180:
photograph, and scheduling an appointment with a classifier for evaluation. During the actual evaluation, the competitor may be accompanied by another person to assist them in communicating with the classifiers. If necessary, the person can also bring a translator. A medical assessment is then conducted. There are several status groups used by classifiers that assist in classification. This includes
Confirmed for competitors who have a visual impairment unlikely to change, Review for competitors who have vision that may fluctuate, New for competitors who have never been classified before, Not Eligible for competitors who have a visual impairment that is not severe enough and not likely to deteriorate in the future to the point where they could be eligible.
234:(IPC) attempted to move towards a more functional disability and evidence based system that does not rely on medical based classification. In 2003, the IPC made an attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation." It approved the classification at the IPC General Assembly in 2007 as part of the overall blind class group, but was still medically based despite changes in other disability types. IBSA was not prepared at the time to move towards a more functional classification system similar to that utilized by other disability groups and sports.
349:, the maximum number of vision impaired rowers in a boat is two. In blind cricket, three players in this class are required to be on the field at the same out of the eleven total players on the pitch. B2 batsmen have the option of having a runner. In judo, all three blind sport classes compete against each other, with competitors classified by weight for the purposes of competition. Weight classes use the international standards used in the Olympics. In IBSA sailing competitions, the three person boat can have a maximum of five points, and must include at least one female and one male sailor on the boat. In competitions run by
1913:
262:
1768:
27:
279:
418:
391:, a caller may be used. For runners in this class, using a guide is often a personal preference; some use guides only in practice, others only in competition, or both competition and practice, and some never use guides. When a runner is looking for a guide, they are encouraged to find one with a gait similar to their own, where a rope or tether may be used to connect the runner to the guide.
314:. Guides for B2 and B3 skiers often position themselves differently from for B1 skiers as the skiers in this class have some vision, which means the things a guide assists with will be different from what is required of a skier who has almost no sight. The guide may ski in front of the skier and use visual cues to inform the skier of what is ahead of them on the course. For
227:(ISOD) developed a blind classification system. Parallel to this, IBSA and national blind sport associations were developing their own classification system, with the IBSA one based on visual acuity in place by 1980. The rise of the IBSA classification system for blind sport meant the ISOD classification system failed to gain traction in blind sports competition.
115:(IPC) to move towards a more functional and evidence-based classification system. Classification is often handled on the international level by IBSA although it is also handled by national sport federations. There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling, where classification is handled by their own governing bodies.
265:
264:
270:
268:
263:
365:
The classification is used in other sports including blind golf and lawn bowls. While this classifications is open to five-a-side blind football, women are not eligible to compete at the
Paralympic Games. This classification is eligible to play goalkeeper but in some competitions is not allowed to be
362:
open to women. Eligible
Paralympic sports for this classification include adaptive rowing, athletics, cycling five-a-side football, goalball, judo, para-equestrian, para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, and swimming. This classification is not eligible to compete at the Paralympic Games in archery.
222:
This classification traces its history to the early history of blind sport. There was a belief that those with vision impairment that was less severe had a competitive advantage over competitors who had more severe impairment. Classification was developed by the IBSA to insure more even competition
394:
At the elite level, guides are treated the same as the blind runner. Guides and runners must both use blocks for any race shorter than 400 metres (440 yd). In 400-metre (440 yd) races, the guide runs on the right side of the runner. For races of 800 metres (870 yd) or longer, a runner
252:
did not have specific classifications for competitors with disabilities, including those with visual impairments. Acknowledging membership needs, some rules had organically developed that looked like classifications based on rule modification for different disability types, including blind riders.
147:
which defined this classification as this classification as "Athletes with some partial vision or the ability to recognise the shape of a hand but have a field of vision less than five degrees." The
International Paralympic Committee defined this classification for alpine skiing as "From ability to
361:
On the
Paralympic level, a number of disability sports are not open to this classification or other visually impaired competitors including archery, basketball, boccia, curling, fencing, ice sledge hockey, powerlifting, rugby, shooting, table tennis, tennis, volleyball. Five-a-side football is not
179:
and judo. Part of being classified involves assessing vision for factors including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, motion detections and visual field. When being assessed into this class by the IBSA, the process first includes the athlete filling out a consent form, submitting a
142:
defined this classification as "Up to approximately 3-5% functional vision." This classification is borrowed by some other sports, including blind golf who also define the class as "From ability to recognise the shape of a hand up to visual acuity of 2/60 or visual field of less than 5 degrees".
269:
282:
281:
287:
285:
280:
286:
374:
The B2 classification is used in athletics, where the equivalent athletics classification is "T12". Athletes in this class can generally perceive the lines on the track. At the 2008 Summer
Paralympics, classification assignment for this class was handled by the IPC.
267:
122:. There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports. Some sports specifically do not allow a guide, whereas cycling and skiing require one.
284:
242:
1291:
196:
266:
283:
325:
For S12 classified swimmers, a tapper may stand on the pool deck to tap the swimmer as they approach the wall. The swimmer has to bring their own tapper, but having a tapper is optional. In blind
1256:
Trends and issues in Winter
Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan
399:, the runner may use up to four different guides. The runner must finish ahead of the guide. In running, the guide attempts to match the running pattern of the runner, not the other way around.
1295:
612:
551:
345:
There are some rule differences for this class in competition that are sport specific and which differ from able bodied versions of the sport. In adaptive rowing's Coxed Four,
350:
203:
646:
183:
Classification is also handled on a national and by sport level. Australians seeking classification for blind sports can be classified by an IBSA classifier or an
1895:
1747:
138:
1.50 to 2.60 (inclusive) and/or visual field constricted to a diameter of less than 10 degrees." It thus falls between the B1 and B3 classifications. The
224:
796:
68:
1.50 to 2.60 (inclusive) and/or visual field constricted to a diameter of less than 10 degrees." It is used by a number of blind sports including
495:
994:
214:(FEI). Swimming classification is handled by IPC Swimming, while in athletics, classification assignment for this class is handled by the IPC.
118:
Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport, and may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and
395:
may use up to two guides, but the course officials must be informed of any decision to use more than one guide in advance of the race. In the
1425:
618:
557:
767:
211:
1888:
1740:
111:
The B2 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s, and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the
1187:
274:
B2 classified
Canadian skier Viviane Forest and guide Chloe Lauzon-Gauthier in action at the IPC Alpine World Championships in 2013
85:
295:
Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clap sticks. For blind
237:
In some cases, non-Paralympic, non-IBSA affiliated sports have developed their own classification systems. This is the case with
1586:
1527:
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962:
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860:
744:
653:
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131:
61:
1881:
1733:
1560:
291:
B2 classified
Spanish skier Jon Santacana and guide Miguel Galindo in action at the IPC Alpine World Championships in 2013
678:
253:
These included allowing blind riders, when they reached a marker, being given an auditory signal to inform them of this.
249:
231:
112:
1927:
1922:
1621:
588:
184:
144:
45:
527:
207:
139:
473:
202:
Not all sports use IBSA classifiers. For adaptive rowing, classification assignment may be handled by the
148:
recognise the shape of a hand up to a visual acuity of 2/60 and/or visual field of less than 5 degrees."
353:, this class sometimes competes only against other boats with where all the sailors are in this class.
1001:
499:
230:
The IBSA classification system has largely remained unchanged since it was put in place, even as the
306:
by people in this class is dependent on the specific requirements of the sport. Guides are used in
1432:
403:
1121:"Paralympic Classification Today". International Paralympic Committee. 22 April 2010. p. 3.
299:, archers in this class use a tactile sighting device and must not be able to use a bow sight.
1385:
1318:
1221:
1154:
1139:
952:
884:
771:
734:
1646:
704:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1834:
245:. At that time, four classifications existed and were the same as the IBSA for this class.
172:
160:
528:
Australian Sports
Commission; Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled (1990).
8:
2002:
1992:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1269:
1070:
383:
In athletics, competitors have the option of using a guide. For field events such as the
188:
57:
53:
20:
1457:
1191:
617:. Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 27. Archived from
631:
This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
311:
307:
73:
69:
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1074:
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1324:
1227:
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1036:
958:
924:
890:
856:
740:
594:
584:
533:
530:
The development of a policy: Integration Conference 1990 Adelaide, December 3-5, 1990
151:
This classification has parallels in other sports. The comparative classification in
101:
195:. In the United States, governance related to this classification is handled by the
1683:
1096:
681:. New South Wales, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from
553:
Australian team media guide: 2002 Salt Lake City Paralympic Games, March 7-16, 2002
334:
105:
31:
1505:
1355:
682:
130:
B2 is a disability sport classification for people who are visually impaired. The
1152:
1030:
918:
850:
152:
143:
Para-alpine skiing sport specific versions of this definition include one by the
97:
93:
852:
Adapted Physical Activity, Recreation, and Sport: Crossdisciplinary and Lifespan
159:. In equestrian, Grade 4 is equivalent to B2. The B2 equivalent for swimming is
319:
187:
vision impairment classifier. In the United Kingdom, blind sport is handled by
1725:
1316:
52:
sport. Competitors in this classification have vision that falls between the
2019:
1873:
1631:
598:
537:
423:
303:
192:
171:
IBSA handles classification for a number of sports internationally including
77:
1708:
824:
443:
1756:
1564:
1254:
i Marcet, Pau Serracanta (1998). "Blind Skiing". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.).
950:
532:. Willoughby, N.S.W.: Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled.
135:
65:
1912:
556:. Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2002. 27972. Archived from
315:
19:
This article is about the parasports classification. For other uses, see
1258:. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 19–22.
318:
in this class, a guide is used with the guide sitting at the front of a
238:
81:
42:
406:, sighted guides in athletics were awarded medals for the first time.
1767:
1028:
916:
384:
119:
49:
1190:. United Kingdom: British Blind Sport Archery. 2013. Archived from
647:"Rowing Australia: Adaptive Rowing Classification Application Form"
396:
243:
Australian Open Golf Tournament for the Blind and Visually Impaired
176:
134:(IBSA) defines this classification as "visual acuity ranging from
89:
64:(IBSA) defines this classification as "visual acuity ranging from
26:
1219:
732:
330:
326:
296:
1587:"2002 New Zealand Blind Sport National Lawn Bowls Championships"
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1383:
882:
736:
Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, The Paralympic Athlete
388:
346:
156:
1153:
Marc R. Safran; Douglas B. McKeag; Steven P. Van Camp (1998).
1965:
1960:
241:, where a classification existed by 1990 and was used at the
728:
726:
724:
722:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1317:
Monica, Lepore; G. William Gayle; Shawn F. Stevens (2007).
1000:. China: International Paralympic Committee. Archived from
223:
across the different bands of visual acuity. In 1976, the
1970:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1294:. United Kingdom: Action for Blind People. Archived from
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
719:
951:
Nesta Wiggins-James; Rob James; Graham Thompson (2005).
1711:. Germany: International Paralympic Committee Athletics
1292:"Guide to visually impaired Paralympics classification"
770:. International Blind Sports Federation. Archived from
488:
1589:. New Zealand: Blind Sport New Zealand. Archived from
1504:. New Zealand: Blind Sport New Zealand. Archived from
1387:
Assistive Technology for the Vision-Impaired and Blind
1370:
1354:. New Zealand: Blind Sport New Zealand. Archived from
1206:
1024:
1022:
944:
886:
Assistive Technology for the Vision-Impaired and Blind
802:. International Paralympic Committee. 2012. p. 13
498:. Canadian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from
1284:
995:"Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games Classification Guide"
733:
Yves Vanlandewijck; Walter Thompson (13 July 2011).
413:
1528:"BSI Blind Sailing International| Eligibility"
1099:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee
1019:
652:. Australia: Rowing Australia. 2012. Archived from
583:. Auckland, N.Z.: Hodder Moa Beckett. p. 208.
468:
466:
464:
1616:. Auckland, N.Z.: Hodder Moa Beckett. p. 18.
1320:Adapted Aquatics Programming: A Professional Guide
1159:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 197.
876:
697:
225:International Sports Organization for the Disabled
848:
791:
789:
2017:
1614:Against the odds : New Zealand Paralympians
1146:
1029:Donald F. C. Loran; Caroline J. MacEwen (1995).
917:Donald F. C. Loran; Caroline J. MacEwen (1995).
910:
523:
521:
519:
517:
461:
1755:
1703:
1701:
1555:
1553:
1551:
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1310:
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842:
641:
639:
637:
204:Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron
1903:
1672:
1472:
1450:
1247:
1226:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 530–531.
1061:
1059:
786:
1889:
1741:
1682:. Ireland: Irish Blind Sports. Archived from
1530:. Blind Sailing International. Archived from
1220:Gregory S. Kolt; Lynn Snyder-Mackler (2007).
544:
514:
1698:
1644:
1638:
1546:
1431:. England: England Athletics. Archived from
839:
819:
817:
634:
197:United States Association for Blind Athletes
1579:
1116:
1114:
1089:
1056:
671:
1896:
1882:
1748:
1734:
1520:
1384:Michael A. Johnson; David Keating (2008).
1344:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
883:Michael A. Johnson; David Keating (2008).
581:Against the odds: New Zealand Paralympians
1605:
1494:
814:
605:
572:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1253:
1223:Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise
1111:
760:
277:
260:
25:
1651:. HarperCollins Australia. p. 48.
1180:
978:
827:. International Blind Sports Federation
797:"Paralympic Games Classification Guide"
2018:
1563:. Paralympics GB. 2012. Archived from
438:
436:
434:
1877:
1729:
1426:"Running & Sprinting with Guides"
1411:
1035:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 45.
923:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 37.
448:International Blind Sports Federation
191:, which is recognised nationally by
132:International Blind Sports Federation
62:International Blind Sports Federation
34:is a B2 classified Paralympic athlete
1611:
578:
1323:. Human Kinetics 10%. p. 264.
431:
13:
474:"A-Z of Paralympic classification"
250:Equestrian Federation of Australia
232:International Paralympic Committee
212:Fédération Équestre Internationale
113:International Paralympic Committee
108:, have equivalents to this class.
14:
2037:
1928:Para-Nordic skiing classification
1923:Para-alpine skiing classification
1482:. Paralympics Great Britain. 2012
1460:. Paralympics Great Britain. 2012
1272:. Paralympics Great Britain. 2012
707:. Paralympics Great Britain. 2012
1911:
1766:
1645:Rob Matthews (1 February 2010).
416:
210:(UCI), para-equestrian, by the
185:Australian Paralympic Committee
145:Australian Paralympic Committee
16:Blindness sports classification
614:Alpine Skiing Technical Manual
1:
768:"IBSA Medical Classification"
496:"Winter Sport Classification"
409:
208:Union Cycliste Internationale
166:
140:Canadian Paralympic Committee
125:
2026:Blind sports classifications
369:
333:have the option of having a
256:
7:
1067:"Sight Classification Form"
855:. McGraw-Hill. p. 70.
351:Blind Sailing International
10:
2042:
1904:Para-skiing classification
957:. Heinemann. p. 237.
849:Claudine Sherrill (2004).
217:
96:. Some sports, including
18:
1936:
1918:
1909:
1804:
1773:
1764:
1561:"Want to Get Into Sports"
1390:. Springer. p. 690.
889:. Springer. p. 689.
739:. John Wiley & Sons.
378:
356:
1097:"Classification History"
476:. BBC Sport. 4 June 2003
340:
404:2012 Summer Paralympics
206:(FISA), cycling by the
1073:. 2009. Archived from
292:
275:
35:
1612:Gray, Alison (1997).
1188:"Shooting Categories"
579:Gray, Alison (1997).
290:
273:
29:
173:five-a-side football
86:five-a-side football
1071:British Blind Sport
685:on 7 September 2015
189:British Blind Sport
41:is a medical based
1534:on 12 January 2010
1069:. United Kingdom:
312:para-Nordic skiing
293:
276:
74:para-Nordic skiing
70:para-alpine skiing
36:
2011:
2010:
1871:
1870:
1709:"About the Sport"
1658:978-0-7304-0082-0
1397:978-1-84628-867-8
1330:978-1-4504-0723-6
1233:978-0-443-10351-3
1166:978-0-7817-1222-4
1134:Missing or empty
1042:978-0-7506-1578-5
964:978-0-435-49930-3
930:978-0-7506-1578-5
896:978-1-84628-867-8
862:978-0-697-29513-2
774:on 11 August 2011
746:978-1-4443-4828-6
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1593:on 15 April 2014
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1567:on 13 April 2013
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825:"Classification"
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444:"Classification"
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366:a field player.
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32:Jade Etherington
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1156:Sports Medicine
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1077:on 9 March 2016
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1680:"Athletics"
308:para-alpine
1538:21 October
1352:"Swimming"
1136:|url=
410:References
239:blind golf
167:Governance
126:Definition
120:clapsticks
82:blind golf
58:B3 classes
43:Paralympic
30:Britain's
1831:Athletics
1632:154294284
1502:"Sailing"
1270:"Cycling"
778:3 October
625:2 October
599:154294284
564:2 October
538:221061502
506:3 October
385:long jump
370:Athletics
257:Equipment
199:(USABA).
102:athletics
2020:Category
1849:Swimming
1715:14 April
1664:14 April
1597:14 April
1571:14 April
1512:14 April
1486:14 April
1464:14 April
1458:"Rowing"
1442:14 April
1403:14 April
1362:14 April
1336:14 April
1302:14 April
1276:14 April
1239:14 April
1198:14 April
1172:14 April
1127:cite web
1081:14 April
1048:14 April
1011:14 April
970:14 April
936:14 April
902:14 April
868:14 April
806:14 April
752:14 April
711:14 April
453:14 April
397:marathon
316:cyclists
177:goalball
106:swimming
90:goalball
1777:General
1103:30 July
689:18 June
663:19 June
480:11 June
402:At the
331:batsmen
327:cricket
297:archery
218:History
1822:LTA-B3
1817:LTA-B2
1812:LTA-B1
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1480:"Judo"
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389:discus
379:Guides
357:Sports
335:runner
157:LTA-B2
136:LogMAR
66:LogMAR
60:. The
1966:LW6/8
1961:LW5/7
1827:LTA4+
1690:9 May
1436:(PDF)
1429:(PDF)
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831:9 May
800:(PDF)
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650:(PDF)
347:LTA4+
341:Rules
329:, B2
50:blind
1986:LW12
1981:LW11
1976:LW10
1717:2013
1692:2014
1666:2013
1653:ISBN
1628:OCLC
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