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1119:, and on 6–7 December, he and his men were ordered to attack the enemy lines by surprise. However, the attack failed, due to the incompetence of an Austrian officer, and the Romanians were forced to withdraw by 10 December. By early January 1849, the control over Transylvania was almost entirely regained by the Hungarian Army. The Romanian fighters holding out in their mountains stronghold were running low of supplies, having only 800 rifles to arm a few thousand men, and were completely surrounded by Hungarian troops by the end of March.
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1214:) were also keen to inflict a defeat on the Russian armies that had crushed their movement in September 1848. Fighting also continued in July, during the peace negotiations, on 2, 4, and 22 July, all Hungarian attacks being repulsed yet again. Finally, the conflict ended on 29 July, as Avram Iancu offered a guarantee to the Hungarian troops that he would not attack them, allowing them to withdraw in front of the Austro-Russian offensive.
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1303:. In order to avoid suspicion of Romanian separatism, the document does not mention the contacts with the Wallachians. As the Austrians granted the abolition of serfdom, they also forbade all representative institutions in Transylvania. While Hungarian nationalism was slowly fitting in the pattern that would make the
1325:
It is very possible that Iancu was not able to properly observe the new status quo. While the decision for his initial arrest (in
December 1849) was quickly overturned after local protests (and explained as an abuse), he was censored throughout his life, had his library confiscated, and was placed
238:
Avram Iancu's grandfather was
Gheorghe Iancu (deceased before 1812), who had seven children: four girls – Sântioana, Maria, Zamfira and Ana, and three boys – Alisandru (the father), Avram, and Ioan. Little is known today about Avram Iancu's childhood. It is known, by local tradition, that he had a
1165:, switching the tactical advantage for the next months. Hatvany's troops lost 5,000 soldiers and all of their artillery. Kossuth was angered by Hatvany's gesture (an inspection of the time dismissed all of Hatvany's close collaborators), especially since it made future negotiations unlikely.
1160:
Hatvany also angered the
Romanians by having Buteanu captured and murdered. While his position became weaker, he was permanently attacked by Iancu's men, until the major defeat of May 22. Hatvany and most of his armed group were massacred by their adversaries, as Iancu captured their
1133:(in fact, a Romanian deputy in the Hungarian Parliament). Dragoș appeared to have been acting out of his own desire for peace, since Iancu's troops were tying down too many Hungarian troops, about 10,000, a third of the Hungarian Army in Transylvania, according to Hungarian general
1309:
acceptable for both sides involved, the
Romanian option raised more and more irritation. The revolutionary zeal it had found under Iancu, although profiting the Monarchy, could also prove to be a weapon used for very different goals (the Austrians were especially fearful that the
277:
language, as
Romanian schools didn't exist in this area. His teachers were Iozephus Stanken (1837–1838), Gregorius Iakabus (1838–1839) and Ludovicus Kovács (1839–1840 and 1840–1841). He graduated at age 17. He studied humanities from 1841, in the
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to attack the
Romanians in Abrud. He did not, however, benefit from a surprise, as Iancu and his men retreated and then encircled him. Meanwhile, Dragoș was lynched by the Abrud crowds, in the belief that he was part of Hatvany's ruse.
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but also hoping that Iancu would agree to meet him. Allegedly, Iancu refused, uttering his famous line "It's all for naught, a madman and a liar can't by any means come to understand each other". Soon after his release, Iancu visited
1247:". In fact, it appears that the agreement was in no way a pact: Kossuth meant to flatter the Wallachians, by getting them to champion the idea of Iancu's armies leaving Transylvania for good, in order to help Bălcescu in
413:. Things became heated after July 11, when Hungary declared its independence. Austria started to open itself to the Romanian demands, while bloody conflicts ensued between the Hungarian nobles and their Romanian
1115:, and the city surrendered without a fight on 20 November. Then, he and his troops returned to the mountains. On 29 November, Avram Iancu had another 1,500 troops mobilized for action. On 4 December, he reached
1827:
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The
Austrians clearly rejected the October demand that the ethnical criteria become the basis for internal borders, with the goal of creating a province for Romanians (Transylvania grouped alongside
1502:
1363:. Being treated as peripheral by the people in power, he spent the rest of his life traveling the Apuseni Mountains, as a half-mad vagrant, living out of whatever alms that the impoverished
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under surveillance. He was even arrested a second time, in 1852, after it was presumed that his presence alone served to inflame local sentiments. Local traditions hold that the emperor
711:
1522:
Ioan N. Ciolan, Constantin Voicu, Mihai Racovițan, "Transylvania:Romanian history and perpetuation, or, what official
Hungarian documents say", Military Publishing House, 1993
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On 8 November, Avram Iancu, along with his 4,000 combatants of the "Auraria Gemina" Legion took part in joint military actions with
Austrian forces. The Legion reached
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1179:. The battle lasted between 11 and 17 June and ended in a crushing victory for the Romanians, the Hungarians having at least 500 troops killed during the battle.
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On 8 June, the
Romanian stronghold in the mountains was attacked by the largest Hungarian force yet: 4,000 men supported by 19 cannons led by General
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377:, the group opposed the Hungarian revolutionary option of uniting Transylvania and Hungary. It got into conflict with the minority wing around
235:. His father was Alisandru Iancu (1787–1855) and his mother was Maria Gligor. He had one elder brother, Ion (born 1822), who became a priest.
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Assemblies starting in April, where over 40,000 Romanians met to protest against Transylvania becoming a part of Hungary. In
1059:. Yet they did not declare themselves hostile to the rapid creation of Romanian administrative offices within Transylvania.
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1450:, Bucharest, Editura Științifică, 1974 (most contemporary documents about Avram Iancu, including his report to Wohlgemuth)
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symbolism), became the most important one as it took over from bordering areas that were never really fully organized.
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and attempted to petition the Emperor. He was prevented to do so by the police, a public humiliation which provoked a
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326:: while Iancu welcomed the transition, he was indignant at the fact that Hungarian revolutionaries (many of whom were
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Even more contradictory, the only thing Avram Iancu agreed to (and which no party had asked for) was his forces' "
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Avram Iancu agreed to disarm as soon as the Austrians took over, and wrote in 1850 a detailed report to the new
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quickly became the main figures of the Romanian-led actions in the area, especially after they took part in the
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character, joyful and witty and he had a musical talent, playing the leaf, alphorn, flute, and violin.
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that had an impact on the rest of his life. He was marginalized by the authorities who didn't allow
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While the union was carried of on May 30, 1848, the majority of Romanian activists looked towards
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1266:) show that the un-realistic assumptions of Kossuth had made him view the Hungarian leader as a "
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334:(which at the time was the state of the larger part of the Romanian population in Transylvania).
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hamlet. His teacher was Mihai Gomboș. After a while, he was sent by his parents at the school in
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fighting in the Hungarian revolutionary contingents wanted to see an all-out resistance to the
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Czecz János (1850), Bem’s Feldzug in Siebenbürgen in den Jahren 1848 und 1849, Hamburg, p. 32
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and the Austrian government granted the Romanians numerous liberties and rights; although
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carried out a sweeping offensive through Transylvania. With the discreet assistance of
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In the same month, the administrative efforts were put to a halt, as Hungarians under
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and listen to the Hungarian demands. Iancu's direct adversary, Hungarian commander
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1607:] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library. p. 409.
1566:] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library. p. 409.
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by a Pest crowd cut off any dialogue between the two centers. The new Emperor
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revolutionaries. The latter, understandably close to Avram Iancu (especially
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The Russian intervention in June precipitated events, especially since
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373:) both opted for the main, radical wing of the movement. Centered on
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1734:"Apel la memoria românismului: Replici celebre ale lui Avram Iancu"
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Lupaș, Ioan; Vlasiu, Marina; Constantiniu, Florin (10 March 1988).
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mediated for an understanding between Kossuth and the Wallachian
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This article is about the historical figure. For other uses, see
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Romanian people in the Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)
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was visiting Transylvania and on July 21, 1852, he was in the
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1137:. He worked hard to get the Romanian leaders to meet him in
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Avram Iancu in his later years, after his nervous breakdown
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In April 1849, Iancu was approached by the Hungarian envoy
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Avram Iancu attended primary school in his village, in the
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who played an important role in the local chapter of the
1095:) and the Austrian-Romanian administration retreated to
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1233:. The contact has for long been celebrated by Romanian
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troops, the Austrian army (except for the garrisons at
1538:. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing Company. p. 23.
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The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands
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population could spare for him, singing sad Romanian
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faith of the Romanians would accommodate itself with
1103:(both were, at the time, under Russia's occupation).
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262:, his teacher being Mihai Ioanette. He graduated the
1386:. His body was buried, according to his wish, under
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1703:
1152:, seems to have taken advantage of the provisional
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:Transylvanian lawyer and revolutionary (1824–1872)
273:, where he studied in a Hungarian school, in the
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1503:""Gheorghe Iancu" "avram iancu" – Google Search"
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180:of 1848–1849. He was especially active in the
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1491:. Editura Eminescu – via Google Books.
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666:4,000 troops of the "Auraria Gemina" Legion
1838:Ethnic Romanian politicians in Transylvania
1382:Avram Iancu died on September 10, 1872, at
1287:), and then the capitulation of August 13.
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1736:. Curentul Internațional. 15 March 2015.
1723:, Bucharest, Editura Enciclopedică, 1998
1721:1848–1849. Români și unguri în revoluție
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1255:. His personal documents (commented by
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1463:Avram Iancu în tradița poporului român
1448:Avram Iancu: documente și bibliografie
1412:Avram Iancu was officially declared a
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330:) refused to debate the abolition of
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417:. The last Assembly in Blaj saw the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
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1394:(by tradition, the place where the
466:1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania
168:; 1824 – September 10, 1872) was a
13:
1396:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan
341:, he started rallying peasants in
290:Initial stages of 1848 Revolutions
14:
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1848:People of the Revolutions of 1848
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269:After this, he went to school in
199:("The Prince of the Mountains").
144:, today the Báthory István Líceum
1858:Lawyers from the Austrian Empire
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1756:(in Romanian). November 17, 2016
1460:Dudaș, Florian (10 March 1989).
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132:Avram Iancu – portrait cca. 1865
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1605:The history of the Russian Army
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1062:The territory was organized in
41:needs additional citations for
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498:8 November 1848 – 29 July 1849
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508:Principality of Transylvania
462:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
21:Avram Iancu (disambiguation)
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1793:Marx-Engels Collected Works
1791:Footnotes to Vol. 9 of the
1599:Егоршина, Петрова (2023).
1558:Егоршина, Петрова (2023).
1489:"Din istoria Transilvaniei"
1414:Hero of the Romanian Nation
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409:, sharing the cause of the
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1697:Dragomir 1968, pp. 270-271
1642:Dragomir 1968, pp. 209-216
1630:Dragomir 1968, pp. 188-192
1548:Dragomir 1968, pp. 104-105
423:Anton Freiherr von Puchner
18:
1476:– via Google Books.
1446:Ion Ranca, Valeriu Nițu,
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1416:in November 2016 by the
1297:Governor of Transylvania
455:Transylvanian Revolution
207:Avram Iancu was born in
1823:People from Alba County
1532:Stoica, Vasile (1919).
553:Transylvanian Romanians
530:Austro-Romanian victory
375:Alexandru Papiu Ilarian
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157:[aˈvramˈjaŋku]
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1786:at Wikimedia Commons
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1656:Dragomir 1968, p. 118
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1614:978-5-699-42397-2
1573:978-5-699-42397-2
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379:Greek-Catholic
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29:
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9:
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442:Lajos Kossuth
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434:Count Lamberg
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170:Transylvanian
167:
166:Janku Ábrahám
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67: –
66:
65:"Avram Iancu"
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1798:Marxists.org
1792:
1776:
1758:. Retrieved
1751:
1742:
1728:
1720:
1693:
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1534:
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1506:
1497:
1482:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1413:
1411:
1384:Baia de Criș
1381:
1357:Transylvania
1328:Franz Joseph
1324:
1304:
1294:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1242:
1221:
1218:Negotiations
1181:
1167:
1159:
1143:Imre Hatvany
1121:
1110:
1078:
1069:
1061:
1046:
771:Transylvania
665:
636:Imre Hatvany
544:
539:Belligerents
516:Transylvania
460:Part of the
438:Franz Joseph
429:of Austrian
397:
347:Ioan Buteanu
336:
324:Transylvania
305:
268:
245:
237:
221:Transylvania
209:Vidra de Sus
206:
196:
182:Țara Moților
148:
147:
112:
106:January 2014
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1853:Târgu Mureș
1818:1872 deaths
1813:1824 births
1784:Avram Iancu
1713: [
1710:Liviu Maior
1390:'s tree in
1316:Pan-Slavism
1291:Later years
1260: [
1257:Liviu Maior
1244:reactionary
1173: [
1146: [
1135:János Czetz
1127: [
1124:Ioan Dragoș
1006:4th Komárom
976:3rd Komárom
971:2nd Komárom
951:Alsónyárasd
926:1st Komárom
906:Tápióbicske
886:2nd Szolnok
841:1st Szolnok
776:Nagykanizsa
639: [
614:Avram Iancu
385:Ioan Lemeni
363:Balázsfalva
312:Târgu Mureș
260:Alba County
229:emancipated
217:Alba County
213:Avram Iancu
211:(currently
149:Avram Iancu
1807:Categories
1753:Revista 22
1431:References
1299:, General
1285:Sighișoara
1277:neutrality
1089:Alba Iulia
1065:prefecturi
1057:separatism
881:Mezőkövesd
856:Branyiszkó
421:governor,
371:Blasendorf
328:landowners
203:Early life
76:newspapers
1686:Humanitas
1422:President
1353:Romanians
1306:Ausgleich
1269:demagogue
1249:Bucharest
1239:Karl Marx
1212:Ion Ghica
1154:armistice
1107:Attrition
1097:Wallachia
1081:Józef Bem
981:Kishegyes
921:Nagysalló
871:Cibakháza
796:Schwechat
654:Józef Bem
407:Ferdinand
359:Hungarian
308:law clerk
302:, undated
300:Mișu Popp
172:Romanian
162:Hungarian
153:Romanian:
1361:autonomy
1312:Orthodox
1231:Debrecen
1223:Bălcescu
1053:Bukovina
1043:Outbreak
1016:Temesvár
1001:Debrecen
996:Segesvár
826:Pancsova
811:Jarkovác
660:Strength
503:Location
464:and the
448:Conflict
427:lynching
419:Habsburg
239:typical
190:Habsburg
1235:Marxist
1227:Kossuth
1188:Tsarist
1163:cannons
1117:Săcuieu
1101:Oltenia
1021:Világos
986:2nd Vác
946:Zsigárd
916:1st Vác
911:Isaszeg
876:Kápolna
866:Kompolt
851:Vízakna
836:Nyárasd
801:Friedau
786:Letenye
751:Perlasz
736:Karlóca
724:of 1848
681:Unknown
587:Hungary
520:Romania
404:Emperor
389:boycott
343:Câmpeni
337:In the
332:serfdom
264:Câmpeni
256:Câmpeni
233:serfdom
194:moniker
90:scholar
1688:, 1996
1611:
1570:
1470:
1345:Vienna
1320:Serbia
1210:, and
1196:émigré
1026:Hetény
1011:Szőreg
941:Csorna
896:Hatvan
846:Cegléd
766:Pákozd
572:
527:Result
514:, now
400:Vienna
382:Bishop
367:German
316:Vienna
271:Zlatna
252:Neagra
174:lawyer
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1717:]
1603:[
1562:[
1407:Țebea
1392:Țebea
1388:Horea
1369:doina
1264:]
1184:Poles
1177:]
1150:]
1139:Abrud
1131:]
1113:Turda
1074:Latin
1049:Banat
961:Ihász
956:Pered
861:Piski
831:Kassa
816:Moson
791:Kotor
781:Ozora
684:5,500
643:]
415:serfs
275:Latin
248:Târsa
231:from
97:JSTOR
83:books
1762:2021
1609:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1420:and
1365:moți
1225:and
1093:Deva
1091:and
1051:and
1031:Izsa
991:Tura
966:Győr
936:Káty
931:Buda
806:Rika
495:Date
402:and
355:Blaj
351:Blaj
320:Pest
318:and
284:Cluj
142:Cluj
69:news
1796:at
1338:on
1272:".
821:Mór
310:in
282:of
241:moț
219:),
52:by
1809::
1750:.
1719:,
1715:ro
1702:^
1680:,
1670:^
1647:^
1635:^
1623:^
1582:^
1515:^
1505:.
1439:^
1427:.
1262:ro
1206:,
1202:,
1175:hu
1148:ro
1129:ro
641:ro
518:,
510:,
395:.
369::
365:;
361::
258:,
215:,
164::
160:;
1764:.
1617:.
1576:.
1509:.
1283:(
713:e
706:t
699:v
357:(
151:(
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113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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