Self-driving car - Knowledge

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profoundly affect the economy by potentially altering state tax revenue streams. Furthermore, the transition to autonomous vehicles might disrupt employment patterns and labor markets, particularly in industries heavily reliant on driving professions. Data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that in 2019, the sector employed over two million individuals as tractor-trailer truck drivers. Additionally, taxi and delivery drivers represented approximately 370,400 positions, and bus drivers constituted a workforce of over 680,000. Collectively, this amounts to a conceivable displacement of nearly 2.9 million jobs, surpassing the job losses experienced in the 2008 Great Recession.

2490:. In a civil suit between the father of the driver killed and Tesla, Tesla documented that the car had been on Autopilot. According to Tesla, "neither Autopilot nor the driver noticed the white side of the tractor-trailer against a brightly lit sky, so the brake was not applied." Tesla claimed that this was Tesla's first known Autopilot death in over 130 million miles (210 million kilometers) with Autopilot engaged. Tesla claimed that on average one fatality occurs every 94 million miles (151 million kilometers) across all vehicle types in the US. However, this number also includes motorcycle/pedestrian fatalities. The ultimate 1308: 1520:. Multiple sensors can provide a more complete view of the surroundings and can be used to cross-check each other to correct errors. For example, radar can image a scene in, e.g., a nighttime snowstorm, that defeats cameras and LiDAR, albeit at reduced precision. After experimenting with radar and ultrasound, Tesla adopted a vision-only approach, asserting that humans drive using only vision, and that cars should be able to do the same, while citing the lower cost of cameras versus other sensor types. By contrast, Waymo makes use of the higher resolution of LiDAR sensors and cites the declining cost of that technology. 318: 1035:

service. Mercedes Benz offers Level 3 service in Las Vegas in highway traffic jams at speeds up to 40 miles per hour (64 km/h). Mobileye's SuperVision system offers hands-off/eyes-on driving on all road types at speeds up to 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph). GM's hands-free Super Cruise operates on specific roads in specific conditions, stopping or returning control to the driver when ODD changes. In 2024 the company announced plans to expand road coverage from 400,000 miles to 750,000 miles. Ford's BlueCruise hands-off system operates on 130,000 miles of US divided highways.

2509: 1907: 1638: 1097: 16656: 1392: 14013: 13993: 336: 354: 13097: 716: 1629:(AI) plays a pivotal role in the development and operation of autonomous vehicles (AVs), enabling them to perceive their surroundings, make decisions, and navigate safely without human intervention. AI algorithms empower AVs to interpret sensory data from various onboard sensors, such as cameras, LiDAR, radar, and GPS, to understand their environment and improve its technological ability and overall safety over time. 67: 2456:, disguised himself as a car seat in a study to test people's reactions to driverless cars. He said, "We wanted to explore how pedestrians would interact with a driverless car and developed this unique methodology to explore their reactions." The study found that, in the absence of someone in the driving seat, pedestrians trust certain visual prompts more than others when deciding whether to cross the road. 11725: 437:

with a successful demonstration in 1997. Partly funded by the National Automated Highway System and DARPA, Navlab drove 4,584 km (2,848 mi) across the US in 1995, 4,501 km (2,797 mi) or 98% autonomously. In 2015, Delphi piloted a Delphi technology-based Audi, over 5,472 km (3,400 mi) through 15 states, 99% autonomously. In 2015,

1569:/TC 22 specifies in-vehicle transport information and control systems, while ISO/TC 204 specifies information, communication and control systems in surface transport. International standards have been developed for ADAS functions, connectivity, human interaction, in-vehicle systems, management/engineering, dynamic map and positioning, privacy and security. 1027:. The context is defined by a set of conditions, including environmental, geographical, time of day, and other conditions. For vehicles, traffic and roadway characteristics are included. Manufacturers use ODD to indicate where/how their product operates safely. A given system may operate differently according to the immediate ODD. 16408: 2822:

is traveling under 40 miles per hour (64 km/h), there is a vehicle in front, readable line markings, during the day, clear weather, and on freeways mapped by Mercedes down to the centimeter (100,000 miles in California). As of April 2024, one Mercedes vehicle with this capability has been sold in California.

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and its Full Self-Driving (FSD) ADAS suites are available on all Tesla cars since 2016. FSD offers highway and street driving (without geofencing), navigation/turn management, steering, and dynamic cruise control, collision avoidance, lane-keeping/switching, emergency braking, obstacle avoidance, but

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In 2017, Waymo reported 63 disengagements over 352,545 mi (567,366 km) of testing, an average distance of 5,596 mi (9,006 km) between disengagements, the highest (best) among companies reporting such figures. Waymo also logged more autonomous miles than other companies. Their 2017

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One public opinion survey reported that harm reduction was preferred, except that passengers wanted the vehicle to prefer them, while pedestrians took the opposite view. Utilitarian regulations were unpopular. Additionally, cultural viewpoints exert substantial influence on shaping responses to these

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The first level, hands-on/eyes-on, implies that the driver is fully engaged in operating the vehicle, but is supervised by the system, which intervenes according to the features it supports (e.g., adaptive cruise control, automatic emergency braking). The driver is entirely responsible, with hands on

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The US allocated US$ 650 million in 1991 for research on the National Automated Highway System, which demonstrated automated driving, combining highway-embedded automation with vehicle technology, and cooperative networking between the vehicles and highway infrastructure. The programme concluded

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In 2019, results from two opinion surveys of 54 and 187 US adults respectively were published. The questionnaire was termed the autonomous vehicle acceptance model (AVAM), including additional description to help respondents better understand the implications of various automation levels. Users were

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Mercedes Drive Pilot has been available on the EQS and S-class sedan in Germany since 2022, and in California and Nevada since 2023. A subscription costs between €5,000 and €7,000 for three years in Germany and $ 2,500 for one year in the United States. Drive Pilot can only be used when the vehicle

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vehicles. The system provided features such as lane centering, street sign recognition, and hands-free highway driving on more than 130,000 miles of divided highways. The 2022 1.2 version added features including hands-free lane changing, in-lane repositioning, and predictive speed assist. In April

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In March 2024, a drunk driver who was speeding, holding her cell phone, and using BlueCruise on a Pennsylvania freeway struck and killed two people who had been driving two cars. The first car had become disabled and was on the left shoulder with part of the car in the left driving lane. The second

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SAE Automation Levels have been criticized for their technological focus. It has been argued that the structure of the levels suggests that automation increases linearly and that more automation is better, which may not be the case. SAE Levels also do not account for changes that may be required to

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Vendors have taken a variety of approaches to the self-driving problem. Tesla's approach is to allow their "full self-driving" (FSD) system to be used in all ODDs as a Level 2 (hands/on, eyes/on) ADAS. Waymo picked specific ODDs (city streets in Phoenix and San Francisco) for their Level 5 robotaxi

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The concept presumes that automated systems have limitations. Relating system function to the ODD it supports is important for developers and regulators to establish and communicate safe operating conditions. Systems should operate within those limitations. Some systems recognize the ODD and modify

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The primary obstacle to ACs is the advanced software and mapping required to make them work safely across the wide variety of conditions that drivers experience. In addition to handling day/night driving in good and bad weather on roads of arbitrary quality, ACs must cope with other vehicles, road

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lane keeping systems could only meet two out of the twelve principles required to guarantee safety, going on to say they cannot, therefore, be classed as 'automated driving', preferring 'assisted driving'". The first occurrence of the "automated" word refers to an Unece automated system, while the

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is developing the "Ultra Cruise" ADAS system, that will be a dramatic improvement over their current "Super Cruise" system. Ultra Cruise will cover "95 percent" of driving scenarios on 2 million miles of roads in the US, according to the company. The system hardware in and around the car includes

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In 2015, a survey of 5,000 people from 109 countries reported that average respondents found manual driving the most enjoyable. 22% did not want to pay more money for autonomy. Respondents were found to be most concerned about hacking/misuse, and were also concerned about legal issues and safety.

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collided with a construction vehicle. NIO's self-driving feature was in beta and could not deal with static obstacles. The vehicle's manual clearly stated that the driver must take over near construction sites. Lawyers of the deceased's family questioned NIO's private access to the vehicle, which

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According to Google Waymo's accident reports as of early 2016, their test cars had been involved in 14 collisions, of which other drivers were at fault 13 times, although in 2016 the car's software caused a crash. On 14 February 2016 a Google vehicle attempted to avoid sandbags blocking its path.

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Autonomous also present various political and economic implications. The transportation sector holds significant sway in many the political and economic landscapes. For instance, many US states generates much annual revenue from transportation fees and taxes. The advent of self-driving cars could

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Eyes-off/hands-off means that the driver can stop monitoring the system, leaving the system in full control. Eyes-off requires that no errors be reproducible (not triggered by exotic transitory conditions) or frequent, that speeds are contextually appropriate (e.g., 80 mph on limited-access

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NTSB's final report determined that the immediate cause of the accident was that safety driver Rafaela Vasquez failed to monitor the road, because she was distracted by her phone, but that Uber's "inadequate safety culture" contributed. The report noted that the victim had "a very high level" of

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The prominence of certain demographic groups within the tech industry inevitably shapes the trajectory of autonomous vehicle (AV) development, potentially perpetuating existing inequalities. There are others in society without a political agenda who believe that the advancement of technology has

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Tesla's FSD rewrite V12 (released in March 2024) uses a single deep learning transformer model for all aspects of perception, monitoring, and control. It relies on its eight cameras for its vision-only perception system, without use of LiDAR, radar, or ultrasound. As of April 2024, FSD has been

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On 20 January 2016, the first of five known fatal crashes of a Tesla with Autopilot occurred, in China's Hubei province. Initially, Tesla stated that the vehicle was so badly damaged from the impact that their recorder was not able to determine whether the car had been on Autopilot at the time.

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In June 2015, Google confirmed that 12 vehicles had suffered collisions as of that date. Eight involved rear-end collisions at a stop sign or traffic light, in two of which the vehicle was side-swiped by another driver, one in which another driver rolled a stop sign, and one where a driver was

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ACs must be able to predict the behavior of possibly moving vehicles, pedestrians, etc in real time in order to proceed safely. The task becomes more challenging the further into the future the prediction extends, requiring rapid revisions to the estimate to cope with unpredicted behavior. One

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rate of 0.18 disengagements per 1,000 mi (1,600 km) was an improvement over the 0.2 disengagements per 1,000 mi (1,600 km) in 2016, and 0.8 in 2015. In March 2017, Uber reported an average of 0.67 mi (1.08 km) per disengagement. In the final three months of 2017,

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ACs can be tested via digital simulations, in a controlled test environment, and/or on public roads. Road testing typically requires some form of permit or a commitment to adhere to acceptable operating principles. For example, New York requires a test driver to be in the vehicle, prepared to

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Standards for liability have yet to be adopted to address crashes and other incidents. Liability could rest with the vehicle occupant, its owner, the vehicle manufacturer, or even the ADAS technology supplier, possibly depending on the circumstances of the crash. Additionally, the infusion of

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Consumers will avoid ACs unless they trust them as safe. Robotaxis operating in San Francisco received pushback over perceived safety risks. Automatic elevators were invented in 1900, but did not become common until operator strikes and trust was built with advertising and features such as an

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and CTO Shai Shalev-Shwartz proposed an alternative taxonomy for autonomous driving systems, claiming that a more consumer-friendly approach was needed. Its categories reflect the amount of driver engagement that is required. Some vehicle makers have informally adopted some of the terminology

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Software controls the vehicle, and can provide entertainment and other services. Over-the-air updates can deliver bug fixes and additional features over the internet. Software updates are one way to accomplish recalls that in the past required a visit to a service center. In March 2021, the

1416:. Some systems use basic maps, relying on perception to deal with anomalies. Such a map understands which roads lead to which others, whether a road is a freeway, a highway, are one-way, etc. Other systems require highly detailed maps, including lane maps, obstacles, traffic controls, etc. 1470:

finds a sequence of segments that a vehicle can use to move from origin to destination. Techniques used for path planning include graph-based search and variational-based optimization techniques. Graph-based techniques can make harder decisions such as how to pass another vehicle/obstacle.

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Trials began in the 1950s. The first semi-autonomous car was developed in 1977, by Japan's Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory. It required specially marked streets that were interpreted by two cameras on the vehicle and an analog computer. The vehicle reached speeds of 30 km/h

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Maps are necessary for navigation. Map sophistication varies from simple graphs that show which roads connect to each other, with details such as one-way vs two-way, to those that are highly detailed, with information about lanes, traffic controls, roadworks, and more. Researchers at the

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In a 2016 US survey of 1,584 people, "66 percent of respondents said they think autonomous cars are probably smarter than the average human driver". People were worried about safety and hacking risk. Nevertheless, only 13% of the interviewees saw no advantages in this new kind of cars.

1718:(DOJ) accused Chinese security officials of coordinating a hacking campaign to steal information from government entities, including research related to autonomous vehicles. China has prepared "the Provisions on Management of Automotive Data Security (Trial) to protect its own data". 1872:

ACs make use of road infrastructure (e.g., traffic signs, turn lanes) and may require modifications to that infrastructure to fully achieve their safety and other goals. In March 2023, the Japanese government unveiled a plan to set up a dedicated highway lane for ACs. In April 2023,

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During the maneuver it struck a bus. Google stated, "In this case, we clearly bear some responsibility, because if our car hadn't moved, there wouldn't have been a collision." Google characterized the crash as a misunderstanding and a learning experience. No injuries were reported.

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Some ACs require an internet connection to function, opening the possibility that a hacker might gain access to private information such as destinations, routes, camera recordings, media preferences, and/or behavioral patterns, although this is true of an internet-connected device.

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Research from Georgia Tech revealed that autonomous vehicle detection systems were generally five percent less effective at recognizing darker-skinned individuals. This accuracy gap persisted despite adjustments for environmental variables like lighting and visual obstructions.

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less accepting of high autonomy levels and displayed significantly lower intention to use autonomous vehicles. Additionally, partial autonomy (regardless of level) was perceived as requiring uniformly higher driver engagement (usage of hands, feet and eyes) than full autonomy.

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Hasuo, Ichiro; Eberhart, Clovis; Haydon, James; Dubut, Jérémy; Bohrer, Brandon; Kobayashi, Tsutomu; Pruekprasert, Sasinee; Zhang, Xiao-Yi; Andre Pallas, Erik; Yamada, Akihisa; Suenaga, Kohei; Ishikawa, Fuyuki; Kamijo, Kenji; Shinya, Yoshiyuki; Suetomi, Takamasa (5 July 2022).

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Reporting companies use varying definitions of what qualifies as a disengagement, and such definitions can change over time. Executives of self-driving car companies have criticized disengagements as a deceptive metric, because it does not consider varying road conditions.

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In 2016, a survey of 1,603 people in Germany that controlled for age, gender, and education reported that men felt less anxiety and more enthusiasm, whereas women showed the opposite. The difference was pronounced between young men and women and decreased with age.

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technology in autonomous vehicles adds layers of complexity to ownership and ethical dynamics. Given that AI systems are inherently self-learning, a question arises of whether accountability should rest with the vehicle owner, the manufacturer, or the AI developer?

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Driver monitoring is used to assess the driver's attention and alertness. Techniques in use include eye monitoring, and requiring the driver to maintain torque on the steering wheel. It attempts to understand driver status and identify dangerous driving behaviors.

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Some driving automation systems may indeed be autonomous if they perform all of their functions independently and self-sufficiently, but if they depend on communication and/or cooperation with outside entities, they should be considered cooperative rather than

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Finally, respondents from more developed countries were less comfortable with their vehicle sharing data. The survey reported consumer interest in purchasing an AC, stating that 37% of surveyed current owners were either "definitely" or "probably" interested.

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A 2013 survey of 1,500 consumers across 10 countries found 57% "stated they would be likely to ride in a car controlled entirely by technology that does not require a human driver", with Brazil, India and China the most willing to trust automated technology.

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defined self-driving as "cars or trucks in which human drivers are never required to take control to safely operate the vehicle. Also known as autonomous or 'driverless' cars, they combine sensors and software to control, navigate, and drive the vehicle."

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In California, self-driving car manufacturers are required to submit annual reports describing how often their vehicles autonomously disengaged from autonomous mode. This is one measure of system robustness (ideally, the system should never disengage).

1496:(which has only 2D road features), with sensors that observe road conditions. One issue with highly-detailed maps is updating them as the world changes. Vehicles that can operate with less-detailed maps do not require frequent updates or geo-fencing. 2661:

In a 2014 US telephone survey, over three-quarters of licensed drivers said they would consider buying a self-driving car, rising to 86% if car insurance were cheaper. 31.7% said they would not continue to drive once an automated car was available.

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in 1987. By 1985, ALV had reached 31 km/h (19 mph), on two-lane roads. Obstacle avoidance came in 1986, and day and night off-road driving by 1987. In 1995 Navlab 5 completed the first autonomous US coast-to-coast journey. Traveling from

1843:. Adapted for ACs, it considers an AC carrying one passenger confronts a pedestrian who steps in its way. The ADAS notionally has to choose between killing the pedestrian or swerving into a wall, killing the passenger. Possible frameworks include 1654:

Other obstacles include cost, liability, consumer reluctance, ethical dilemmas, security, privacy, and legal/regulatory framework. Further, AVs could automate the work of professional drivers, eliminating many jobs, which could slow acceptance.

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Self-driving: "A vehicle “satisfies the self-driving test” if it is designed or adapted with the intention that a feature of the vehicle will allow it to travel autonomously, and it is capable of doing so, by means of that feature, safely and

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This is the first known fatality in just over 130 million miles where Autopilot was activated. Among all vehicles in the US, there is a fatality every 94 million miles. Worldwide, there is a fatality approximately every 60 million

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still requires the driver to remain ready to control the vehicle at any moment. Its driver management system combines eye tracking with monitoring pressure on the steering wheel to ensure that drives are both eyes on and hands on.

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The US has standardized the use of turquoise lights to inform other drivers that a vehicle is driving autonomously. It will be used in the 2026 Mercedes-Benz EQS and S-Class sedans with Drive Pilot, an SAE Level 3 driving system.

1115:; the details are revised occasionally. This classification is based on the role of the driver, rather than the vehicle's capabilities, although these are related. After SAE updated its classification in 2016, (J3016_201609), the 4257: 1067:

second refers to the British legal definition of an automated vehicle. British law interprets the meaning of "automated vehicle" based on the interpretation section related to a vehicle "driving itself" and an insured vehicle.

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Advanced Technologies Group (ATG) in Arizona. A safety driver was in the car. Herzberg was crossing the road about 400 feet from an intersection. Some experts said a human driver could have avoided the crash. Arizona governor

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ACs complicate the need for drivers to communicate with each other, e.g., to decide which car enters an intersection first. In an AC without a driver, traditional means such as hand signals do not work (no driver, no hands).

7615:"Four Chinese Nationals Working with the Ministry of State Security Charged with Global Computer Intrusion Campaign Targeting Intellectual Property and Confidential Business Information, Including Infectious Disease Research" 7422: 1383:

The perception system processes visual and audio data from outside and inside the car to create a local model of the vehicle, the road, traffic, traffic controls and other observable objects, and their relative motion. The

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commercialized its AC in 2021. In 2023 BMW stated that its Level-3 technology was nearing release. It would be the second manufacturer to deliver Level-3 technology, but the only one with a Level 3 technology which works

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A 2012 survey of 17,400 vehicle owners found 37% who initially said they would be interested in purchasing a "fully autonomous car". However, that figure dropped to 20% if told the technology would cost US$ 3,000 more.

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Erz, Jannis; Schütt, Barbara; Braun, Thilo; Guissouma, Houssem; Sax, Eric (April 2022). "Towards an Ontology That Reconciles the Operational Design Domain, Scenario-based Testing, and Automated Vehicle Architectures".

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approach is to wholly recompute the position and trajectory of each object many times per second. Another is to cache the results of an earlier prediction for use in the next one to reduce computational complexity.

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have proposed terminology standards. However, most terms have no standard definition and are employed variously by vendors and others. Proposals to adopt aviation automation terminology for cars have not prevailed.

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controlling the car manually. In July 2015, three employees suffered minor injuries when their vehicle was rear-ended by a car whose driver failed to brake. This was the first collision that resulted in injuries.

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is a system that automates specific driving features, such as keeping the car within its lane, cruise control, and emergency braking. An ADAS requires a human driver to handle tasks that the ADAS does not support.

271:. Self-driving cars are responsible for all driving activities, such as perceiving the environment, monitoring important systems, and controlling the vehicle, which includes navigating from origin to destination. 7371: 580:

stated that its system did not autonomously handle all driving tasks. In the United Kingdom, a fully self-driving car is defined as a car so registered, rather than one that supports a specific feature set. The

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and automated driving through Coordination Actions CARTRE and SCOUT programs. The Strategic Transport Research and Innovation Agenda (STRIA) Roadmap for Connected and Automated Transport was published in 2019.

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in 2005, automated vehicle research in the United States was primarily funded by DARPA, the US Army, and the US Navy, yielding incremental advances in speeds, driving competence, controls, and sensor systems.

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Testing of Chinese automated cars in the US has raised concern over which US data are collected by Chinese vehicles to be stored in Chinese country and concern with any link with the Chinese communist party.

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that it was suspending its testing permit following a reported collision in Fremont on 28 October. In May 2022, DMV revoked Pony.ai's permit for failing to monitor the driving records of its safety drivers.

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roads), and that the system handle typical maneuvers (e.g., getting cut off by another vehicle). The automation level could vary according to the road (e.g., eyes-off on freeways, eyes-on on side streets).

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Names such as AutonoDrive, PilotAssist, Full-Self Driving or DrivePilot are used even though the products offer an assortment of features that may not match the names. Despite offering a system ot called

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sedans equipped with Level 3 "Traffic Jam Pilot" driving technology, which legally allowed drivers to take their eyes off the road when the car was travelling under 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph).

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In September 2021, Cruise, General Motors, and Honda started a joint testing programme, using Cruise AV. In 2023, the Origin was put on indefinite hold following Cruise's loss of its operating permit.

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In 2024, a study by Saravanos et al. at New York University reported that 87% of their respondents (from a sample of 358) believed that conditionally automated cars (at Level 3) would be easy to use.

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The NHTSA began mandating incident reports from autonomous vehicle companies in June 2021. Some reports cite incidents from as early as August 2019, with current data available through June 17, 2024.

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became the first reported pedestrian killed by a self-driving car, an Uber test vehicle with a human backup driver; prosecutors did not charge Uber, while the human driver was sentenced to probation.

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In September 2022, Biprogy released Driving Intelligence Validation Platform (DIVP) as part of Japanese national project "SIP-adus", which is interoperable with Open Simulation Interface (OSI) of

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suspended the company's ability to test its ACs citing an "unquestionable failure" of Uber to protect public safety. Uber also stopped testing in California until receiving a new permit in 2020.

11923:"Review of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) for Automated Vehicles: Identifying potential barriers and challenges for the certification of automated vehicles using existing FMVSS" 7864: 1534:

Drive by wire is the use of electrical or electro-mechanical systems for performing vehicle functions such as steering or speed control that are traditionally achieved by mechanical linkages.

4143: 286:), and as of April 2024 offers services in Arizona (Phoenix) and California (San Francisco and Los Angeles). In June 2024, after a Waymo self-driving taxi crashed into a utility pole in 2616:

In February 2024, a driver using the Ford BlueCruise hands-free driving feature struck and killed the driver of a stationary car with no lights on in the middle lane of a freeway in Texas.

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The British Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 law defines a vehicle as "driving itself" if the vehicle is "not being controlled, and does not need to be monitored, by an individual".

15143: 12304: 1492:(CSAIL) developed a system called MapLite, which allows self-driving cars to drive with simple maps. The system combines the GPS position of the vehicle, a "sparse topological map" such as 10496:

Hohenberger, C.; Spörrle, M.; Welpe, I. M. (2016). "How and why do men and women differ in their willingness to use automated cars? The influence of emotions across different age groups".

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In a 2017 survey of 4,135 US adults found that many Americans anticipated significant impacts from various automation technologies including the widespread adoption of automated vehicles.

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Variational-based optimization techniques require more stringent restrictions on the vehicle's path to prevent collisions. The large scale path of the vehicle can be determined by using a

653:"automated vehicle" means a vehicle that can move without continuous driver supervision, but that driver intervention is still expected or required in the operational design domains (ODD); 7002: 2417: 8861: 11801:

Taiebat, Morteza; Brown, Austin; Safford, Hannah; Qu, Shen; Xu, Ming (2019). "A Review on Energy, Environmental, and Sustainability Implications of Connected and Automated Vehicles".

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IEEE is attempting to forge a standard for safety models as "IEEE P2846: A Formal Model for Safety Considerations in Automated Vehicle Decision Making". In 2022, a research group at

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in marketing was dangerous because car ads make motorists think "autonomous" and "autopilot" imply that the driver can rely on the car to control itself, even though they do not.

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Hewitt, Charlie; Politis, Ioannis; Amanatidis, Theocharis; Sarkar, Advait (2019). "Assessing public perception of self-driving cars: The autonomous vehicle acceptance model".

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deployed on two million Tesla cars. As of January 2024, Tesla has not initiated requests for Level 3 status for its systems and has not disclosed its reason for not doing so.

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obstacles, poor/missing traffic controls, flawed maps, and handle endless edge cases, such as following the instructions of a police officer managing traffic at a crash site.

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There have been a total of 3,979 autonomous vehicle incidents (both ADS and ADAS) reported during this timeframe. 2,146 of those incidents (53.9%) involved Tesla vehicles.

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A critical requirement for the higher two levels is that the vehicle be able to conduct a Minimum Risk Maneuver and stop safely out of traffic without driver intervention.

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Taeihagh, Araz; Lim, Hazel Si Min (2 January 2019). "Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks".

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Several classifications have been proposed to describe ADAS technology. One proposal is to adopt these categories: navigation, path planning, perception, and car control.

428:, Pennsylvania and San Diego, California, 98.2% of the trip was autonomous. It completed the trip at an average speed of 63.8 mph (102.7 km/h). Until the second 9747: 290:, all 672 of its Jaguar I-Pace were recalled after they were found to have susceptibility to crashing into pole like items and had their software updated. In July 2021, 13887: 6913: 1855:

ethical quandaries. Another study found that cultural biases impact preferences in prioritizing the rescue of certain individuals over others in car accident scenarios.

1489: 6343:"Self-driving cars for country roads: Today's automated vehicles require hand-labeled 3-D maps, but CSAIL's MapLite system enables navigation with just GPS and sensors" 1078:

Autonomy: A vehicle travels “autonomously” if it is controlled by the vehicle, and neither the vehicle nor its surroundings are monitored by a person who can intervene.

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Above Level 1, level differences are related to how responsibility for safe movement is divided/shared between ADAS and driver rather than specific driving features.

5473: 15136: 12297: 5819: 1725: 9948:"'Inadequate Safety Culture' Contributed to Uber Automated Test Vehicle Crash – NTSB Calls for Federal Review Process for Automated Vehicle Testing on Public Roads" 4681: 4364: 3101: 2494:(NTSB) report concluded Tesla was not at fault; the investigation revealed that for Tesla cars, the crash rate dropped by 40 percent after Autopilot was installed. 1459:(RTLS) technologies to aid localization. Tesla's "vision only" system uses eight cameras, without LIDAR or radar, to create its bird's-eye view of the environment. 15800: 11021: 4510: 2757:

SAE Level 2 features are available as part of the ADAS systems in many vehicles. In the US, 50% of new cars provide driver assistance for both steering and speed.

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As of 2023 most commercially available ADAS vehicles are SAE Level 2. A couple of companies reached higher levels, but only in restricted (geofenced) locations.

11436: 10818: 12265: 9847: 1455:(SLAM) algorithms. Another technique is detection and tracking of other moving objects (DATMO), used to handle potential obstacles. Other systems use roadside 6036:

Huval, Brody; Wang, Tao; Tandon, Sameep; Kiske, Jeff; Song, Will; Pazhayampallil, Joel (2015). "An Empirical Evaluation of Deep Learning on Highway Driving".

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Vehicles can potentially benefit from communicating with others to share information about traffic, road obstacles, to receive map and software updates, etc.

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Meyer, Gereon (2018). "European Roadmaps, Programs, and Projects for Innovation in Connected and Automated Road Transport". In G. Meyer; S. Beiker (eds.).

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presented its findings from its Level 3 pilot testing on Italian highways. Stellantis's Highway Chauffeur claimed Level 3 capabilities, as tested on the

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In December 2018, Waymo was the first to commercialize a robotaxi service, in Phoenix, Arizona. In October 2020, Waymo launched a robotaxi service in a (

8999: 14059: 13135: 11544: 10966: 8917: 8220: 7479: 9829: 8548: 1131:, combines an ODD with matched driving requirements (e.g., expressway merging, traffic jam). Cars may switch levels in accord with the driving mode. 10450: 7344:[Administrative order to Mercedes-Benz Japan Co., Ltd. for the descriptions that are different from the fact – The Consumer Affairs Agency]. 6589: 5317: 1339:

Eyes-on/hands-off allows the driver to let go of the wheel. The system drives, the driver monitors and remains prepared to resume control as needed.

980: 16413: 11099:"Exclusive: Mercedes becomes the first automaker to sell autonomous cars in the U.S. that don't come with a requirement that drivers watch the road" 9083: 4152: 16403: 16037: 15959: 13729: 11906: 11251:

https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0438214EN/level-3-highly-automated-driving-available-in-the-new-bmw-7-series-from-next-spring

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Li, Li; Shum, Hubert P. H.; Breckon, Toby P. (2023). "Less is More: Reducing Task and Model Complexity for 3D Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation".

1606:(NII, Japan) enhanced Mobileye's Reliable Safety System as "Goal-Aware RSS" to enable RSS rules to deal with complex scenarios via program logic. 12889: 12813: 10252: 8073: 4232: 3407: 2382: 11922: 10113: 2806:

Europe is developing a new "Driver Control Assistance Systems" (DCAS) level 2 regulation to no longer limit the use of lane changing systems to

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their behavior accordingly. For example, an autonomous car might recognize that traffic is heavy and disable its automated lane change feature.

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As of April 2024, two car manufacturers have sold or leased Level 3 cars: Honda in Japan, and Mercedes in Germany, Nevada and California.

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Level 3 highly automated driving available in the new BMW 7 Series from next spring, 10.11.2023, Press Release, Christophe Koenig, BMW Group

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in her body. The board called on federal regulators to carry out a review before allowing automated test vehicles to operate on public roads.

11597: 10398: 9802: 9004: 6706: 1588: 1479:, or a driving corridor algorithm. The latter allows the vehicle to locate and drive within open space that is bounded by lanes or barriers. 11863:(Report). National Cooperative Highway Research Program Legal Research Digest. Vol. 69. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. 8022: 4282: 2946:

services in parts of Arizona (Phoenix) and California (San Francisco and Los Angeles), as fully autonomous vehicles without safety drivers.

1691:. At that time, Mercedes-Benz rejected the claims and stopped its "self-driving car" ad campaign that had been running. In August 2022, the 16264: 15997: 15616: 15279: 12803: 10615: 9432: 5748: 4481: 3748: 2970: 10169: 2654:

In a 2012 survey of about 1,000 German drivers, 22% had a positive attitude, 10% were undecided, 44% were skeptical and 24% were hostile.

16380: 15992: 10350: 9783: 8047: 7452: 3994: 9197: 9142:"New International Standard Issued for the Scenario-Based Safety Evaluation Framework for Automated Driving Systems Formulated by Japan" 9027: 7956: 7235: 6320: 1714:

In 2018 and 2019 former Apple engineers were charged with stealing information related to Apple's self-driving car project. In 2021 the

14954: 5326: 222: 9656: 9534: 7806: 3968: 16027: 15209: 8827: 8791: 5558: 408: 16095: 14975: 8972: 4178: 3796:

Turk, M.A.; Morgenthaler, D.G.; Gremban, K.D.; Marra, M. (May 1988). "VITS-a vision system for automated land vehicle navigation".

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received authorization in early 2023 to pilot its Level 3 software in Las Vegas. California also authorized Drive Pilot in 2023.

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Another British government definition stated, "Self-driving vehicles are vehicles that can safely and lawfully drive themselves".

15567: 14809: 13245: 11992: 11494: 9146: 8832: 8593: 7982: 7730: 6880: 6594: 5532:"Preparing the UK's motorways for self-driving vehicles: New £1m research project announced in partnership with Highways England" 5250: 4951: 4787: 4338: 3554:. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Sensors, Signal and Image Processing. Association for Computing Machinery. 2578: 1692: 11354: 9563: 5155: 5001: 555:; as of early 2024, Honda leases a Level 3 car in Japan, and Mercedes sells two Level 3 cars in Germany, California and Nevada. 16112: 15783: 14947: 14052: 13128: 11328: 11206: 10226: 7025: 3377: 1698:

With the Automated Vehicles Bill (AVB) self-driving car-makers could face prison for misleading adverts in the United-Kingdom.

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The highest level does not require a human driver in the car: monitoring is done either remotely (telepresence) or not at all.

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Navigation involves the use of maps to define a path between origin and destination. Hybrid navigation is the use of multiple

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https://www.consumerreports.org/cars/automotive-technology/how-much-automation-does-your-car-really-have-level-2-a3543419955/

9717: 8099: 6196: 5658: 5622:"Mobileye Proposes New Taxonomy and Requirements for Consumer Autonomous Vehicles to Ensure Clarity, Safety, and Scalability" 5378: 5052: 4926: 4881: 4119: 2969:(fifth generation) based TRI-P4 with Level 4 capability. In August 2021, Toyota operated a potentially Level 4 service using 1452: 112: 17: 12001: 9454: 5071: 486:) part of the area. The cars were monitored in real-time, and remote engineers intervened to handle exceptional conditions. 16042: 16012: 16002: 15982: 15952: 15736: 15301: 15003: 14982: 13918: 12722: 11047: 7587: 7561: 5460: 2491: 1070:

In November 2023 the British Government introduced the Automated Vehicles Bill. It proposed definitions for related terms:

1007: 970: 9114:"ISO 34502:2022 Road vehicles — Test scenarios for automated driving systems — Scenario based safety evaluation framework" 8813: 6729:

Shalev-Shwartz, Shai; Shammah, Shaked; Shashua, Amnon (2017). "On a Formal Model of Safe and Scalable Self-driving Cars".

6453: 4690: 4629:"Adopting Aviation Safety Knowledge into the Discussions of Safe Implementation of Connected and Autonomous Road Vehicles" 3500: 1062:

In British English, the word automated alone has several meanings, such as in the sentence: "Thatcham also found that the

15010: 14996: 14019: 13570: 13307: 12882: 10141: 9508: 8490:"Autonomous Vehicles for Smart and Sustainable Cities: An In-Depth Exploration of Privacy and Cybersecurity Implications" 8000: 7619: 4433: 3323: 1715: 1208:

Uses information about the driving environment and with the expectation that the driver performs all other driving tasks.

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announced testing of autonomous cars without a safety driver. However, an employee was in the car to handle emergencies.

10532: 10328:"Consumers in US and UK Frustrated with Intelligent Devices That Frequently Crash or Freeze, New Accenture Survey Finds" 8324:

Himmelreich, Johannes (17 May 2018). "Never Mind the Trolley: The Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles in Mundane Situations".

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In April 2023 in Japan, a Level 4 protocol became part of the amended Road Traffic Act. ZEN drive Pilot Level 4 made by

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Rather than communicating among vehicles, they can communicate with road-based systems to receive similar information.

975: 382: 117: 11572:"Automotive luxury experienced in a completely new way – The main points of the new Mercedes-Benz S-Class at a glance" 8893:"Uber' self-driving system was still 400 times worse [than] Waymo in 2018 on key distance intervention metric" 8571:"The Costs of Self-Driving Cars: Reconciling Freedom and Privacy with Tort Liability in Autonomous Vehicle Regulation" 6828: 3887: 1448:

are used to analyse inputs from these sensors to detect and identify objects and their trajectories. Some systems use

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Full-time performance by the driver of all aspects of driving, even when "enhanced by warning or intervention systems"

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In 2022, a survey reported that only a quarter (27%) of the world's population would feel safe in self-driving cars.

1603: 616: 610: 11649:"Honda to Start Testing Program in September Toward Launch of Autonomous Vehicle Mobility Service Business in Japan" 10085: 5285: 5132: 4655: 2917:

released a collaboration for autonomous driving up to Level 3. This joint development targets Level 4 capabilities.

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Sensors are necessary for the vehicle to properly respond to the driving environment. Sensor types include cameras,

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In a 2011 online survey of 2,006 US and UK consumers, 49% said they would be comfortable using a "driverless car".

2595: 11263: 10302: 10227:"Woman who used hands-free driving system in fatal DUI crash on I-95 turns herself in to face charges, police say" 8945:"Despite a drop in how many companies are testing autonomous driving on California roads, miles driven are way up" 4075: 3653: 2768:

2023 BlueCruise was approved in the UK for use on certain motorways, starting with 2023 models of Ford's electric

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These books are based on presentations and discussions at the Automated Vehicles Symposium organized annually by

11933: 9765: 7755: 5365:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 13335, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 416–434, 5251:"Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles (SAE J3016)" 5229: 3227:. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Vol. 3. Kyongju. pp. 1507–1512. 2704: 2389: 1558: 1128: 582: 145: 11073:

New UN regulation paves the way for the roll-out of additional driver assistance systems, 1 February 2024, UNECE

10940: 10277: 9304: 7045:"Forced-choice decision-making in modified trolley dilemma situations: a virtual reality and eye tracking study" 2931:. Kia and Hyundai Korean car makers delayed their Level 3 plans, and will not deliver Level 3 vehicles in 2023. 2890:' brand, announced in January 2022 its plan to offer Level 3 autonomous driving system in the Polestar 3 SUV, a 2748: 1424:

ACs need to be able to perceive the world around them. Supporting technologies include combinations of cameras,

15599: 15254: 15110: 13973: 13913: 13511: 12950: 12875: 12742: 12466: 11571: 8195:"Diversity and STEM: Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities 2023 | NSF - National Science Foundation" 7315:"Senators Call for Investigation of Tesla's Marketing Claims of Its Autopilot and "Full Self-Driving" Features" 6342: 632:

is function-specific, handling issues such as speed control, but leaves broader decision-making to the driver.

14867: 548:. In 2023, Cruise suspended its robotaxi service. Nuro was approved for Level 4 in Palo Alto in August, 2023. 16296: 16227: 16078: 15726: 14763: 14239: 13506: 13195: 13101: 12658: 12399: 12261: 8298: 8125: 7644:"The Justice Dept. accuses Chinese security officials of a hacking attack seeking data on viruses like Ebola" 6010: 1044: 11022:"How Many Tesla Cars Are Deployed With FSD In America? AI Head Reveals Latest Numbers - Tesla (NASDAQ:TSLA)" 9407: 7892:"Trust in Automation – Before and After the Experience of Take-over Scenarios in a Highly Automated Vehicle" 3831: 1119:(NHTSA) adopted the SAE standard. The classification is a topic of debate, with various revisions proposed. 1107:

A six-level classification system – ranging from fully manual to fully automated – was published in 2014 by

16574: 15486: 15379: 14769: 13948: 13345: 13302: 13255: 13250: 12778: 12747: 12653: 12482: 12441: 12330: 11968: 6675: 3591:

Srinivas, Rao P; Rohan Gudla; Vijay Shankar Telidevulapalli; Jayasree Sarada Kota; Gayathri Mandha (2022).

2993: 1688: 965: 429: 416: 376: 97: 82: 15511: 15506: 9223:"Waymo's Collision Avoidance Testing: Evaluating our Driver's Ability to Avoid Crashes Compared to Humans" 7890:

Gold, Christian; Körber, Moritz; Hohenberger, Christoph; Lechner, David; Bengler, Klaus (1 January 2015).

7823:

A Virtual Reality Framework for Human-Driver Interaction Research: Safe and Cost-Effective Data Collection

5402:"A critique of the SAE conditional driving automation definition, and analyses of options for improvement" 5332: 3756:. JCAI'85 Proceedings of the 9th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Archived from 3010:(CES). The company claimed the vehicle is the world's first Level 4 shuttle built to automotive standard. 2695:

Opinion surveys may have little salience given that few respondents had any personal experience with ACs.

1680:(FTC) to investigate this marketing in 2021. In December 2021 in Japan, Mercedes-Benz was punished by the 16047: 15778: 15721: 15560: 15343: 15244: 13999: 13295: 13221: 13072: 12436: 12335: 10696:"Autonomous Vehicle Regulation: How an Uncertain Legal Landscape May Hit the Brakes on Self-Driving Cars" 9684: 9222: 9091: 7702: 5722: 3258:"Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control for Connected Autonomous Vehicles Using Spring Damping Energy Model" 2833:

continued to enhance its Level 3 technology. As of 2023, 80 vehicles with Level 3 support had been sold.

2601: 920: 533: 295: 102: 11461: 11180: 10451:"Public opinion on automated driving: Results of an international questionnaire among 5,000 respondents" 9061: 8618: 7534:"Ex-Apple engineer arrested on his way to China, charged with stealing company's autonomous car secrets" 6853: 6057:

Corke, Peter; Lobo, Jorge; Dias, Jorge (1 June 2007). "An Introduction to Inertial and Visual Sensing".

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nothing to do with promoting inequalities in certain groups and see this as a ridiculous presumption.

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then takes actions to move the vehicle, considering the local model, road map, and driving regulations.

16701: 16686: 16676: 16646: 16366: 16192: 15926: 15192: 15182: 15156: 15027: 14829: 13623: 13558: 13159: 12676: 12580: 12414: 11300: 9253:[Commercial product of the achievement of SIP-adus: Driving Intelligence Validation Platform]. 8735: 8655: 8427:

Jean-François Bonnefon; Azim Shariff; Iyad Rahwan (2016). "The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles".

8221:"A new study finds a potential risk with self-driving cars: failure to detect dark-skinned pedestrians" 6755: 2436:

test cars, which had been trained using professional rally drivers. Toyota used its collaboration with

1874: 1023:(ODD) is a term for a particular operating context for an automated system, often used in the field of 925: 638:

defined autonomous as "the system acts independently of the driver to avoid or mitigate the accident".

400: 150: 49: 5461:"Automated Driving – Levels of Driving Automation are Defined in New SAE International Standard J3016" 665:

A remote driver is a driver that operates a vehicle at a distance, using a video and data connection.

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Parkin, John; Clark, Benjamin; Clayton, William; Ricci, Miriam; Parkhurst, Graham (27 October 2017).

5357:

Steckhan, Lorenz; Spiessl, Wolfgang; Quetschlich, Nils; Bengler, Klaus (2022), Krömker, Heidi (ed.),

4821:"Remote Driving Control With Real-Time Video Streaming Over Wireless Networks: Design and Evaluation" 4049: 3007: 2996:. In November 2022, Germany’s Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) approved the system for use at 1915: 1456: 1441: 1307: 1020: 885: 760: 688: 628:

Autonomy implies that an automation system is under the control of the vehicle rather than a driver.

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became the first service provider to offer driverless taxi rides to the general public, in a part of

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started offering BlueCruise service on certain vehicles in 2022; the system is named ActiveGlide in

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In September 2020, Vasquez pled guilty to endangerment and was sentenced to three years' probation.

16625: 16610: 16348: 16222: 15812: 15757: 15684: 15338: 15316: 15249: 15214: 14758: 14714: 14216: 13923: 13180: 12998: 12727: 12606: 12471: 11972: 11386: 7676: 6071: 5848:"Algorithmic Decision-Making in AVs: Understanding Ethical and Technical Concerns for Smart Cities" 5089: 4762: 4749: 3165:"Distributed Motion Planning for Safe Autonomous Vehicle Overtaking via Artificial Potential Field" 2718:

In the 2010s, researchers openly worried that delayed regulations could delay deployment. In 2020,

2710: 2533: 2453: 2441: 1935:) averaged 5,224 mi (8,407 km) per disengagement over 62,689 mi (100,888 km). 1677: 1581: 1543: 1229:

Driving mode-specific execution by one or more driver assistance systems of both steering and speed

1000: 868: 810: 750: 598: 540:. In December 2022, several manufacturers scaled back plans for self-driving technology, including 476: 343: 190: 15526: 11760: 9947: 9921: 7846: 7213: 7003:"New Allstate Survey Shows Americans Think They Are Great Drivers – Habits Tell a Different Story" 6505: 5320:[JASO TP 18004: Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems] 4860:

Lee, Chung Won; Nayeer, Nasif; Garcia, Danson Evan; Agrawal, Ankur; Liu, Bingbing (October 2020).

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Munir, Farzeen; Azam, Shoaib; Hussain, Muhammad Ishfaq; Sheri, Ahmed Muqeem; Jeon, Moongu (2018).

3529:"Mercedes-Benz Drive Pilot certified for use in Nevada – first L3 system approved for US highways" 1599:

A safety model is software that attempts to formalize rules that ensure that ACs operate safely.

16600: 16284: 16274: 16017: 15679: 15594: 15516: 15229: 14839: 14814: 14433: 13968: 13953: 13606: 13601: 13501: 13369: 13150: 12960: 12930: 12555: 12424: 10643:

Saravanos, Antonios; Pissadaki, Eleftheria K.; Singh, Wayne S.; Delfino, Donatella (April 2024).

9973: 9807: 8765: 7341: 6530: 4862:"Identifying the Operational Design Domain for an Automated Driving System through Assessed Risk" 4486: 4080: 3435: 2985: 2847: 2470: 1819: 1681: 1626: 733: 317: 35: 14618: 11697:"New Benteler brand Holon presents world's first autonomous mover built to automotive standards" 7096:"Symmetrical Simulation Scheme for Anomaly Detection in Autonomous Vehicles Based on LSTM Model" 5182: 2715:

The regulation of autonomous cars concerns liability, approvals, and international conventions.

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Another fatal Autopilot crash occurred in May in Florida in a Tesla Model S that crashed into a

1732:

was considering the possibility that imported Chinese AC technology could facilitate espionage.

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on emergency call, and sparked questions about its ability to handle unexpected circumstances.

1729: 1476: 849: 775: 494: 15121: 14160: 11518:"Toyota to Offer Rides in SAE Level-4 Automated Vehicles on Public Roads in Japan Next Summer" 8706:"Simulation-Based Identification of Critical Scenarios for Cooperative and Automated Vehicles" 5907:"Detection of Static and Mobile Targets by an Autonomous Agent with Deep Q-Learning Abilities" 2795:

multiple cameras, short- and long-range radar, and a LiDAR sensor, and will be powered by the

1268:

If a driver does not respond appropriately to a request to intervene, the car can stop safely.

282:

was the first to offer rides in self-driving taxis to the public in limited geographic areas (

16522: 16326: 16137: 16083: 15905: 15444: 15328: 14563: 14428: 14183: 13958: 13943: 13908: 13596: 13496: 13364: 12898: 12798: 12717: 10008:"Arizona driver in fatal autonomous Uber crash in 2018 pleads guilty, sentenced to probation" 9722: 3203: 2920: 2764: 1113:

Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems

803: 755: 707: 13826: 11517: 5002:"We put our blind faith in Mercedes-Benz's first-of-its-kind autonomous Drive Pilot feature" 4689: 4233:"The backup driver in the 1st death by a fully autonomous car pleads guilty to endangerment" 3853: 3625: 2452:

In 2023 David R. Large, senior research fellow with the Human Factors Research Group at the

656:"fully automated vehicle" means a vehicle that can move entirely without driver supervision; 536:

became the second service provider to offer driverless taxi rides to the general public, in

298:

offered self-driving taxi service in San Francisco, but suspended service in 2023. In 2021,

16620: 16249: 16232: 16212: 16182: 15890: 15274: 15057: 15021: 13978: 13933: 13379: 13324: 13170: 13165: 13044: 13034: 12975: 12913: 12365: 12360: 12220: 12173: 12134: 12095: 12056: 12017: 11820: 11380: 10738: 10505: 10462: 8862:"California Robocar Disengagement Reports Reveal Tidbits About Tesla, AutoX, Apple, Others" 8511: 8446: 7807:"What's big, orange and covered in LEDs? This start-up's new approach to self-driving cars" 7169:

Petit, J.; Shladover, S.E. (1 April 2015). "Potential Cyberattacks on Automated Vehicles".

7107: 6398: 6279: 6115: 5918: 5869: 4832: 3678: 3324:"Waymo recalls driverless cars to make them less likely to drive into poles | CNN Business" 2974: 2895: 2753:

List of self-driving system suppliers § Date of first public road driverless operation

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as the world's fastest autonomous car. Robocar reached 282.42 km/h (175.49 mph).

195: 140: 31: 11648: 9141: 7094:

Alsulami, Abdulaziz A.; Abu Al-Haija, Qasem; Alqahtani, Ali; Alsini, Raed (15 July 2022).

5673:"Ford BlueCruise | Consumer Reports Top-Rated Active Driving Assistance System | Ford.com" 1706:

In the 2020s, concerns over ACs' vulnerability to cyberattacks and data theft emerged.

8: 16254: 16117: 15773: 14915: 14636: 14448: 14193: 13553: 13531: 13280: 13275: 13233: 13185: 13010: 12935: 12839: 12521: 11124:"Honda Unveils Next-generation Technologies of Honda SENSING 360 and Honda SENSING Elite" 10620: 9509:"Two Years On, A Father Is Still Fighting Tesla Over Autopilot And His Son's Fatal Crash" 7538: 5559:"Social and behavioural questions associated with Automated Vehicles A Literature Review" 5358: 2796: 2769: 1024: 993: 798: 785: 738: 699: 457: 11824: 10742: 10509: 10466: 9170:"New driver-assistance technology dramatically improves collision-avoidance performance" 8646: 8570: 8515: 8450: 7820:

Crosato, Luca; Shum, Hubert P. H.; Ho, Edmond S. L.; Wei, Chongfeng; Sun, Yuzhu (2024).

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The ADAS has to be able to safely accept control from and return control to the driver.

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started offering self-driving taxi rides in Shenzhen, China. Starting in February 2022,

16269: 16177: 16162: 16122: 15855: 15656: 15424: 15047: 14925: 14897: 14641: 14573: 14077: 13938: 13516: 12616: 12611: 12539: 12446: 12370: 12207: 11844: 11810: 10912:"Tesla Admits Current "Full Self-Driving Beta" Will Always Be a Level 2 System: Emails" 10769: 10726: 10656: 10597: 10478: 9568: 9250: 8529: 8501: 8470: 8436: 8409: 8349: 8272: 8247: 7648: 7289:"Tesla Admits Current "Full Self-Driving Beta" Will Always Be a Level 2 System: Emails" 7194: 7071: 7044: 6809: 6791: 6730: 6429: 6386: 6247: 6174: 6146: 6103: 6084: 6037: 5941: 5906: 5887: 5859: 5492:"It's Time to Rethink Levels of Automation for Self-Driving Vehicles [Opinion]" 5439: 4932: 4887: 4312: 4125: 3729: 3573: 3277: 3184: 3145: 3082: 3056: 2760: 2053: 1906: 1836: 1669: 1087:

Legal: a vehicle that offers an acceptably low risk of committing a traffic infraction.

861: 541: 162: 15545: 12312: 11907:"Meet the Companies Building Self-Driving Cars for Google and Tesla (And Maybe Apple)" 9455:"There are some scary similarities between Tesla's deadly crashes linked to Autopilot" 6531:"How road rage really affects your driving -- and the self-driving cars of the future" 6212:

Durrant-Whyte, H.; Bailey, T. (5 June 2006). "Simultaneous localization and mapping".

5254: 4524: 4365:"Robocar: Watch the world's fastest autonomous car reach its record-breaking 282 km/h" 3707:

Proceedings of the 1986 ACM fourteenth annual conference on Computer science - CSC '86

1618:

As of 2023, the Turquoise light had not been standardized by the P.R.C or the UN-ECE.

551:

As of August 2023, vehicles operating at Level 3 and above were an insignificant

16696: 16389: 16207: 16152: 16104: 15741: 15434: 15072: 14935: 14920: 14907: 14887: 14862: 14706: 14004: 13992: 13796: 13448: 13319: 13312: 12404: 12246: 12236: 12211: 12199: 12189: 12160: 12150: 12121: 12111: 12082: 12072: 12043: 12033: 11864: 11836: 11745: 10774: 10756: 10676: 10587: 9981: 9689: 8705: 8462: 8413: 8401: 8353: 8341: 8277: 8174: 7913: 7186: 7125: 7076: 7043:

Skulmowski, Alexander; Bunge, Andreas; Kaspar, Kai; Pipa, Gordon (16 December 2014).

6958: 6948: 6813: 6434: 6416: 6305: 6280:"Tesla Vision Update: Replacing Ultrasonic Sensors with Tesla Vision | Tesla Support" 6265: 6239: 6192: 6151: 6133: 6104:"A Survey of Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling Communication Technologies and Challenges" 6088: 5987: 5946: 5891: 5602: 5513: 5468: 5443: 5431: 5401: 5374: 4936: 4922: 4918: 4891: 4877: 4628: 4543: 4385:[The world's first! approval of level-3 type designation for certification]. 4129: 4115: 3948: 3813: 3719: 3563: 3281: 3236: 3188: 3149: 3074: 2997: 2800: 2282: 2164: 1928: 1881: 1637: 1449: 1413: 1407: 1108: 1096: 935: 564: 407:

and ALV semi-autonomous projects launched in the 1980s, funded by the United States'

135: 87: 11917: 11848: 10792: 10645:"Gauging Public Acceptance of Conditionally Automated Vehicles in the United States" 10601: 10196:"NTSB investigating deadly crash in San Antonio involving a semi-autonomous vehicle" 9305:"Development of "Driving Intelligence Validation Platform" for ADS safety assurance" 8533: 8474: 8152: 7588:"A second Apple employee was charged with stealing self-driving car project secrets" 7198: 5697: 5581:"Autonomous vehicle interactions in the urban street environment: a research agenda" 4602: 3577: 3086: 2620:

driver had parked his car behind the first car presumably to help the first driver.

1591:

regulation on software update and software update management systems was published.

16691: 16595: 16279: 16127: 15987: 15885: 15880: 15850: 15795: 15731: 15580: 15264: 14877: 14824: 14754: 14528: 14358: 13749: 13546: 13340: 13290: 13285: 13228: 13216: 13003: 12515: 12350: 12274: 12228: 12181: 12142: 12103: 12064: 12025: 12008: 11887:"The driving forces behind what would be the next revolution in the haulage sector" 11828: 10831:"Ford BlueCruise Version 1.2 Hands-Off Review: More Automation, Improved Operation" 10764: 10746: 10666: 10579: 10513: 10482: 10470: 10146: 9694: 8977: 8717: 8678: 8519: 8454: 8393: 8384:

Karnouskos, Stamatis (2020). "Self-Driving Car Acceptance and the Role of Ethics".

8333: 8267: 8259: 7957:"California agency approves San Francisco robotaxi expansion amid heavy opposition" 7903: 7827: 7760: 7707: 7319: 7178: 7115: 7066: 7056: 6801: 6424: 6406: 6251: 6231: 6184: 6141: 6123: 6102:

Ahangar, M. Nadeem; Ahmed, Qasim Z.; Khan, Fahd A.; Hafeez, Maryam (January 2021).

6076: 5977: 5936: 5926: 5877: 5786: 5592: 5503: 5421: 5413: 5366: 5026: 4914: 4869: 4840: 4754: 4179:"Waymo is first to put fully self-driving cars on US roads without a safety driver" 4107: 3940: 3805: 3733: 3711: 3630: 3604: 3555: 3269: 3228: 3176: 3137: 3066: 2910: 2808:

roads with 2 lanes and a physical separation from traffic in the opposite direction

942: 930: 873: 517: 287: 14478: 11048:"GM's Ultra Cruise will use radar, camera, and lidar to enable hands-free driving" 10857:"Ford updates its BlueCruise driver assist with hands-free lane changing and more" 10817:

How Much Automation Does Your Car Really Have? Jeff S. Bartlett, November 4, 2021

9479: 9000:"(GRVA) New Assessment/Test Method for Automated Driving (NATM) – Master Document" 7562:"Former Apple engineer accused of stealing automotive trade secrets pleads guilty" 4339:"Waymo will allow more people to ride in its fully driverless vehicles in Phoenix" 3609: 3070: 1641:

Autonomous delivery vehicles stuck in one place by attempting to avoid one another

16538: 16311: 16259: 15968: 15807: 15651: 15067: 14892: 14882: 14872: 14503: 13862: 13806: 13628: 13270: 13190: 12595: 12549: 11739: 11598:"Bosch – Stuttgart Airport Set to Welcome Fully Automated and Driverless Parking" 11466: 9875:"Uber puts the brakes on testing robot cars in California after Arizona fatality" 9337: 8623: 8368: 7908: 7891: 6188: 5370: 4952:"Tesla pushes new Full Self-Driving Beta v11 update as it slowly expands rollout" 4873: 2906: 2775: 2550: 2487: 2476: 2433: 1832: 1472: 1467: 1100: 913: 820: 790: 743: 573: 11623:"Mercedes-Benz and Bosch driverless parking system: Approved for commercial use" 10727:"On the future of transportation in an era of automated and autonomous vehicles" 9642: 9408:"Tesla admits its semi-autonomous driving tech is not the world's most advanced" 8074:"Occupational Outlook Handbook: Delivery Truck Drivers and Driver/Sales Workers" 6977: 5775:"A Decentralized Cluster Formation Containment Framework for Multirobot Systems" 4845: 4820: 4111: 16569: 16336: 16306: 16217: 16142: 16073: 15835: 15830: 15646: 15471: 15384: 15348: 15269: 14818: 14608: 14583: 14568: 14473: 14420: 14102: 13836: 13801: 13791: 13616: 13374: 13200: 13067: 12985: 12940: 12834: 12829: 12419: 11680: 11549: 11381:"Korean firms enhance car cybersecurity before Level 3 autonomous car releases" 10882: 10731:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

10671: 10644: 10576:

Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces

9899: 9590: 9484: 8857: 7826:. 2024 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction. ACM/IEEE. 7785:"US lawmakers raise concerns over Chinese self-driving testing data collection" 7453:"California DMV accuses Tesla of deceptive marketing for its self-driving tech" 6779: 6702:"UN Regulation No. 156 – Software update and software update management system" 6506:"Why driver monitoring will be critical to next-generation autonomous vehicles" 6385:

Yeong, De Jong; Velasco-Hernandez, Gustavo; Barry, John; Walsh, Joseph (2021).

5982: 5965: 5774: 5234: 4861: 4714: 4410: 4258:"Waymo launches nation's first commercial self-driving taxi service in Arizona" 3378:"Waymo recalls software in all its cars after its robotaxi crashes into a pole" 3257: 3164: 2791: 2185: 2074: 1932: 1878: 1848: 1798: 1385: 844: 770: 386: 167: 107: 12232: 12185: 12146: 12107: 12068: 12029: 10517: 10474: 10060:"Nio's Autopilot, NOP, Faces Intense Scrutiny With First Fatal Crash in China" 8337: 8263: 8100:"Occupational Outlook Handbook: Taxi Drivers, Shuttle Drivers, and Chauffeurs" 7263:"Reliance on autopilot is now the biggest threat to flight safety, study says" 7182: 5672: 5417: 3775: 3180: 16670: 16301: 15860: 15845: 15311: 15105: 15087: 14799: 14749: 14646: 14598: 14588: 14338: 14292: 14188: 14127: 13781: 13761: 13678: 13357: 12527: 12477: 12250: 12203: 12164: 12125: 12086: 12047: 10760: 10680: 9985: 8426: 8405: 8397: 8345: 8194: 7932:"Survey Data Suggests Self-Driving Cars Could Be Slow To Gain Consumer Trust" 7917: 7731:"What is V2X communication? Creating connectivity for the autonomous car era" 7190: 7129: 7061: 6805: 6420: 6243: 6235: 6137: 6080: 5991: 5790: 5606: 5517: 5508: 5491: 5435: 3817: 3467:"Honda to start selling world's 1st level-3 autonomous car for $ 103K on Fri" 3273: 3232: 3078: 2981: 2924: 2858: 2836: 2377:

In October 2021, Europe's pilot test, L3Pilot, demonstrated ADAS for cars in

2141: 1673: 1529: 1517: 1493: 1318: 552: 537: 529: 461: 450: 412: 326: 307: 14553: 12854: 11832: 10995: 10751: 10583: 10114:"Pony.ai loses permit to test autonomous vehicles with driver in California" 10034:"NIO Stock: 10 Things to Know About the Fatal Crash Dragging Down Nio Today" 9748:"For the first time, Google's self-driving car takes some blame for a crash" 8458: 7831: 6962: 5749:"Hands-off with the first true hands-free car in the US, and it's not Tesla" 3559: 3141: 2803:

electric vehicle will be one of the first vehicles to feature Ultra Cruise.

16239: 15870: 15840: 15638: 15576: 14548: 14543: 14453: 14297: 14272: 14122: 13867: 13698: 13113: 12993: 12737: 12648: 12561: 11840: 10778: 9594: 9539: 9360: 8918:"California DMV releases autonomous vehicle disengagement reports for 2019" 8814:"Apply for an Autonomous Vehicle Technology Demonstration / Testing Permit" 8466: 8281: 7080: 6647: 6619: 6438: 6155: 5950: 5597: 5580: 5359:"Beyond SAE J3016: New Design Spaces for Human-Centered Driving Automation" 3705: 2865:

obtained authorization to test vehicles with Level 3 systems on motorways.

1721: 525: 505: 390: 291: 11676:"GM's Self-Driving Cruise Origin Indefinitely Delayed Amid Major Setbacks" 11437:"Waymo, Cruise and Zoox Inch Forward Ahead of Tesla Joining Robotaxi Race" 9657:"Fatal Tesla Autopilot accident investigation ends with no recall ordered" 9113: 8649:[Challenging self-driving Level 4 approval of Kesennuma Line BRT] 7821: 6171:

2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)

5230:"Tesla Tells California DMV that FSD Is Not Capable of Autonomous Driving" 5196: 4971:"Waymo's Robotaxis Are Hitting The Highway, A First For Self-Driving Cars" 4145:

STRIA Roadmap Connected and Automated Transport: Road, Rail and Waterborne

3715: 3303:"Waymo's Robotaxis are Hitting the Highway, A First For Self Driving Cars" 1391: 329:

in San Francisco, 2023. This model was recalled after a crash into a pole.

30:

This article is about the road vehicle type. For the general concept, see

16660: 16564: 16147: 15865: 15621: 15404: 15394: 15234: 15224: 15100: 15042: 15037: 14854: 14794: 14779: 14734: 14666: 14603: 14558: 14463: 14348: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14211: 14117: 13963: 13734: 13643: 13638: 13260: 13238: 12590: 11410:"Hyundai Motor Puts Level 3 Autonomous Driving Technology on Back Burner" 8766:"Adopted Regulations for Testing of Autonomous Vehicles by Manufacturers" 8721: 7698: 5426: 5201: 3704:

Kanade, Takeo (February 1986). "Autonomous land vehicle project at CMU".

2928: 2605: 2408:

published a document about collision avoidance testing in December 2022.

2120: 1884:(BRT) in rural area from the current Level 2 to Level 4 at 60 km/h. 1668:

Tesla calls its Level 2 ADAS "Full Self-Driving (FSD) Beta". US Senators

878: 577: 15306: 12867: 11492:[Domestically the first! Approved as Level 4 self-driving car]. 10996:"Tesla's FSD enters a new phase as self-driving competition intensifies" 10253:"Feds Investigate Ford BlueCruise's Role In Deadly Mustang Mach-E Crash" 9251:"SIP自動運転の成果を活用した安全性評価用シミュレーションソフトの製品化～戦略的イノベーション創造プログラム（SIP）研究成果を社会実装へ～" 8248:"Responsibility for Crashes of Autonomous Vehicles: An Ethical Analysis" 8048:"Occupational Outlook Handbook: Heavy and Tractor trailer Truck Drivers" 7847:"Novel AI system enhances the predictive accuracy of autonomous driving" 7480:"Self-driving car-makers could face prison for misleading adverts in UK" 7120: 7095: 1687:

Mercedes-Benz was criticized for a misleading US commercial advertising

649:

can be used together. For instance, Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 supplied:

16543: 15219: 14696: 14681: 14676: 14443: 14282: 14264: 14175: 14137: 14112: 13857: 13816: 13811: 13724: 13633: 13541: 13453: 13433: 12970: 12945: 10537: 10118: 10090: 8949: 8524: 8489: 5882: 5847: 3501:"Honda Legend Sedan with Level 3 Autonomy Available for Lease in Japan" 3470: 3225:

Dead reckoning and cartography using stereo vision for an automated car

3006:

In January 2023, Holon announced an autonomous shuttle during the 2023

2891: 2887: 2869: 2542: 2305: 1509: 1433: 903: 723: 629: 545: 524:

began autonomous commercial delivery operations in California in 2021.

425: 268: 9622:"Adding Some Statistical Perspective To Tesla Autopilot Safety Claims" 8973:"Self-Driving Taxis Are Causing All Kinds of Trouble in San Francisco" 6411: 6387:"Sensor and Sensor Fusion Technology in Autonomous Vehicles: A Review" 6128: 5931: 5585:

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer

4511:"GM's Cruise suspends supervised and manual car trips, expands probes" 528:

launched robotaxi service in Shenzhen in July 2021. In December 2021,

16501: 16496: 16486: 16481: 16471: 16466: 16461: 15521: 15333: 14844: 14784: 14724: 14691: 14593: 14578: 14538: 14533: 14513: 14493: 14438: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14277: 14254: 14150: 14107: 13852: 13821: 13719: 13563: 13526: 13463: 13417: 13412: 13397: 13015: 11052: 9661: 7592: 7506:"National Security Implications of Leadership in Autonomous Vehicles" 6557:"Driving autonomous vehicles forward with intelligent infrastructure" 4758: 3019: 2877: 2854: 2503: 2437: 635: 483: 335: 16358: 11264:"IM Motors gets permit to test L3 self-driving vehicles in Shanghai" 10421:"Autonomous cars: Bring 'em on, drivers say in Insurance.com survey" 8245: 4283:"Waymo's Self-Driving Future Looks Real Now That the Hype Is Fading" 3809: 3408:"Cruise opens up driverless taxi service to public in San Francisco" 1205:

Driving mode-specific control by an ADAS of either steering or speed

16559: 16456: 16451: 15875: 15259: 15239: 15082: 15077: 15052: 14789: 14518: 14508: 14498: 14483: 14458: 14302: 14287: 14249: 14221: 14165: 14155: 14092: 13754: 13586: 13059: 13019: 12965: 12955: 12922: 12600: 12585: 11815: 11378: 11152:"Honda to develop advanced level 3 self-driving technology by 2029" 10661: 10142:"An Autonomous Car Blocked a Fire Truck Responding to an Emergency" 9535:"Tesla driver dies in first fatal crash while using autopilot mode" 8506: 8441: 7756:"Autonomous Vehicles Join the List of US National Security Threats" 7145:"Driverless cars face cyber security, skills and safety challenges" 7093: 6796: 6735: 6179: 6042: 5864: 4656:"What's in a name? For Tesla's Full Self Driving, it may be danger" 3944: 3934: 3061: 2966: 2943: 2883: 2807: 1314: 830: 490: 446: 442: 339: 157: 15937: 11545:"Hyperdrive Daily: The Driverless Shuttle Helping Toyota Win Gold" 11207:"Mercedes Drive Pilot Level 3 ADAS Approved For Use In California" 10967:"Tesla, Waymo, Nuro, Zoox And Many Others Embrace New AI To Drive" 10725:

Hancock, P. A.; Nourbakhsh, Illah; Stewart, Jack (16 April 2019).

10616:"Majority of world's population feel self-driving cars are unsafe" 9803:"Video Shows Moments Before Uber Robot Car Rammed into Pedestrian" 9361:"Microsoft and Toyota Join Forces in FIA World Rally Championship" 6750: 3969:"The Automated Highway System: An Idea Whose Time Has Come | FHWA" 2564:

On 12 August 2021, a 31-year-old Chinese man was killed after his

1247:

Driving mode-specific control by an ADAS of all aspects of driving

16434: 16429: 15611: 15606: 15476: 15439: 14729: 14719: 14686: 14661: 14656: 14523: 14488: 14307: 14203: 14145: 14097: 13877: 13714: 13668: 13591: 13491: 13486: 13438: 11305: 11156: 11082:

Paving the way to driving automation in EU, 19 January 2023, CCAM

9851: 7426: 7423:"Mercedes rejects claims about "misleading" self-driving car ads" 5356: 3106: 3024: 2582: 2565: 2378: 2258: 2231: 715: 10941:"Tesla finally releases FSD v12, its last hope for self-driving" 10455:

Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

10170:"GM's Cruise Autonomous Car Blocks Fire Truck on Emergency Call" 10086:"California suspends Pony.ai driverless test permit after crash" 8792:"The Pathway to Driverless Cars: A Code of Practice for testing" 6384: 3593:"Review on self-driving cars using neural network architectures" 3162: 16444: 16439: 15496: 15481: 15429: 15409: 15151: 14739: 13892: 13872: 13744: 13536: 13024: 12793: 11724: 11521: 10303:"Data Analysis: Self-Driving Car Accidents [2019-2024]" 9830:"Human Driver Could Have Avoided Fatal Uber Crash, Experts Say" 9626: 9365: 9174: 8866: 4903: 4901: 4411:"Nuro set to be California's first driverless delivery service" 4203: 3552:

Autonomous Vehicle: The Architecture Aspect of Self Driving Car

3307: 2962: 2914: 2899: 2722:

was issued to address regulation of Level 3 automated driving.

2429: 2401: 2400:

In April 2022, collision avoidance testing was demonstrated by

2030: 1877:

announced their challenge to raise their self-driving level of

1840: 854: 438: 404: 11181:"Level 3 Automated Driving Tech Has Major Limitations: Report" 10642: 9685:"Google founder defends accident records of self-driving cars" 8132:. Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections 8106:. Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections 8080:. Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections 8054:. Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections 7669: 5964:

Zhao, Jianfeng; Liang, Bodong; Chen, Qiuxia (2 January 2018).

5773:

Hu, J.; Bhowmick, P.; Jang, I.; Arvin, F.; Lanzon, A. (2021).

5027:"Mobileye SuperVision™ | The Bridge from ADAS to Consumer AVs" 3798:

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

3353:"Waymo issues second recall after robotaxi hit telephone pole" 2736:

Vehicles operating below Level 5 still offer many advantages.

66: 15419: 14613: 14468: 14037: 13693: 13673: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13611: 13443: 12732: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12533: 11652: 11128: 10573: 9974:"'I'm the Operator': The Aftermath of a Self-Driving Tragedy" 9848:"Governor Ducey suspends Uber from automated vehicle testing" 9227: 9198:"Nissan Tests Collision Avoidance Tech for Self-Driving Cars" 8710:

SAE International Journal of Connected and Automated Vehicles

8619:"Japan Planning 100-kilometer Lane for Self-Driving Vehicles" 7734: 6582:"Frequency of Target Crashes for IntelliDrive Safety Systems" 6306:"Computing possible driving corridors for automated vehicles" 3440: 3436:"Honda to Begin Sales of Legend with New Honda SENSING Elite" 2939: 2830: 2513: 2405: 2385:. SAE Level 3 and 4 functions were tested on ordinary roads. 2254: 2099: 1984: 1911: 1513: 1505: 1429: 1425: 1084:

Safe: a vehicle that conforms to an acceptably safe standard.

834: 513: 501: 469: 322: 299: 279: 11741:

Gridlock: Why We're Stuck in Traffic and What To Do About It

11379:

Seo Jin-woo; Jung You-jung; Lee Ha-yeon (16 February 2022).

8743: 8420: 7889: 7844: 6728: 4898: 4452:"Mercedes-Benz self-driving car technology approved for use" 3795: 3683:

Navlab: The Carnegie Mellon University Navigation Laboratory

2374:

GRVA proposed a "Test Method for Automated Driving (NATM)".

1250:

Driver must appropriately respond to a request to intervene.

16615: 13683: 12783: 12509: 9922:"Uber back-up driver faulted in fatal autonomous car crash" 7565: 5156:"The ABI and Thatcham warn against automated driving plans" 4728:

Antsaklis, Panos J.; Passino, Kevin M.; Wang, S.J. (1991).

3163:

Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Bhowmick, P.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2022).

3102:"Self-driving Uber car kills Arizona woman crossing street" 2537: 2527: 2328: 2208: 521: 385:(ADAS) since at least the 1920s. The first ADAS system was 8703: 5659:"Defining a New Taxonomy for Consumer Autonomous Vehicles" 4805: 4803: 4801: 4482:"Slow Self-Driving Car Progress Tests Investors' Patience" 2479:/Full Self Driving (beta) was classified as Level 2 ADAS. 2388:

In November 2022, an International Standard ISO 34502 on "

14773: 14343: 14231: 14068: 12275:"Autonomous vehicles – who will be liable for accidents?" 12002:"Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers" 10887: 10448: 10373:"Große Akzeptanz für selbstfahrende Autos in Deutschland" 9900:"Uber self-driving cars allowed back on California roads" 9028:"L3Pilot: Joint European effort boosts automated driving" 8704:

Hallerbach, S.; Xia, Y.; Eberle, U.; Koester, F. (2018).

7346: 7236:"Will Regulators Allow Self-Driving Cars in a Few Years?" 7042: 6888: 5400:

Inagaki, Toshiyuki; Sheridan, Thomas B. (November 2019).

4721: 3494: 3492: 2862: 2842: 2569:

they argued did not guarantee the integrity of the data.

2009: 1437: 264: 10724: 10449:

Kyriakidis, M.; Happee, R.; De Winter, J. C. F. (2015).

8153:"Employment Loss and the 2007–09 Recession: An Overview" 6829:"Thanks to Mercedes, Turquoise Lights Mean Self-Driving" 6780:"Goal-Aware RSS for Complex Scenarios Via Program Logic" 6776: 6454:"Now Revealed: Why Teslas Have Only Camera-Based Vision" 5657:

Shashua, Amnon; Shalev-Shwartz, Shai (5 February 2023).

4317:

IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News

3936:

Technology Development for Army Unmanned Ground Vehicles

274:

As of early 2024, no system has achieved full autonomy (

15575: 15205:

Automated Guideway Transit System project (Philippines)

11993:"Remembering When Driverless Elevators Drew Skepticism" 11858:

A Look at the Legal Environment for Driverless Vehicles

10495: 8594:"What are the next steps to reaching Level 4 autonomy?" 7983:"Remembering When Driverless Elevators Drew Skepticism" 7171:

IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems

6881:"Remembering When Driverless Elevators Drew Skepticism" 5723:"Level 2 of autonomous driving - "EYES ON / HANDS OFF"" 5578: 5133:"Self-driving vehicles listed for use in Great Britain" 5053:"GM Adding 350,000 Miles Of Super Cruise Road Coverage" 4907: 4798: 4106:. Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer. pp. 27–39. 4050:"This Is Big: A Robo-Car Just Drove Across the Country" 3995:"The National Automated Highway System That Almost Was" 3169:

IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems

1490:

Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory

532:

received approval for a Level 3 car. In February 2022,

11233:"BMW Details Plan For Fully Automated Driving By 2021" 10351:"Many car buyers show interest in autonomous car tech" 7398:"Mercedes-Benz to Stop Running "Self-Driving Car" Ads" 6266:"A Brief Survey on SLAM Methods in Autonomous Vehicle" 6101: 5812:"European Roadmap Smart Systems for Automated Driving" 5108:"Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 becomes law" 4859: 3489: 2749:

Lane centering § Sample of level 2 automated cars

1695:(DMV) accused Tesla of deceptive marketing practices. 16644: 11800: 9453:

Horwitz, Josh; Timmons, Heather (20 September 2016).

8373:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 93–102. 7670:

Mark Schaub; Atticus Zhao; Mark Fu (24 August 2021).

5970:

International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems

5656: 4525:"https://twitter.com/nuro/status/1688965912165265408" 4076:"Self-driving cars to be tested on Virginia highways" 3776:"Prof. Schmidhuber's highlights of robot car history" 3549: 3523: 3521: 303: 11919:

John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center

11329:"Polestar 3 with Level 3 Autonomous Tech on the Way" 10533:"Autonomous cars seen as smarter than human drivers" 9278: 6907: 6905: 6035: 6005: 6003: 6001: 4727: 4509:

Shepardson, David; Klayman, Ben (14 November 2023).

604: 397:(19 mph) with the support of an elevated rail. 10498:

Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice

10399:"Autonomous Cars Found Trustworthy in Global Study" 10278:"Standing General Order on Crash Reporting | NHTSA" 8611: 7672:"China MIIT formulating new rules on data security" 6340: 6304:Althoff, Matthias; Sontges, Sebastian (June 2017). 6211: 5772: 4911:

2022 IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon)

4682:"Tesla's Autopilot Technology Faces Fresh Scrutiny" 4444: 4434:"DeepRoute.ai closes $ 300M Series B funding round" 2813: 11536: 10883:"Ford launches hands-free driving on UK motorways" 9766:"Google's Self-Driving Car Caused Its First Crash" 9742: 9740: 8852: 8850: 7503: 7372:"Mercedes-Benz Slammed Over Misleading Commercial" 7334: 7214:"Challenges facing Autonomous Vehicle Development" 6479:"Informing smarter lidar solutions for the future" 6341:Connor-Simons, Adam; Gordon, Rachel (7 May 2018). 5455: 5453: 5363:HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems 3518: 2604:'s testing vehicle was reported to have blocked a 2392:based safety evaluation framework" was published. 1914:'s self-driving car, navigating public streets in 12380: 12316:, self-driving vehicles and enabling technologies 10559:Smith, Aaron; Anderson, Monica (4 October 2017). 9784:"Passenger bus teaches Google robot car a lesson" 9718:"Google Autonomous Car Experiences Another Crash" 9641:Administration, National Highway Traffic Safety. 9555: 9526: 8299:"The Ethical Considerations of Self-Driving Cars" 7845:City University of Hong Kong (6 September 2023). 7813: 7280: 6914:"Hidden Obstacles for Google's Self-Driving Cars" 6902: 6318: 5998: 5248: 4574:"The State of Level 3 Autonomous Driving in 2023" 4508: 2483:However, the car failed to take evasive action. 1289:System controls the vehicle under all conditions. 16668: 16404:Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers 16103: 10793:"Self-Driving Cars: Everything You Need To Know" 10375:. motorvision.de. 9 October 2012. Archived from 9800: 9562:Vlasic, Bill; Boudette, Neal E. (30 June 2016). 9389:"Driver disguises himself as car seat for study" 7819: 7728: 7703:"Is Your New Car a Threat to National Security?" 5966:"The key technology toward the self-driving car" 5072:"What is Ford BlueCruise, and How Does It Work?" 4626: 4603:"Self-Driving Cars: Everything You Need To Know" 4020:"Back to the Future: Autonomous Driving in 1995" 3880:"Back to the Future: Autonomous Driving in 1995" 3128:Thrun, Sebastian (2010). "Toward Robotic Cars". 3100:Maki, Sydney; Sage, Alexandria (19 March 2018). 504:began leasing in Japan a limited edition of 100 453:allowed autonomous car testing on public roads. 267:that is capable of operating with reduced or no 12814:IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society 10139: 9801:Bensinger, Greg; Higgins, Tim (22 March 2018). 9737: 9446: 8847: 8246:Alexander Hevelke; Julian Nida-Rümelin (2015). 7585: 6321:"Design Considerations For Autonomous Vehicles" 5450: 5399: 5227: 4730:"An Introduction to Autonomous Control Systems" 4375: 4313:"What Full Autonomy Means for the Waymo Driver" 4231:Billeaud, Jacques; Snow, Anita (28 July 2023). 3430: 3428: 2742: 1322:involved, while not formally committing to it. 15450:Unbuilt Rosemont personal rapid transit system 10111: 9561: 9452: 8964: 8942: 8856: 8023:"The Political Economy Of Autonomous Vehicles" 7168: 6303: 6059:The International Journal of Robotics Research 5556: 5489: 3597:World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 3255: 3223:Gehrig, Stefan K.; Stein, Fridtjof J. (1999). 3121: 1117:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 283: 16374: 15953: 15561: 15137: 14053: 13129: 12883: 12859: 12298: 11694: 11462:"Level 4 Autonomous Driving Allowed in Japan" 11352: 11301:"Stellantis Shows Off its Level 3 Technology" 11261: 11230: 10558: 8549:"How Self-Driving Cars Will Threaten Privacy" 7369: 6503: 6168: 6056: 5963: 4866:2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV) 4633:SAE Technical Papers (SAE WCX Digital Summit) 4627:Umar Zakir Abdul, Hamid; et al. (2021). 4432:Staff, The Robot Report (14 September 2021). 4226: 4224: 3405: 3321: 3256:Xie, S.; Hu, J.; Ding, Z.; Arvin, F. (2023). 2732:History of self-driving cars § The 2020s 1001: 623: 216: 15617:List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications 15280:UP Diliman Automated Guideway Transit System 13143: 12804:VisLab Intercontinental Autonomous Challenge 11355:"Bosch and CARIAD advance automated driving" 10687: 10530: 9564:"Self-Driving Tesla Involved in Fatal Crash" 8970: 8591: 8179:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8126:"Occupational Outlook Handbook: Bus Drivers" 7663: 7641: 7531: 7142: 6854:"How AI Is Making Autonomous Vehicles Safer" 4712: 4230: 3654:"Where to? A History of Autonomous Vehicles" 3425: 3208:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2984:introduced world's first commercial Level 4 2934: 2596:Cruise (autonomous vehicle) § Incidents 2411: 2356: 681: 15737:Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV) 12218: 12171: 12132: 12093: 12054: 12015: 11737: 11701:ADAS & Autonomous Vehicle International 11542: 10167: 9532: 9195: 9134: 8487: 8386:IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 8366: 8323: 7748: 7697: 7559: 7395: 7005:(Press release). PR Newswire. 2 August 2011 6648:"ISO/TC 204: Intelligent transport systems" 6554: 6011:"2020 Autonomous Vehicle Technology Report" 5846:Lim, THazel Si Min; Taeihagh, Araz (2019). 5845: 5490:Stayton, E.; Stilgoe, J. (September 2020). 4151:. European Commission. 2019. Archived from 3773: 3461: 3459: 3222: 3046: 1901: 592: 16381: 16367: 15960: 15946: 15568: 15554: 15144: 15130: 14060: 14046: 13136: 13122: 13096: 12890: 12876: 12305: 12291: 12219:Meyer, Gereon; Beiker, Sven, eds. (2019). 12172:Meyer, Gereon; Beiker, Sven, eds. (2019). 12133:Meyer, Gereon; Beiker, Sven, eds. (2018). 12094:Meyer, Gereon; Beiker, Sven, eds. (2016). 12055:Meyer, Gereon; Beiker, Sven, eds. (2015). 12016:Meyer, Gereon; Beiker, Sven, eds. (2014). 11298: 10531:Hall-Geisler, Kristen (22 December 2016). 10058:Ruffo, Gustavo Henrique (17 August 2021). 9640: 9302: 9106: 9046: 8697: 8488:Lim, Hazel Si Min; Taeihagh, Araz (2018). 8383: 8150: 7865:"Human Factors behind Autonomous Vehicles" 7782: 6942: 5557:Cavoli, Clemence; Phillips, Brian (2017). 5175: 4788:"Autonomous Emergency Braking – Euro NCAP" 4221: 3623: 3406:Vijayenthiran, Viknesh (2 February 2022). 2623:The NTSB is investigating both incidents. 2536:died after she was hit by an AC tested by 1812: 1621: 1008: 994: 714: 601:is an SAE J3016 level 3 or higher system. 302:was the first manufacturer to sell an SAE 223: 209: 15210:Bicutan Automated Guideway Transit System 12897: 11814: 11758: 11326: 11204: 10964: 10768: 10750: 10670: 10660: 10083: 9533:Yadron, Danny; Tynan, Dan (1 July 2016). 9084:"L3Pilot Final Project Results published" 9054:"From the Final Event Week: On Motorways" 8523: 8505: 8440: 8271: 7907: 7445: 7205: 7143:Moore-Colyer, Roland (12 February 2015). 7119: 7070: 7060: 6795: 6784:IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles 6734: 6694: 6428: 6410: 6225: 6178: 6162: 6145: 6127: 6070: 6041: 5981: 5957: 5940: 5930: 5904: 5881: 5863: 5596: 5507: 5425: 5242: 4844: 4748: 4571: 3608: 3498: 3262:IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 3060: 2637: 409:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 27:Vehicle operated with reduced human input 14464:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe 12000:Anderson, James M.; et al. (2016). 11999: 11965:Capitol Research – Transportation Policy 10785: 10224: 8546: 6975: 5318:"JASO TP 18004: 自動車用運転自動化システムのレベル分類及び定義" 5172:Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 5153: 4819:Yu, Yang; Lee, Sanghwan (16 June 2022). 4679: 4310: 3456: 3099: 2559: 2528:Uber's Advanced Technologies Group (ATG) 2507: 1905: 1739: 1636: 1552: 1390: 1306: 1095: 352: 342:autonomous racing car on display at the 334: 316: 14810:Homogeneous charge compression ignition 11884: 11262:Kang/CnEVPost, Lei (18 December 2023). 11092: 11090: 11088: 11045: 10993: 10989: 10987: 10938: 10934: 10932: 10693: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10031: 8293: 8291: 8016: 8014: 7477: 7312: 6943:Negroponte, Nicholas (1 January 2000). 6214:IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine 5069: 4949: 4715:"Insurers warning on "autonomous" cars" 4362: 4336: 4176: 3746: 2579:California Department of Motor Vehicles 2447: 1803: 1783: 1693:California Department of Motor Vehicles 1299:infrastructure and road user behavior. 1103:is classified as an SAE Level 2 system. 669: 14: 16669: 16414:Société des ingénieurs de l'automobile 16113:3D reconstruction from multiple images 11904: 11855: 11803:Environmental Science & Technology 11780: 11673: 11434: 11179:Smith, Christopher (28 January 2022). 11019: 10909: 10444: 10442: 10348: 10225:Torrejón, Rodrigo (3 September 2024). 10193: 9715: 9619: 9506: 8886: 8884: 8218: 7783:Shepardson, David (16 November 2023). 7286: 7260: 6995: 6976:Adhikari, Richard (11 February 2016). 6969: 6872: 6826: 6820: 6205: 6050: 6029: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5619: 4999: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4653: 4600: 4596: 4594: 4306: 4304: 4177:Hawkins, Andrew J. (7 November 2017). 4073: 3703: 3350: 2965:started public demonstration rides on 2471:Tesla Autopilot § Notable crashes 2395: 2004:1,450,000 mi (2,330,000 km) 1998:1,271,587 mi (2,046,421 km) 1867: 1748: 1663: 1057: 16388: 16362: 16133:Simultaneous localization and mapping 15941: 15549: 15125: 14041: 13117: 12871: 12858: 12286: 11955: 11768:(thesis). The University of Edinburgh 11759:Macdonald, Iain David Graham (2011). 11178: 11096: 10057: 10005: 9405: 9333:"Toyota pushes AI to drive like pros" 8151:Goodman, Mance, Christopher, Steven. 7478:Sparkes, Matthew (13 November 2023). 7211: 6936: 6911: 5841: 5839: 5837: 4818: 4431: 4337:Hawkins, Andrew J. (8 October 2020). 4101: 3877: 3767: 3750:First results in robot road-following 3651: 3401: 3399: 3346: 3344: 3322:Valdes-Dapena, Peter (13 June 2024). 3127: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1684:for misleading product descriptions. 1453:simultaneous localization and mapping 1342: 1091: 660: 113:Pedestrian crash avoidance mitigation 15302:List of airport people mover systems 13974:Generative adversarial network (GAN) 12723:Dedicated short-range communications 12272: 11990: 11407: 11085: 10984: 10929: 10250: 10213: 9872: 9406:Mulac, Jordan h (28 February 2023). 8890: 8568: 8547:Lafrance, Adrienne (21 March 2016). 8288: 8011: 7729:Charles McLellan (4 November 2019). 7049:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 6878: 6451: 6319:Deepshikha Shukla (16 August 2019). 5917:(8). Entropy, 2022, 24, 1168: 1168. 5496:IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 5070:Wardlaw, Christian (20 April 2021). 5050: 5000:Golson, Daniel (27 September 2023). 3042: 3040: 2725: 2492:National Transportation Safety Board 2094:831,040 mi (1,337,430 km) 1992:635,868 mi (1,023,330 km) 1537: 1334: 16491: 15967: 15727:Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) 11958:"State Laws on Autonomous Vehicles" 11738:O'Toole, Randal (18 January 2010). 10439: 10032:Rearick, Brenden (16 August 2021). 8943:Rebecca Bellan (10 February 2022). 8881: 8481: 8360: 8239: 8020: 7504:James Andrew Lewis (28 June 2021). 7023: 5898: 5766: 5746: 5639: 5286:"Federal Automated Vehicles Policy" 5249:SAE International (30 April 2021). 5154:Hancocks, Simon (26 October 2020). 4988: 4968: 4713:Cellan-Jones, Rory (12 June 2018). 4680:Boudette, Neal E. (23 March 2021). 4647: 4591: 4517: 4363:Suggitt, Connie (17 October 2019). 4301: 3939:. National Research Council. 2002. 3624:Vanderbilt, Tom (6 February 2012). 3156: 1716:United States Department of Justice 1325: 1081:Control: control of vehicle motion. 585:claimed that the usage of the word 381:Experiments have been conducted on 24: 16198:Automatic number-plate recognition 15600:Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) 15400:Computer-controlled Vehicle System 15178:Hamersley & Robe River railway 12410:Automated emergency braking system 11718: 11674:MILLER, CALEB (29 November 2023). 9971: 9090:. 28 February 2022. Archived from 8575:Yale Journal of Law and Technology 7261:Newton, Casey (18 November 2013). 6978:"Feds Put AI in the Driver's Seat" 6452:Tara, Roopinder (2 October 2023). 5834: 5747:Dow, Jameson (27 September 2023). 5620:Hagman, Brian (16 February 2023). 5209:from the original on 10 April 2019 4425: 4403: 3626:"Autonomous Cars Through The Ages" 3396: 3341: 3249: 2894:successor, with technologies from 2626: 2277:108,300 mi (174,300 km) 2249:174,845 mi (281,386 km) 2088:447,621 mi (720,376 km) 1826: 1575: 1518:combine data from multiple sensors 1302: 1122: 976:IEEE Robotics and Automation Award 383:advanced driver assistance systems 118:Vehicle infrastructure integration 25: 16713: 15722:Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) 15415:Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit 14474:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville 12432:Advanced driver-assistance system 12341:Intelligent transportation system 11885:Newbold, Richard (17 June 2015). 11783:"The Future of Self-driving Cars" 11408:Herh, Michael (1 December 2023). 11353:hannovermesse (26 January 2022). 10965:Templeton, Brad (18 April 2024). 10939:Lambert, Fred (22 January 2024). 10251:Bell, Sebastien (18 March 2024). 9854:. Associated Press. 27 March 2018 9507:Felton, Ryan (27 February 2018). 9060:. 13 October 2021. Archived from 8742:. 8 December 2016. Archived from 8647:"気仙沼線 BRT における自動運転レベル4認証取得を目指します" 8326:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 8001:"Episode 642: The Big Red Button" 6827:Tucker, Sean (19 December 2023). 6504:Alain Dunoyer (27 January 2022). 5479:from the original on 1 July 2018. 5331:. 1 February 2018. Archived from 4654:Morris, David (8 November 2020). 4458:. 9 December 2021. Archived from 3992: 3542:"'Phantom Auto' will tour city". 3499:Beresford, Colin (4 March 2021). 3037: 2317:79,745 mi (128,337 km) 2226:68,762 mi (110,662 km) 2203:67,015 mi (107,850 km) 1792: 1604:National Institute of Informatics 1331:the wheel, and eyes on the road. 611:Advanced driver-assistance system 605:Advanced driver assistance system 16654: 16203:Automated species identification 14012: 14011: 13991: 13095: 12654:Safe speed automotive common law 11905:Bergen, Mark (27 October 2015). 11781:Knight, Will (22 October 2013). 11723: 11695:Anthony James (5 January 2022). 11688: 11667: 11641: 11615: 11590: 11564: 11510: 11482: 11454: 11435:Ludlow, Edward (15 April 2024). 11428: 11401: 11372: 11346: 11320: 11299:Paul Myles (17 September 2021). 11292: 11274: 11255: 11243: 11224: 11198: 11172: 11144: 11116: 11076: 11067: 11046:Hawkins, Andrew (7 March 2023). 11039: 11013: 10958: 10903: 10875: 10849: 10823: 10811: 10718: 10636: 10608: 10567: 10552: 10524: 10489: 10413: 10391: 10365: 10342: 10320: 10295: 10270: 10244: 10187: 10161: 10133: 10105: 10077: 10051: 10025: 9999: 9965: 9940: 9914: 9892: 9866: 9840: 9822: 9794: 9776: 9758: 9709: 9677: 9649: 9634: 9613: 9583: 9500: 9472: 9425: 9399: 9381: 9353: 9325: 9296: 9271: 9243: 9215: 9189: 9162: 9076: 9020: 8992: 8971:David Zipper (8 December 2022). 8936: 8910: 8820: 8806: 8784: 8758: 8728: 8716:(2). SAE International: 93–106. 8671: 8639: 8592:Steve McEvoy (26 January 2023). 8585: 8569:Jack, Boeglin (1 January 2015). 8562: 8540: 8377: 8317: 8212: 8187: 8144: 8118: 8092: 8066: 8040: 7993: 7975: 7949: 7924: 7883: 7857: 7838: 7799: 7776: 7722: 7691: 7635: 7607: 7579: 7553: 7525: 7497: 7471: 7415: 7389: 7363: 7342:"メルセデス・ベンツ日本に措置命令事実と異なる記載消費者庁" 7306: 7254: 7228: 7162: 7136: 7087: 7036: 7017: 6846: 6770: 6743: 6722: 6668: 6640: 6612: 6574: 6548: 6523: 6497: 6471: 6445: 6378: 6356: 6334: 6312: 6297: 6272: 6258: 6173:. IEEE/CVF. pp. 9361–9371. 6095: 5800:– via ieeexplore.ieee.org. 5406:Cognition, Technology & Work 5228:Roberto Baldwin (9 March 2021). 5051:HUNT, RHIAN (15 February 2024). 4919:10.1109/SysCon53536.2022.9773840 3351:Bellan, Rebecca (12 June 2024). 2956: 2927:to offer a Level 3 self-driving 2825: 2814:Level 3 – Conditional Automation 2340:26,899 mi (43,290 km) 2300:39,729 mi (63,938 km) 2294:32,858 mi (52,880 km) 2274:18,050 mi (29,050 km) 2271:18,093 mi (29,118 km) 2243:16,356 mi (26,322 km) 2220:24,680 mi (39,720 km) 2197:30,764 mi (49,510 km) 2091:12,221 mi (19,668 km) 2001:11,017 mi (17,730 km) 1995:11,154 mi (17,951 km) 1898:override the ADAS as necessary. 1523: 1462: 687:This section is an excerpt from 389:, which was invented in 1948 by 65: 16591:Engineering Societies' Building 16188:Audio-visual speech recognition 15695:Automatic train operation (ATO) 15390:Aramis (personal rapid transit) 15173:List of automated train systems 13050:Vehicular communication systems 12643: 12346:Context-aware pervasive systems 11934:US Department of Transportation 11930:National Transportation Library 11231:Angel Sergeev (31 March 2017). 11097:Jones, Rachyl (18 April 2024). 10700:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 10578:. ACM Press. pp. 518–527. 10349:Yvkoff, Liane (27 April 2012). 10194:Moreno, Julie (15 March 2024). 10140:Aarian Marshall (27 May 2022). 9873:Said, Carolyn (27 March 2018). 9716:Mathur, Vishal (17 July 2015). 9488:(in Chinese). 14 September 2016 8679:"Automobile simulation example" 8160:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 8130:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 8104:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 8078:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 8052:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 7586:Sean O'Kane (30 January 2019). 7429:. 25 April 2016. Archived from 7351:(in Japanese). 10 December 2021 7026:"The Ethics of Autonomous Cars" 7024:Lin, Patrick (8 October 2013). 6751:"WG: VT/ITS/AV Decision Making" 5804: 5740: 5715: 5690: 5665: 5613: 5572: 5550: 5524: 5483: 5393: 5350: 5310: 5278: 5269: 5221: 5189: 5166: 5147: 5125: 5100: 5082: 5063: 5044: 5019: 4962: 4943: 4853: 4812: 4780: 4706: 4673: 4620: 4601:Tucker, Sean (9 January 2024). 4565: 4502: 4474: 4391:(in Japanese). 11 November 2020 4356: 4330: 4311:Ackerman, Evan (4 March 2021). 4275: 4250: 4196: 4170: 4136: 4095: 4067: 4042: 4012: 3986: 3961: 3927: 3902: 3871: 3846: 3824: 3789: 3740: 3697: 3671: 3645: 3617: 3584: 3535: 3370: 2705:Regulation of self-driving cars 2684: 2497: 2381:, Germany, in conjunction with 2323:7,544 mi (12,141 km) 2246:6,476 mi (10,422 km) 2082:8,156 mi (13,126 km) 1609: 1594: 1559:Vehicular communication systems 1378: 1038: 583:Association of British Insurers 16033:Recognition and categorization 15758:Unmanned surface vehicle (USV) 15685:Automated guided vehicle (AGV) 15255:Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) 15111:Template:EC car classification 14067: 13924:Recurrent neural network (RNN) 13914:Differentiable neural computer 12743:Radio-frequency identification 12467:Automated Lane Keeping Systems 11205:Mihalascu, Dan (9 June 2023). 10994:Mengdan, Shen (3 April 2024). 10112:Rebecca Bellan (25 May 2022). 10084:Rita Liao (14 December 2021). 10006:Vanek, Corina (21 July 2023). 8219:Samuel, Sigal (5 March 2019). 7560:Kif Leswing (22 August 2022). 7370:Steph Willems (28 July 2016). 6680:connected automated driving.eu 6593:. October 2010. Archived from 4950:Lambert, Fred (8 March 2023). 4026:. 3 April 2015. Archived from 3473:. 4 March 2021. Archived from 3315: 3295: 3216: 3093: 2923:is enhancing cybersecurity of 2786: 2240:1,022 mi (1,645 km) 2223:2,022 mi (3,254 km) 2217:1,028 mi (1,654 km) 2200:1,595 mi (2,567 km) 2194:1,923 mi (3,095 km) 2155:1,749 mi (2,815 km) 2107:2,658 mi (4,278 km) 2085:5,205 mi (8,377 km) 2044:5,473 mi (8,808 km) 2038:6,056 mi (9,746 km) 1989:5,128 mi (8,253 km) 1722:Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything 1127:A "driving mode", aka driving 558: 34:. For wider applications, see 13: 1: 16297:Optical character recognition 16228:Content-based image retrieval 15680:Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) 15595:Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 13969:Variational autoencoder (VAE) 13929:Long short-term memory (LSTM) 13196:Computational learning theory 12659:Automated lane keeping system 12400:Lane departure warning system 11543:River Davis (2 August 2021). 11490:"国内初！自動運転車に対するレベル4の認可を取得しました" 11327:Jay Ramey (11 January 2022). 11020:Ashraf, Anan (8 April 2024). 10706:(Annual Review 2016): 851–878 10561:"Automation in Everyday Life" 9196:Graham Hope (26 April 2022). 8891:Wang, Brian (25 March 2018). 8367:Meyer, G.; Beiker, S (2014). 7642:Katie Benner (19 July 2021). 7532:Allyson Chiu (11 July 2018). 6912:Gomes, Lee (28 August 2014). 6555:Mike Beevor (11 April 2019). 5779:IEEE Transactions on Robotics 5094:Union of Concerned Scientists 5090:"Self-Driving Cars Explained" 4737:IEEE Control Systems Magazine 4572:AUTOCRYPT (13 January 2023). 4383:"世界初！自動運転車（レベル3）の型式指定を行いました" 3878:Crowe, Steve (3 April 2015). 3610:10.30574/wjarr.2022.16.2.1240 3071:10.1080/01441647.2018.1494640 3030: 2698: 1892: 1632: 1419: 1401: 1367: 1045:Union of Concerned Scientists 411:(DARPA) starting in 1984 and 16575:SAE Supermileage Competition 15487:High Speed Surface Transport 15380:Advanced Transit Association 13949:Convolutional neural network 12779:American Center for Mobility 12748:Automotive navigation system 12536:, formerly Google Car (2012) 12483:Automotive navigation system 12442:Intelligent speed adaptation 12331:History of self-driving cars 11991:Henn, Steve (31 July 2015). 11969:Council of State Governments 10910:Stumpf, Rob (8 March 2021). 10401:. autosphere.ca. 22 May 2013 10330:. Accenture. 10 October 2011 8303:Montreal AI Ethics Institute 7909:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.847 7396:Aaron Brown (29 July 2016). 7287:Stumpf, Rob (8 March 2021). 7212:Tussy, Ron (29 April 2016). 6879:Henn, Steve (31 July 2015). 6364:"How Self-Driving Cars Work" 6189:10.1109/CVPR52729.2023.00903 5371:10.1007/978-3-031-04987-3_28 4874:10.1109/IV47402.2020.9304552 4413:. BBC News. 24 December 2020 4074:Ramsey, John (1 June 2015). 3834:. Carnegie Mellon University 3774:Schmidhuber, Jürgen (2009). 2743:Level 2 – Partial Automation 2459: 2365: 2172:983 mi (1,582 km) 2149:673 mi (1,083 km) 2017:638 mi (1,027 km) 2014:638 mi (1,027 km) 1774: 1709: 1645: 1516:. Control systems typically 1351: 417:Bundeswehr University Munich 377:History of self-driving cars 275: 83:Assured clear distance ahead 7: 15344:PeopleMover (Magic Kingdom) 15245:Harbour Island People Mover 13944:Multilayer perceptron (MLP) 13073:Automated vacuum collection 12437:Driver drowsiness detection 12336:Impact of self-driving cars 12221:"Road Vehicle Automation 6" 12174:"Road Vehicle Automation 5" 12135:"Road Vehicle Automation 4" 12096:"Road Vehicle Automation 3" 12057:"Road Vehicle Automation 2" 11956:Slone, Sean (August 2016). 10621:Lloyd's Register Foundation 10168:Graham Hope (29 May 2022). 9902:. BBC News. 5 February 2020 9032:Connected Automated Driving 5905:Matzliach, Barouch (2022). 5298:. September 2016. p. 9 4846:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3183758 4204:"FAQ – Early Rider Program" 4112:10.1007/978-3-319-94896-6_3 3013: 2337:0.4 mi (0.64 km) 1757: 1728:. As of November 2022, the 1701: 1658: 60:& self-driving vehicles 10: 16718: 16193:Automatic image annotation 16028:Noise reduction techniques 15354:Véhicule Automatique Léger 15183:Iron Ore Company of Canada 14800:Gasoline / petrol 14564:Roadster / Spider / Spyder 14020:Artificial neural networks 13934:Gated recurrent unit (GRU) 13160:Differentiable programming 12677:Self-driving car liability 12581:Automated guideway transit 12415:Collision avoidance system 11762:A Simulated Autonomous Car 10672:10.3390/smartcities7020038 9433:"Tesla Fatalities Dataset" 7809:. NBC News. 3 August 2018. 6756:IEEE Standards Association 6620:"ISO/TC 22: Road vehicles" 5983:10.1108/IJIUS-08-2017-0008 3652:Weber, Marc (8 May 2014). 2799:Ride Platform. The luxury 2746: 2729: 2708: 2702: 2593: 2572: 2501: 2468: 2320:118 mi (190 km) 2314:1.1 mi (1.8 km) 2297:280 mi (450 km) 2291:100 mi (160 km) 2268:206 mi (332 km) 2152:1.5 mi (2.4 km) 2128:550 mi (890 km) 2061:590 mi (950 km) 2058:197 mi (317 km) 2041:210 mi (340 km) 2035:263 mi (423 km) 1887: 1858: 1796: 1724:technologies are based on 1579: 1556: 1541: 1527: 1499: 1405: 1371: 926:Technological unemployment 686: 624:Autonomy versus automation 608: 401:Carnegie Mellon University 374: 370: 29: 16583: 16552: 16531: 16515: 16422: 16396: 16345: 16158:Free viewpoint television 16094: 16061: 15975: 15914: 15823: 15766: 15750: 15714: 15672: 15637: 15630: 15587: 15462: 15366: 15288: 15191: 15163: 15096: 15020: 14940:(engine / drive) 14934: 14906: 14853: 14705: 14627: 14419: 14357: 14316: 14263: 14230: 14202: 14174: 14136: 14085: 14076: 13987: 13901: 13845: 13774: 13707: 13579: 13479: 13472: 13426: 13390: 13353:Artificial neural network 13333: 13209: 13176:Automatic differentiation 13149: 13091: 13058: 12984: 12921: 12912: 12905: 12865: 12860:Links to related articles 12822: 12809:Eureka Prometheus Project 12789:European Land-Robot Trial 12767: 12756: 12708:Artificial neural network 12683: 12671: 12664:Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 12634: 12571: 12502: 12495: 12455: 12388: 12379: 12356:Smart, connected products 12321: 12233:10.1007/978-3-030-22933-7 12225:Lecture Notes in Mobility 12186:10.1007/978-3-319-94896-6 12178:Lecture Notes in Mobility 12147:10.1007/978-3-319-60934-8 12139:Lecture Notes in Mobility 12108:10.1007/978-3-319-40503-2 12100:Lecture Notes in Mobility 12069:10.1007/978-3-319-19078-5 12061:Lecture Notes in Mobility 12030:10.1007/978-3-319-05990-7 12022:Lecture Notes in Mobility 12018:"Road Vehicle Automation" 10694:Brodsky, Jessica (2016). 10518:10.1016/j.tra.2016.09.022 10475:10.1016/j.trf.2015.04.014 8338:10.1007/s10677-018-9896-4 8264:10.1007/s11948-014-9565-5 7677:King & Wood Mallesons 7183:10.1109/TITS.2014.2342271 5418:10.1007/s10111-018-0471-5 4809:Regulation (EU) 2019/2144 3747:Wallace, Richard (1985). 3181:10.1109/TITS.2022.3189741 3130:Communications of the ACM 3008:Consumer Electronics Show 2935:Level 4 – High Automation 2589: 2475:As of 2023, Tesla's ADAS 2423: 2412:Simulation and validation 2357:Disengagement definitions 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1916:Mountain View, California 1457:real-time locating system 1359: 1270: 1252: 1246: 1231: 1213: 1207: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1148: 1021:Operational design domain 689:Operational design domain 682:Operational design domain 421:EUREKA Prometheus Project 186:Automatic train operation 16223:Computer-aided diagnosis 15732:Intervention AUV (I-AUV) 15339:PeopleMover (Disneyland) 15317:Metro-Airport Connection 15250:Krauss-Maffei Transurban 15215:Bombardier Innovia Metro 14579:Sedan delivery/Panel van 13181:Neuromorphic engineering 13144:Differentiable computing 12999:Alternative fuel vehicle 12728:Real-time Control System 12607:Freightliner Inspiration 12472:Vehicular ad hoc network 11856:Glancy, Dorothy (2016). 11387:Maeil Business Newspaper 8398:10.1109/TEM.2018.2877307 8021:Talbott, Selika Josiah. 7062:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00426 6806:10.1109/TIV.2022.3169762 6236:10.1109/mra.2006.1638022 6081:10.1177/0278364907079279 5791:10.1109/TRO.2021.3071615 5509:10.1109/MTS.2020.3012315 5183:"Automated Vehicle Bill" 4024:Robotics Business Review 3685:. The Robotics Institute 3274:10.1109/TVT.2022.3218575 3233:10.1109/IROS.1999.811692 2711:Regulation of algorithms 2642: 2464: 2454:University of Nottingham 2442:World Rally Championship 2351: 2146:2 mi (3.2 km) 2125:3 mi (4.8 km) 2104:15 mi (24 km) 2079:55 mi (89 km) 1979:Total distance traveled 1971:Total distance traveled 1963:Total distance traveled 1902:2010s and disengagements 1765: 1678:Federal Trade Commission 1582:Over-the-air programming 1544:Driver monitoring system 1138:J3016 Automation Levels 593:Automated driving system 489:In March 2019, ahead of 344:2017 New York City ePrix 191:Unmanned surface vehicle 16682:Automotive technologies 16285:Moving object detection 16275:Medical image computing 16038:Research infrastructure 16008:Image sensor technology 15801:spaceflights to the ISS 15517:Skyrail Midorizaka Line 15512:São Paulo Metro Line 17 15507:São Paulo Metro Line 15 15230:Docklands Light Railway 14840:Liquified petroleum gas 14652:Driverless (autonomous) 13954:Residual neural network 13370:Artificial Intelligence 12961:Pulse detonation engine 12931:Adaptive compliant wing 12556:Yandex self-driving car 12458:the driving environment 12425:Adaptive cruise control 12391:the driving environment 11833:10.1021/acs.est.8b00127 10752:10.1073/pnas.1805770115 10584:10.1145/3301275.3302268 9879:San Francisco Chronicle 9808:The Wall Street Journal 8828:"Disengagement Reports" 8459:10.1126/science.aaf2654 8370:Road vehicle automation 7832:10.1145/3610977.3634923 5566:UCL Transport Institute 5536:Loughborough University 5135:. GOV.UK. 20 April 2022 4487:The Wall Street Journal 4104:Road Vehicle Automation 4081:Richmond Times-Dispatch 3658:Computer History Museum 3560:10.1145/3290589.3290599 3142:10.1145/1721654.1721679 2986:Automated Valet Parking 2611: 2444:since the 2017 season. 2383:ITS World Congress 2021 2169:7 mi (11 km) 1820:ArtificiaI Intelligence 1813:Rationale for liability 1771:emergency stop button. 1682:Consumer Affairs Agency 1627:Artificial intelligence 1622:Artificial Intelligence 1482: 1160:Fallback responsibility 460:funded development for 456:From 2016 to 2018, the 441:, Florida, California, 366:Baidu self-driving car 36:Unmanned ground vehicle 16322:Video content analysis 16290:Small object detection 16069:Computer stereo vision 15901:Remote control vehicle 15896:Radio-controlled model 15502:Palm Jumeirah Monorail 15492:Incheon Airport Maglev 15324:Barcelona Metro line 9 15157:fixed-guideway transit 14745:Compressed natural gas 14672:Personal rapid transit 13030:Personal rapid transit 12951:High-altitude platform 12713:Computer stereo vision 12661:(unece regulation 157) 12389:Human driver monitors 11732:at Wikimedia Commons 8740:University of Michigan 8736:"Mcity testing center" 7896:Procedia Manufacturing 7457:CBT Automotive Network 6676:"Standards Collection" 5823:. 2015. Archived from 5598:10.1680/jmuen.16.00062 4868:. pp. 1317–1322. 4369:Guinness World Records 2990:Intelligent Park Pilot 2638:Public opinion surveys 2577:In November 2021, the 2516: 2345:0 mi (0 km) 1919: 1642: 1477:occupancy grid mapping 1395: 1311: 1244:Conditional Automation 1104: 952:Trade shows and awards 679: 563:Organizations such as 367: 346: 330: 16523:Wright Brothers Medal 16327:Video motion analysis 16138:Structure from motion 16084:3D object recognition 15906:Remote control animal 15527:Transport System Bögl 15445:Ultra (rapid transit) 15329:Cabletren Bolivariano 15011:Dual motor-four-wheel 14609:Town (Coupé de Ville) 13909:Neural Turing machine 13497:Human image synthesis 12899:Emerging technologies 12799:DARPA Grand Challenge 12622:Mobility as a service 12572:Buses and commercial 11787:MIT Technology Review 10231:Philadelphia Inquirer 9723:Government Technology 9256:Cabinet Office, Japan 6918:MIT Technology Review 5698:"Hands-Free, Eyes On" 5197:"Support – Autopilot" 3716:10.1145/324634.325197 2921:Hyundai Motor Company 2560:NIO Navigate on Pilot 2511: 1909: 1740:Driver communications 1640: 1553:Vehicle communication 1394: 1310: 1099: 724:Automation in general 674: 641:In Europe, the words 495:Guinness World Record 430:DARPA Grand Challenge 365: 338: 320: 278:). In December 2020, 18:Autonomous automobile 16250:Foreground detection 16233:Reverse image search 16213:Bioimage informatics 16183:Activity recognition 15891:Autonomous logistics 15275:SkyTrain (Vancouver) 15022:Engine configuration 14000:Computer programming 13979:Graph neural network 13554:Text-to-video models 13532:Text-to-image models 13380:Large language model 13365:Scientific computing 13171:Statistical manifold 13166:Information geometry 13045:Transit Elevated Bus 12976:Supersonic transport 12366:Ambient intelligence 12361:Ubiquitous computing 12273:Kemp, Roger (2018). 10012:The Arizona Republic 8722:10.4271/2018-01-1066 7376:The Truth About Cars 5830:on 12 February 2015. 5205:. 13 February 2019. 3832:"Look, Ma, No Hands" 2896:Luminar Technologies 2504:Waymo § Crashes 2448:Pedestrian reactions 2432:demonstrated one of 1804:Pedestrian Detection 1784:Equity and Inclusion 1726:5G wireless networks 1446:Deep neural networks 1442:inertial measurement 1374:Vehicular automation 895:Impact of automation 196:Vehicular automation 32:Vehicular automation 16317:Autonomous vehicles 16255:Gesture recognition 16118:2D to 3D conversion 15774:Uncrewed spacecraft 15312:Birmingham Air-Rail 15028:internal combustion 14830:Internal combustion 14637:All-terrain vehicle 14559:Retractable hardtop 13346:In-context learning 13186:Pattern recognition 13068:Pneumatic transport 13011:Ground-effect train 12936:Backpack helicopter 12840:Anthony Levandowski 12522:General Motors EN-V 11978:on 28 February 2021 11825:2019arXiv190110581T 11809:(20): 11449–11465. 11627:Mercedes-Benz Group 11602:IoT Automotive News 11286:breakingthenews.net 11282:"Breaking The News" 10743:2019PNAS..116.7684H 10510:2016TRPA...94..374H 10467:2015TRPF...32..127K 9790:. 29 February 2016. 9754:. 29 February 2016. 9752:The Washington Post 9643:"FARS Encyclopedia" 9369:. 20 September 2016 8860:(9 February 2021). 8746:on 16 February 2017 8516:2018arXiv180410367L 8451:2016Sci...352.1573B 7539:The Washington Post 7242:. 24 September 2013 7121:10.3390/sym14071450 7112:2022Symm...14.1450A 6485:. 21 September 2022 6403:2021Senso..21.2140Y 6120:2021Senso..21..706A 5923:2022Entrp..24.1168M 5874:2019arXiv191013122L 5257:on 20 December 2021 4837:2022IEEEA..1064920Y 4694:on 28 December 2021 4262:The Washington Post 3890:on 29 December 2017 3175:(11): 21531–21547. 2988:(AVP) system named 2980:In September 2020, 2868:In September 2021, 2853:In 2023, in China, 2797:Qualcomm Snapdragon 2396:Collision avoidance 1940: 1939:Disengagement data 1868:Road infrastructure 1847:(formal rules) and 1749:Behavior prediction 1664:Deceptive marketing 1139: 1058:British definitions 1025:autonomous vehicles 458:European Commission 239:, also known as an 16332:Video surveillance 16270:Landmark detection 16178:3D pose estimation 16163:Volumetric capture 16123:Gaussian splatting 16079:Object recognition 15993:Commercial systems 15425:Schmid Peoplemover 13939:Echo state network 13827:Jürgen Schmidhuber 13522:Facial recognition 13517:Speech recognition 13427:Software libraries 12617:Self-driving truck 12612:Driverless tractor 12447:Blind spot monitor 12371:Internet of things 11744:. Cato Institute. 11655:. 8 September 2021 11629:. 30 November 2022 11578:. 2 September 2020 10863:. 9 September 2022 10624:. 25 November 2022 9928:. 19 November 2019 9569:The New York Times 9341:. 17 November 2021 9259:. 6 September 2022 9231:. 14 December 2022 9150:. 16 November 2022 8924:. 26 February 2020 8525:10.3390/en11051062 7764:. 21 November 2022 7649:The New York Times 6561:Smart Cities World 6366:. 14 December 2017 6017:. 20 February 2020 5883:10.3390/su11205791 5677:Ford Motor Company 5338:on 1 December 2021 5112:penningtonslaw.com 4686:The New York Times 4490:. 28 November 2022 4462:on 9 December 2021 4158:on 16 October 2022 3854:"Navlab 5 Details" 3710:. pp. 71–80. 3546:. 1926. p. 4. 3544:Milwaukee Sentinel 3531:. 27 January 2023. 2975:Tokyo 2020 Olympic 2517: 2512:Google's in-house 2428:In November 2022, 1938: 1920: 1851:(harm reduction). 1837:thought experiment 1670:Richard Blumenthal 1643: 1414:navigation systems 1396: 1343:Eyes-off/hands-off 1312: 1226:Partial Automation 1137: 1105: 1092:SAE classification 661:Cooperative system 512:In December 2020, 493:, Robocar set the 468:In November 2017, 368: 347: 331: 163:Self-driving truck 16702:Transport culture 16687:Automotive safety 16677:Self-driving cars 16642: 16641: 16636: 16635: 16390:SAE International 16356: 16355: 16265:Image restoration 16208:Augmented reality 16173: 16172: 16153:4D reconstruction 16105:3D reconstruction 15998:Feature detection 15935: 15934: 15927:Unmanned vehicles 15742:Underwater glider 15710: 15709: 15581:uncrewed vehicles 15543: 15542: 15539: 15538: 15535: 15534: 15458: 15457: 15435:SK (people mover) 15362: 15361: 15119: 15118: 14415: 14414: 14184:Compact executive 14035: 14034: 13797:Stephen Grossberg 13770: 13769: 13111: 13110: 13087: 13086: 13083: 13082: 12852: 12851: 12848: 12847: 12718:Image recognition 12630: 12629: 12491: 12490: 12405:Automatic parking 12314:Self-driving cars 12242:978-3-030-22932-0 12195:978-3-319-94895-9 12156:978-3-319-60933-1 12117:978-3-319-40502-5 12078:978-3-319-19077-8 12039:978-3-319-05989-1 11870:978-0-309-37501-6 11751:978-1-935308-24-9 11730:Self-driving cars 11728:Media related to 11651:(Press release). 11576:Mercedes me media 11524:. 24 October 2019 11520:(Press release). 11160:. 1 December 2022 11132:. 1 December 2022 10737:(16): 7684–7691. 9788:Los Angeles Times 9690:Los Angeles Times 9665:. 19 January 2016 9620:Abuelsamid, Sam. 9593:(Press release). 9485:China State Media 9034:. 15 October 2021 8897:NextBigFuture.com 6947:. Vintage Books. 6628:. 2 November 2016 6412:10.3390/s21062140 6198:979-8-3503-0129-8 6129:10.3390/s21030706 5932:10.3390/e24081168 5469:SAE International 5380:978-3-031-04986-6 5275:SAE International 4928:978-1-6654-3992-3 4883:978-1-7281-6673-5 4551:External link in 4289:. 21 January 2021 4121:978-3-319-94895-9 3763:on 6 August 2014. 3679:"Carnegie Mellon" 3049:Transport Reviews 2998:Stuttgart Airport 2905:In January 2022, 2902:, and Zenseact. 2801:Cadillac Celestiq 2776:Tesla's Autopilot 2726:Commercialization 2349: 2348: 1953:California, 2019 1950:California, 2018 1947:California, 2016 1882:bus rapid transit 1538:Driver monitoring 1408:Hybrid navigation 1335:Eyes-on/hands-off 1296: 1295: 1211:Driver and system 1202:Driver Assistance 1109:SAE International 1018: 1017: 936:Post-work society 921:Self-driving cars 574:Full Self-Driving 363: 351: 350: 306:car, followed by 233: 232: 136:Automatic parking 88:Autonomous racing 58:Self-driving cars 16:(Redirected from 16709: 16659: 16658: 16657: 16650: 16596:SAE steel grades 16383: 16376: 16369: 16360: 16359: 16280:Object detection 16245:Face recognition 16128:Shape from focus 16101: 16100: 15988:Digital geometry 15962: 15955: 15948: 15939: 15938: 15886:Autonomous robot 15881:Robot locomotion 15796:Cargo spacecraft 15789:list of orbiters 15690:Self-driving car 15635: 15634: 15570: 15563: 15556: 15547: 15546: 15460: 15459: 15364: 15363: 15286: 15285: 15265:Nuremberg U-Bahn 15189: 15188: 15153:Automated trains 15146: 15139: 15132: 15123: 15122: 15031: 14990:Front-four-wheel 14941: 14804:direct injection 14715:Alternative fuel 14529:Multi-stop truck 14083: 14082: 14062: 14055: 14048: 14039: 14038: 14025:Machine learning 14015: 14014: 13995: 13750:Action selection 13740:Self-driving car 13547:Stable Diffusion 13512:Speech synthesis 13477: 13476: 13341:Machine learning 13217:Gradient descent 13138: 13131: 13124: 13115: 13114: 13099: 13098: 13040:Self-driving car 13004:Hydrogen vehicle 12919: 12918: 12910: 12909: 12892: 12885: 12878: 12869: 12868: 12856: 12855: 12765: 12764: 12516:Spirit of Berlin 12500: 12499: 12456:System monitors 12386: 12385: 12351:Mobile computing 12307: 12300: 12293: 12284: 12283: 12278: 12254: 12215: 12168: 12129: 12090: 12051: 12012: 12009:RAND Corporation 12006: 11996: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11977: 11971:. 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Archived from 11927: 11914: 11901: 11899: 11897: 11881: 11879: 11877: 11862: 11852: 11818: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11767: 11755: 11727: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11707: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11671: 11665: 11664: 11662: 11660: 11645: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11619: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11608: 11594: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11568: 11562: 11561: 11559: 11557: 11540: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11529: 11514: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11503: 11486: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11475: 11458: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11447: 11432: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11421: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11396: 11394: 11376: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11350: 11344: 11343: 11341: 11339: 11324: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11296: 11290: 11289: 11278: 11272: 11271: 11259: 11253: 11247: 11241: 11240: 11228: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11202: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11176: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11148: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11137: 11120: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11109: 11094: 11083: 11080: 11074: 11071: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11060: 11043: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11017: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11006: 10991: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10951: 10936: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10922: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10896: 10879: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10853: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10804: 10797:Kelley Blue Book 10789: 10783: 10782: 10772: 10754: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10691: 10685: 10684: 10674: 10664: 10640: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10612: 10606: 10605: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10528: 10522: 10521: 10493: 10487: 10486: 10446: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10417: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10395: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10369: 10363: 10362: 10360: 10358: 10346: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10248: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10237: 10222: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10165: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10109: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10081: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10029: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9972:Smiley, Lauren. 9969: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9944: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9896: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9870: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9836:. 22 March 2018. 9826: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9798: 9792: 9791: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9772:. February 2016. 9762: 9756: 9755: 9744: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9695:Associated Press 9681: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9653: 9647: 9646: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9604: 9602: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9559: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9495: 9493: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9450: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9418: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9309: 9303:Seigo Kuzumaki. 9300: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9080: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9064:on 27 April 2022 9050: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9024: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9013: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8888: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8854: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8675: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8652: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8615: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8598:Automotive World 8589: 8583: 8582: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8544: 8538: 8537: 8527: 8509: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8444: 8435:(6293): 1573–6. 8424: 8418: 8417: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8295: 8286: 8285: 8275: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8178: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8157: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8018: 8009: 8008: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7963:. 11 August 2023 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7911: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7320:Consumer Reports 7310: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7123: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7074: 7064: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7010: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6924:on 16 March 2015 6920:. Archived from 6909: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6858:hai.stanford.edu 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6833:Kelley Blue Book 6824: 6818: 6817: 6799: 6790:(4): 3040–3072. 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6599: 6586: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6432: 6414: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6229: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6182: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6149: 6131: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6074: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6007: 5996: 5995: 5985: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5944: 5934: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5885: 5867: 5843: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5785:(6): 1936–1955. 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5654: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5600: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5563: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5511: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5465: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5429: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5323: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5290: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5253:. Archived from 5246: 5240: 5239: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4997: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4913:. pp. 1–8. 4905: 4896: 4895: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4796: 4795: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4767: 4761:. Archived from 4759:10.1109/37.88585 4752: 4734: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4693: 4688:. Archived from 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4607:Kelley Blue Book 4598: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4438:The Robot Report 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4308: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4237:Associated Press 4228: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4157: 4150: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3973:highways.dot.gov 3965: 3959: 3958: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3886:. Archived from 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3755: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3547: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3463: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3432: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3403: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3268:(3): 2974–2987. 3253: 3247: 3246: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3064: 3044: 2953:operates there. 2911:Volkswagen Group 2720:UNECE WP.29 GRVA 1974:Distance between 1966:Distance between 1958:Distance between 1941: 1937: 1326:Eyes-on/hands-on 1283: 1282: 1262: 1261: 1241: 1240: 1223: 1222: 1199: 1198: 1172: 1171: 1140: 1136: 1010: 1003: 996: 931:Jobless recovery 718: 695: 694: 518:Phoenix, Arizona 506:Legend Hybrid EX 364: 313: 312: 288:Phoenix, Arizona 237:self-driving car 225: 218: 211: 69: 45: 44: 21: 16717: 16716: 16712: 16711: 16710: 16708: 16707: 16706: 16667: 16666: 16665: 16655: 16653: 16645: 16643: 16638: 16637: 16632: 16579: 16548: 16539:Andrew L. Riker 16527: 16511: 16418: 16392: 16387: 16357: 16352: 16341: 16312:Robotic mapping 16260:Image denoising 16169: 16090: 16057: 16023:Motion analysis 15971: 15969:Computer vision 15966: 15936: 15931: 15910: 15819: 15808:Space telescope 15784:list by program 15762: 15746: 15706: 15668: 15626: 15583: 15574: 15544: 15531: 15464: 15454: 15371: 15369: 15358: 15293: 15291: 15284: 15196: 15194: 15187: 15165: 15159: 15150: 15120: 15115: 15092: 15063:Single-cylinder 15025: 15024: 15016: 15004:Rear-four-wheel 14955:Front mid-front 14939: 14938: 14930: 14908:Engine position 14902: 14849: 14835:Liquid nitrogen 14701: 14629: 14623: 14411: 14353: 14312: 14259: 14245:Crossover (CUV) 14226: 14198: 14170: 14132: 14072: 14066: 14036: 14031: 13983: 13897: 13863:Google DeepMind 13841: 13807:Geoffrey Hinton 13766: 13703: 13629:Project Debater 13575: 13473:Implementations 13468: 13422: 13386: 13329: 13271:Backpropagation 13205: 13191:Tensor calculus 13145: 13142: 13112: 13107: 13079: 13054: 12980: 12901: 12896: 12861: 12853: 12844: 12818: 12771: 12769: 12768:Organizations, 12760: 12759:Projects & 12758: 12757:Organizations, 12752: 12685: 12679: 12667: 12626: 12573: 12567: 12550:LUTZ Pathfinder 12487: 12459: 12457: 12451: 12392: 12390: 12375: 12323: 12317: 12311: 12281: 12243: 12196: 12157: 12118: 12079: 12040: 12004: 11981: 11979: 11975: 11960: 11946: 11944: 11943:on 16 June 2017 11940: 11925: 11895: 11893: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11860: 11791: 11789: 11771: 11769: 11765: 11752: 11721: 11719:Further reading 11716: 11715: 11705: 11703: 11693: 11689: 11672: 11668: 11658: 11656: 11647: 11646: 11642: 11632: 11630: 11621: 11620: 11616: 11606: 11604: 11596: 11595: 11591: 11581: 11579: 11570: 11569: 11565: 11555: 11553: 11541: 11537: 11527: 11525: 11516: 11515: 11511: 11501: 11499: 11498:. 31 March 2023 11488: 11487: 11483: 11473: 11471: 11467:Yomiuri Shimbun 11460: 11459: 11455: 11445: 11443: 11433: 11429: 11419: 11417: 11406: 11402: 11392: 11390: 11377: 11373: 11363: 11361: 11351: 11347: 11337: 11335: 11325: 11321: 11311: 11309: 11297: 11293: 11280: 11279: 11275: 11260: 11256: 11248: 11244: 11229: 11225: 11215: 11213: 11203: 11199: 11189: 11187: 11177: 11173: 11163: 11161: 11150: 11149: 11145: 11135: 11133: 11122: 11121: 11117: 11107: 11105: 11095: 11086: 11081: 11077: 11072: 11068: 11058: 11056: 11044: 11040: 11030: 11028: 11018: 11014: 11004: 11002: 10992: 10985: 10975: 10973: 10963: 10959: 10949: 10947: 10937: 10930: 10920: 10918: 10908: 10904: 10894: 10892: 10891:. 14 April 2023 10881: 10880: 10876: 10866: 10864: 10855: 10854: 10850: 10840: 10838: 10837:. 15 March 2023 10829: 10828: 10824: 10816: 10812: 10802: 10800: 10791: 10790: 10786: 10723: 10719: 10709: 10707: 10692: 10688: 10641: 10637: 10627: 10625: 10614: 10613: 10609: 10594: 10572: 10568: 10557: 10553: 10543: 10541: 10529: 10525: 10494: 10490: 10447: 10440: 10430: 10428: 10419: 10418: 10414: 10404: 10402: 10397: 10396: 10392: 10382: 10380: 10371: 10370: 10366: 10356: 10354: 10347: 10343: 10333: 10331: 10326: 10325: 10321: 10311: 10309: 10301: 10300: 10296: 10286: 10284: 10276: 10275: 10271: 10261: 10259: 10249: 10245: 10235: 10233: 10223: 10214: 10204: 10202: 10192: 10188: 10178: 10176: 10174:IoT World Today 10166: 10162: 10152: 10150: 10138: 10134: 10124: 10122: 10110: 10106: 10096: 10094: 10082: 10078: 10068: 10066: 10056: 10052: 10042: 10040: 10030: 10026: 10016: 10014: 10004: 10000: 9990: 9988: 9970: 9966: 9956: 9954: 9946: 9945: 9941: 9931: 9929: 9926:Financial Times 9920: 9919: 9915: 9905: 9903: 9898: 9897: 9893: 9883: 9881: 9871: 9867: 9857: 9855: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9828: 9827: 9823: 9813: 9811: 9799: 9795: 9782: 9781: 9777: 9764: 9763: 9759: 9746: 9745: 9738: 9728: 9726: 9714: 9710: 9700: 9698: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9668: 9666: 9655: 9654: 9650: 9639: 9635: 9618: 9614: 9600: 9598: 9591:"A Tragic Loss" 9589: 9588: 9584: 9574: 9572: 9560: 9556: 9546: 9544: 9543:. San Francisco 9531: 9527: 9517: 9515: 9505: 9501: 9491: 9489: 9478: 9477: 9473: 9463: 9461: 9451: 9447: 9437: 9435: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9416: 9414: 9404: 9400: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9372: 9370: 9359: 9358: 9354: 9344: 9342: 9338:Yomiuri Shimbun 9331: 9330: 9326: 9316: 9314: 9307: 9301: 9297: 9287: 9285: 9277: 9276: 9272: 9262: 9260: 9249: 9248: 9244: 9234: 9232: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9206: 9204: 9202:IoT World Today 9194: 9190: 9180: 9178: 9168: 9167: 9163: 9153: 9151: 9140: 9139: 9135: 9125: 9123: 9122:. November 2022 9112: 9111: 9107: 9097: 9095: 9082: 9081: 9077: 9067: 9065: 9052: 9051: 9047: 9037: 9035: 9026: 9025: 9021: 9011: 9009: 9008:. 13 April 2021 8998: 8997: 8993: 8983: 8981: 8969: 8965: 8955: 8953: 8941: 8937: 8927: 8925: 8916: 8915: 8911: 8901: 8899: 8889: 8882: 8872: 8870: 8855: 8848: 8838: 8836: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8797: 8795: 8790: 8789: 8785: 8775: 8773: 8764: 8763: 8759: 8749: 8747: 8734: 8733: 8729: 8702: 8698: 8688: 8686: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8662: 8660: 8650: 8645: 8644: 8640: 8630: 8628: 8624:Yomiuri Shimbun 8617: 8616: 8612: 8602: 8600: 8590: 8586: 8567: 8563: 8553: 8551: 8545: 8541: 8486: 8482: 8425: 8421: 8382: 8378: 8365: 8361: 8322: 8318: 8308: 8306: 8297: 8296: 8289: 8244: 8240: 8230: 8228: 8217: 8213: 8203: 8201: 8193: 8192: 8188: 8172: 8171: 8164: 8162: 8155: 8149: 8145: 8135: 8133: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8109: 8107: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8083: 8081: 8072: 8071: 8067: 8057: 8055: 8046: 8045: 8041: 8031: 8029: 8019: 8012: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7981: 7980: 7976: 7966: 7964: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7940: 7938: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7888: 7884: 7874: 7872: 7871:. 25 April 2018 7869:Robson Forensic 7863: 7862: 7858: 7843: 7839: 7818: 7814: 7805: 7804: 7800: 7790: 7788: 7781: 7777: 7767: 7765: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7737: 7727: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7701:(1 July 2022). 7696: 7692: 7682: 7680: 7668: 7664: 7654: 7652: 7640: 7636: 7626: 7624: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7598: 7596: 7584: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7558: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7530: 7526: 7516: 7514: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7476: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7459:. 9 August 2022 7451: 7450: 7446: 7436: 7434: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7406: 7404: 7394: 7390: 7380: 7378: 7368: 7364: 7354: 7352: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7325: 7323: 7311: 7307: 7297: 7295: 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7210: 7206: 7167: 7163: 7153: 7151: 7141: 7137: 7092: 7088: 7041: 7037: 7022: 7018: 7008: 7006: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6986: 6984: 6974: 6970: 6955: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6910: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6837: 6835: 6825: 6821: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6749: 6748: 6744: 6727: 6723: 6713: 6711: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6685: 6683: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6600:on 5 April 2021 6597: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6502: 6498: 6488: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6458:Engineering.com 6450: 6446: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6367: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6317: 6313: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6227:10.1.1.135.9810 6210: 6206: 6199: 6167: 6163: 6100: 6096: 6055: 6051: 6034: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6009: 6008: 5999: 5962: 5958: 5903: 5899: 5844: 5835: 5827: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5795: 5793: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5655: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5626:Self Drive News 5618: 5614: 5577: 5573: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5398: 5394: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5288: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5247: 5243: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5068: 5064: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4998: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4969:Ohnsman, Alan. 4967: 4963: 4948: 4944: 4929: 4906: 4899: 4884: 4858: 4854: 4831:: 64920–64932. 4817: 4813: 4808: 4799: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4599: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4570: 4566: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4533: 4531: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4309: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4229: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4122: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4030:on 12 June 2018 4018: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3884:Robotics Trends 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3810:10.1109/34.3899 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3726: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3622: 3618: 3589: 3585: 3570: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3497: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3477:on 5 March 2021 3465: 3464: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3412:Motor Authority 3404: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3349: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3320: 3316: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3221: 3217: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3161: 3157: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3098: 3094: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3016: 2959: 2937: 2874:Maserati Ghibli 2828: 2816: 2789: 2755: 2745: 2734: 2728: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2687: 2645: 2640: 2629: 2627:Total Incidents 2614: 2600:In April 2022, 2598: 2592: 2581:(DMV) notified 2575: 2562: 2551:methamphetamine 2534:Elaine Herzberg 2532:In March 2018, 2530: 2506: 2500: 2488:tractor-trailer 2473: 2467: 2462: 2450: 2426: 2414: 2398: 2370:In April 2021, 2368: 2359: 2354: 1976:disengagements 1975: 1968:disengagements 1967: 1960:disengagements 1959: 1910:A prototype of 1904: 1895: 1890: 1870: 1861: 1833:trolley problem 1829: 1827:Trolley problem 1815: 1806: 1801: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1760: 1751: 1742: 1712: 1704: 1666: 1661: 1648: 1635: 1624: 1612: 1597: 1584: 1578: 1576:Software update 1561: 1555: 1546: 1540: 1532: 1526: 1502: 1485: 1473:voronoi diagram 1465: 1422: 1410: 1404: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1362: 1354: 1345: 1337: 1328: 1305: 1303:Mobileye System 1286:Full Automation 1280: 1279: 1265:High Automation 1259: 1258: 1238: 1237: 1220: 1219: 1196: 1195: 1169: 1168: 1153: 1125: 1123:Classifications 1101:Tesla Autopilot 1094: 1060: 1041: 1032: 1031: 1014: 985: 947: 890: 825: 821:Vending machine 791:Semi-automation 692: 684: 663: 626: 613: 607: 595: 561: 500:In March 2021, 477:Elaine Herzberg 475:In March 2018, 379: 373: 353: 229: 200: 172: 122: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16715: 16705: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16664: 16663: 16640: 16639: 16634: 16633: 16631: 16630: 16629: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16593: 16587: 16585: 16581: 16580: 16578: 16577: 16572: 16570:SAE Aerodesign 16567: 16562: 16556: 16554: 16550: 16549: 16547: 16546: 16541: 16535: 16533: 16529: 16528: 16526: 16525: 16519: 16517: 16513: 16512: 16510: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16448: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16426: 16424: 16420: 16419: 16417: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16400: 16398: 16394: 16393: 16386: 16385: 16378: 16371: 16363: 16354: 16353: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16339: 16337:Video tracking 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16307:Remote sensing 16304: 16299: 16294: 16293: 16292: 16287: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16236: 16235: 16225: 16220: 16218:Blob detection 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16174: 16171: 16170: 16168: 16167: 16166: 16165: 16160: 16150: 16145: 16143:View synthesis 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16109: 16107: 16098: 16092: 16091: 16089: 16088: 16087: 16086: 16076: 16074:Motion capture 16071: 16065: 16063: 16059: 16058: 16056: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15979: 15977: 15973: 15972: 15965: 15964: 15957: 15950: 15942: 15933: 15932: 15930: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15915: 15912: 15911: 15909: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15827: 15825: 15821: 15820: 15818: 15817: 15816: 15815: 15805: 15804: 15803: 15793: 15792: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15779:list of probes 15770: 15768: 15764: 15763: 15761: 15760: 15754: 15752: 15748: 15747: 15745: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15718: 15716: 15712: 15711: 15708: 15707: 15705: 15704: 15703: 15702: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15676: 15674: 15670: 15669: 15667: 15666: 15665: 15664: 15654: 15649: 15643: 15641: 15632: 15628: 15627: 15625: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15603: 15602: 15591: 15589: 15585: 15584: 15573: 15572: 15565: 15558: 15550: 15541: 15540: 15537: 15536: 15533: 15532: 15530: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15472:Cairo Monorail 15468: 15466: 15456: 15455: 15453: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15385:Alden staRRcar 15382: 15376: 15374: 15360: 15359: 15357: 15356: 15351: 15349:U-Bahn Serfaus 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15320: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15298: 15296: 15283: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15270:Shanghai Metro 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15201: 15199: 15186: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15169: 15167: 15161: 15160: 15149: 15148: 15141: 15134: 15126: 15117: 15116: 15114: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15097: 15094: 15093: 15091: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15034: 15032: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15014: 15007: 15000: 14997:Mid-four-wheel 14993: 14986: 14979: 14972: 14965: 14958: 14951: 14944: 14942: 14932: 14931: 14929: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14912: 14910: 14904: 14903: 14901: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14859: 14857: 14851: 14850: 14848: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14812: 14807: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14767: 14761: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14711: 14709: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14633: 14631: 14625: 14624: 14622: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14584:Shooting brake 14581: 14576: 14574:Saloon / Sedan 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14425: 14423: 14417: 14416: 14413: 14412: 14410: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14363: 14361: 14355: 14354: 14352: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14320: 14318: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14269: 14267: 14261: 14260: 14258: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14236: 14234: 14228: 14227: 14225: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14208: 14206: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14180: 14178: 14172: 14171: 14169: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14142: 14140: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14089: 14087: 14080: 14078:Classification 14074: 14073: 14065: 14064: 14057: 14050: 14042: 14033: 14032: 14030: 14029: 14028: 14027: 14022: 14009: 14008: 14007: 14002: 13988: 13985: 13984: 13982: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13905: 13903: 13899: 13898: 13896: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13849: 13847: 13843: 13842: 13840: 13839: 13837:Ilya Sutskever 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13802:Demis Hassabis 13799: 13794: 13792:Ian Goodfellow 13789: 13784: 13778: 13776: 13772: 13771: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13764: 13759: 13758: 13757: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13711: 13709: 13705: 13704: 13702: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13620: 13619: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13583: 13581: 13577: 13576: 13574: 13573: 13568: 13567: 13566: 13561: 13551: 13550: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13483: 13481: 13474: 13470: 13469: 13467: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13430: 13428: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13394: 13392: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13384: 13383: 13382: 13375:Language model 13372: 13367: 13362: 13361: 13360: 13350: 13349: 13348: 13337: 13335: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13327: 13325:Autoregression 13322: 13317: 13316: 13315: 13305: 13303:Regularization 13300: 13299: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13266:Loss functions 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13242: 13241: 13231: 13226: 13225: 13224: 13213: 13211: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13203: 13201:Inductive bias 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13155: 13153: 13147: 13146: 13141: 13140: 13133: 13126: 13118: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13105: 13092: 13089: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13081: 13080: 13078: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13064: 13062: 13056: 13055: 13053: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13013: 13008: 13007: 13006: 12996: 12990: 12988: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12941:Delivery drone 12938: 12933: 12927: 12925: 12916: 12907: 12903: 12902: 12895: 12894: 12887: 12880: 12872: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12850: 12849: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12842: 12837: 12835:Alberto Broggi 12832: 12830:Harold Goddijn 12826: 12824: 12820: 12819: 12817: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12775: 12773: 12762: 12754: 12753: 12751: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12689: 12687: 12681: 12680: 12675: 12673: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12662: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12640: 12638: 12632: 12631: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12583: 12577: 12575: 12569: 12568: 12566: 12565: 12559: 12553: 12547: 12540:Tesla Model S 12537: 12531: 12525: 12519: 12513: 12506: 12504: 12497: 12493: 12492: 12489: 12488: 12486: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12469: 12463: 12461: 12460:(Levels 3,4,5) 12453: 12452: 12450: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12428: 12427: 12420:Cruise control 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12396: 12394: 12393:(Levels 0,1,2) 12383: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12327: 12325: 12319: 12318: 12310: 12309: 12302: 12295: 12287: 12280: 12279: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12255: 12241: 12216: 12194: 12169: 12155: 12130: 12116: 12091: 12077: 12038: 12013: 11997: 11988: 11953: 11921:(March 2016). 11915: 11902: 11882: 11869: 11853: 11798: 11778: 11756: 11750: 11734: 11720: 11717: 11714: 11713: 11687: 11681:Car and Driver 11666: 11640: 11614: 11589: 11563: 11550:Bloomberg News 11535: 11509: 11481: 11470:. 1 April 2023 11453: 11427: 11400: 11371: 11345: 11319: 11291: 11273: 11254: 11242: 11223: 11197: 11171: 11143: 11115: 11084: 11075: 11066: 11038: 11012: 10983: 10957: 10928: 10902: 10874: 10848: 10822: 10810: 10799:. 3 March 2023 10784: 10717: 10686: 10655:(2): 913–931. 10635: 10607: 10592: 10566: 10551: 10523: 10488: 10438: 10427:. 28 July 2014 10412: 10390: 10379:on 15 May 2016 10364: 10341: 10319: 10307:Craft Law Firm 10294: 10269: 10243: 10212: 10186: 10160: 10132: 10104: 10076: 10050: 10024: 9998: 9964: 9939: 9913: 9891: 9865: 9839: 9821: 9793: 9775: 9757: 9736: 9708: 9676: 9648: 9633: 9612: 9597:. 30 June 2016 9582: 9554: 9525: 9499: 9471: 9445: 9424: 9398: 9380: 9352: 9324: 9295: 9270: 9242: 9214: 9188: 9161: 9133: 9105: 9094:on 22 May 2022 9075: 9045: 9019: 8991: 8963: 8935: 8909: 8880: 8858:Brad Templeton 8846: 8833:California DMV 8819: 8805: 8794:. 19 July 2015 8783: 8772:. 18 June 2016 8757: 8727: 8696: 8685:. 18 June 2018 8670: 8659:. 4 April 2023 8638: 8627:. 1 April 2023 8610: 8584: 8561: 8539: 8480: 8419: 8392:(2): 252–265. 8376: 8359: 8332:(3): 669–684. 8316: 8287: 8258:(3): 619–630. 8252:Sci Eng Ethics 8238: 8211: 8186: 8143: 8117: 8091: 8065: 8039: 8010: 7992: 7974: 7948: 7923: 7882: 7856: 7851:techxplore.com 7837: 7812: 7798: 7775: 7747: 7721: 7690: 7662: 7634: 7623:. 19 July 2021 7606: 7578: 7552: 7524: 7496: 7470: 7444: 7433:on 31 May 2022 7414: 7388: 7362: 7333: 7305: 7279: 7253: 7227: 7204: 7177:(2): 546–556. 7161: 7135: 7086: 7035: 7016: 6994: 6968: 6954:978-0679762904 6953: 6935: 6901: 6871: 6860:. 7 March 2022 6845: 6819: 6769: 6742: 6721: 6710:. 4 March 2021 6693: 6682:. 18 June 2019 6667: 6639: 6611: 6573: 6547: 6522: 6510:SBD Automotive 6496: 6470: 6444: 6377: 6355: 6333: 6311: 6296: 6271: 6257: 6204: 6197: 6161: 6094: 6072:10.1.1.93.5523 6065:(6): 519–535. 6049: 6028: 5997: 5956: 5897: 5852:Sustainability 5833: 5803: 5765: 5739: 5714: 5689: 5664: 5638: 5612: 5571: 5549: 5523: 5482: 5449: 5412:(4): 569–578. 5392: 5379: 5349: 5309: 5277: 5268: 5241: 5235:Car and Driver 5220: 5188: 5174: 5165: 5146: 5124: 5099: 5081: 5062: 5043: 5018: 4987: 4961: 4942: 4927: 4897: 4882: 4852: 4811: 4797: 4779: 4768:on 16 May 2017 4750:10.1.1.840.976 4720: 4705: 4672: 4646: 4635:(2021–01–0074) 4619: 4590: 4564: 4516: 4501: 4473: 4443: 4424: 4402: 4374: 4355: 4329: 4300: 4274: 4249: 4220: 4195: 4169: 4135: 4120: 4094: 4066: 4041: 4011: 3985: 3960: 3953: 3945:10.17226/10592 3926: 3910:"NHAA Journal" 3901: 3870: 3845: 3823: 3804:(3): 342–361. 3788: 3766: 3739: 3724: 3696: 3670: 3644: 3616: 3603:(2): 736–746. 3583: 3568: 3534: 3517: 3505:Car and Driver 3488: 3455: 3444:. 4 March 2021 3424: 3395: 3384:. 13 June 2024 3369: 3340: 3314: 3294: 3248: 3241: 3215: 3155: 3120: 3092: 3055:(1): 103–128. 3035: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3015: 3012: 2961:In July 2020, 2958: 2955: 2936: 2933: 2925:connected cars 2827: 2824: 2815: 2812: 2792:General Motors 2788: 2785: 2770:Mustang Mach-E 2744: 2741: 2727: 2724: 2703:Main article: 2700: 2697: 2686: 2683: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2628: 2625: 2613: 2610: 2591: 2588: 2574: 2571: 2561: 2558: 2529: 2526: 2499: 2496: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2449: 2446: 2425: 2422: 2413: 2410: 2397: 2394: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2075:General Motors 2071: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1879:Kesennuma Line 1869: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1849:utilitarianism 1828: 1825: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1799:Machine ethics 1794: 1793:Ethical issues 1791: 1785: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1700: 1689:E-Class models 1676:called on the 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1647: 1644: 1634: 1631: 1623: 1620: 1611: 1608: 1596: 1593: 1577: 1574: 1557:Main article: 1554: 1551: 1542:Main article: 1539: 1536: 1528:Main article: 1525: 1522: 1501: 1498: 1484: 1481: 1464: 1461: 1421: 1418: 1406:Main article: 1403: 1400: 1386:control system 1380: 1377: 1372:Main article: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1304: 1301: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1165: 1164: 1163:Mode coverage 1161: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1124: 1121: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1059: 1056: 1040: 1037: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1005: 998: 990: 987: 986: 984: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 957: 954: 953: 949: 948: 946: 945: 940: 939: 938: 933: 923: 918: 917: 916: 906: 900: 897: 896: 892: 891: 889: 888: 883: 882: 881: 871: 869:Guided vehicle 866: 865: 864: 859: 858: 857: 850:Vacuum cleaner 841: 838: 837: 827: 826: 824: 823: 818: 813: 811:Teller machine 808: 807: 806: 801: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 751:Highway system 748: 747: 746: 736: 730: 727: 726: 720: 719: 711: 710: 704: 703: 693: 685: 683: 680: 662: 659: 658: 657: 654: 625: 622: 609:Main article: 606: 603: 594: 591: 560: 557: 387:cruise control 375:Main article: 372: 369: 349: 348: 332: 249:driverless car 241:autonomous car 231: 230: 228: 227: 220: 213: 205: 202: 201: 199: 198: 193: 188: 182: 179: 178: 177:Related topics 174: 173: 171: 170: 168:Tunnel problem 165: 160: 155: 154: 153: 143: 138: 132: 129: 128: 124: 123: 121: 120: 115: 110: 108:Lane centering 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 79: 76: 75: 71: 70: 62: 61: 54: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16714: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16674: 16672: 16662: 16652: 16651: 16648: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16598: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16588: 16586: 16582: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16557: 16555: 16551: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16530: 16524: 16521: 16520: 16518: 16514: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16427: 16425: 16421: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16401: 16399: 16397:Organizations 16395: 16391: 16384: 16379: 16377: 16372: 16370: 16365: 16364: 16361: 16351: 16350: 16349:Main category 16344: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16302:Pose tracking 16300: 16298: 16295: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16282: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16234: 16231: 16230: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16175: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16155: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16110: 16108: 16106: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16093: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16066: 16064: 16060: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15980: 15978: 15974: 15970: 15963: 15958: 15956: 15951: 15949: 15944: 15943: 15940: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15922:Radio control 15920: 15917: 15916: 15913: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15861:BEAM robotics 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15828: 15826: 15822: 15814: 15811: 15810: 15809: 15806: 15802: 15799: 15798: 15797: 15794: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15776: 15775: 15772: 15771: 15769: 15765: 15759: 15756: 15755: 15753: 15749: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15719: 15717: 15713: 15701: 15698: 15697: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15677: 15675: 15671: 15663: 15660: 15659: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15644: 15642: 15640: 15636: 15633: 15629: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15601: 15598: 15597: 15596: 15593: 15592: 15590: 15586: 15582: 15578: 15577:Mobile robots 15571: 15566: 15564: 15559: 15557: 15552: 15551: 15548: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15461: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15377: 15375: 15373: 15365: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15304: 15303: 15300: 15299: 15297: 15295: 15287: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15198: 15190: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15162: 15158: 15154: 15147: 15142: 15140: 15135: 15133: 15128: 15127: 15124: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15095: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15058:Reciprocating 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15035: 15033: 15029: 15023: 15019: 15012: 15008: 15005: 15001: 14998: 14994: 14991: 14987: 14984: 14980: 14977: 14976:Rear mid-rear 14973: 14970: 14966: 14963: 14959: 14956: 14952: 14949: 14946: 14945: 14943: 14937: 14933: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14911: 14909: 14905: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14860: 14858: 14856: 14852: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14820: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14805: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14775: 14771: 14768: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14712: 14710: 14708: 14704: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14634: 14632: 14626: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14589:Station wagon 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14479:Coupé utility 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14422: 14418: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14364: 14362: 14360: 14356: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14321: 14319: 14315: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14293:Sport compact 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14266: 14262: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14237: 14235: 14233: 14229: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14205: 14204:Minivan / MPV 14201: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14179: 14177: 14173: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14139: 14135: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14075: 14070: 14063: 14058: 14056: 14051: 14049: 14044: 14043: 14040: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14017: 14010: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13997: 13994: 13990: 13989: 13986: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13906: 13904: 13902:Architectures 13900: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13846:Organizations 13844: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13782:Yoshua Bengio 13780: 13779: 13777: 13773: 13763: 13762:Robot control 13760: 13756: 13753: 13752: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13712: 13710: 13706: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13679:Chinchilla AI 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13618: 13615: 13614: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13578: 13572: 13569: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13555: 13552: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13534: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13471: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13431: 13429: 13425: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13395: 13393: 13389: 13381: 13378: 13377: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13359: 13358:Deep learning 13356: 13355: 13354: 13351: 13347: 13344: 13343: 13342: 13339: 13338: 13336: 13332: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13314: 13311: 13310: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13283: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13246:Hallucination 13244: 13240: 13237: 13236: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13223: 13220: 13219: 13218: 13215: 13214: 13212: 13208: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13161: 13157: 13156: 13154: 13152: 13148: 13139: 13134: 13132: 13127: 13125: 13120: 13119: 13116: 13104: 13103: 13094: 13093: 13090: 13074: 13071: 13070: 13069: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13061: 13057: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13005: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12928: 12926: 12924: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12911: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12893: 12888: 12886: 12881: 12879: 12874: 12873: 12870: 12864: 12857: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12821: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12776: 12774: 12766: 12763: 12755: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12670: 12663: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12633: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12596:Navia shuttle 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12570: 12563: 12560: 12557: 12554: 12551: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12538: 12535: 12532: 12529: 12528:MadeInGermany 12526: 12523: 12520: 12517: 12514: 12511: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12501: 12498: 12494: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12478:Connected car 12476: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12454: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12378: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12322:Overview and 12320: 12315: 12308: 12303: 12301: 12296: 12294: 12289: 12288: 12285: 12276: 12271: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12263: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12053: 12052: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12014: 12010: 12003: 11998: 11994: 11989: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11959: 11954: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11908: 11903: 11892: 11888: 11883: 11872: 11866: 11859: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11817: 11812: 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