587:
597:, the conductor of the Israel National Opera, was first tried in 1964 for having turned Jews over to the Nazis as head of the Jewish police in the Bendzin ghetto, Poland. Having arrived in Israel in 1958-9, Barenblat was arrested after a ghetto survivor recognised him while he was conducting an opera. Found guilty of helping the Nazis by ensuring that Jews selected for the death camps did not escape, Barenblat was sentenced to five years in prison. On May 1, 1964, having served three months of the sentence, Barenblat was absolved of the charge, freed and Israel's Supreme Court quashed his conviction.
29:
368:
49:
381:
56:
470:
critically injured Jews were taken by them to the hospital under false names. Other Jews hid at the hospital also by being given instant employment. However, Director
Kosibowicz was denounced by one of his ethnically German patients and arrested by the Gestapo on 8 May 1940. All three rescuers were sentenced to death, soon commuted to camp imprisonment. Dr Kosibowicz was in
506:
There are several diaries from survivors and hundreds of written correspondences made to relations from those in the ghetto at the time. Photos of many of the ghetto's deportees to
Auschwitz were preserved. A collection of over 2,000 photographs was discovered in October, 1986, including many images
430:
several weeks earlier. All of them were killed by the German forces once they ran out of bullets, but the fighting, which began on 3 August 1943, lasted for several days. Most of the remaining Jews perished soon thereafter, when the ghetto was liquidated, although the deportations had to be extended
363:
between August 1942 and June 1943. The last major deportations took place in 1943 whereas 5,000 Jews were sent away on 22 June 1943 and 8,000 around 1–3 August 1943. About 1,000 remaining Jews were deported in the subsequent months. It is estimated that of the 30,000 inhabitants of the ghetto, only
489:
Hundreds of Polish Jews remained in hiding when the
Auschwitz deportations ended in August 1943. The survivors were smuggled out of the bunkers in small groups by ŻOB members: Fela Kac, Schmuel Ron and Kasia Szancer. Polish rescuers who picked them up on the 'Aryan' side of the city included Roman
497:
in 1943 thanks to a loose plank in the roof. They were rescued by the family of Stanisław
Grzybowski, with whom their father had worked in a coal mine. However, Cela was caught while looking for "Aryan" ID paper and murdered. After that, Grzybowski brought Icchak to his own daughter Wanda and her
321:
From
October 1940 to May 1942, about 4,000 Jewish people were deported from Będzin to slave labour in the rapidly growing number of camps. Until October 1942 the internal boundaries of the ghetto remained unmarked. No fence was built. The area was defined by neighbourhoods of Kamionka and Mała
469:
While the
Synagogue burned, other houses caught fire as well. Many escaping Jews saved by Father Zawadzki were also wounded and required medical help. They were rescued by Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz, director of the state hospital in Będzin, aided by Dr. Ryszard Nyc and Sister Rufina Świrska. The
490:
Kołodziej, killed for saving Jews on 2 January 1944, and Zofia
Klemens arrested by Gestapo and sent to a concentration camp; Klemens survived. She was awarded the title of the Righteous in 1964. The Kobylec family rescued over seventy Jews; they received Righteous medals twenty years later.
455:
The
Christian efforts to rescue Jews from the Nazi persecution began immediately during the German invasion. When on 8 September 1939 the Synagogue was set on fire by the SS with a crowd of Jewish worshippers inside, the Catholic priest, Father Mieczysław Zawadzki
486:. He worked as prisoner medic and survived. Kosibowicz returned to Będzin after liberation and resumed his position of the hospital director. He died on 6 July 1971; and was awarded the title of Righteous posthumously in 2006 by the State of Israel.
411:
were being manufactured. The bombs that the Jews produced – according to surviving testimonies – were comparable with those of the Nazis. Several bunkers were dug out within the ghetto boundary to produce and hide these weapons. The attitude of the
173:
was pronounced by the German authorities in July 1940. Over 20,000 local Jews from Będzin, along with additional 10,000 Jews expelled from neighbouring communities, were forced to subsist there until the end of the ghetto history during
421:
The revolt was an ultimate act of defiance of the ghetto insurgents who fought in the neighbourhoods of
Kamionka and Środula. A group of partisans barricaded themselves in the bunker at Podsiadły Street along with their female leader,
462:, opened the gates of his church at Góra Zamkowa for all runaways seeking refuge. It is not known how many Jews he saved inside until the danger subsided; likely more than one hundred. Father Zawadzki was awarded the title of the
407:. Weapons were obtained from the Jewish underground in Warsaw. Pistols and hand-grenades were smuggled in perilous train rides. Edzia Pejsachson was caught and tortured to death. Using patterns supplied by the headquarters the
833:
510:
In 2004, Będzin City
Council decided to dedicate the city square to the heroes of the Jewish ghetto uprising in Będzin. In August 2005 new memorial was unveiled at the site of the Będzin Ghetto.
1667:
1212:
1978:
346:(Mojżesz Merin, in Polish) cooperated with the Germans in the hope that the survival of the Jews might be tied to their forced labour exploitation. It was a false assumption.
330:
placed by the SS along the perimeter. As was the case in other ghettos across occupied Poland, German authorities exterminated most of the Jews of Będzin during the murderous
3543:
2787:
1407:
678:
The "Farma" was a plot of land between Bedzin and Sosnowiec that was allocated to the local Zionist youth movements by the Jewish Council for the growing of vegetables.
3144:
1237:
3179:
3134:
3174:
3169:
3154:
3159:
249:, the town's Jewish population consisted of 17,298 people, or 62.1 percent of its total population. By 1938, the number of Jews had increased to about 22,500.
3164:
3139:
2897:
1971:
805:
498:
husband Kazimierz in 1944. Wanda and Kazimierz Kafarski were awarded recognition as the Righteous in 2004, long after Stanisław Grzybowski died of old age.
3397:
507:
of life in Będzin and the ghetto. Some of them have been published in a book or in a video. The Eyes from the Ashes Foundation administers the collection.
268:, and the persecution of the Jews began immediately. On 7 September the first draconian economic sanctions were imposed. A day later, on 8 September, the
3631:
3108:
1448:
1400:
1964:
1538:
3103:
1308:
705:
3616:
661:
857:
989:
3113:
1129:
1023:
3440:
3118:
3576:
3193:
1393:
1216:
3425:
2782:
1351:
1028:
997:
121:
3581:
3149:
2890:
1283:
1060:
1632:
3390:
1784:
232:
1343:
3515:
2812:
1570:
440:
272:
Synagogue was burned. On 9 September 1939 the first mass murder of local Jews took place with 40 prominent individuals executed.
2844:
2737:
3248:
2742:
1163:
903:
403:
against the Germans (as in nearby Sosnowiec). Already in 1941 a local chapter of ŻOB was created in Będzin, on the advice of
280:
3445:
2928:
2883:
1531:
689:
305:(Auschwitz). Overall, about 30,000 Jews would live in Będzin during World War II. By late 1942, Będzin and the nearby
166:
82:
893:
3383:
493:
Escape attempts took place during the ghetto liquidation actions. Cela Kleinmann and her brother Icchak escaped from the
1943:
1692:
621:
3566:
2923:
1622:
1347:
463:
458:
1171:
1076:
2984:
2474:
1130:"Rodzina Kafarskich: Wanda Kafarska, Kazimierz Kafarski. Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata - tytuł przyznany: 2004"
776:
802:
3528:
1524:
170:
150:
1722:
960:
586:
178:. Most of the able-bodied poor were forced to work in German military factories before being transported aboard
3626:
3501:
2856:
2832:
1627:
436:
2979:
1187:
3523:
3333:
213:. The Jews from both ghettos shared the "Farma" vegetable garden allocated to Zionist youth by the Judenrat.
158:
1852:
1575:
540:
Shlomo Lerner (d. 1943), founder Halutz underground Zaglembia, commander Jewish Fighteing Organizations, ZOB
2989:
1602:
356:
339:
2974:
1238:"III Dni Kultury Żydowskiej w Będzinie 22.08.2005 - Aktualności - Miasto dziś - Będzin - Wirtualny Sztetl"
3558:
2824:
1702:
1657:
1647:
1637:
1580:
861:
435:
from Auschwitz (45 km distance) was summoned to assist. Posthumously, Frumka Płotnicka received the
2569:
2071:
1687:
289:
210:
3470:
3412:
3353:
3294:
2948:
2852:
2792:
2375:
1938:
1652:
1597:
1478:
418:
in Będzin to the resistance was negative from the start, but it changed during the ghetto liquidation.
396:
195:
665:
3611:
3455:
3243:
2828:
2519:
2464:
1933:
1662:
1642:
1592:
1498:
1453:
865:
3606:
1376:
1001:
942:
359:
in May and 5,000 Jews in August. Another 5,000 jews of the ghettos were deported from Będzin aboard
3570:
3274:
2836:
1717:
1614:
1553:
1503:
1488:
1468:
1458:
1443:
1438:
1137:
1033:
925:(in Hebrew and Yiddish). Translated by Lance Ackerfeld. pp. 364–365 – via Jewishgen.org.
2666:
1151:
3284:
3213:
2938:
2772:
1897:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1416:
723:
313:), became the only two cities in the Zagłębie Dąbrowskie region that were inhabited by the Jews.
284:
257:
67:
834:
Rozmowa z dr Aleksandrą Namysło, historykiem z Oddziału Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w Katowicach
3621:
2994:
2544:
2459:
427:
385:
253:
351:
3533:
2953:
920:
246:
186:
where they were exterminated. The last major deportation of the ghetto inmates by the German
1807:
1258:
1024:"Dr. Tadeusz Kosibowicz. Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata - tytuł przyznany: 20 marca 2006"
3010:
2721:
2606:
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2111:
404:
327:
220:
2848:
2686:
1707:
28:
8:
3548:
3420:
3060:
3020:
2469:
2292:
1831:
1732:
1080:
958:
779:[The extermination of the Jews of Będzin in survivor testimonies]. Archived from
342:
for gassing. During this time, the leaders of the Jewish community in Zagłebie including
206:
3070:
1862:
1837:
1797:
1309:"ISRAELI ABSOLVED OF HELP TO NAZIS; Court Reverses Conviction of Ex-Polish Gestapo Aide"
423:
3289:
3258:
3045:
2797:
2345:
2282:
2212:
2202:
2121:
1802:
1586:
1562:
1364:
1104:
930:
522:
Zvi Brandes (1917-1943), Hashomer Hatzair, commander Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB)
389:
331:
238:
216:
3338:
3050:
2621:
2559:
1842:
1385:
706:"Major War Criminal Responsible for Murder of 100,000 Police Jews Gets Death Sentence"
3313:
3015:
2691:
2418:
2383:
2335:
2177:
2116:
1167:
899:
3538:
3223:
3040:
3035:
2041:
367:
3475:
3080:
3030:
2820:
2641:
2499:
2287:
2277:
2252:
2136:
2126:
2101:
2051:
1892:
1764:
1727:
1712:
594:
475:
408:
360:
323:
310:
202:
179:
134:
2479:
2449:
2227:
2056:
1887:
1822:
1774:
205:
in the bordering Środula district of Sosnowiec, because both cities are a part of
3496:
3491:
3348:
3279:
3228:
3208:
2969:
2776:
2706:
2636:
2574:
2564:
2504:
2439:
2307:
2217:
2106:
2091:
2076:
2036:
1902:
1754:
809:
527:
Baruch Gaftek (1913-1943), Dror – Halutz Underground, commander Jewish resistance
494:
400:
355:
Alexander von Woedtke, took place in 1942 with 2,000 Jews sent to be murdered in
261:
191:
142:
3218:
2549:
2131:
2011:
1986:
1867:
990:"Mieczysław Zawadzki. Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata - tytuł przyznany: 2007"
3238:
3233:
3065:
2933:
2840:
2762:
2716:
2631:
2529:
2490:
2413:
2272:
2257:
2232:
2172:
2061:
2046:
2026:
2016:
1877:
1769:
965:
532:
265:
2454:
2262:
2222:
1827:
1697:
3600:
3435:
3253:
3025:
2766:
2701:
2696:
2681:
2651:
2646:
2616:
2554:
2509:
2423:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2360:
2350:
2330:
2302:
2192:
2162:
2081:
2066:
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1912:
1882:
1857:
1847:
1817:
1812:
1748:
1430:
302:
175:
100:
34:
2656:
3343:
3055:
2862:
2802:
2711:
2676:
2671:
2539:
2524:
2365:
2297:
2267:
2237:
2187:
2157:
2152:
2006:
1907:
1872:
1759:
154:
2197:
260:
overran the area in early September 1939. The army was followed by mobile
190:– men, women and children – between 1 and 3 August 1943 was marked by the
3075:
2611:
2601:
2534:
2514:
2444:
2403:
2340:
2325:
2247:
2207:
2096:
2086:
664:. Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from
635:
483:
343:
335:
287:
began to deport Jewish families from all neighbouring communities of the
242:
780:
2661:
2626:
2182:
2031:
693:
560:
Mordecai Anielewicz, Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB), Bedzin, Warsaw
48:
223:, sentenced to death for being responsible of 100,000 Jewish victims.
2918:
2355:
1928:
1380:
959:
Martyna Sypniewska; Adam Marczewski; Zofia Sochańska; Adam Dylewski.
471:
306:
183:
110:
2943:
2905:
919:
Aharon Brandes (1959) . "The demise of the Jews in Western Poland".
269:
162:
78:
3358:
1191:
479:
414:
380:
1337:
Jaworski Wojciech, Żydzi będzińscy – dzieje i zagłada, Będzin 1993
1284:"Conductor of Israel National Opera Guilty of Nazi Collaboration"
1160:
The Last Album: Eyes from the Ashes of Auschwitz-Birkenau, 2nd ed
294:
3430:
1546:
298:
276:
201:
The Będzin Ghetto formed a single administrative unit with the
395:
During the final deportation action of early August 1943, the
1063:["I hate it, when they hurt innocent people!" Quote]
622:
Będzin in the Jewish Historical Institute community database.
575:
Rebecca Granz (1915-1943), also Czenstochow and Warsaw Ghetto
1987:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
550:
Frumka Plotnitzka (1914-1943), leader underground resistance
774:
1340:
Zagłada Żydów Zagłębiowskich, red. A. Namysło, Będzin 2004
55:
3544:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
388:
at age 29, led the uprising in the Będzin Ghetto during
3405:
1415:
555:
E zriel ("Yozek") Koszok, leader underground resistance
187:
895:
Auschwitz, the Allies and Censorship of the Holocaust
831:
Aleksandra Namysło, Stanisław Bubin (28 July 2006),
1022:Maria Ciesielska (August 2014). Klara Jackl (ed.).
1205:
1058:
987:
466:posthumously in 2007. He died in 1975 in Będzin.
3598:
2906:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
1021:
293:region into Będzin. Among them were the Jews of
891:
855:
1180:
918:
513:
279:declared that Będzin would become part of the
3391:
2891:
1972:
1532:
1401:
1061:"Nie znoszę, kiedy krzywdzą niewinnych ludzi"
770:
768:
766:
764:
3577:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
1190:. The Last Album. 2012-02-17. Archived from
1127:
777:"Zagłada Żydów w Będzinie w świetle relacji"
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
1547:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
1354:(search inside). Retrieved 16 January 2017.
954:
952:
898:. Cambridge University Press. p. 184.
241:at the onset of World War II, Będzin had a
3632:Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany
3398:
3384:
2898:
2884:
1979:
1965:
1539:
1525:
1408:
1394:
1352:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews
1344:Polscy Sprawiedliwi - Przywracanie Pamięci
1029:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews
1015:
998:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews
887:
885:
883:
1121:
837:, Dziennik Zachodni via Internet Archive
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
741:
633:
981:
949:
728:The Detroit Jewish News Digital Archives
724:"Major War Criminal Gets Death Sentence"
662:"Jewish youth at the "Farma" collective"
585:
379:
366:
349:Major deportation actions, commanded by
233:Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
3502:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
1281:
1054:
1052:
1050:
880:
690:Będzin, The Encyclopedia of the Ghettos
441:Polish Committee of National Liberation
3617:Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Poland
3599:
3485:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
2845:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
1230:
814:
570:Herschel Springer, leader, underground
92:Imprisonment, forced labor, starvation
3379:
2879:
1960:
1520:
1389:
1164:Jewish Publication Society of America
1157:
1105:"Klemens Zofia | Polscy Sprawiedliwi"
988:Paulina Berczyńska (September 2013).
795:
614:
612:
610:
431:from a few days to two weeks and the
281:Polish territories annexed by Germany
1215:. Katowice.uw.gov.pl. Archived from
1069:Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej
1047:
851:
849:
847:
182:to the nearby concentration camp at
3406:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
1417:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
856:Cyryl Skibiński (August 23, 2013).
775:Maciej Szaniawscy; Ewa Szaniawscy.
636:"The Ghetto of Sosnowiec (Srodula)"
384:Frumka Płotnicka who fought in the
252:During the Nazi-Soviet invasion of
138:
13:
3567:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
1348:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
1331:
912:
654:
607:
464:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
450:
275:A month later, on 8 October 1939,
14:
3643:
3249:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
1370:
1282:Portnoy, Eddy (5 February 2014).
1059:Aleksandra Namysło (March 2009).
844:
3426:Population transfers (1944–1946)
2475:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
858:"The Bedzin Ghetto. We remember"
501:
54:
47:
27:
3529:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
3441:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
1301:
1275:
1263:www.jewishholocaustrescuers.com
1251:
1097:
545:David Liver, ghetto underground
2857:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
2833:36th Estonian Police Battalion
803:"Będzin - Jerozolima Zagłębia"
698:
683:
676:– via Internet Archive.
627:
437:Order of the Cross of Grunwald
16:Nazi ghetto in occupied Poland
1:
3524:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
3354:Human medical experimentation
600:
535:(1917-1958), Hashomer Hatzair
482:(KL Lublin) as well as in KL
371:1941 Będzin Ghetto Police ID.
316:
226:
167:occupied south-western Poland
1315:. New York Times. 2 May 1964
426:, age 29, who fought in the
133:(a.k.a. the Bendzin Ghetto,
7:
3559:Righteous Among the Nations
3446:Ministry of Public Security
2825:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
1435:Related articles by country
1358:
862:Jewish Historical Institute
565:Marcus Pohorila (1912-1943)
514:People of the Będzin Ghetto
375:
37:, Modrzejowska Street, 1942
10:
3648:
3471:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
2853:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
961:"Jewish history of Będzin"
580:Israel Kozhuch (1922-1943)
397:Jewish Combat Organization
364:2,000 survivors remained.
230:
196:Jewish Combat Organization
3557:
3514:
3484:
3463:
3454:
3411:
3375:
3326:
3306:
3267:
3244:Sobibor perpetrator album
3201:
3192:
3127:
3096:
3089:
3003:
2962:
2911:
2875:
2829:Estonian Auxiliary Police
2811:
2755:
2730:
2594:
2587:
2488:
2432:
2374:
2316:
2145:
1999:
1992:
1956:
1939:Human medical experiments
1921:
1783:
1741:
1680:
1613:
1561:
1552:
1516:
1512:
1423:
1128:Jakub Beczek (May 2012).
710:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
334:, deporting them to Nazi
116:
106:
96:
88:
74:
42:
26:
21:
3492:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
2837:Latvian Auxiliary Police
2570:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
2072:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
892:Michael Fleming (2014).
243:vibrant Jewish community
3582:Garden of the Righteous
3334:Identification in camps
3327:Technical and logistics
2773:Order Police battalions
1079:: 52–54. Archived from
285:Order Police battalions
169:. The formation of the
68:the Holocaust in Poland
66:Będzin location during
2995:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
2460:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
808:July 16, 2011, at the
591:
428:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
392:
386:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
372:
338:, primarily to nearby
322:Środula bordering the
309:bordering Będzin (see
146:
83:German-occupied Poland
3627:Jewish Polish history
3534:Majdanek State Museum
2667:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
1571:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
640:Holocaust Testimonies
589:
383:
370:
247:Polish census of 1921
231:Further information:
3011:Mordechai Anielewicz
2722:Elisabeth Volkenrath
2607:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
2243:Arthur Liebehenschel
2168:Hermine Braunsteiner
2112:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1213:"Aktualności Urzędu"
730:. September 10, 1948
668:on December 10, 2012
405:Mordechai Anielewicz
221:Organization Schmelt
147:Ghetto von Bendsburg
3549:March of the Living
3421:Holocaust survivors
3285:Vrba–Wetzler report
3061:Alexander Pechersky
3021:Mordechai Tenenbaum
2470:Alexander Palfinger
2293:Johann Schwarzhuber
1853:Międzyrzec Podlaski
1832:Lviv pogroms (1941)
1733:Sonderaktion Krakau
1158:Weiss, Ann (2005).
1109:sprawiedliwi.org.pl
783:on 22 February 2012
352:SS-Standartenführer
290:Zagłębie Dąbrowskie
245:. According to the
207:the same urban area
151:World War II ghetto
3464:West German trials
3259:Wannsee Conference
3046:Itzhak Katzenelson
2798:General Government
2283:Franz Reichleitner
2213:Fritz Hartjenstein
2203:Maximilian Grabner
2122:Bruno Streckenbach
1934:Grossaktion Warsaw
1587:Operation Reinhard
1365:Fridrich Kuczynski
1313:The New York Times
1166:. pp. 32–37.
801:Katarzyna Kalisz,
592:
518:Ghetto Partisans:
401:staged an uprising
393:
390:Operation Reinhard
373:
340:Auschwitz-Birkenau
332:Operation Reinhard
239:invasion of Poland
217:Fridrich Kuczynski
194:by members of the
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3510:
3509:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3322:
3321:
3314:Sonderaktion 1005
3188:
3187:
2871:
2870:
2849:Ypatingasis būrys
2751:
2750:
2692:Johanna Langefeld
2687:Hildegard Lächert
2583:
2582:
2419:Alfred Trzebinski
2384:Franz von Bodmann
2336:Lorenz Hackenholt
2178:Theodor van Eupen
2117:Jakob Sporrenberg
1952:
1951:
1676:
1675:
905:978-1-107-06279-5
624:Internet Archive.
409:Molotov cocktails
141:, Bendiner geto;
127:
126:
33:Będzin Ghetto in
22:The Będzin Ghetto
3639:
3612:Ghetto uprisings
3476:Treblinka trials
3461:
3460:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3275:Graebe affidavit
3268:Witness accounts
3214:Frank memorandum
3199:
3198:
3094:
3093:
3081:Szmul Zygielbojm
3071:Frumka Płotnicka
3031:Leon Feldhendler
3016:Icchak Cukierman
2970:Ghetto uprisings
2900:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2821:Schutzmannschaft
2642:Feodor Fedorenko
2592:
2591:
2500:Wolfgang Birkner
2288:Heinrich Schwarz
2278:Josef Oberhauser
2253:Heinrich Matthes
2137:Dieter Wisliceny
2127:Richard Thomalla
2102:Heinz Reinefarth
2052:Heinrich Himmler
1997:
1996:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1922:Other atrocities
1559:
1558:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1387:
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1294:
1279:
1273:
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1255:
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1245:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1188:"The Last Album"
1184:
1178:
1177:
1162:. Philadelphia:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1136:. Archived from
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1066:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1032:. Archived from
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1000:. Archived from
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
956:
947:
946:
940:
936:
934:
926:
916:
910:
909:
889:
878:
877:
875:
873:
864:. Archived from
853:
842:
840:
829:
812:
799:
793:
792:
790:
788:
772:
739:
738:
736:
735:
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718:
717:
702:
696:
687:
681:
680:
675:
673:
658:
652:
651:
649:
647:
642:. PolishJews.org
631:
625:
620:
616:
595:Hirsch Barenblat
476:KL Sachsenhausen
446:
424:Frumka Płotnicka
399:(ŻOB) in Będzin
361:Holocaust trains
324:Sosnowiec Ghetto
311:Sosnowiec Ghetto
237:Before the 1939
219:a member of the
203:Sosnowiec Ghetto
180:Holocaust trains
171:'Jewish Quarter'
140:
58:
51:
31:
19:
18:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3586:
3553:
3506:
3497:Stutthof trials
3480:
3450:
3407:
3404:
3363:
3349:Holocaust train
3318:
3302:
3290:Witold's Report
3280:Gerstein Report
3263:
3229:Katzmann Report
3209:Auschwitz Album
3184:
3123:
3085:
3051:Michał Klepfisz
2999:
2958:
2907:
2904:
2867:
2807:
2777:Ordnungspolizei
2747:
2726:
2707:Erich Muhsfeldt
2637:Margot Dreschel
2622:Alexander Bülow
2579:
2575:Udo von Woyrsch
2565:Hermann Schaper
2560:Emanuel Schäfer
2545:Josef Meisinger
2505:Helmut Bischoff
2484:
2440:Heinz Auerswald
2428:
2370:
2318:
2312:
2308:Christian Wirth
2218:Gottlieb Hering
2141:
2107:Julian Scherner
2092:Georg Michalsen
2077:Franz Kutschera
2037:Odilo Globocnik
1988:
1985:
1948:
1917:
1779:
1737:
1718:Kielce cemetery
1672:
1609:
1548:
1545:
1508:
1419:
1414:
1373:
1361:
1334:
1332:Further reading
1329:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1259:"Organizations"
1257:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1240:. Sztetl.org.pl
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1235:
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1143:
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1134:Historia pomocy
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1089:
1087:
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1005:
994:Historia pomocy
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928:
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810:Wayback Machine
800:
796:
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715:
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712:. 20 March 2015
704:
703:
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669:
660:
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645:
643:
634:Dawid Fischer.
632:
628:
618:
617:
608:
603:
590:Hirsh Barenblat
516:
504:
495:Holocaust train
453:
451:Rescue attempts
444:
378:
319:
258:German military
235:
229:
192:ghetto uprising
161:in the town of
159:the Polish Jews
70:
64:
63:
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38:
17:
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3539:Sobibór Museum
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3296:Sonderkommando
3292:
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3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
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3239:Posen speeches
3236:
3234:Korherr Report
3231:
3226:
3224:Höfle telegram
3221:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3196:
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3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Witold Pilecki
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3041:Henryk Iwański
3038:
3036:Paweł Frenkiel
3033:
3028:
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3013:
3007:
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2865:
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2841:Arajs Kommando
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2763:Einsatzgruppen
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2717:Alice Orlowski
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
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2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
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2659:
2654:
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2639:
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2632:John Demjanjuk
2629:
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2530:Gerhard Flesch
2527:
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2517:
2512:
2507:
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2496:
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2491:Einsatzgruppen
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2457:
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2442:
2436:
2434:
2433:Ghetto command
2430:
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2416:
2414:Horst Schumann
2411:
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2273:Johann Niemann
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Hermann Michel
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2233:Karl-Otto Koch
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
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2175:
2173:Irmfried Eberl
2170:
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2114:
2109:
2104:
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2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:Fritz Katzmann
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Arthur Greiser
2044:
2042:Richard Glücks
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Ludwig Fischer
2024:
2019:
2017:Adolf Eichmann
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1961:
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1953:
1950:
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1941:
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1690:
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1681:Mass shootings
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1670:
1668:Danzig-Matzkau
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1633:Kraków-Płaszów
1630:
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1377:Będzin, Poland
1372:
1371:External links
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533:Chajka Klinger
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266:Einsatzgruppen
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139:בענדינער געטאָ
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3622:The Holocaust
3620:
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3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Będzin Ghetto
3605:
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3602:
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3436:Kielce pogrom
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3254:Stroop Report
3252:
3250:
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3194:Documentation
3191:
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3034:
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3029:
3027:
3026:Marek Edelman
3024:
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3019:
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3014:
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3009:
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2917:
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2912:Organizations
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2813:Collaboration
2810:
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2758:
2756:Organizations
2754:
2744:
2741:
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2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Eduard Lorenz
2700:
2698:
2697:Anton Lechner
2695:
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2685:
2683:
2682:Josef Kollmer
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Kurt Gerstein
2650:
2648:
2647:Hans Hoffmann
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Juana Bormann
2615:
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2608:
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2555:Erich Naumann
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2510:Lothar Beutel
2508:
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2480:Jürgen Stroop
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2424:Eduard Wirths
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2409:Josef Mengele
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2057:Hermann Höfle
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2022:Theodor Eicke
2020:
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1723:Aktion Krakau
1721:
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1615:Concentration
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1563:Extermination
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1432:
1431:The Holocaust
1429:
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1219:on 2016-03-04
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1194:on 2012-04-21
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1189:
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1173:0-393-01670-6
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1140:on 2016-06-19
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1086:on 2013-05-17
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1004:on 2016-06-20
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502:Commemoration
499:
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448:
445:19 April 1945
442:
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369:
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337:
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329:
328:Jewish police
325:
314:
312:
308:
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300:
296:
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278:
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267:
263:
259:
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234:
224:
222:
218:
214:
212:
211:Dąbrowa Basin
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:the Holocaust
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
132:
131:Będzin Ghetto
123:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
97:Organizations
95:
91:
89:Incident type
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
57:
50:
41:
36:
35:the Holocaust
30:
25:
20:
3295:
3219:Höcker Album
3202:Nazi sources
3090:Victim lists
3056:Miles Lerman
2863:Trawniki men
2803:Hotel Polski
2712:Detlef Nebbe
2677:Oswald Kaduk
2672:Karl Jeschke
2550:Bruno Müller
2540:Felix Landau
2525:Ernst Damzog
2520:Karl Brunner
2489:
2465:Franz Konrad
2366:Adolf Theuer
2319:executioners
2298:Franz Stangl
2268:Robert Mulka
2238:Josef Kramer
2188:Karl Frenzel
2158:Richard Baer
2153:Hans Aumeier
2146:Camp command
2132:Otto Wächter
2012:Josef Bühler
2007:Viktor Brack
1993:Perpetrators
1792:
1585:
1427:Main article
1317:. Retrieved
1312:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:
1277:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1242:. Retrieved
1232:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:the original
1207:
1196:. Retrieved
1192:the original
1182:
1159:
1153:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:the original
1133:
1123:
1112:. Retrieved
1108:
1099:
1088:. Retrieved
1081:the original
1077:IPN Katowice
1072:
1068:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:the original
1027:
1017:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:the original
993:
983:
971:. Retrieved
964:
921:
914:
894:
870:. Retrieved
866:the original
832:
797:
785:. Retrieved
781:the original
732:. Retrieved
727:
714:. Retrieved
709:
700:
685:
677:
670:. Retrieved
666:the original
656:
644:. Retrieved
639:
629:
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509:
505:
492:
488:
468:
457:
454:
432:
420:
413:
394:
350:
348:
320:
288:
274:
262:death squads
251:
236:
215:
200:
155:Nazi Germany
130:
128:
3339:Gas chamber
3307:Concealment
3298:photographs
3145:Gross-Rosen
3114:Lviv (Lwów)
3076:Roza Robota
2980:Częstochowa
2612:Herta Bothe
2602:Hans Anhalt
2595:Camp guards
2535:Ludwig Hahn
2515:Paul Blobel
2455:Franz Bürkl
2445:Hans Biebow
2404:Fritz Klein
2341:Josef Klehr
2326:Erich Bauer
2317:Gas chamber
2263:Karl Möckel
2248:Maria Mandl
2223:Rudolf Höss
2208:Otto Hantke
2097:Oswald Pohl
2087:Ernst Lerch
1898:Stanisławów
1808:Częstochowa
1698:Bronna Góra
1628:Gross-Rosen
1623:Auschwitz I
1288:Forward.com
969:. p. 9
939:|work=
839:(in Polish)
619:(in Polish)
484:Gross-Rosen
344:Moshe Merin
336:death camps
326:, with the
122:Polish Jews
3601:Categories
2662:Irma Grese
2657:Paul Götze
2627:Luise Danz
2376:Physicians
2183:Kurt Franz
2032:Hans Frank
2000:Organizers
1944:Heidelager
1319:28 October
1293:28 October
1268:2023-02-27
1244:2012-05-18
1223:2012-05-18
1198:2012-05-18
1144:2016-01-18
1114:2020-03-08
1090:2016-03-09
1040:2016-01-18
1008:2016-01-18
973:18 January
872:20 January
787:17 January
734:2023-02-26
716:2023-02-26
694:Yad Vashem
601:References
317:The ghetto
227:Background
153:set up by
3516:Memorials
3413:Aftermath
3180:Treblinka
3135:Auschwitz
2990:Treblinka
2975:Białystok
2963:Uprisings
2743:Treblinka
2588:Personnel
2356:Otto Moll
2346:Hans Koch
2198:Amon Göth
1929:Action T4
1893:Sosnowiec
1863:Nowy Sącz
1798:Białystok
1765:Szczuczyn
1713:Erntefest
1703:Bydgoszcz
1688:Białystok
1603:Treblinka
1479:Lithuania
1381:JewishGen
941:ignored (
931:cite book
472:KZ Dachau
439:from the
357:Auschwitz
307:Sosnowiec
184:Auschwitz
111:Auschwitz
3359:Zyklon B
3175:Trawniki
3170:Stutthof
3155:Majdanek
1903:Tarnopol
1843:Lubartów
1755:Jedwabne
1658:Trawniki
1648:Stutthof
1638:Potulice
1581:Majdanek
1499:Slovakia
1359:See also
806:Archived
672:28 March
646:28 March
480:Majdanek
415:Judenrat
376:Uprising
303:Oświęcim
149:) was a
75:Location
3344:Gas van
3160:Sobibór
3097:Ghettos
3004:Leaders
2985:Sobibor
2738:Sobibor
2731:By camp
1878:Siedlce
1785:Ghettos
1770:Tykocin
1742:Pogroms
1728:Palmiry
1653:Szebnie
1598:Sobibor
1576:Chełmno
1504:Ukraine
1489:Romania
1469:Germany
1459:Estonia
1454:Denmark
1449:Croatia
1444:Belgium
1439:Belarus
295:Bohumin
264:of the
209:in the
135:Yiddish
120:30,000
117:Victims
3456:Trials
3431:Bricha
3165:Soldau
3150:Izbica
3140:Bełżec
3119:Warsaw
3104:Kraków
2944:Żegota
1913:Warsaw
1888:Słonim
1883:Sambor
1858:Mizocz
1848:Lublin
1823:Kraków
1818:Kielce
1813:Grodno
1793:Będzin
1775:Wąsosz
1751:(1946)
1749:Kielce
1663:Warsaw
1643:Soldau
1593:Belzec
1494:Russia
1484:Norway
1474:Latvia
1464:France
1170:
902:
860:. The
299:Kielce
283:. The
277:Hitler
270:Będzin
256:, the
254:Poland
163:Będzin
143:German
79:Będzin
3128:Camps
2788:RKFDV
1908:Wilno
1873:Radom
1868:Pińsk
1803:Brest
1708:Dynów
1554:Camps
1084:(PDF)
1075:(3).
1065:(PDF)
478:, in
3571:List
3109:Łódź
2929:Bund
2793:VoMi
2783:WVHA
1838:Łódź
1828:Lwów
1760:Lviv
1321:2019
1295:2019
1168:ISBN
975:2015
943:help
900:ISBN
874:2016
789:2016
674:2016
648:2016
459:(pl)
301:and
157:for
129:The
107:Camp
2954:ŻZW
2949:ŻOB
2939:PKB
2924:AOB
1379:at
443:on
165:in
3603::
2934:GL
2919:AK
2855:/
2851:,
2847:,
2843:,
2839:,
2835:,
2831:/
2827:,
2767:SS
1350:.
1311:.
1286:.
1261:.
1132:.
1107:.
1073:98
1071:.
1067:.
1049:^
1026:.
996:.
992:.
963:.
951:^
935::
933:}}
929:{{
882:^
846:^
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708:.
692:,
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447:.
433:SS
297:,
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188:SS
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3569:(
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2779:)
2775:(
2769:)
2765:(
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1966:v
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1346:(
1323:.
1297:.
1271:.
1247:.
1226:.
1201:.
1176:.
1147:.
1117:.
1093:.
1043:.
1011:.
977:.
945:)
908:.
876:.
841:.
791:.
737:.
719:.
650:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
