (displays showed the uncertain impact point as an elliptical area.) The free flight range of the missile outside the atmosphere (burnout to reentry) depends on the flight path angle and on the missile's parametric value of Q calculated from altitude and speed—additional ballistic range within the atmosphere to an estimated burst altitude was determined from computerized look-up tables in the Missile Impact Predictor.

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measurement of UHF propagation effects in the ionosphere, the impact of refraction close to the horizon, the effect of Faraday rotation on polarization, and the impact of backscatter from meteors and the aurora on the detection performance of the radar and its false-alarm rate . In the early 1960s, the Millstone radar was converted from a UHF to an L-band system. The Air Force in the 1960s sponsored the development of Haystack, a versatile facility in Tyngsboro, Massachusetts, that supports radar- and radio-astronomy research and the national need for deep-space surveillance.

1091: 1524:, the country's largest over-the-horizon communications system. The stations, mostly on mountaintops, employ two types of antenna – one a 30-foot, disc-shaped structure and the other a 100-ton scoop-shaped unit 60 feet tall. The antennas relay signals from one to the other, sometimes over distances up to 170 miles. … In 1952, Mr. Heller led a group of RCA field engineers to a minor military installation at Cape Canaveral. From this simple beginning, the RCA Service Company became a subcontractor to 1020:, Massachusetts, by the JCA on April 1, 1961. By May 16, 1961, Ent's "War Room at NORAD" had a glass map for plotting aircraft and had a "map lights up" to show multiple impact ellipses and times "before the huge missile would burst" (separate from Ent's BMEWS CC&DF building, the 2 story blockhouse had a war room with, left of the main NORAD region display, a BMEWS display map and "threat summary display" with a count of incoming missiles.) The Trinidad Test Site transferred from 834:, has the same national priority as the ballistic missile and satellite programs and is being placed on the Department of Defense master urgency list." By July 1958 after NORAD manning began, ADC's 1954 blockhouse for the Ent AFB command center had inadequate floor space; and Ent's "requirement for a ballistic missile defense system display facility...brought renewed action...for a new command post" (the JCS approved the nuclear bunker on February 11, 1959). 843: 114: 958: 51: 1618:...facilities to accommodate the radar came to $ 62 million. More than 1,100 workers worked on the project. It involved excavating 185,000 cubic yards of dirt and gravel and the pouring of 65,000 yards of concrete. Materials totaled 4,000 tons of structural steel, 2,600 tons of reinforcing steel and 900,000 square feet of fabricated panels. 2119:(SAGE) system, and an acceleration in the modernization of the fighter interceptor forces and in the construction of the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) three widely dispersed, long-range radar stations, a central computer and display facility in the United States, and a communications network to link the separate elements. 2428:

Progress is satisfactory on the establishment of rearward communications from the forward sites to the Zone of the Interior display facilities at Colorado Springs, Colorado. On 1 December, through communication was established between the switchboard at Thule and the BMEWS Project Office in New York

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on April 11, 1962 (Syracuse's Eagle Hill Test Annex closed in 1970) and on July 31, 1962, NORAD recommended a tracking radar station at Cape Clear to close the BMEWS gap with Thule for low-angle missiles (vice those with the 15-65 degree angle for which BMEWS was designed.) By mid-1962, BMEWS "quick

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The challenges of designing a system that could detect and track a massive strike of hundreds of ICBMs were formidable. The radar sites were located as far north in the Arctic as possible, to give maximum warning time of an attack. However, the time between when a Soviet missile would rise above the

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This plaque commemorates the commissioning of Royal Air Force Fylingdales as Site III of the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System on 17 September 1963. This site is a joint enterprise of the United States of America and Great Britain for the protection of both the North American Continent and the

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the USA and UK agreed to be separately responsible for their own rearward data handling systems.’ The UK systems were to meet Air Staff Requirement 2208 and called for ‘display of processed IRBM data at the Air Defence Operations Centre (ADOC), the Bomber Command Operations Centre (BCOC), the Air

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on January 15, 1964. Remaining BMEWS development responsibilities transferred to the "Space Track SPO (496L)" when the BMEWS SPO closed on February 14, 1964—e.g., the AN/FPS-92 with "66-inch panels" was added to Clear in 1966 (last of the 5 tracking radars), and in 1967, BMEWS modification testing

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an engineer we'll call "Q" didn't follow instructions "for routining a TD2 transmitter and receiver." He enclosed diagrams showing what went wrong. There was no "500A termination on the Channel Dropping Network when he was running the Radio Frequency (RF) Sweep Generator to adjust the equipment."

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Oscar equipment consists of a film reader which gives time and range data in analog form, a converter unit that changes them to digital form, and an IBM printing card punch that receives the digital data. The Oscar equipment and human operator thus generate a deck of IBM cards for...each target's

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a "data takeoff" computer translates the visual image into digital form, calculating distance, range, angle of flight, speed and direction. In split seconds, this data is on its way to a high-speed "missile impact predictor" computer. … prime system contractor is the Radio Corporation of America,

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BMEWS consisted of two types of radars and various computer and reporting systems to support them. The first type of radar consisted of very large, fixed rectangular partial-parabolic reflectors with two primary feed points. They produced two fan-shaped microwave beams that allowed them to detect

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Missile Impact Predictor Set AN/FSQ-28 accepts output of Radar Set AN/FPS-19 or AN/FPS-19A and Radar Set AN/FPS-50(V) to determine the trajectory of space objects and predicts the point of impact. Furnishes designation data to tracking Radar for enhancing target data accuracy. The AN/FSQ-28 is a

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SAGE—Air Force project 416L—became the pattern for at least twenty-five other major military command-control systems… These were the so-called "Big L" systems and included 425L, the NORAD system; 438L, the Air Force Intelligence Data Handling System; and 474L, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning

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on October 24 was "withdrawn from SPADATS and realigned to provide missile surveillance over Cuba." 1962 "strikes and walkouts" delayed Fylingdales' planned completion from March until September 1963 and on November 7, the Pentagon BMEWS display subsytem installation was complete. At the end of

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in March 1963 an Air Ministry review of ABM systems said of MIDAS that 'performance to date has been disappointing'. … A teletype circuit was established between NORAD and the ADOC in Britain to pass information derived from Site 1 at Thule. This was supplemented by a voice circuit with agreed

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The 496L Spacetrack system uses a Philco 212 computer as its primary processor. … The off-line utility processors are two Philco 1000 computers which can also serve as backup processors for the 496L system and the Automatic Digital Relay Switch, if necessary. … The NCS segment will replace the

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The Millstone radar served as a development model for RCA's AN/FPS-49, AN/FPS-49A, and AN/FPS-92 radars, all of which were used in the BMEWS. Millstone was used to develop a fundamental understanding of several important environmental challenges facing the BMEWS. These challenges included the

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station's detection arcs of 200° were a missile warning "fence" created by 4 radars' separate arcs: each AN/FPS-50 created 2 arcs (shown) centered at 3.5° and 7° elevation (exaggerated in illustration.) Each arc was created by a smaller radar beam ~1° wide x 3.5° high at a "horizontal sweep

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On January 14, 1958, the US announced its decision to establish a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System with Thule to be operational in 1959—total Thule/Clear costs in a May 1958 estimate were ~$ 800 million (an October 13, 1958, plan for both estimated completion in September 1960.) The

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slipped considerably beyond January 1962" (tunneling began in June 1961.) In early 1959 for use at Ent in September 1960, a BMEWS display facility with "austere and economical construction with minimum equipment" was planned in an "annex to the current COC building". In late 1959,

549:. These radars provided high-resolution angular and ranging information that was fed to a computer for rapid calculation of the probable impact points of the missile warheads. The systems were upgraded several times over their lifetime, replacing the mechanically scanned systems with 3449:

That generator leaked RF into the Channel Separating Filter "interfering with all the other transmitters in the Black Forest Microwave Station, causing a complete failure of all channels going to Ent. SAC scrambled all aircraft. Later SAC billed AT&T for all the fuel used."

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construction began by May 18, 1960, with radar pedestals complete by June 2. Thule testing began on May 16, 1960, IOC was completed on September 30, and the initial operational radar transmission was in October 1960 (initially duplex vacuum tube

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feed, fixed 1,500 ton parabolic-torus reflector, and receiver with Doppler filter bank to scan with 2 horizontally-sweeping fans for as many as ~12,000 observations per day for surveillance (determining range, position, and range rate) of space

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detection. The network of twelve radars, which was constructed beginning in 1958 and became operational in 1961, was built to detect a mass ballistic missile attack launched on northern approaches 15 to 25 minutes' warning time also provided

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Buss, L. H. (Director) (November 1, 1959). North American Air Defense Command and Continental Air Defense Command Historical Summary: January–June 1959 (Report). Directorate of Command History: Office of Information Services. pp. 92,

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Data on target missiles or satellites are recorded in each radar channel by photographing a five-inch intensity-modulated oscilloscope with the camera shutter open on a 35-mm film moving approximately five inches per minute. ... The

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Originally owned by the Air Force, the building was constructed in the 1950s. For years it was an Air Force-operated radar site, operating a ballistic missile early warning system. The warehouse-like gray building was topped by a

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Ministry Operations Centre and, for standby purposes, at the Air Defence Main Control Centre and Headquarters No. 1 Group. The processed data will also be passed to NORAD over the USA rearward data handling system and this system

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2 of 3 radars were "constantly swinging back and forth in preset arcs to the east and north, looking 4,800 kilometres into space, from just above the horizon to nearly straight overhead". Fylingdales radars were replaced by

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City. This tie line, together with a similar one between Thule and Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts, represents the first use to be made of the submarine cable completed this last summer between Thule and Cape Dyer.

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missiles, and an adjunct high-power UHF test facility employed the Millstone transmitter to stress-test the components that were candidates for the operational BMEWS. (A twin of the Millstone Hill radar was dedicated at

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1962, NORAD was "concerned over BMEWS' virtual inability to detect objects beyond a range of 1500 nautical miles." The Moorestown FPS-49 completed a BMEWS "signature analysis program" on scale models by January 1963.

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Buss, L. H. (Director) (April 14, 1959). North American Air Defense Command and Continental Air Defense Command Historical Summary: July–December 1958 (Report). Directorate of Command History: Office of Information

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rotating 84-foot parabolic radar dish antenna…weighing 185 tons, can detect and track a 16-inch piece of wire 1-32nd of an inch in diameter, at a distance of 2,500 miles… The electronic dishes, each costing $ 19

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COMMAND POST – The main battle staff position in the Combat Operations Center (COC)...fronts a display area which allows observers to see the positions of airborne objects thousands of miles away.

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formatted messages, and both were operational by October 1960. … AN/FPS-49 Range resolution 240 nm Maximum range 2,650 nm Minimum target at 1,650 m 2.8 m Impact accuracy North America 135 nm

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would supervise and direct operations against space attack as well as air attack" (NORAD assumed "operational control of all space assets with the formation of" SPADATS in October 1960.) The

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was complete on May 15, when the system cost totaled $ 1.259 billion, equivalent to $ 8.78 billion in 2023. In 1968, Ent's 9th Division HQ had a Spacetrack/BMEWS Maintenance Section.

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Buss, L. H. (Director) (October 1, 1958). North American Air Defense Command Historical Summary: January–June 1958 (Report). Directorate of Command History: Office of Information Services.

748:(JETDS), all U.S. military radar and tracking systems are assigned a unique identifying alphanumeric designation. The letters “AN” (for Army-Navy) are placed ahead of a three-letter code. 7448: 7262: 6516: 6443: 5970: 5945: 7220: 6832: 6388: 6348: 6308: 5711: 752:

The first letter of the three-letter code denotes the type of platform hosting the electronic device, where A=Aircraft, F=Fixed (land-based), S=Ship-mounted, and T=Ground transportable.

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Papers and discussions presented at the December 3-5, 1958, eastern joint computer conference: Modern computers: Objectives, designs, applications on XX - AIEE-ACM-IRE '58 (Eastern)

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US Navy cruiser deckhouse atop the building that the golf ball sat on for testing its Aegis Combat System and for training Navy personnel. The Aegis facility is still located here

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became fully operational in 1967.) The BRCS undersea cable was cut "presumably by fishing trawlers" in September, October, and November 1961 (the BMEWS teletype and backup

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The first missile tracked was on June 15, and the radar's parabolic reflector was replaced in 1958, and its range was extended from 1000 to 2000 nautical miles after the

5828: 5608: 887:(lunar reflection was tested January–June 1960). On June 30, 1958, NORAD emphasized that the BMEWS could not be considered as a self-contained entity separate from the 6085: 1760:

fan-shaped beams, about 1° in width and 3½° in elevation… The horizontal sweep rate is fast enough that a missile or satellite cannot pass through the fans undetected.

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425L Command and Control system including the Univac 1218s, the 425L Back-up system, the Command Center Processing system, and the Display Information Processor.

2267: 5952: 521:. When it became clear in the 1950s that the Soviet Union was developing ICBMs, the US was already building an early-warning radar system in the Arctic, the 72: 7614: 7539: 4168: 4163: 2767:

The radar, a Phased Array Warning System…can "see" 3,200 miles, 200 miles farther than the old system, and has a 240-degree arc…40 degrees more than the old.

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NORAD looked at the Zl portion of the BMEWS not only as an integral portion of the system, but as the heart of the entire ballistic missile defense system.

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RCA was contracted in January 1958 and employed 485 large companies and 2415 smaller firms spread over 29 states ($ 474,831,000 contract in February 1960)

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for the planning, systems engineering, operation, and maintenance of the vast complex instrumentation systems that constitute the Atlantic Missile Range.

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The imminent shift in the air threat to our security from aircraft alone to ballistic missiles and aircraft led to a reduction in the programs for the

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targets across a very wide horizontal front at two narrow vertical angles. These were used to provide wide-front coverage of missiles rising into their

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had been installed at Fylingdales Moor, Thule and Cape Clear AK and by June 30, integration of BMEWS and SPADATS at Ent AFB was completed. During the

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to ResX on Resolution and then on to Goose Bay. I suspect that was the link maintained by Canadian Marconi under contract in the 1961 to 1974 period.

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The second type of radar was used for fine tracking of selected targets, and consisted of a very large steerable parabolic reflector under a large

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1961–1969 Historical reports from the Squadron on file at the Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB AL, AFHRA Microfilm reel KO363

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Radar Central Computer at Site III—Satellite Information Processor (SIP) software was later added at Site III for use on the backup IBM 7090.

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with headquarters at the Missile and Surface Radar Division, Moorestown… Principal subcontractors to RCA include General Electric Company…

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BMEWS was replaced by the Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) in 2001. ... CINCAD (Command in Chief, Aerospace Defense Command)

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7 November Installation of radar hardware at Site I, Thule, Greenland, for the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) was begun.

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approved two-second FPS-50 frequency hoping to eliminate reception of echoes beyond artificial satellite orbits. On November 24, 1961, an

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and/or Army Nike Zeus ABMs became operational), and the basement of the 1954 ADC blockhouse was considered for the interim center. A "

3841: 3805: 3591: 3337: 3314: 3285: 3201: 2744: 2612: 59: 7257: 7182: 7105: 7040: 7012: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6822: 6777: 6757: 6707: 6657: 6614: 6609: 6596: 6584: 6579: 6564: 6559: 6536: 6526: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6458: 6438: 6281: 6132: 6112: 6050: 6045: 5890: 5820: 5778: 5621: 5616: 5324: 5121: 5096: 5051: 5034: 5016: 5006: 3529:(Report). Vol. I: Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982. Office of Air Force History. 2241: 2049: 902: 745: 739: 2997: 7594: 6430: 5920: 4448: 4430: 1040:

substituted); and in December 1961, Capt. Joseph P. Kaufman was charged "with giving defense data to ... East German Communists."

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July 21, 1969 – April 30, 1971). Syracuse's BMEWS Test Facility at GE's High-Power Radar Laboratory became the responsibility of

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The third letter indicates the function or purpose of the device, where G=Fire control, R=Receiving, S=Search, and T=Transmitting.

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intercept of a test missile, the planned Cheyenne Mountain mission was expanded in August 1960 to "a hardened center from which

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on August 31, 1984), and BMEWS systems were entirely replaced by 2001 (e.g., radars were replaced with AN/FPS-120 SSPARS) after

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BMEWS' General Operational Requirement 156 was issued on November 7, 1957 (BMEWS was designed to go with the active portion of

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FELEC Services…a subsidiary of Federal Electric…newly awarded contract at Thule…IBM 360-7090 and 7094; CDC 6000; Honeywell 800

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caused a BMEWS communications outage to Ent and Offutt – a B-52 near Thule confirmed the site still remained.

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Freeman, Maj Steve (September 1997). "Visionaries, Cold War, hard work built the foundations of Air Force Space Command".

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in 1982. By 1981 Cheyenne Mountain had been averaging 6,700 messages per hour compiled via sensor inputs from BMEWS, the

482:, to allow time for US bombers to get off the ground and land-based US ICBMs to be launched, to reduce the chances that a 7698: 5962: 5753: 4266: 3710: 1029: 910: 437: 6020: 4271: 2497: 1070: 965:. The concrete foundation included a large refrigeration system to prevent the curing concrete's heat from melting the 831: 475: 4188: 2391: 7703: 6057: 5793: 5234: 4140: 3723: 3534: 3489: 3072: 2374: 2116: 2062: 2029: 1930: 1746: 1521: 1357: 654: 6137: 5507: 5502: 4486: 914: 3005: 770: 586:

variant (different radome) at Thule (vacuum tubes 10 feet tall in transmitter buildings are used to warm the site)

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It was taken out of service in December, 1974 and dismantled in early 1976. After this, RCA built a replica of a

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Several hundred RCA management, technical, and engineering personnel run the 80 control stations that make up

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Operations transferred from civilian contractors (RCA Government Services) to ADC on January 5, 1962 (renamed

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on July 1, 1961 (closed as "Trinidad Air Station" in 1971) and the same month, the 1st Aero began using Ent's

542:, and by tracking them at two points as they climbed, enough information to determine their rough trajectory. 4864: 3523: 923: 3096: 2092:"Annual Report of the Secretary of Defense, The Armed Forces, pp. 14-15 ("Continental Air Defense" section)" 7380: 5519: 5304: 5224: 5164: 4380: 3550: 1844: 1772: 1733: 1353: 1330:

The p. 4 command post photo caption does not identify if it is in the Ent blockhouse (1954–1963) or in the

719: 637:, a network to link the separate elements and 1 of 6 ADC comm systems: BMEWS Rearward Long-Lines System at 152: 790:

that had been expedited was completed by the US in proximity to the ballistic missile launch test site at

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Radar Set, an upgraded FPS-49 featuring more elaborate receiver circuits and hydrostatic bearings at Clear

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Thus, the AN/FPS-49 represents the 49th design of an Army-Navy “Fixed, Radar, Search” electronic device.

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On October 5, 1960, when Khrushchev was in New York, radar returns during moonrise at Thule produced a

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On March 18, 1959, the USAF told the BMEWS Project Office to proceed with an interim facility for the "

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bombers surviving since there was no way to detect an incoming attack until the first warhead landed.

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computers with 32k high-speed memory, 5-76KC 556 bpi 3/4" tape drives, & 200 track random access

315: 274: 4173: 3827: 3271: 2464: 1895:"Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS): AN/FPS-50 Detection Radar AN/FPS-92 Tracking Radar" 6717: 6102: 5659: 5152: 4032: 3435: 2990:

14 Jan 58 -- United States announced decision to establish a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System

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duplex, general purpose computer (IBM-709-TX with real-time terminal and control equipment added).

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Clear AFS construction began in August 1958 with 700 workers and was completed July 1, 1961, and

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identified that because of expected Soviet ICBM development, there would be little likelihood of

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Report to the US Senate Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee on Warning and Detection systems

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The second letter indicates the type of equipment, where P=Radar (pulsed), Q=Sonar, and R=Radio.

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horizon and be detected and when it would reach its target in the US was only 10 to 25 minutes.

7350: 5390: 5239: 5179: 5157: 4829: 4443: 4354: 2949: 2704:(4 ed.). Point Mugu, California: Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division. p. 2-8.1. 998: 899: 386: 3993: 2724:. Langley AFB, Virginia: United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command. p. 73. 1917: 802:

processing, high-power system components, and computerized tracking needed for BMEWS [

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https://web.archive.org/web/20140311181855/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/265165.pdf

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in 1968.) Fylingdales became operational on September 17, 1963, and Site III transferred to

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Dinneen, G. P.; Lebow, I. L.; Reed, I. S. (December 3, 1958). "The logical design of CG24".

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Report of the Secretary of Defense to the Congress on the FY 1976 and Transition Budgets...

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BMEWS tracking monitors in the Thule Tactical Operations Room, which were upgraded in 1987.

699: 672: 525:, but it was designed to detect bombers and did not have the capability of tracking ICBMs. 4464: 3365:, Paramus, N.J., is the prime contractor for manning and maintaining the Thule BMEWS site. 2716: 2245: 8: 6712: 6062: 5850: 5726: 5071: 4917: 4751: 3230: 2994: 2660:"NORAD's Information Processing Improvement Program: Will It Enhance Mission Capability?" 2112: 1416: 1394: 1103: 827: 601:

Radar Monitoring Set, with console and Signal Data Converter Group ("data take-off unit")

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Failures of the North American Aerospace Defense Command's (NORAD) attack warning system

2977: 1894: 1879:, operated jointly by Lockheed Martin (which now operates the radar plant) and the Navy. 1439:"HAER AK-30-A - Clear Air Force Station, Ballistic Missile Early Warning System Site II" 1334:, where war room operations moved to the NORAD/CONAD Combined Operations Center in 1963. 7322: 6807: 6695: 6159: 6032: 5578: 4211: 4093: 4036: 3815: 3348: 3078: 3021: 2924: 2645: 2581: 1979: 1470: 859:, Massachusetts, was built and provided data to a 1958 for trajectory estimates, e.g., 852: 572: 550: 198: 3637:

Forty Years of Research and Development at Griffis Air Force Base: June 1951-June 1991

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USAF memo to Air Defense Command cited in 1958 NORAD/CONAD Historical Summary, Jan-Jun

2494:"DEWDROP Troposheric Scatter AM Communications Link between Thule BMEWS and Cape Dyer" 2392:"BMEWS Takes Shape…On Schedule: Greenland radar site begins early warning operations…" 7375: 5872: 5743: 5204: 4907: 4136: 3781: 3729: 3719: 3530: 3140: 3121: 3068: 2725: 2370: 2338: 2058: 2025: 1998: 1926: 1812: 1742: 1381:"Raytheon wins Air Force Contract for Radar and Communications Sites (Press Release)" 884: 428: 4183: 3082: 1955: 1859: 1680:

Radars for the Detection and Tracking of Ballistic Missiles, Satellites, and Planets

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installed in new Missile Impact Predictor computers was complete by September 1984.

7370: 7335: 7235: 6184: 5259: 5086: 5041: 5021: 3618: 3609:"Of current interest: Surveillance radar subsystem for Air Force's BMEWS, Site 1". 3248: 3060: 2755: 2718:

Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program

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for a Tracking Radar Automatic Monitoring class. The "Clear Msl Early Warning Stn,

1002: 888: 631: 622: 518: 455:

The Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) was a radar system built by the

4405: 2220: 2164: 2150: 1395:"AN/FPS-120 Solid State Phased-Array System [SSPARS]: Clear Radar Upgrade" 1181:. To replace AN/FSQ-28 predictors, a late 1970s plan for processing returns from 6232: 5885: 5654: 5644: 5455: 5174: 4971: 4472: 4400: 3001: 2696: 2478: 1090: 658: 560:

Three of the huge AN/FPS-50 radars, BMEWS Site 2, near Anderson, Alaska, in 1962.

479: 311: 35: 3893: 2586:. National Archives Motion Pictures Unit, Record Group 342 via nsarchive.gwu.edu 6897: 6353: 6313: 5465: 5433: 5420: 5267: 5066: 3898: 3636: 2521:"Tropospheric Scatter Communications Site Saglek Labrador Canada Circa 1969/70" 1013: 906: 881: 860: 856: 830:(ADC) that BMEWS was an "all-out program" and the "system has been directed by 823: 812: 799: 684: 650: 514: 483: 234: 4201: 4158: 7692: 6795: 5975: 5666: 5294: 5194: 5139: 4954: 4874: 3733: 2695:

Avionics Department (2013). "Missile and Electronic Equipment Designations".

1919:

The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America

1166: 1134: 1017: 539: 456: 373: 360: 338: 325: 298: 285: 257: 244: 221: 208: 185: 172: 31: 3622: 3064: 3054: 1438: 1321:

replaced by an AN/FPS-120 with "two-faced...phased array radar...in 2QFY87."

7660: 6665: 6027: 5927: 5845: 5350: 5254: 4981: 4976: 4966: 4824: 4495: 4420: 2659: 2448:(Report). US Office of Telecommunications Management via claywhitehead.com. 1876: 1078: 974: 962: 865: 798:

for tracking Soviet rockets and to demonstrate the feasibility of advanced

795: 791: 510: 490: 472: 3493: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7300: 7245: 6950: 6722: 5649: 5428: 5395: 5244: 5116: 5076: 4847: 4842: 4819: 3935:. Unknown source via higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com. Archived from 1061: 1025: 986: 723: 1008:

Training for civilian technicians included a February 1961 RCA class in

30:

For preceding northern radar networks for detecting Soviet bombers, see

7057: 6870: 6286: 6264: 6010: 5111: 5106: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4339: 2426:. alternatewars.com World War III wargame alternative reality website. 2051:

Space Warfare and Defense: A Historical Encyclopedia and Research Guide

1162: 1115: 966: 680: 642: 494: 690:

To predict when parts might break down, the contractor also installed

6960: 6912: 6680: 5284: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4334: 4319: 1174: 1122: 1119: 990: 931: 927: 842: 783: 710:

July 1, 1966.) The original Missile Impact Predictors were replaced (

270: 4169:

1961 Thule sketch, FPS-50 wave guides, & "memory and logic unit"

3431: 1471:

A Historical Chronology of the Electronic Systems Division 1947–1986

571:

Radar Set, a UHF (440 MHz) detector with transmitter having an

4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 3709:

Stocker, Jeremy (2004). Gray, Colin S.; Murray, Williamson (eds.).

1130: 1126: 877: 873: 608: 582:

Radar Set, a five-horn monopulse tracker (e.g., 3 at Site III) and

522: 468: 421: 39: 2715:

Winkler, David F. (1997). "Radar Systems Classification Methods".

1085: 1032:(SPADATS) operation center in building P4's annex (Cheyenne Mtn's 7458: 7453: 7005: 6478: 4164:

Both Trinidad test radars & 1957 FPS-50 reflector scale model

1053: 994: 979: 872:

on June 6, 1959.) A prototype AN/FPS-43 BMEWS radar completed at

691: 626: 464: 2729: 2021:

High Frontier: The U.S. Air Force and the Military Space Program

493:) route for a Soviet ICBM attack on North America is across the 50: 6631: 5101: 4991: 3361:

high-speed scanning switches and a massive array of feedhorns…

2108: 1210: 1111: 546: 506: 498: 460: 1050:

71st Surveillance Wing, Ballistic Missile Early Warning System

957: 938:(1st Aero) was activated at Ent AFB on February 14, 1961; and 7340: 6077: 4081:

at Norad is the establishment of a Systems Integration Office

3167:

NORAD BMEWS and AICBM System Display (Report). June 30, 1958.

1961:(Report). National Archives via nsarchive.gwu.edu. p. 5. 1299: 919: 876:

in 1958 went operational on February 4, 1959, the date of an

775: 467:

on whose territory some of the radars were sited) during the

27:

US Cold War Early Warning Radar for ballistic missile defense

7345: 4494: 4174:

1961 BMEWS Rearward communications "billboard type" antenna

3463:"20 Mishaps That Might Have Started Accidental Nuclear War" 2366:

The Early Computer Industry: Limitations of Scale and Scope

1182: 4781: 1514:

Shore, Bruce (Spring 1963). "the fourth state of matter".

926:

at Thule...began operating in January 1960." Following a

913:" could be added to the planned missile warning center if 698:

drums. The initially-replaced portions of BMEWS included

4197:

SAC DIP screen with impact ellipses (Reel 2, minute 4:40)

3268:"Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) at Clear" 2698:

Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook

1807:(Report). BLDG 116-20, RCA, Moorestown NJ: Detachment 3, 1469:

Del Papa, Dr. E. Michael; Warner, Mary P (October 1987).

1261: 804: 646: 4241: 2831:

Zabetakis, Stanley G; Peterson, John F (July 2, 1996) .

1608:. Office of History, Elmendorf AFB via AlaskaWingCAF.org 3169:(cited by 1958 NORAD/CONAD Historical Summary, Jan-Jun) 2443:

Report of the Economic Committee on Domestic Satellites

4132:

First Strike!: The Pentagon's Strategy for Nuclear War

4025:

A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946–1980

2242:"MONITORING SET, RADAR - continued - TM-11-487C-10192" 1631:"FYLINGDALES: Home of the Number One BMEWS Detachment" 4416:

RIM-174 Standard Extended Range Active Missile (SM-6)

2523:. Personal Webpage at members.shaw.ca. Archived from 2177:

The prototype unit operated at Moorestown, New Jersey

1383:. Raytheon via thefreelibrary.com. September 7, 1994. 4094:

Modernization of the WWMCCS Information System (WIS)

3765:. Othello, Washington. November 26, 1964. p. 6. 2558:"1962 NORAD/CONAD Historical Summary, July-December" 2097:. Department of Defense Annual Report (Report). 1960 702:

by the Burroughs 425L Missile Warning System at the

3321:. Spokane, Washington. AP. May 16, 1960. p. 1. 2694: 1289:

site for 1959–76 FPS-49 prototype and test/training

1145:On October 1, 1979, Thule and Clear transferred to 922:

opened the 474L System Program Office, and BMEWS' "

4071:(Report). United States Government Printing Office 3891: 3759:"Early Warning System has Important Role in NORAD" 2869:Development of the Soviet Ballistic Missile Threat 1567:100 Years With IEEE In The Delaware Valley, Part 1 733: 3860:"Electronic Eye Watches For Sneak Missile Attack" 3780:. Royal Air Force Flyingdales (January 1, 1983). 2830: 2477:he BMEWS Rearward link came from Thule to Dye to 1889: 1887: 625:Air Force Communications Network (AF DATACOM) of 7690: 4449:North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) 3052: 1731: 553:that could perform both roles at the same time. 7714:Computer systems of the United States Air Force 4315:AN/SPY-7 Long Range Discrimination Radar (LRDR) 4101:United States House Committee on Armed Services 3892:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 3885: 3712:Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence 1942–2002 3551:"NORAD Center Located At Colorado Springs Site" 3202:"Summit Failure Speeds Up Development of BMEWS" 2461:"Memories of Troposcatter at Resolution Island" 1086:Air Defense Command / Aerospace Defense Command 936:1st Aerospace Surveillance and Control Squadron 403:RCA 474L Ballistic Missile Early Warning System 4350:AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar (UEWR) 4345:Solid State Phased Array Radar System (SSPARS) 4325:Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) 1884: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1468: 1239:constructed April 16, 1998 – February 1, 2001. 1114:told Congress that Clear would be closed when 611:e.g., in Building 2 at Thule and part of the 4767: 4480: 4376:Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS) 4310:AN/SPY-6 Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR) 4227: 2972: 2970: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 1441:. Historic American Engineering Record. 2003. 1360:with 3 faces built August 1989-October 1992. 1312:(renamed "Missile Warning Operations Center") 1125:became operational. By 1976, BMEWS included 826:) and on February 4, 1958; the USAF informed 144:1958–1961 (complete FOC was January 15, 1964) 4320:PAVE Phased Array Warning System (PAVE PAWS) 3179: 3177: 3175: 3015: 3013: 2899:Guardian Magazine…funded Air Force newspaper 2826: 2824: 2613:"Watchful eye of BMEWS turns toward Soviets" 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 4267:Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) 3960: 3332: 3330: 3328: 2919: 2917: 2875:. USAF Aerospace Audio Visual Service. 1960 2708: 2690: 2688: 1656: 1603:"Remembering Our Heritage 25 June - 1 July" 1569:. Philadelphia Section of IEEE. p. 16. 1540: 1538: 1536: 837: 669:BMEWS Central Computer and Display Facility 486:could destroy US strategic nuclear forces. 436:satellite data (e.g., about one-quarter of 427:, computer, and communications system, for 104:BMEWS Central Computer and Display Facility 7719:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s 4774: 4760: 4487: 4473: 4272:Medium Extended Air Defense System (MEADS) 4234: 4220: 3961:Schlesinger, James R. (February 5, 1975). 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3375: 3373: 3286:"Big Rocket Detector Is Set for Operation" 2967: 2892: 2890: 2797: 2795: 2772: 2598: 2539: 2086: 2084: 2043: 2041: 1043: 683:war room floor and balcony, as well as at 607:Missile Impact Predictor Set, with duplex 7724:Military electronics of the United States 4022:Johnson, Mildred W (December 31, 1980) . 3842:"Electronic Eye Scans Eurasian Air Space" 3666:"Soviets scan British radar improvements" 3195: 3193: 3172: 3010: 2821: 2665:. Comptroller General. September 21, 1978 1498: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 746:Joint Electronics Type Designation System 740:Joint Electronics Type Designation System 4454:United States Space Command (USSPACECOM) 4431:Network Centric Airborne Defense Element 4128: 4014: 3930:"Outstanding Airman of the Year History" 3325: 2914: 2685: 2452: 2358: 2356: 1953: 1557: 1533: 1089: 1052:, was activated on December 6, 1961, at 956: 841: 769: 555: 497:, so the BMEWS facilities were built in 75:of all important aspects of the article. 4086: 4021: 3778:A History - Royal Air Force Fylingdales 3708: 3521: 3508: 3487: 3408: 3379: 3370: 2925:"Document Detail for IRISNUM= 01073102" 2896: 2887: 2792: 2714: 2652: 2081: 2047: 2038: 2017: 1915: 1796: 1794: 1677: 14: 7691: 4257:Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System 4110:from the original on December 24, 2013 3775: 3658: 3629: 3598:. HTNS. December 22, 1961. p. A3. 3229:. Air University Press. Archived from 3199: 3190: 2745:"Soviets, Eskimos protest Thule radar" 2742: 2440: 2343:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2003:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1483:from the original on December 24, 2013 1445: 1256: 1254: 1207:Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning 97:Ballistic Missile Early Warning System 71:Please consider expanding the lead to 4755: 4468: 4215: 4179:construction of a Fylingdale's radome 3411:"The Moon as a Soviet Missile Attack" 3222: 3019: 2743:Hanley, Charles J (August 17, 1987). 2389: 2383: 2362: 2353: 1954:McNamara, Robert (November 3, 1961). 1773:"USS Rancocas: The Cornfield Cruiser" 1513: 1237:Solid State Phased Array Radar System 1217:Solid State Phased Array Radar System 1195:Solid State Phased Array Radar System 1140: 1094:Fylingdales AN/FPS-49 radomes in 1986 679:(DIP)—DIPS displays were also at the 445:Solid State Phased Array Radar System 4262:Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD) 4243:Missile defense in the United States 3253:Air Research and Development Command 3240: 3184: 2873:(George Washington University video) 2786: 2458: 1938:System (BMEWS). … Project 465L, the 1865:. Personal web page on Homestead.com 1802:Scale Model Radar Cross Section Data 1791: 1545: 1260:Air Defense Command radar stations ( 961:4 AN/FPS-50 detection reflectors at 782:On June 2, 1955, a General Electric 635:BMEWS Rearward Communications System 44: 4371:Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) 4031:. Peterson AFB: Office of History, 3460: 3338:"Ballistic Warning Is Aim of BMEWS" 3200:Rogers, Warren Jr. (June 2, 1960). 3034:from the original on March 11, 2014 2980:. Federation of American Scientists 2801: 2130: 1732:Bate; Mueller & White (1971) . 1708: 1581:"Big Missile-Warning System Outlay" 1251: 1030:Space Detection and Tracking System 24: 4381:Space Surveillance Telescope (SST) 3776:Wilson, B.C.F. (January 1, 1983). 3702: 3646:from the original on April 8, 2013 3465:. NuclearFiles.org. Archived from 3409:Sampson, Curt (January 25, 2010). 2113:the hardened "supercombat" centers 1811:. January 10, 1963. Archived from 476:intercontinental ballistic missile 25: 7735: 4411:RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 (SM-3) 4152: 3315:"Electronic Sky Watch is Nearing" 3022:Evolution of Command and Control… 2117:Semi-Automatic Ground Environment 1857: 1358:Boeing Integrated Defense Systems 1265:ADC general surveillance stations 1149:when ADCOM was broken up then to 915:Cheyenne Mountain's "hardened COC 677:RCA Display Information Processor 619:RCA Communications Data Processor 609:IBM-7090 TX solid-state computers 4426:Kinetic Energy Interceptor (KEI) 4135:. South End Press. p. 197. 4122: 4054: 3979: 3954: 3922: 3807:Radome is maze of wires, girders 3686:. Raytheon.co.uk. Archived from 3488:McManus, Gene (September 1996). 3432:"AT&T caused NORAD blackout" 3382:"A Day In The War Room At NORAD" 2518: 2441:Olsson, Tom (October 31, 1969). 1558:Engstrom, E.W. (February 1984). 153:RCA Defense Electronics Products 112: 49: 3913:Gross Domestic Product deflator 3852: 3848:. AP. July 8, 1966. p. 14. 3834: 3798: 3769: 3751: 3676: 3602: 3584: 3575: 3543: 3481: 3454: 3424: 3402: 3307: 3278: 3270:. July 12, 1999. Archived from 3260: 3216: 3160: 3110: 3089: 3046: 2942: 2905: 2860: 2736: 2634: 2574: 2512: 2486: 2434: 2416: 2390:Moora, Robert L (Autumn 1960). 2363:Gandy, A. (November 30, 2012). 2311: 2282: 2260: 2234: 2213: 2182: 2157: 2143: 2124: 2011: 1965: 1947: 1909: 1851: 1765: 1623: 1595: 1573: 1337: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1292: 1283: 1270: 1242: 1161:"Detection and Warning System, 1001:microwave station northeast of 734:Classification of radar systems 716:Satellite Early Warning Systems 63:may be too short to adequately 4355:Sea-based X-band Radar (SBX-1) 4207:Flyingdales Rearward Data Room 3987:"Electronic Technicians BMEWS" 3560:. November 26, 1964. p. 3 3380:Pearson, Drew (May 16, 1961). 2754:. Wilmington, North Carolina. 2424:"ABMWSP Summary - 23 Apr 1960" 2133:"Radar Net Nearing Completion" 2131:Fay, Elton C. (May 18, 1960). 1642:9th Aerospace Defense Division 1551: 1431: 1409: 1387: 1373: 1229: 1193:The BMEWS was replaced by the 1188: 870:Prince Albert Radar Laboratory 765: 718:had been deployed (e.g., 1961 73:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 4184:"Moorestown's Giant Golf Ball 3894:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" 3810:. March 29, 1962. p. 17. 3592:"Captain Faces Secrets Count" 3204:. Herald Tribune News Service 2809:. IEEE Global History Network 2190:"Thule's Electronic Sentinel" 2018:Peebles, Curtis (June 1997). 1863:(personal anecdote w/ photos) 1860:"Moorestowns Giant Golf Ball" 1367: 952: 943: 924:12th Missile Warning Squadron 911:satellite prediction computer 450: 4444:Missile Defense Agency (MDA) 4129:Aldridge, Robert C. (1983). 3992:. p. 27. Archived from 3672:. June 15, 1988. p. 18. 2268:"Cold War Comms Group forum" 1735:Fundamentals of Astronautics 1354:Upgraded Early Warning Radar 532: 7: 4335:AN/FPS-85 Space Track Radar 3642:(Report). Rome Laboratory. 3257:(cited by Schaffel, p. 262) 3000:September 15, 2012, at the 2978:"NORAD Selected Chronology" 1634:(image copy at Radomes.org) 1589:Australian Associated Press 1200: 1066:Rome Air Development Center 471:to give early warning of a 10: 7740: 7699:Air defence radar networks 4498:Ground-based search radars 1925:. MIT Press. p. 107. 1830:Spacetrack Analysis Center 1177:" for transmission to the 1079:Moorestown AN/FPS-49 radar 997:operator failure at their 737: 569:General Electric AN/FPS-50 564:BMEWS equipment included: 29: 7679: 7628: 7492: 7411: 6650: 6509: 5632: 5333: 5132: 4790: 4503: 4439: 4393: 4363: 4287: 4280: 4249: 3670:The Sydney Morning Herald 1916:Edwards, Paul N. (1997). 1100:Aerospace Defense Command 1058:71st Missile Warning Wing 905:(e.g., for when the USAF 778:station's detection arcs. 704:Cheyenne Mountain Complex 649:Pole Vault system on the 459:(with the cooperation of 158: 148: 140: 135: 127: 111: 101: 96: 7704:1959 in military history 4033:Aerospace Defense Center 3968:(Report). Archived from 3522:Mueller, Robert (1989). 3436:Colorado Springs Gazette 2835:(Report). Archived from 2583:SAC Command Post, Reel 2 2369:. Springer. p. 48. 1843:: CS1 maint: location ( 1685:(Report). Archived from 1350:Control Data Corporation 1222: 838:Planning and development 786:"XW-1" radar at Site IX 671:(CC&DF) at Ent AFB ( 7681:Unknown or not assigned 4783:United States Air Force 4069:; May 19 and 20, 1981") 4067:Ninety-seventh Congress 3623:10.1109/EE.1960.6432626 3490:"BMEWS – 51- Full Days" 3223:Muolo (December 1993). 3065:10.1145/1458043.1458064 3020:Wainstein; et al. 2929:Air Force History Index 2620:Ellensburg Daily Record 2057:. Bloomsbury Academic. 1828:eventual transfer to a 1741:. Courier Corporation. 1060:on January 1, 1967, at 1044:BMEWS surveillance wing 989:. On January 20, 1961, 813:1957 Gaither Commission 503:Clear Air Force Station 443:It was replaced by the 419:United States Air Force 120:Clear Air Force Station 4401:RIM-67 Standard (SM-2) 4192:newsletter of Site III 3611:Electrical Engineering 3363:Federal Electric Corp. 3293:The Fort Scott Tribune 2954:www.globalsecurity.org 2855:position through time. 2048:Chapman, Bert (2008). 1095: 982:occupied two floors). 970: 940:Ent's Federal Building 847: 779: 621:(CDP), as used in the 561: 186:38.83972°N 104.79556°W 7709:Early warning systems 4340:AN/FPS-108 Cobra Dane 3975:on November 27, 2011. 3863:(Google news archive) 3554:(Google news archive) 3385:(Google news archive) 3341:(Google news archive) 3289:(Google news archive) 3274:on December 17, 2000. 3236:on December 12, 2012. 2748:(Google news archive) 2616:(Google news archive) 2198:The Milwaukee Journal 2193:(Google news archive) 2139:. Eugene, Oregon. AP. 2024:. DIANE. p. 39. 1560:"The years 1958-1962" 1147:Strategic Air Command 1093: 960: 845: 773: 738:Further information: 655:White Alice in Alaska 639:CFS Resolution Island 559: 374:39.98028°N 74.90111°W 339:10.74278°N 61.60806°W 106:in United States 4103:. January 19, 1981. 4042:on November 23, 2006 3617:(5): 430–431. 1960. 3319:The Spokesman-Review 2833:The Diyarbakir Radar 2663:(Report to Congress) 1897:. GlobalSecurity.org 1832:at Colorado Springs. 1775:. LockheedMartin.com 1678:Stone & Banner. 1591:. February 16, 1960. 1419:. GlobalSecurity.org 1397:. GlobalSecurity.org 1075:Cuban Missile Crisis 1034:Space Defense Center 896:AICBM control center 515:Thule Air Force Base 258:64.2561°N 149.1855°W 191:38.83972; -104.79556 162:Replaced in 2001 by 3997:(job advertisement) 3942:on November 6, 2016 3915:figures follow the 3763:The Othello Outlook 3558:The Othello Outlook 3496:on January 14, 2009 3389:The Palm Beach Post 1858:Flack, John S. Jr. 1104:RAF Fighter Command 828:Air Defense Command 434:Project Space Track 425:early warning radar 379:39.98028; -74.90111 370: / 344:10.74278; -61.60806 335: / 295: / 254: / 218: / 182: / 3846:The Morning Record 3349:Newburgh, New York 3059:. pp. 91–94. 2807:(audio transcript) 2802:Skolnik, Merrill. 2278:on March 11, 2014. 1940:SAC Control System 1141:USAF Space Command 1096: 1016:" was assigned to 971: 853:Lincoln Laboratory 848: 780: 605:Sylvania AN/FSQ-28 573:organ-pipe scanner 562: 551:phased array radar 299:54.3616°N 0.6697°W 263:64.2561; -149.1855 7686: 7685: 4749: 4748: 4462: 4461: 4389: 4388: 4202:Eyes of the North 4159:US Air Force film 3999:on March 11, 2014 3690:on March 11, 2014 3461:Philips, Alan F. 3438:. August 26, 2011 3148:Missing or empty 3127:on March 11, 2014 2839:on March 12, 2008 2527:on March 11, 2014 2500:on March 11, 2014 2467:on March 11, 2014 2325:on March 11, 2014 2248:on March 11, 2014 2201:. January 4, 1961 2095:(MDA.mil excerpt) 1985:on March 11, 2014 1818:on March 11, 2014 1298:The Thule site J 891:, or vice versa. 885:Launch Complex 11 824:the WIZARD system 774:The Thule site J 700:the Ent CC&DF 484:preemptive strike 429:ballistic missile 399: 398: 222:76.569°N 68.318°W 90: 89: 16:(Redirected from 7731: 7667: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7637: 7621: 7611: 7601: 7591: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7551: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7506: 7501: 7485: 7475: 7465: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7420: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7329: 7319: 7289: 7284: 7254: 7229: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7174: 7154: 7144: 7094: 7089: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7034: 7029: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6894: 6889: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6829: 6784: 6774: 6764: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6729: 6643: 6623: 6603: 6593: 6573: 6553: 6543: 6533: 6523: 6397: 6278: 6241: 6124: 6109: 6074: 6069: 6039: 5859: 5842: 5723: 5718: 5708: 5678: 5605: 5585: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5472: 5462: 5452: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5367: 5362: 5347: 5321: 5311: 5301: 5291: 5281: 5251: 5231: 5211: 5201: 5191: 5171: 5093: 5083: 5063: 5058: 5048: 5003: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4861: 4856: 4836: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4753: 4752: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4406:MIM-104F (PAC-3) 4330:AN/FPQ-16 EPARCS 4285: 4284: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4213: 4212: 4147: 4146: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4109: 4098: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4070: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4035:. Archived from 4030: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4004: 3998: 3991: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3967: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3941: 3934: 3926: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3874: 3864: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3825: 3824:|newspaper= 3821: 3819: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3717: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3641: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3596:The Deseret News 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3528: 3519: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3492:. Archived from 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3434:. EVER WONDER?. 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3358: 3356: 3345:The Evening News 3342: 3334: 3323: 3322: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3290: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3264: 3258: 3256: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3126: 3120:. Archived from 3114: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3033: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2974: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2921: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2846: 2844: 2828: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2756:Associated Press 2749: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2664: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2648:on July 2, 2012. 2644:. Archived from 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2617: 2609: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2554: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2496:. Archived from 2490: 2484: 2483: 2474: 2472: 2463:. Archived from 2459:Mitchell, Walt. 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2360: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2321:. Archived from 2315: 2309: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2294: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2274:. Archived from 2272:groups.yahoo.com 2264: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2244:. Archived from 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2194: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2165:"AN/FPS-49, 49A" 2161: 2155: 2154: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2104: 2102: 2096: 2088: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2056: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2002: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1984: 1978:. Archived from 1977: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1924: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1891: 1882: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1864: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1842: 1834: 1825: 1823: 1817: 1806: 1798: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1740: 1729: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1691: 1684: 1675: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1635: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1607: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1531: 1530: 1511: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1482: 1475: 1466: 1443: 1442: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1377: 1361: 1346:Cossor AeroSpace 1341: 1335: 1332:Chidlaw Building 1328: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1278:FPS-50 prototype 1274: 1268: 1258: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1233: 1003:Colorado Springs 948: 945: 675:of BMEWS), with 632:Western Electric 623:Western Electric 519:Thule, Greenland 385: 384: 382: 381: 380: 375: 371: 368: 367: 366: 363: 350: 349: 347: 346: 345: 340: 336: 333: 332: 331: 328: 310: 309: 307: 306: 305: 304:54.3616; -0.6697 300: 296: 293: 292: 291: 288: 269: 268: 266: 265: 264: 259: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 233: 232: 230: 229: 228: 223: 219: 216: 215: 214: 211: 197: 196: 194: 193: 192: 187: 183: 180: 179: 178: 175: 116: 107: 94: 93: 85: 82: 76: 53: 45: 21: 7739: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7675: 7665: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7635: 7624: 7619: 7609: 7599: 7589: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7549: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7504: 7499: 7488: 7483: 7473: 7463: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7418: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7327: 7317: 7287: 7282: 7252: 7227: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7172: 7152: 7142: 7092: 7087: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7032: 7027: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6892: 6887: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6827: 6782: 6772: 6762: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6727: 6646: 6641: 6621: 6601: 6591: 6571: 6551: 6541: 6531: 6521: 6505: 6395: 6276: 6239: 6122: 6107: 6072: 6067: 6037: 5857: 5840: 5721: 5716: 5706: 5676: 5628: 5603: 5583: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5470: 5460: 5450: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5365: 5360: 5345: 5329: 5319: 5309: 5299: 5289: 5279: 5249: 5229: 5209: 5199: 5189: 5169: 5128: 5091: 5081: 5061: 5056: 5046: 5001: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4869: 4859: 4854: 4834: 4786: 4780: 4750: 4745: 4499: 4493: 4463: 4458: 4435: 4385: 4359: 4276: 4245: 4240: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4074: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4028: 4019: 4015: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3904: 3902: 3890: 3886: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3823: 3822: 3813: 3812: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3793:United Kingdom. 3788: 3774: 3770: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3738: 3736: 3726: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3563: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3526: 3524:Air Force Bases 3520: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3469:on May 10, 2020 3459: 3455: 3441: 3439: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3354: 3352: 3351:. June 19, 1964 3340: 3336: 3335: 3326: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3149: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3075: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3002:Wayback Machine 2983: 2981: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2895: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2842: 2840: 2829: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2793: 2784: 2773: 2760: 2758: 2747: 2741: 2737: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2693: 2686: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2622:. June 18, 1961 2615: 2611: 2610: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2439: 2435: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2403: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2361: 2354: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2326: 2319:"Archived copy" 2317: 2316: 2312: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2129: 2125: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2054: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2016: 2012: 1996: 1995: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1973:"Archived copy" 1971: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1952: 1948: 1933: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1885: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1836: 1835: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1738: 1730: 1709: 1695: 1693: 1692:on May 12, 2013 1689: 1682: 1676: 1657: 1647: 1645: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1562: 1556: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1516:Electronics Age 1512: 1499: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1467: 1446: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1417:"Clear AFS, AK" 1415: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1342: 1338: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1275: 1271: 1259: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1203: 1191: 1143: 1088: 1046: 955: 946: 840: 768: 742: 736: 659:RAF Fylingdales 535: 453: 440:observations). 378: 376: 372: 369: 364: 361: 359: 357: 356: 343: 341: 337: 334: 329: 326: 324: 322: 321: 303: 301: 297: 294: 289: 286: 284: 282: 281: 262: 260: 256: 253: 248: 245: 243: 241: 240: 227:76.569; -68.318 226: 224: 220: 217: 212: 209: 207: 205: 204: 190: 188: 184: 181: 176: 173: 171: 169: 168: 123: 102: 86: 80: 77: 70: 58:This article's 54: 43: 36:Mid-Canada Line 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7737: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7677: 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4787: 4785:system numbers 4779: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4153:External links 4151: 4149: 4148: 4141: 4121: 4085: 4053: 4013: 3978: 3953: 3921: 3917:MeasuringWorth 3911:United States 3899:MeasuringWorth 3884: 3869:. July 8, 1966 3867:Herald-Journal 3851: 3833: 3797: 3786: 3768: 3750: 3724: 3718:. Frank Cass. 3701: 3675: 3657: 3628: 3601: 3583: 3574: 3542: 3535: 3507: 3480: 3453: 3423: 3401: 3369: 3324: 3306: 3295:. May 18, 1960 3277: 3259: 3239: 3226:Space Handbook 3215: 3189: 3171: 3159: 3109: 3088: 3073: 3045: 3009: 2966: 2941: 2913: 2904: 2886: 2859: 2820: 2804:"Oral-History" 2791: 2771: 2735: 2707: 2684: 2651: 2633: 2597: 2573: 2538: 2511: 2485: 2451: 2433: 2415: 2399:Electronic Age 2382: 2375: 2352: 2310: 2281: 2259: 2233: 2212: 2181: 2156: 2153:. radomes.org. 2142: 2137:Register-Guard 2123: 2080: 2063: 2055:(Google books) 2037: 2030: 2010: 1964: 1946: 1931: 1923:(Google Books) 1908: 1883: 1850: 1809:9th...Division 1790: 1764: 1747: 1739:(Google books) 1707: 1655: 1622: 1594: 1572: 1550: 1532: 1497: 1444: 1430: 1408: 1386: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1336: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1291: 1282: 1269: 1250: 1241: 1235:Replaced by a 1227: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1202: 1199: 1190: 1187: 1142: 1139: 1087: 1084: 1045: 1042: 954: 951: 942:was completed 882:Cape Canaveral 861:Cape Canaveral 857:Millstone Hill 839: 836: 767: 764: 760: 759: 756: 753: 735: 732: 688: 687: 666: 629: 616: 602: 593: 587: 577: 534: 531: 489:The shortest ( 480:nuclear strike 452: 449: 397: 396: 395: 394: 354: 319: 278: 237: 201: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 117: 109: 108: 99: 98: 88: 87: 67:the key points 57: 55: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7736: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7410: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7316: 7312: 7309: 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August 1967 1643: 1639: 1632: 1626: 1619: 1604: 1598: 1590: 1587:. Melbourne. 1586: 1582: 1576: 1568: 1561: 1554: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1494: 1479: 1472: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1440: 1434: 1418: 1412: 1396: 1390: 1382: 1376: 1372: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1333: 1327: 1318: 1309: 1301: 1295: 1286: 1279: 1273: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1245: 1238: 1232: 1228: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1198: 1196: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151:Space Command 1148: 1138: 1136: 1135:Honeywell 800 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1092: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018:Hanscom Field 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 983: 981: 976: 968: 964: 959: 950: 947: 1960-1 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 916: 912: 908: 904: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 858: 854: 844: 835: 833: 832:the President 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 809: 807: 806: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 777: 772: 763: 757: 754: 751: 750: 749: 747: 741: 731: 730:satellites). 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 667: 664: 660: 656: 652: 651:Pinetree Line 648: 644: 640: 636: 633: 630: 628: 624: 620: 617: 614: 610: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 590:RCA AN/FPS-92 588: 585: 581: 580:RCA AN/FPS-49 578: 574: 570: 567: 566: 565: 558: 554: 552: 548: 543: 541: 540:radar horizon 530: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 477: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457:United States 448: 446: 441: 439: 435: 430: 426: 423: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 392: 388: 387:in New Jersey 383: 355: 353: 348: 320: 317: 313: 308: 279: 276: 272: 267: 238: 236: 231: 202: 200: 195: 167: 166: 165: 161: 157: 154: 151: 149:Built by 147: 143: 139: 134: 131:Radar network 130: 126: 122:BMEWS radars. 121: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 92: 84: 81:December 2016 74: 68: 66: 61: 56: 52: 47: 46: 41: 37: 33: 32:Pinetree Line 19: 6227: 4496:US Air Force 4421:Boeing YAL-1 4324: 4189: 4131: 4124: 4112:. 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