464:
males choose sunny spots on hilltops, through which females are likely to travel. If no hilltops are available, the males wait in channels in the vegetation that would funnel wandering females towards them. The perching male sits and waits, scanning the sky for any moving object. Periodically, he executes a patrol flight to get a better picture of the surrounding area. When the male spots a moving flying object, he flies directly towards it. If it is a male, the resident male chases him off his territory. If it is a female, the male chases the female, more slowly and less aggressively than with an intruding male, away from the perch site. The pair lands and copulates, a process which can last more than an hour.
517:, which bring about changes to local plant community. Distribution of butterflies depends heavily on the site characteristics and the density of that species' host plants. Changing plant composition changes the distribution of most butterflies' range, isolating them to pockets where the vegetation is ideal. Because of the variety of host plants used by Australian painted ladies, it has not been significantly affected by these changes. It has been found to use some species of carduine thistles, which are invasive to Australia, as host plants in New South Wales. Australian painted ladies use the plants as hosts during their larval stage, and as food sources. However, they inflict little damage to the plant.
544:
568:
275:
wing, and a white bar extending from the leading edge of the forewing. The hindwings have four round eyespots at their base, with a blue centre for at least three. The underwings are almost identical to the upperwings, except the base of the underwings is brick red rather than brown. The
Australian painted lady's colouration allows it to blend in effectively with the ground. Males and females look almost identical. The ovum is translucent green and barrel-shaped with 13 to 15 vertical ribs. Right before hatching, the black head and grey-tinted body appear through the shell. The
529:
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33:
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54:
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temperatures (20 °C), similar to conditions found in the spring, larval development was accelerated. This produced small adults with low body weights, ideal for migration. A similar phenomenon occurred when the larvae were exposed to longer days at warm temperatures (30 °C), conditions similar to those in the late summer. Seasonal changes could trigger the development of spring and fall body forms that are ideal for the migration patterns described above.
495:
spring of 1968, they appeared on the western coast of New
Zealand near the sea, and were unusually abundant. The species is unlikely to be established in New Zealand, as no instances of larvae or adults hibernating through the winter were found. Although some individuals reproduced and laid eggs, the larvae only developed to the first
460:
are likely to travel. Females generally only visit male territories when they are receptive, with the purpose of copulating. However, when an abundant food source attracts a significant number of females, males no longer exhibit territoriality, and are seen searching for mates in areas where females are clustered.
494:
During periods of large migration in
Australia, and with the possible help of strong winds, the Australian painted lady migrates across the sea to New Zealand, typically only appearing during October to November. Multiple occurrences of this butterfly in New Zealand were reported in the 1960s. In the
477:
Observations of the
Australian painted lady migration date back to the 1960s. In 1963, a large migration took place in a south-easterly direction from late August to late September. It was characterized by the species becoming suddenly common in certain areas where it had previously been sparse. That
459:
sites are abundant as females feed on a wide range of host plants; therefore, females do not cluster around hotspots of resources. This tendency makes it impossible for a male to defend the entirety of a female's range. Therefore, the best strategy for males is to defend a territory in which females
499:
before development stopped. The same phenomenon occurred in the late summer 1969, and coincided with a gale-force westerly wind. This evidence suggests that the butterflies observed in the spring of 1968 and the summer of 1969 were the result of a new migration from
Australia, and not the offspring
361:
The life cycle of the
Australian painted lady lasts around 53 days in the summer. The females lay eggs in the centre of the leaf of food plants. The eggs are green and hatch in about three days. As a caterpillar, the Australian painted lady is only active at night, during which its main activity is
316:
The
Australian painted and the painted lady have very similar lifestyles and behaviours, but the Australian painted lady lives in an arid and stressful environment. Australian painted lady colouration could be induced in painted lady butterflies by injecting the larvae with stress-inducing hormones
274:
on its hindwings. Its body is dark brown, almost black, all over, except the tips of the antenna which are white. The base of the wings are brown, which turns into a brick-red colouration, broken by bands of black. The tips of the forewing are black with four white dots running from the apex of the
463:
To defend a territory, the male exhibits perching behaviour starting in the mid- to late afternoon until dusk. Some individuals are able to reclaim the same territory several afternoons in a row. The longest period of time recorded in which one male defended the same territory was three days. The
485:
Migrating butterflies often have smaller and lighter body sizes that allow them to fly longer distances. Additionally, these butterflies tend to have larger wing-to-body ratios. Temperatures and day length have been found to influence development. When larvae were exposed to short days and cool
308:
of that. However, throughout its range, the painted lady does not exhibit much variation, but the male genitalia of the
Australian painted lady is distinct from that of the painted lady, which suggests that it is a separate species. The Australian species' four ventral eyespots are less clearly
349:, and it is completely absent from the far north of the country, in the tropical rainforests. Although it is most common in Australia, it has also become common throughout New Zealand following periodic migrations across the sea, from Australia. Since the butterflies do not reproduce or
508:
Fragmented habitats due to urbanization, as well as disturbances to the environment from humans and introduced species, are harmful to most butterflies. Additionally, threats occur to local vegetation such as recreation, trampling of vegetation,
234:
However, due to the distinct genitalia of the males, and variation in colouration, many others consider the
Australian painted lady to be a separate species. During spring, adult butterflies migrate south in large numbers from northern states of
884:
Williams, M.R. (2010). "Habitat resources, remnant vegetation condition and area determine distribution patterns and abundance of butterflies and day-flying moths in a fragmented urban landscape, south-west
Western Australia".
321:, or the tendency for visible traits to vary with changing environmental conditions, of the painted lady butterflies. It also suggests that the painted lady is the ancestral form, and environmental stress slowly drove
930:
Hawkeswood, T. J., & Dunn, K. L. Butterflies (Lepidoptera) recorded from the Sydney district at the commencement of the 20th Century by JJ Walker in two overlooked papers published in the Entomologists Monthly
279:
is grey with pale yellow stripes along each side of its body, yellow dots, and has rows of branched spines covering its body. Its head is typically brown or black, and the caterpillar grows to about 3 cm. The
362:
feeding. During the day, it hides in a curled leaf or at the foot of a food plant. The pupa hangs vertically from the underside of the leaf of a food plant, and the duration of the pupal stage is about two weeks.
442:. If leaves are not sufficient, then they eat flowers. Individuals reared on capeweed produce foul-smelling imagos. Other food plants have been recorded in Australia, but do not appear to be used in New Zealand.
231:) due to the similarity in lifestyle and behaviour. Furthermore, the painted lady is found around the globe, but Australia is the only location in which it varies enough to be considered a separate species.
370:
The Australian painted lady typically uses the native Australian everlastings and other daisies as a host and food plant. However, it also feeds on several introduced species, including capeweed (
325:
by adaptation into the Australian painted lady. In other words, the Australian painted lady most likely evolved from the painted lady due to the environmental conditions in Australia.
438:
528:
250:
Despite urbanization and invasive plants altering its habitat, populations of Australian painted ladies have not been significantly impacted by these changes.
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of a generation of previously migrated painted ladies. The migration of butterflies and moths from Australia is not uncommon in summers with strong winds.
482:, which migrates in Europe during the wet season. The Australian painted lady migrates south in the spring and summer, and north in the autumn and winter.
270:). It is differentiated by its smaller size, rarely exceeding 2 inches (5 cm) across its wings, and the blue colouration at the centre of the four
567:
1463:
1489:
1166:
225:. Debate surrounds the taxonomy of this species. Some believe that the Australian painted lady should be a subspecies of the painted lady (
796:
Dingle, Hugh; Zalucki, Myron P.; Rochester, Wayne A. (1999). "Season-specific directional movement in migratory Australian Butterflies".
579:
1317:
1437:
543:
1035:(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): mobility in butterfly species does not inhibit the formation and persistence of isolated sister taxa"
1573:
555:
296:, which compromises 22 species, which are strongly migratory. The Australian painted lady is similar to the near-cosmopolitan
353:
in New Zealand, they are only considered an established species in Australia. Within its range, it is found in urban areas.
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defined, and it always sports at least three (often four) conspicuous blue pupil spots on each dorsal hindwings' eyespots.
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1476:
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distribution. Within Australia, the Australian painted lady is commonly found throughout southern Australia, below the
1558:
1494:
1563:
259:
740:
Otaki, J.M. (2007). "Stress-induced color-pattern modification and evolution of the painted lady butterflies
1553:
1162:"An Invasion of Australian Blue Moon and Blue Tiger Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in New Zealand"
455:
The Australian painted lady's mating system evolved due to a highly dispersed female population. Food and
1481:
1398:
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53:
243:. To find mates, male Australian painted ladies exhibit territorial behaviour, which involves a
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951:
673:
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The Australian painted lady's distribution is restricted to Australia. The closely related
40:
1244:
Fox, K.J. (1970). "More records of migrant Lepidoptera in Taranaki and the South Island".
478:
year was noted to have been unusually wet in Australia. This could be a trait shared with
8:
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221:, although westerly winds have dispersed it to islands east of Australia, including
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894:
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681:
1318:
Wildlife of Sydney, "Australian Painted Lady, Blue Spotted Painted Lady Fact File"
1265:
1230:
685:
32:
1512:
660:
Gibbs, G.W. (1969). "A large migration of the Australian painted lady butterfly,
430:). The results are limited, usually causing malformations on everlasting daisies
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240:
165:
980:
1159:
297:
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is brown with darker markings, and four pairs of metallic silver or gold dots.
266:
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on vegetation in a sunny spot on a hilltop, waiting for females to fly by.
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456:
222:
115:
105:
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The Australian painted lady belongs to the family Nymphalidae and genus
1442:
1209:
Fox, K.J. (1969). "Recent records of migrant Lepidoptera in Taranaki".
761:
426:
350:
346:
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305:
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The Australian painted lady is remarkably similar to the painted lady (
236:
1455:
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adult soon after hatching - note the blue centre of hindwing eyespots.
337:
is found throughout the rest of the world, so the two species have an
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858:
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on these plants. Successful larvae have been observed on capeweed (
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and subjecting them to lowered temperatures. This demonstrates the
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has either a few tiny pupil spots, or more often, none at all.
95:
75:
1121:"Effects of temperature and photoperiod on the development of
276:
1160:
Early, John W.; Parrish, G. Richard; Ryan, Paddy A. (1995).
842:: Males defend landmark territories as mate encounter sites"
281:
414:), but the resulting larvae do not survive past the first
1281:"Natural enemies of carduine thistles in New South Wales"
1075:
831:
829:
827:
573:
Australian painted lady resting on a terrace in Victoria
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791:
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1081:
1028:
1002:
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998:
450:
835:
784:
260:Cynthia (butterfly) § Distinguishing features
995:
624:Ecuador, G.I. (1992). "World distribution of the
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1088:(McCoy) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Australia"
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
1285:Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
1133:Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
619:
617:
588:, a related species, compare hindwing eyespots
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388:). The adults feed on the nectar of flowers.
1167:Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum
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735:
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345:. It is uncommon to find this butterfly in
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975:
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31:
1296:
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1103:
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1008:"Animal Species: Australian Painted Lady"
857:
704:van Son, G. (1966). "The nomenclature of
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883:
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561:Australian painted lady on yellow flower
408:(family Asteraceae) and Scotch thistle (
970:
879:
877:
703:
623:
1546:
1278:
926:
924:
846:Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera
630:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
1327:
1326:
1153:
1118:
1082:Smithers, C.N.; Peters, J.V. (1966).
739:
708:(McCoy) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)".
692:
659:
1505:16f88402-f82a-4bf6-a127-dead0ab2e3c4
874:
304:), so it considered by some to be a
1243:
1208:
1029:Wahlberg, N.; Rubinoff, D. (2011).
921:
836:Alcock, John; Gwynne Daryl (1988).
13:
1298:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1989.tb01209.x
1146:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1987.tb01968.x
1129:Godart (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)"
1105:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1966.tb00683.x
722:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1966.tb00682.x
504:Response to a changing environment
14:
1585:
1092:Australian Journal of Entomology
1060:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00566.x
810:10.1046/j.1440-6055.1999.00117.x
798:Australian Journal of Entomology
710:Australian Journal of Entomology
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451:Mating system and territoriality
52:
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958:. Coffs Harbour Butterfly House
549:Australian painted lady feeding
365:
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887:Journal of Insect Conservation
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1:
1574:Butterflies described in 1868
1266:10.1080/00779962.1970.9723076
1231:10.1080/00779962.1969.9722895
686:10.1080/00779962.1969.9722898
608:
513:, and introduction of plant
472:
467:
445:
396:Eggs have being recorded on
7:
593:
287:
10:
1590:
1569:Butterflies of New Zealand
1310:CSIRO Ecowatch Australia,
664:(McCoy), to New Zealand".
520:
257:
1335:
899:10.1007/s10841-010-9307-1
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173:
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49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
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1559:Butterflies of Australia
1246:New Zealand Entomologist
1211:New Zealand Entomologist
439:Helichrysum bellidioides
26:Australian painted lady
205:Australian painted lady
192:Vanessa cardui kershawi
1564:Butterflies of Oceania
838:"The mating system of
666:New Zealand Entomology
628:group (Nymphalidae)".
433:Helichrysum bracteatum
385:Lavandula angustifolia
1279:Briese, D.T. (1989).
1119:James, D. G. (1987).
1039:Systematic Entomology
950:Herbison-Evans, Don.
319:phenotypic plasticity
373:Arctotheca calendula
16:Species of butterfly
1554:Vanessa (butterfly)
1258:1970NZEnt...4...63F
1223:1969NZEnt...4....6F
1051:2011SysEn..36..362W
1010:. Australian Museum
678:1969NZEnt...4...14G
379:Onopordum acanthium
376:), Scotch thistle (
343:Tropic of Capricorn
217:mostly confined to
762:10.2108/zsj.24.811
750:Zoological Science
213:) is a species of
1541:
1540:
1526:Open Tree of Life
1329:Taxon identifiers
1098:(167–69): 67–69.
1031:"Vagility across
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1084:"A migration of
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852:(1–4): 116–124.
840:Vanessa kershawi
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1291:(2): 125–126.
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1139:(4): 289–292.
1111:
1074:
1045:(2): 362–370.
1021:
994:
981:"Painted lady"
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956:(McCoy, 1868)"
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893:(1–2): 37–54.
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804:(4): 323–329.
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756:(8): 811–819.
742:Vanessa cardui
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1012:. Retrieved
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962:November 12,
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1451:iNaturalist
1361:Wikispecies
1217:(2): 6–10.
987:21 November
603:(butterfly)
535:V. kershawi
490:New Zealand
457:oviposition
392:Host plants
254:Description
223:New Zealand
116:Nymphalidae
106:Lepidoptera
1548:Categories
1125:McCoy and
609:References
427:Gnaphalium
351:overwinter
347:Queensland
339:allopatric
323:speciation
306:subspecies
258:See also:
237:Queensland
86:Arthropoda
1196:Q58677481
1180:0067-0464
1174:: 45–53.
931:Magazine.
907:1572-9753
868:127040681
716:(1): 66.
642:0024-0966
586:V. cardui
515:pathogens
480:V. cardui
473:Australia
468:Migration
446:Behaviour
335:V. cardui
311:V. cardui
302:V. cardui
219:Australia
215:butterfly
134:Species:
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1477:LepIndex
1469:11456603
1388:BioLib:
1346:Wikidata
1192:Wikidata
1188:42906451
1069:85698796
915:23442783
818:86426928
778:25779380
770:18217488
594:See also
399:Arctotis
288:Taxonomy
272:eyespots
175:Synonyms
112:Family:
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
41:Victoria
1443:5806177
1352:Q390154
1254:Bibcode
1219:Bibcode
1047:Bibcode
1033:Vanessa
674:Bibcode
601:Cynthia
521:Gallery
294:Vanessa
168:, 1868)
127:Vanessa
122:Genus:
102:Order:
96:Insecta
92:Class:
1531:878063
1518:199656
1502:NZOR:
1495:311059
1482:157177
1456:197077
1430:VANSKE
1391:653706
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416:instar
1464:IRMNG
1417:94BW2
1404:26705
1184:JSTOR
1065:S2CID
911:S2CID
864:S2CID
814:S2CID
774:S2CID
277:larva
166:McCoy
1490:NCBI
1438:GBIF
1425:EPPO
1399:BOLD
1176:ISSN
1016:2013
989:2013
964:2013
903:ISSN
766:PMID
744:and
638:ISSN
436:and
282:pupa
239:and
203:The
1412:CoL
1376:AFD
1293:doi
1262:doi
1227:doi
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