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1292:, and it was widely believed that it would not survive until the next general election. He had previously had little regard for Lloyd George, but the opportunity of working closely with the "Welsh Wizard" gave Chamberlain a new insight into his nominal superior in the government (by now, the Conservative Party was by far the largest partner in the government).
1695:(1997–2001), he was the only Conservative leader of the twentieth century not to become prime minister. Although this is sometimes attributed to character defects, Dutton argues that he was a major figure in his own right, who only narrowly missed becoming prime minister in 1922 or 1923. Dutton quotes with approval
1682:
David Dutton comments that early assessments of
Chamberlain's career compared him unfavourably with his father, who overshadowed his early career, and his brother, who overshadowed his later decades. In his forties, when he was ready to carve out his own identity, he had to act as a surrogate for his
1104:
elections, Balfour was forced from his position as party leader in
November 1911. Chamberlain was one of the leading candidates to succeed as Conservative leader even though he was still technically a member of the Liberal Unionist wing of the coalition (the two parties merged formally only in 1912).
924:
for twelve months, to imbibe the political culture of the other great
European power, Germany. Though in his letters home to Beatrice and Neville, he showed an obvious preference for France and the lifestyle he had left behind there, Chamberlain undertook to learn German and learn from his experience
1702:
Chamberlain could speak effectively, but was never a stirring orator. For most of his career he was renowned for rectitude and civic duty. Before the war
Chamberlain had been a somewhat reluctant radical, but after 1918 he became more conservative, concerned at the new threat of socialism, and whose
1707:
but was one of the last MPs to wear a top hat inside the
Commons Chamber – made him appear a relic from a previous generation. Dutton suggests that his "exaggerated sense of his own importance and dignity which compounded an already stiff and unbending personal demeanour", came from having to serve
1679:
hardness without which men seldom reach supreme political power". Blake comments that he often missed his chances because he could be persuaded to back off by the suggestion that he was acting for self-seeking reasons, hence
Churchill's quip that "he always played the game, and he always lost it".
1678:
wrote that Austen
Chamberlain "for all his talents was only a thin echo of his formidable father, a mere shadow of that extraordinary figure ... Austen Chamberlain was altogether kinder than his father, more likeable, more honourable, more high-minded and less effective ... he lacked that ultimate
1307:
19 October 1922, of
Conservative MPs, a motion was passed there for fighting the forthcoming election as an independent party. Chamberlain resigned the party leadership rather than act against what he believed to be his duty. He was succeeded by Law, whose views and intentions he had predicted the
1229:
After Lloyd George's Paris speech (12 November 1917) at which he said that "when he saw the appalling casualty lists he wish(ed) it had not been necessary to win so many ("victories")" there was talk of
Chamberlain withdrawing support from the government. Lloyd George survived by claiming that the
1295:
It was an unfortunate change of allegiance for
Chamberlain, for by late 1921, the Conservative backbenchers were growing more and more restless for an end to the coalition and a return to single-party (Conservative) government. Conservatives in the House of Lords began, in public, to oppose the
1127:
After a short period of internal party campaigning, Chamberlain determined to withdraw from the contest for the good of the still-divided party. He succeeded in persuading Long to withdraw with him in favour of Law, who was subsequently chosen by unanimous vote as a compromise candidate.
1000:
does not seem to have dampened the enthusiasm of the Prime Minister, who responded by publicly congratulating both Austen and his father, Joseph, on such an excellent performance. That was highly significant, given the bad blood existing between Joseph Chamberlain and his former leader.
858:
who would become an educationalist. Harriet died giving birth to Austen, leaving his father so shaken that for almost 25 years he maintained a distance from his first-born son. In 1868, his father married Harriet's cousin, Florence, and had further children, the oldest of whom,
1530:. Many of the officers at the time state that the mutiny at Invergordon was a direct result of the action of the Admiralty under Chamberlain's leadership who accepted the cuts in pay for the crews as a result of the Government's need to reduce expenditure. The First Sea Lord
1618:
is sitting on the government benches while London is being bombed, do you think he will hold the language he held today? If he does he will be one of the first victims of the war, for he will be strung up by an angry and justifiably angry populace to the nearest lamp
1087:
After his father's stroke and enforced retirement from active politics a few months later, Austen became the effective leader of the tariff reform campaign within the Unionist Party, and thus, he was a contender for the eventual leadership of the party itself.
1123:
Given their standing in the party, only Chamberlain and Long had a realistic chance of success and though Balfour had intended Chamberlain to succeed him, it became clear from an early canvass of the sitting MPs that Long would be elected by a slender margin.
1131:
Chamberlain's action, while it prevented him from attaining the party leadership and, arguably, the premiership, did a great deal to maintain unity within the Conservative and Liberal Unionist parties at a time of great uncertainty and strain.
1640:
Though he never again served in a government, he survived in good health until March 1937, dying just ten weeks before his younger half-brother, Neville, became the first and only member of the Chamberlain dynasty to become prime minister.
1631:
to remonstrate with him about his government's delay in rearming the British defence forces. More respected than Churchill, Chamberlain became something of an icon to young Conservatives, as the last survivor of Victorian high politics.
1348:. Baldwin offered Chamberlain the post of Lord Privy Seal, but Chamberlain insisted other former ministers from the Coalition to be included as well; Baldwin refused. However, Chamberlain returned to government when Baldwin formed his
1027:
Appointed a junior Whip of the Liberal Unionists after the general election, Austen's main role was to act as his father's "standard bearer" in matters of policy. Following the Conservative and Unionist landslide win in the
1863:
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Over the next six years as a senior backbencher, he gave strong support to the National Government on domestic issues but was critical on its foreign policy. In 1935, the government faced a parliamentary rebellion over the
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evening before the vote at a private meeting. Law formed a government shortly thereafter, but Chamberlain was not given a post, but it seems that he would not have accepted a position even if he had been offered one.
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and Balfour's more cautious advocacy of protectionism. While Austen supported his father's programme, his influence within the cabinet was diminished following the departure of the senior Chamberlain to the
1264:, Chamberlain was again appointed to the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer in January 1919 and immediately faced the huge task of restoring Britain's finances after four years of wartime expenditure.
1651:
His estate was valued at probate at £45,044, a relatively modest sum for such a famous public figure. Much of his father's fortune had been lost in a failed attempt by his younger brother Neville to grow
1412:'s western borders. Besides promoting Franco-German reconciliation, Chamberlain's main motive was to create a situation in which Germany could pursue territorial revisionism in Eastern Europe peacefully.
1272:
Citing ill health, Law retired from the leadership of the Conservative branch of the Lloyd George government in the spring of 1921. His seniority and the general dislike of Curzon, his counterpart in the
1606:
We believe in a League system in which the whole world would be ranged against an aggressor. If it is shown that someone is proposing to break the peace, let us bring the whole world opinion against her.
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coalition, disregarding calls for support from Chamberlain. In the country at large, Conservative candidates began to oppose the coalition at by-elections, and discontent spread to the House of Commons.
1437:
would have no Great Power ally to protect them and would be forced to adjust to German demands. Chamberlain believed that they would peacefully hand over the territories claimed by Germany such as the
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in 1903. Austen's appointment was largely a compromise solution to the bitter division of the two Unionist heavyweights, which threatened to split the coalition between supporters of Chamberlain's
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1167:. Chamberlain was resolutely opposed to the dissolution of the Union with Ireland. To the strain then was added the death of his father in July 1914, only a few days after the assassination of
6538:
2495:– argues that Crewe gave Chamberlain key ideas about French security and disarmament policy, the implementation of the Geneva Protocol, the Treaty of Locarno, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
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It would seem that from an early age his father had intended for politics to be Austen's future path, and with that in mind, he was sent first to France, where he studied at the
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It is as Foreign Secretary that Chamberlain's place in history was finally assured. In a difficult period in international relations, Chamberlain faced not only a split in the
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After the second resignation of Law in May 1923 (Law died from throat cancer later that year), Chamberlain was passed over again for the leadership of the party in favour of
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for Ireland. The issue that had prompted his father to leave the Liberal Party in the 1880s now threatened to spill over into outright civil war, with the government of
977:, Chamberlain was returned unopposed on 30 March, and at the first sitting of the new session, he walked up the floor of the house flanked by his father and his uncle,
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succeeded Asquith as prime minister in late 1916, but following inquiries into the failure of the Mesopotamian campaign (undertaken by the separately-administered
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Austen returned to England in 1888, lured largely by the prize of a parliamentary constituency. He was first elected to parliament as a member of his father's own
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1731:. The house was sold in 1929. R.C.G. Foster said, "He kept himself quite aloof from the village and was not popular with his neighbours". He had an interest in
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1699:'s verdict written just after Chamberlain's death: 'He just missed greatness and the highest position, but his was a fine life of honourable public service'.
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and announced modest rearmament. Although Baldwin would forever be condemned for his failure to rearm sufficiently, the Labour Party opposed the White Paper.
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opposition and the threat of an internal party split, Balfour eventually took the Unionists into opposition in December 1905, and in the ensuing rout in the
1226:, Chamberlain resigned his post in 1917; as the minister ultimately responsible, the fault lay with him. He was widely acclaimed for such a principled act.
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Despite the importance to history of other pressing issues, his reputation chiefly rests on his part in the negotiations over what came to be known as the
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that August, Chamberlain was unable to make his maiden speech until April 1893, but, when delivered, it was acclaimed by the four-time prime minister
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Alexander, M.S.; Philpott, W.J. (1998). "The Entente Cordiale and the Next War: Anglo-French Views on Future Military Cooperation, 1928 –1939".
1552:; his opposition to the vote of censure is widely believed to have been instrumental in saving the government from defeat on the floor of the House.
779:, once again serving as Chancellor of the Exchequer. He then served as Conservative Party leader in the Commons (1921–2), before resigning after the
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McKercher, Brian J. C. "A Sane and Sensible Diplomacy: Austen Chamberlain, Japan, and The Naval Balance of Power in the Pacific Ocean, 1924–29."
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of 1925. Seeking to maintain the postwar status quo in the West, Chamberlain responded favourably to the approaches of German Foreign Minister
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McKercher, B. J. C. "Austen Chamberlain and the continental balance of power: Strategy, stability, and the league of nations, 1924–29."
2014:
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In 1906, Chamberlain married Ivy Muriel Dundas (died 1941), daughter of Colonel Henry Dundas. She was created a Dame Grand Cross of the
890:. Chamberlain made his first political address in 1884 at a meeting of the university's Political Society and was vice-president of the
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was purely to "coordinate" policy, not to overrule the British generals, who still enjoyed a good deal of support from Conservatives.
740:. After his father's disabling stroke in 1906, Austen became the leading tariff reformer in the House of Commons. Late in 1911 he and
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disabled father, whom he resembled in appearance (although he was softer and less wiry, both in face and body) and dress (wearing a
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1449:. Promoting territorial revisionism in Eastern Europe in Germany's favour was one of Chamberlain's principal reasons for Locarno.
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of 1895–1905, remaining in the Cabinet as Chancellor of the Exchequer (1903–05) after his father resigned in 1903 to campaign for
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After his less satisfactory engagement in issues in the Far East and Egypt and the resignation of Baldwin's government after the
1468:) to settle all differences between the nations by arbitration, not war. For his services, Chamberlain was not only awarded the
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822:'s appeals for rearmament against the German threat in the 1930s and remained an active backbench MP until his death in 1937.
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1323:(1997–2001), Austen had been the only Conservative overall leader in the history of the party not to become prime minister.
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1285:; it seemed that after ten years of waiting, Austen would again be given the opportunity of succeeding to the premiership.
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Pressure from the Conservative opposition, in part led by Chamberlain, eventually resulted in the formation of the wartime
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940:, Austen developed a suspicion of the growing nationalism in Germany based upon his experience of the lecturing style of
1815:"Chamberlain, Beatrice Mary (1862–1918), educationist and political organizer | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
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between the wars. Once France had abandoned its allies in Eastern Europe as the price of better relations with Germany,
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The Lloyd George coalition was beginning to falter, following numerous scandals and the unsuccessful conclusion of the
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was ill at the time of the incident and Chamberlain had proceeded without receiving the advice of the First Sea Lord.
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chauvinism", the consequences of which he was later to ponder during the First World War and the crises of the 1930s.
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and developed a lasting admiration for the French people and culture. For nine months, he was shown the brilliance of
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Turner, Arthur. "Austen Chamberlain, The Times and the Question of Revision of the Treaty of Versailles in 1933."
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Chamberlain was again briefly considered in 1935 for the post of Foreign Secretary but was passed over once the
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politics at the end of the 19th century. His father and mother, the former Harriet Kenrick had a baby daughter
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The Austen Chamberlain Diary Letters: The Correspondence of Sir Austen Chamberlain with his Sisters Hilda and
2337:
1743:
A collection of archival material related to Austen Chamberlain can be found at the Cadbury Research Library,
1610:
Afterwards Austen Chamberlain fully supported Baldwin and severely criticised Attlee's speech with the words:
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Woodward, David R, "Field Marshal Sir William Robertson", Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998,
1915:
Woodward, David R, "Field Marshal Sir William Robertson", Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998,
1644:
Chamberlain died at the age of 73 in his London home, 24 Egerton Terrace, on 16 March 1937. He is buried in
1044:
retired as prime minister in July 1902, and the following month Chamberlain was promoted to the position of
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was over for being too old for the job. Instead, his advice was sought as to the suitability of his former
1495:, which theoretically outlawed war as an instrument of policy. Chamberlain also said that Italian dictator
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1277:, helped Chamberlain to both succeed Law as Leader of the House of Commons and take over in the office of
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as "one of the best speeches which has been made". That Chamberlain was speaking against Gladstone's own
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Zametica, Jovan. "Sir Austen Chamberlain and the Italo-Yugoslav crisis over Albania February–May 1927."
1933:
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to increase British prestige in the region, thus discouraging a German-inspired Muslim revolt in India.
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Grayson, Richard. "Austen Chamberlain and the Commitment to Europe: British Foreign Policy, 1924–1929"
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Brought up to be the political heir of his father, whom he physically resembled, he was elected to
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in the early 1890s, and unlike Neville, he never went into business to make money for himself.
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1587:, the most prominent voice calling for British rearmament in the face of a growing threat from
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Choose Your Weapons: The British Foreign Secretary; 200 Years of Argument, Success and Failure
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Austen was dominated by his elder sister and was therefore sent away to be educated first at
790:. By now regarded as an elder statesman, he served an important term as Foreign Secretary in
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are the only four Conservative leaders not to lead the party into a general election. Until
933:, an experience that was to hold a special place in his heart for the duration of his life.
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1747:. A separate collection of letters relating to Austen Chamberlain can also be found there.
1723:
During the 1920s, the Chamberlains lived at a house called Twytt's Ghyll in Fir Toll Road,
1623:
In addition to speaking eloquently in Parliament on the matter, he was the chairman of two
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from 1924 to 1929. Chamberlain was largely allowed a free hand by the easy-going Baldwin.
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2036:
Bell, Christopher M. (2005). "The Royal Navy and the Lessons of the Invergordon Mutiny".
1614:
If war breaks out, and we become involved in a struggle and if the Honourable Member for
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1476:. He was the first ordinary Knight Companion of the Garter since Elizabethan times (Sir
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In the wake of the struggle between his father and Balfour, Austen Chamberlain became
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2464:"Sir Austen Chamberlain, the Marquess of Crewe and Anglo-French Relations, 1924–1928"
2203:
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2004:
1962:
1916:
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1720:(GBE) in 1925. The couple had two sons, Joseph and Lawrence, and a daughter, Diane.
1663:
His personal and political papers are housed in the Cadbury Research Library at the
1511:, Chamberlain resigned his position as Foreign Secretary and went into retirement.
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were due to compete for the leadership of the Conservative Party (in succession to
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1985:
The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians
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in October 1925 and signed a mutual agreement (together with representatives from
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2389:
The Unknown Prime Minister: The Life and Times of Andrew Bonar Law, 1858–1923
2057:
1692:
1465:
1320:
1183:
Imperial War Cabinet (1917) Austen is in the second row, fourth from the left
1160:
1117:
926:
756:
737:
378:
271:
2547:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
2456:
2437:
Dutton, David. "Sir Austen Chamberlain and British Foreign Policy 1931–37."
1299:
In the autumn of 1922, Chamberlain faced a backbench revolt, largely led by
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879:
871:
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477:
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1415:
Chamberlain's understanding was that if Franco-German relations improved,
1389:
969:. Owing to the prominence of his father and the alliance between the anti-
9094:
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8407:
8382:
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1080:, Austen found himself one of the few surviving Liberal Unionists in the
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657:
1052:, who also designated this a cabinet position, and appointed him to the
44:
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but soon retired later that year after his actions in regards to the
1316:
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749:
304:
205:
1627:
parliamentary delegations in late 1936 that met with Prime Minister
6143:
5307:
2501:"Austen Chamberlain and Britain's Relations with France, 1924–1929"
2265:
Cornish, Tim (January 2012). "Nobel Peace Prize for Mayfield Man".
1735:. At his death, his estate was valued for probate at £45,044 18/1.
1377:, which threatened to dilute British sovereignty over the issue of
1096:
With the Unionists in disarray after electoral defeats at both the
4201:
2639:
1684:
1461:
1457:
1222:) in 1915, including the loss of the British garrison during the
945:
929:. Among others, Austen met and dined with the "Iron Chancellor",
3746:
1708:
under men – Law and Baldwin – whom he regarded as his juniors.
1688:
921:
786:
Like many leading coalitionists, he did not hold office in the
573:
2611:
The Life and Letters of the Right Hon. Sir Austen Chamberlain
2444:
Edwards, Peter. "The Austen Chamberlain-Mussolini Meetings."
1653:
1155:, Chamberlain was concerned with one issue above all others:
902:
843:
1237:
Later, he returned to government and became a member of the
2577:
Tomes, Jason H. "Austen Chamberlain and the Kellogg Pact."
878:. While at Trinity College, he became a lifelong friend of
3954:
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
2242:
2240:
1594:
However, in 1935, Stanley Baldwin's government produced a
1303:, designed to oust Lloyd George, and when he summoned the
5647:
2992:
George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
2824:
Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry
1456:
of France, Chamberlain and Stresemann met at the town of
767:, but resigned to take responsibility for the disastrous
419:
Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry
2237:
1171:, which began the train of events that led to the war.
874:"to release him from her thrall", before passing on to
9221:
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
3142:
1514:
Chamberlain briefly returned to government in 1931 as
9266:
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies
9261:
Leaders of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
2281:"D J Dutton, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
1881:"Mr Balfour's Ministry – full list of appointments".
6360:
European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance
5878:
Organisations associated with the Conservative Party
4280:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
2195:
1987:
edited by Gordon Martel (Routledge: 1999) pp. 48–49.
1491:
Chamberlain also secured Britain's accession to the
8007:
4683:
2565:
2258:
2000:
Guernica: The Biography of a Twentieth-century Icon
1996:
1885:. No. 36842. London. 9 August 1902. p. 5.
9276:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
9211:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom
2662:"Archival material relating to Austen Chamberlain"
2406:
1813:
752:rather than risk a party split on a close result.
6049:Conservative National Property Advisory Committee
4328:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
2645:contributions in Parliament by Austen Chamberlain
2365:
1979:
1977:
1975:
9191:British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs
9167:
8568:
6506:
732:at a by-election in 1892. He held office in the
693:(16 October 1863 – 16 March 1937) was a British
2108:
1036:, holding that post until 1900, when he became
4462:
2534:
2408:"Chamberlain, Sir (Joseph) Austen (1863–1937)"
2359:
1972:
1499:was "a man with whom business could be done".
818:in 1931. He was one of the few MPs supporting
8554:
7993:
7408:
6492:
4669:
4448:
3918:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
3651:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
3128:
2535:Locker-Lampson, Oliver Stillingfleet (1922).
1191:, in 1915. Chamberlain joined the cabinet as
5859:
2417:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2202:. University of Chicago Press. p. 252.
2199:Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century
1983:Stephen Schuker, "The End of Versailles" in
1824:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1782:"History of Sir Austen Chamberlain – GOV.UK"
1340:With Stresemann (left) and Briand at Locarno
838:, then a rising industrialist and political
6403:European Conservatives and Reformists Group
6343:European Conservatives and Reformists Party
6059:Conservative Science & Technology Forum
2608:
1281:. He was succeeded at the Exchequer by Sir
886:and, after 1909, a prominent member of the
8561:
8547:
8000:
7986:
7415:
7401:
6499:
6485:
6084:Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists
4676:
4662:
4455:
4441:
3135:
3121:
3046:Bolton Eyres-Monsell, 1st Viscount Monsell
2670:
2653:
1563:, now Minister for the League of Nations,
367:Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe
43:
9366:Postmasters general of the United Kingdom
7431:Foreign Secretaries of the United Kingdom
5799:Directly elected city mayoral authorities
4206:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2457:https://doi.org/10.1080/09592290600943304
2398:Austen Chamberlain: Gentleman in Politics
2003:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 92.
1862:
1575:From 1934 to 1937, Chamberlain was, with
1151:In the last years before the outbreak of
1108:Chamberlain was opposed by Canadian-born
909:, and he met and dined with the likes of
783:voted to end the Lloyd George Coalition.
701:and older half-brother of Prime Minister
237:9 October 1903 – 4 December 1905
72:24 August 1931 – 5 November 1931
9216:Chancellors of the University of Reading
7382:Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, as
5480:
4737:History of conservatism in Great Britain
3721:International Committee of the Red Cross
3553:International Committee of the Red Cross
3510:Nansen International Office for Refugees
3316:International Committee of the Red Cross
2983:Leader of the British Conservative Party
2627:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1895:
1864:"Chamberlain, Joseph Austen (CHMN882JA)"
1472:but also made a Knight Companion of the
1388:
1335:
1178:
1139:
1008:
802:(1925), aimed at preventing war between
398:11 August 1902 – 9 October 1903
5437:Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party
4070:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
3095:Chancellor of the University of Reading
2498:
2461:
2414:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2264:
2255:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1821:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1703:dress – he not only wore a monocle and
1570:
1373:but also the controversy over the 1924
1091:
956:
846:of Birmingham and a dominant figure in
284:10 January 1919 – 1 April 1921
183:1 April 1921 – 23 October 1922
9256:Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
9168:
7438:Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
6104:Conservatives for International Travel
5956:Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation
2404:
2395:
2070:
2064:
127:3 November 1924 – 4 June 1929
8542:
7981:
7954:Category:British Secretaries of State
7396:
6480:
6320:
6252:
6079:Conservative Women National Committee
5858:
5666:
5479:
4842:
4697:
4657:
4436:
3116:
2386:
2113:. Woodland Publications. p. 288.
1811:
1356:, serving in the important office of
1048:by the new premier, the Conservative
834:, the second child and eldest son of
455:14 July 1914 – 16 March 1937
9291:Rectors of the University of Glasgow
9246:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
9186:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
7908:Commonwealth and Development Affairs
2618:
2035:
2029:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1486:871st Knight Companion of the Garter
1480:) to die without having been made a
1396:portrait by Georges Chevalier, 1930.
1326:
1195:. Like other politicians, including
1144:Sir Austen Chamberlain, 1908–12, by
899:Paris Institute of Political Studies
502:30 March 1892 – 7 July 1914
6321:
5991:Conservative Friends of the Chinese
5695:Treasurer of the Conservative Party
5667:
3068:Rector of the University of Glasgow
3061:F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead
2804:Financial Secretary to the Treasury
1169:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
1038:Financial Secretary to the Treasury
1004:
337:25 May 1915 – 17 July 1917
13:
6427:Ulster Conservatives and Unionists
5966:Conservative Co-operative Movement
5690:Conservative Campaign Headquarters
4306:Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
4172:International Atomic Energy Agency
3585:American Friends Service Committee
2958:Conservative Leader in the Commons
2602:
2538:"Chamberlain, Joseph Austen"
2368:Intelligence and National Security
2293:from the original on 25 April 2016
2267:Mayfield and Five Ashes Newsletter
1174:
1135:
814:. Chamberlain last held office as
788:Conservative governments of 1922–4
755:Chamberlain returned to office in
748:), but both withdrew in favour of
14:
9387:
9371:People from Mayfield, East Sussex
9201:Burials at East Finchley Cemetery
6094:Conservatives Against Fox Hunting
6024:Conservative Humanist Association
6009:Conservative Friends of Palestine
5995:Conservative Friends of Gibraltar
5961:Conservative Christian Fellowship
5915:Association of Conservative Clubs
5895:Conservative Women's Organisation
4732:History of the Conservative Party
3787:International Labour Organization
2632:
2609:Petrie, Sir Charles (1939–1940).
1934:"Chamberlain out of India Office"
1836:from the original on 20 June 2019
1800:
965:in 1892, sitting for the seat of
771:. He again returned to office in
8657:
8594:William Juxon, Bishop of Lincoln
7960:
7949:
7948:
7783:
7424:
6461:
6451:
6054:Conservative Rural Affairs Group
5838:Conservative Party Review (2016)
5741:Conservative Chief Whip's Office
5720:National Conservative Convention
5704:Conservative Research Department
2682:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2573:. London: Lovat Dickson Limited.
2391:. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.
1788:from the original on 16 May 2015
1711:
1425:, the French alliance system in
1311:Austen and Neville Chamberlain,
671:
9286:People educated at Rugby School
8009:Leaders of the House of Commons
7906:Secretary of State for Foreign,
6304:Society of Conservative Lawyers
6253:
5986:Conservative Friends of America
4686:Conservative and Unionist Party
3986:Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
3199:Institut de Droit International
2405:Dutton, D. J. (January 2011) .
2330:
2305:
2273:
2249:
2228:
2216:from the original on 4 May 2016
2189:
2153:
2117:
2102:
2089:
2071:Ereira, Alan (5 October 2015).
2017:from the original on 8 May 2016
1990:
1905:. 12 August 1902. p. 5174.
1561:Parliamentary Private Secretary
1384:
951:
920:From Paris, Austen was sent to
867:in the year of Austen's death.
830:Austen Chamberlain was born in
810:, for which he was awarded the
607:
9196:Secretaries of State for India
7793:Secretary of State for Foreign
6044:Conservative Education Society
6014:Conservative Friends of Turkey
6004:Conservative Friends of Israel
5971:Conservative Countryside Forum
5775:Northern Ireland Conservatives
4843:
2462:Johnson, Gaynor (March 2011).
2109:Holroyd-Doveton, John (2013).
1955:
1926:
1909:
1889:
1874:
1856:
1774:
1670:
1542:
1502:
1331:
1163:committed to the passage of a
734:Unionist coalition governments
171:Leader of the House of Commons
16:British politician (1863–1937)
1:
6390:European People's Party Group
5999:Conservative Friends of India
5976:Conservative Disability Group
5759:Conservative Party Conference
3725:League of Red Cross Societies
3251:Paul Estournelles de Constant
2619:Self, Robert C., ed. (1995).
2196:Alfred F. Havighurst (1985).
1767:
1537:
1267:
1256:Following the victory of the
825:
798:(1924–29). He negotiated the
686:Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain
9241:First Lords of the Admiralty
8570:First Lords of the Admiralty
6508:Chancellors of the Exchequer
6415:Movement for European Reform
6349:International Democrat Union
6134:Margaret Thatcher Foundation
6069:Conservative Transport Group
6064:Conservative Trade Unionists
2885:Secretary of State for India
2483:10.1080/13619462.2011.546100
2471:Contemporary British History
2431:UK public library membership
1997:Gijs Van Hensbergen (2005).
1850:UK public library membership
1419:would gradually abandon the
1230:aim of the new inter-Allied
1210:Chamberlain remained at the
1203:, Chamberlain supported the
1193:Secretary of State for India
1032:, Chamberlain was appointed
765:Secretary of State for India
325:Secretary of State for India
7:
9281:Nobel Peace Prize laureates
9045:The Viscount Lee of Fareham
8051:Vacant (caretaker ministry)
6421:Alliance for an Open Europe
6397:European Conservative Group
5981:Conservative European Forum
4787:General election manifestos
4698:
3036:First Lord of the Admiralty
2912:Chancellor of the Exchequer
2858:Chancellor of the Exchequer
2777:Civil Lord of the Admiralty
2613:. London: Cassell & Co.
2560:Canadian Journal of History
2541:. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
2453:Diplomacy & Statecraft
2360:Sources and further reading
2111:Maxim Litvinov: A Biography
2099:, Phoenix (2010), pp. 284–5
1868:A Cambridge Alumni Database
1750:
1738:
1718:Order of the British Empire
1516:First Lord of the Admiralty
1408:for a British guarantee of
1061:Chancellor of the Exchequer
1034:Civil Lord of the Admiralty
1013:Chamberlain caricatured by
816:First Lord of the Admiralty
711:Chancellor of the Exchequer
225:Chancellor of the Exchequer
60:First Lord of the Admiralty
10:
9392:
8915:The Duke of Northumberland
8599:The Earl of Northumberland
6380:Conservative–DUP agreement
6019:Conservative History Group
5946:Blue Collar Conservativism
4716:Conservative Party Archive
4399:Center for Civil Liberties
3259:International Peace Bureau
2586:European History Quarterly
2508:Diplomacy & Statecraft
2075:. Routledge. p. 113.
1870:. University of Cambridge.
1251:Secretary of State for War
1243:Minister without Portfolio
876:Trinity College, Cambridge
654:Trinity College, Cambridge
8812:
8666:
8655:
8576:
8015:
7943:
7905:
7792:
7781:
7437:
7377:
6978:
6782:
6514:
6468:United Kingdom portal
6448:
6368:
6338:List of current alliances
6331:
6327:
6316:
6284:Centre for Social Justice
6279:Centre for Policy Studies
6259:
6248:
6207:
6194:Young Britons' Foundation
6039:Conservative Muslim Forum
5923:
5887:
5869:
5865:
5854:
5830:
5822:Conservative Associations
5814:
5798:
5767:
5751:
5728:
5712:
5677:
5673:
5662:
5486:
5475:
5429:
5122:
5017:
4920:
4853:
4849:
4838:
4802:Irish Conservative Party
4772:Unionist Free Food League
4724:
4708:
4704:
4693:
4581:
4565:
4540:
4515:
4491:
4472:
4111:
3860:
3617:
3394:
3154:
3101:
3092:
3084:
3074:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3042:
3033:
3025:
3015:
3006:
2998:
2980:
2964:
2955:
2945:
2936:
2928:
2918:
2909:
2901:
2891:
2882:
2874:
2864:
2855:
2847:
2837:
2828:
2820:
2810:
2801:
2793:
2783:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2732:
2724:
2718:Frederick Leverton Harris
2714:
2695:
2687:
2680:
2571:The Chamberlain Tradition
2520:10.1080/09592290600943304
2380:10.1080/02684529808432463
2338:"UoB CALMVIEW2: Overview"
2313:"UoB CALMVIEW2: Overview"
2050:10.1191/0968344505wh312oa
1923:, pp 113, 118–9
1352:following success in the
986:dissolution of parliament
715:Conservative Party leader
679:
667:
647:
637:
625:
617:
594:
580:
563:
544:Joseph Austen Chamberlain
539:
534:
530:
518:
506:
495:
483:
471:
459:
448:
436:
424:
412:
402:
391:
384:
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113:
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76:
65:
58:
54:
42:
23:
8900:The Earl of Ellenborough
7795:and Commonwealth Affairs
6375:List of former alliances
6164:One Nation Conservatives
6074:Conservative Way Forward
5860:Associated organisations
5685:Conservative Party Board
4094:Médecins Sans Frontières
2553:Diplomacy and Statecraft
2499:Johnson, Gaynor (2006).
2439:Diplomacy and Statecraft
1812:Marsh, Peter T. (2013).
1745:University of Birmingham
1665:University of Birmingham
1635:
1354:election of October 1924
1065:Imperial Tariff campaign
713:(twice) and was briefly
9231:British Nobel laureates
9226:English Nobel laureates
9065:The Viscount Chelmsford
8699:The Viscount Torrington
8644:The Earl of Bridgewater
6458:Conservatism portal
6386:European People's Party
6353:European Democrat Union
6159:Northern Research Group
6124:European Research Group
6029:Conservative Mainstream
5790:Gibraltar Conservatives
4812:Scottish Unionist Party
4482:Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
3581:Friends Service Council
2544:Encyclopædia Britannica
2246:Dutton 2004, pp. 906–24
1830:10.1093/ref:odnb/101358
1205:invasion of Mesopotamia
994:William Ewart Gladstone
942:Heinrich von Treitschke
882:, a future advocate of
260:Charles Thomson Ritchie
9376:Lords of the Admiralty
9080:Sir Austen Chamberlain
9070:The Viscount Bridgeman
8970:The Earl of Northbrook
8940:Sir John Pakington, Bt
8930:Sir John Pakington, Bt
8910:Sir Francis Baring, Bt
8895:The Earl of Haddington
8820:The Earl of St Vincent
8734:The Earl of Winchilsea
8709:The Earl of Winchilsea
8619:The Earl of Torrington
8614:The Earl of Nottingham
6089:Conservatives 4 Cities
5780:Scottish Conservatives
4822:National Liberal Party
4797:Liberal Unionist Party
4587:Nobel Prize recipients
4567:Physiology or Medicine
3978:UN Peacekeeping Forces
3827: (declined award)
3736:Martin Luther King Jr.
2797:Robert William Hanbury
2650:Sir Austen Chamberlain
2446:The Historical Journal
2423:10.1093/ref:odnb/32351
2396:Dutton, David (1985).
2387:Blake, Robert (1955).
2177:Cite journal requires
2141:Cite journal requires
2073:The Invergordon Mutiny
1646:East Finchley Cemetery
1621:
1608:
1397:
1371:occupation of the Ruhr
1341:
1258:Lloyd George coalition
1184:
1148:
1024:
973:Liberal Unionists and
963:Liberal Unionist Party
925:in the capital of the
709:(MP) for 45 years, as
30:Sir Austen Chamberlain
9251:Knights of the Garter
9140:The Viscount Hailsham
8980:The Marquess of Ripon
8865:The Viscount Melville
8855:The Viscount Melville
8825:The Viscount Melville
8813:of the United Kingdom
8684:The Earl of Strafford
8634:The Viscount Falkland
7966:Portal:United Kingdom
6524:Eustace of Fauconberg
6431:Ulster Unionist Party
6184:Tory Green Initiative
6099:Conservatives at Work
4817:National Party (1917)
4250:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
3930:Alfonso García Robles
3910:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
3882:Amnesty International
3494:Carlos Saavedra Lamas
2562:21.2 (1986): 187–214.
2555:14.2 (2003): 207–236.
2477:(25#1): 49 –64.
2448:14.1 (1971): 153–164.
2441:16.2 (2005): 281–295.
2400:. Bolton: R.Anderson.
1691:in his lapel). Until
1612:
1604:
1392:
1339:
1262:1918 general election
1182:
1143:
1072:. Facing a resurgent
1012:
998:Second Home Rule Bill
990:1892 general election
9090:Sir Samuel Hoare, Bt
9085:The Viscount Monsell
9000:The Earl of Selborne
8985:Lord George Hamilton
8975:Lord George Hamilton
8935:The Duke of Somerset
8925:Sir Charles Wood, Bt
8920:Sir James Graham, Bt
8905:The Earl of Auckland
8870:Sir James Graham, Bt
8860:The Duke of Clarence
8850:Charles Philip Yorke
8774:The Earl of Sandwich
8764:Sir Charles Saunders
8754:The Earl of Sandwich
8719:The Earl of Sandwich
8694:The Earl of Berkeley
8649:The Earl of Pembroke
8624:The Earl of Pembroke
8584:The Earl of Portland
6169:Popular Conservatism
6114:COVID Recovery Group
5905:Conservatives Abroad
5806:London Conservatives
5481:Leadership elections
4807:Irish Unionist Party
4782:Carlton Club meeting
4767:Tariff Reform League
4365:World Food Programme
3105:Sir Samuel Hoare, Bt
3088:James Herbert Benyon
2814:William Hayes Fisher
2735:Member of Parliament
2698:Member of Parliament
2666:UK National Archives
2595:36 (2005): 203–235.
2234:Blake 1955, pp. 72–3
2164:. 11 March 1935: 77.
2128:. 11 March 1935: 40.
1571:Calls for rearmament
1381:economic sanctions.
1305:Carlton Club meeting
1189:coalition government
1165:Third Home Rule Bill
1146:Henry Walter Barnett
1092:Leadership questions
957:Member of Parliament
938:University of Berlin
936:While attending the
888:Round Table movement
856:Beatrice Chamberlain
781:Carlton Club meeting
777:coalition government
761:coalition government
707:Member of Parliament
662:University of Berlin
485:Member of Parliament
438:Member of Parliament
108:Bolton Eyres-Monsell
26:The Right Honourable
9150:The Lord Carrington
9145:The Earl of Selkirk
9010:The Lord Tweedmouth
8965:William Henry Smith
8799:The Earl of Chatham
8789:The Viscount Keppel
8779:The Viscount Keppel
8744:The Earl of Halifax
8714:The Duke of Bedford
8629:The Lord Cornwallis
8604:The Lord Cottington
8589:The Earl of Lindsey
6289:European Foundation
6174:Renewing One Nation
6119:European Foundation
6034:Conservative Health
5941:The Atlantic Bridge
5910:LGBT+ Conservatives
5900:Young Conservatives
5785:Welsh Conservatives
5619:July–September 2022
5519:Thatcher re-elected
4556:Gustav Ludwig Hertz
4506:George Bernard Shaw
4046:Pugwash Conferences
2973:(as overall leader)
2702:East Worcestershire
2588:18.1 (1988): 51–70.
2567:Petrie, Sir Charles
2342:calmview.bham.ac.uk
2317:calmview.bham.ac.uk
1524:National Government
1493:Kellogg-Briand Pact
1474:Order of the Garter
1447:Free City of Danzig
1232:Supreme War Council
1116:and Irish Unionist
967:East Worcestershire
884:Imperial Federation
703:Neville Chamberlain
490:East Worcestershire
49:Chamberlain in 1931
9296:Sciences Po alumni
9236:English Unitarians
9206:Chamberlain family
9135:Viscount Cilcennin
8759:The Earl of Egmont
8689:The Earl of Orford
8674:The Earl of Orford
8639:The Earl of Orford
8263:Campbell-Bannerman
7384:Lord Chief Justice
6409:European Democrats
5951:Common Sense Group
4752:Tamworth Manifesto
4525:Austen Chamberlain
4317:Juan Manuel Santos
3643:George C. Marshall
3486:Carl von Ossietzky
3381:Austen Chamberlain
3247:A. M. F. Beernaert
3215:Theodore Roosevelt
3207:Bertha von Suttner
2831:Postmaster General
2762:Political offices
2728:Joseph Chamberlain
2652:on Nobelprize.org
2581:18.1 (1989): 1–27.
1941:The New York Times
1902:The London Gazette
1763:(30 November 1925)
1757:List of covers of
1528:Invergordon Mutiny
1398:
1342:
1216:David Lloyd George
1185:
1149:
1046:Postmaster General
1025:
911:Georges Clemenceau
836:Joseph Chamberlain
773:David Lloyd George
717:before serving as
699:Joseph Chamberlain
630:Joseph Chamberlain
466:Joseph Chamberlain
386:Postmaster General
353:David Lloyd George
294:David Lloyd George
194:David Lloyd George
9163:
9162:
9155:The Earl Jellicoe
9125:The Viscount Hall
9105:Winston Churchill
9100:The Earl Stanhope
9030:Sir Edward Carson
9020:Winston Churchill
8945:Henry Lowry-Corry
8890:The Earl of Minto
8885:The Lord Auckland
8875:The Lord Auckland
8845:The Lord Mulgrave
8794:The Viscount Howe
8784:The Viscount Howe
8704:Sir Charles Wager
8536:
8535:
7975:
7974:
7390:
7389:
6474:
6473:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6312:
6311:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6189:Tory Reform Group
6109:Cornerstone Group
5850:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5658:
5657:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5466:
4954:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4742:Electoral history
4651:
4650:
4430:
4429:
4291:Kailash Satyarthi
4176:Mohamed ElBaradei
3994:Mikhail Gorbachev
3689:Philip Noel-Baker
3673:Lester B. Pearson
3635:Albert Schweitzer
3416:Ferdinand Buisson
3408:Gustav Stresemann
3287:Henri La Fontaine
3148:Nobel Peace Prize
3111:
3110:
3102:Succeeded by
3075:Succeeded by
3053:Academic offices
3043:Succeeded by
3016:Succeeded by
3009:Foreign Secretary
2965:Succeeded by
2949:Lord Robert Cecil
2946:Succeeded by
2919:Succeeded by
2892:Succeeded by
2865:Succeeded by
2838:Succeeded by
2811:Succeeded by
2784:Succeeded by
2752:Succeeded by
2715:Succeeded by
2514:(17#4): 753–769.
2429:(Subscription or
2269:. pp. 16–17.
2082:978-1-317-40313-5
1848:(Subscription or
1577:Winston Churchill
1470:Nobel Peace Prize
1406:Gustav Stresemann
1379:League of Nations
1358:Foreign Secretary
1327:Foreign Secretary
1313:Iain Duncan Smith
1249:, who had become
1241:in April 1918 as
931:Otto von Bismarck
820:Winston Churchill
812:Nobel Peace Prize
796:second government
719:Foreign Secretary
705:. He served as a
683:
682:
600:Ivy Muriel Dundas
115:Foreign Secretary
9383:
9361:UK MPs 1935–1945
9356:UK MPs 1931–1935
9351:UK MPs 1929–1931
9346:UK MPs 1924–1929
9341:UK MPs 1923–1924
9336:UK MPs 1922–1923
9331:UK MPs 1918–1922
9326:UK MPs 1910–1918
9316:UK MPs 1906–1910
9311:UK MPs 1900–1906
9306:UK MPs 1895–1900
9301:UK MPs 1892–1895
9271:Lords Privy Seal
9015:Reginald McKenna
8990:The Earl Spencer
8960:George Ward Hunt
8880:The Earl de Grey
8840:Thomas Grenville
8804:The Earl Spencer
8769:Sir Edward Hawke
8749:George Grenville
8667:of Great Britain
8661:
8660:
8609:Sir Henry Capell
8563:
8556:
8549:
8540:
8539:
8118:Pitt the Younger
8108:Pitt the Younger
8002:
7995:
7988:
7979:
7978:
7964:
7952:
7951:
7787:
7429:
7428:
7417:
7410:
7403:
7394:
7393:
6784:of Great Britain
6501:
6494:
6487:
6478:
6477:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6329:
6328:
6318:
6317:
6250:
6249:
5924:Factional groups
5888:Sectional groups
5867:
5866:
5856:
5855:
5675:
5674:
5664:
5663:
5541:Major re-elected
5477:
5476:
5126:
5125:Chairmen (1911–)
5021:
4970:
4955:
4949:
4924:
4923:House of Commons
4857:
4851:
4850:
4840:
4839:
4777:Coalition Coupon
4706:
4705:
4695:
4694:
4687:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4589:
4531:Charles G. Dawes
4527:(United Kingdom)
4508:(United Kingdom)
4457:
4450:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4423:
4412:
4410:Narges Mohammadi
4401:
4382:
4367:
4356:
4345:
4330:
4319:
4308:
4297:
4295:Malala Yousafzai
4282:
4271:
4260:
4241:
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4217:Martti Ahtisaari
4208:
4193:
4178:
4163:
4152:
4141:
4130:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4062:José Ramos-Horta
4052:
4040:
4024:
4012:
4010:Rigoberta Menchú
4004:
4002:Aung San Suu Kyi
3996:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
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3904:
3896:
3884:
3876:
3874:Mairead Corrigan
3853:
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3833:
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3800:
3789:
3778:
3767:
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3758:
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3749:
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3707:
3705:Dag Hammarskjöld
3699:
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3533:
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3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3478:Arthur Henderson
3472:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3445:
3443:Nathan Söderblom
3437:
3435:Frank B. Kellogg
3429:
3428:
3422:
3410:
3387:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3353:
3347:Hjalmar Branting
3341:
3333:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3310:
3309:
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3289:
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3273:
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3253:
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3229:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3173:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3085:Preceded by
3058:Preceded by
3026:Preceded by
3019:Arthur Henderson
3002:Ramsay MacDonald
2999:Preceded by
2929:Preceded by
2922:Sir Robert Horne
2902:Preceded by
2875:Preceded by
2848:Preceded by
2821:Preceded by
2794:Preceded by
2770:Edmund Robertson
2767:Preceded by
2725:Preceded by
2688:Preceded by
2678:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2657:
2628:
2614:
2574:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2505:
2494:
2468:
2434:
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2221:
2193:
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2144:
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2100:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1970:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1817:
1809:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1778:
1761:magazine (1920s)
1557:Abyssinia Crisis
1550:Hoare-Laval Pact
1520:Ramsay MacDonald
1509:election of 1929
1497:Benito Mussolini
1422:cordon sanitaire
1366:entente cordiale
1082:House of Commons
1078:election of 1906
1030:election of 1895
1005:Political office
800:Locarno Treaties
763:in May 1915, as
730:Liberal Unionist
692:
675:
611:
609:
585:Liberal Unionist
570:
553:
551:
535:Personal details
521:
509:
500:
474:
462:
453:
427:
415:
405:
396:
375:
363:
344:
335:
313:
301:
291:
282:
268:
256:
244:
235:
214:
202:
190:
181:
160:Arthur Henderson
156:
149:Ramsay MacDonald
146:
134:
125:
103:
91:
83:Ramsay MacDonald
79:
70:
47:
37:
21:
20:
9391:
9390:
9386:
9385:
9384:
9382:
9381:
9380:
9166:
9165:
9164:
9159:
9120:A. V. Alexander
9115:Brendan Bracken
9110:A. V. Alexander
9075:A. V. Alexander
9035:Sir Eric Geddes
9005:The Earl Cawdor
8835:Viscount Howick
8830:The Lord Barham
8808:
8729:The Earl Temple
8662:
8658:
8653:
8572:
8567:
8537:
8532:
8011:
8006:
7976:
7971:
7939:
7907:
7901:
7794:
7788:
7779:
7433:
7423:
7421:
7391:
7386:
7373:
7264:Heathcoat-Amory
6981:
6974:
6778:
6510:
6505:
6475:
6470:
6462:
6460:
6452:
6450:
6436:
6423:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6382:
6376:
6364:
6356:
6345:
6339:
6323:
6322:Party alliances
6308:
6299:Policy Exchange
6255:
6236:
6203:
6154:No Turning Back
5919:
5883:
5861:
5842:
5826:
5810:
5794:
5763:
5747:
5724:
5708:
5669:
5668:Party structure
5654:
5482:
5463:
5425:
5124:
5118:
5020:Leaders (1922–)
5019:
5013:
4958:
4948:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4826:
4762:Primrose League
4720:
4700:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4652:
4647:
4585:
4577:
4561:
4536:
4533:(United States)
4511:
4487:
4468:
4461:
4431:
4426:
4421:to be announced
4415:
4404:
4391:Ales Bialiatski
4385:
4370:
4359:
4348:
4333:
4322:
4311:
4300:
4285:
4274:
4263:
4258:Tawakkol Karman
4244:
4233:
4222:
4211:
4196:
4181:
4166:
4161:Wangari Maathai
4155:
4144:
4133:
4118:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4079:
4067:
4055:
4043:
4027:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3887:
3879:
3867:
3856:
3851:Andrei Sakharov
3848:
3836:
3831:Henry Kissinger
3821:
3815:
3814:
3803:
3792:
3781:
3770:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3752:
3741:
3730:
3718:
3710:
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3686:
3678:
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3664:
3663:
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3597:
3591:
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3529:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3455:Nicholas Butler
3448:
3440:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3413:
3404:Aristide Briand
3401:
3390:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3359:Fridtjof Nansen
3356:
3351:Christian Lange
3344:
3336:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3264:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3176:
3161:
3150:
3141:
3107:
3098:
3090:
3080:
3078:Stanley Baldwin
3071:
3063:
3048:
3039:
3031:
3029:A. V. Alexander
3021:
3012:
3004:
2988:
2986:
2976:
2970:
2961:
2951:
2942:
2939:Lord Privy Seal
2934:
2924:
2915:
2907:
2897:
2888:
2880:
2870:
2861:
2853:
2851:Charles Ritchie
2843:
2834:
2826:
2816:
2807:
2799:
2789:
2780:
2772:
2757:
2742:
2739:Birmingham West
2730:
2720:
2705:
2693:
2691:George Hastings
2660:
2635:
2605:
2603:Primary sources
2503:
2466:
2428:
2362:
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2250:
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2176:
2167:
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2159:
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2123:
2122:
2118:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2069:
2065:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1914:
1910:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1839:
1837:
1810:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1753:
1741:
1714:
1673:
1638:
1629:Stanley Baldwin
1573:
1545:
1540:
1532:Frederick Field
1505:
1454:Aristide Briand
1443:Polish Corridor
1387:
1375:Geneva Protocol
1350:second ministry
1346:Stanley Baldwin
1334:
1329:
1301:Stanley Baldwin
1290:Anglo-Irish War
1279:Lord Privy Seal
1270:
1177:
1175:First World War
1138:
1136:Irish Home Rule
1094:
1007:
959:
954:
915:Alexandre Ribot
892:Cambridge Union
863:, would become
828:
792:Stanley Baldwin
688:
660:
656:
633:Harriet Kenrick
632:
613:
610: 1906)
605:
601:
587:
581:Political party
572:
568:
555:
554:16 October 1863
549:
547:
546:
545:
525:Leverton Harris
519:
513:George Hastings
507:
501:
496:
487:
472:
460:
454:
449:
443:Birmingham West
440:
425:
413:
403:
397:
392:
373:
361:
356:
342:
336:
331:
311:
299:
289:
283:
278:
266:
254:
242:
236:
231:
212:
200:
188:
182:
177:
169:
167:Lord Privy Seal
154:
144:
138:Stanley Baldwin
132:
126:
121:
101:
95:A. V. Alexander
89:
77:
71:
66:
50:
38:
33:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9389:
9379:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
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9263:
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9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
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9218:
9213:
9208:
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9183:
9178:
9161:
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9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
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9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9025:Arthur Balfour
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8995:George Goschen
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8955:George Goschen
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8816:
8814:
8810:
8809:
8807:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8739:The Lord Anson
8736:
8731:
8726:
8724:The Lord Anson
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8679:Sir John Leake
8676:
8670:
8668:
8664:
8663:
8656:
8654:
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8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
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8455:
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8425:
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8410:
8405:
8403:St John-Stevas
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8313:N. Chamberlain
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8278:A. Chamberlain
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
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8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8057:Pitt the Elder
8054:
8047:
8045:Pitt the Elder
8042:
8037:
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8027:
8022:
8016:
8013:
8012:
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7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7214:N. Chamberlain
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7194:N. Chamberlain
7191:
7186:
7181:
7179:A. Chamberlain
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7154:A. Chamberlain
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
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7111:
7106:
7101:
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6986:
6984:
6982:United Kingdom
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5809:
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5792:
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5771:
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5764:
5762:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5736:1922 Committee
5732:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
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5472:
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5329:
5324:
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5300:
5295:
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5235:
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5215:
5210:
5205:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5154:N. Chamberlain
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5134:Steel-Maitland
5130:
5128:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5039:N. Chamberlain
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5009:A. Chamberlain
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4956:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4856:House of Lords
4847:
4846:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4827:
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4814:
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4702:
4701:
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4605:
4600:
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4502:
4500:
4489:
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4485:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4437:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4413:
4402:
4383:
4380:Dmitry Muratov
4368:
4357:
4346:
4331:
4320:
4309:
4298:
4283:
4272:
4269:European Union
4261:
4242:
4231:
4220:
4209:
4194:
4191:Muhammad Yunus
4179:
4164:
4153:
4142:
4131:
4124:United Nations
4115:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4077:
4065:
4053:
4050:Joseph Rotblat
4041:
4025:
4022:F. W. de Klerk
4018:Nelson Mandela
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3894:Menachem Begin
3885:
3877:
3870:Betty Williams
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3834:
3819:
3812:
3801:
3798:Norman Borlaug
3790:
3779:
3768:
3759:
3750:
3739:
3728:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3697:Albert Luthuli
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
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3611:
3603:
3595:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
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3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
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3473:
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3458:
3446:
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3423:
3411:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3354:
3342:
3339:Léon Bourgeois
3334:
3331:Woodrow Wilson
3326:
3319:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
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6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5857:
5853:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:Parliamentary
5727:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5665:
5661:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5478:
5474:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4837:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:Organisations
4707:
4703:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4339:Denis Mukwege
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4254:Leymah Gbowee
4251:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4086:David Trimble
4083:
4078:
4075:
4074:Jody Williams
4071:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4038:Yasser Arafat
4035:
4034:Yitzhak Rabin
4031:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3903:
3902:Mother Teresa
3898:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3839:Seán MacBride
3835:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3713:Linus Pauling
3709:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3600:John Boyd Orr
3596:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3470:Norman Angell
3466:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3420:Ludwig Quidde
3417:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3385:Charles Dawes
3382:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3239:Fredrik Bajer
3236:
3231:
3228:
3227:Louis Renault
3224:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3191:Randal Cremer
3187:
3184:
3183:Charles Gobat
3180:
3179:Élie Ducommun
3175:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2895:Edwin Montagu
2887:
2886:
2879:
2878:Earl of Crewe
2873:
2869:
2868:H. H. Asquith
2860:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
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2554:
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2546:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2492:
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2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2458:
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2440:
2436:
2432:
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2416:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
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2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2209:9780226319704
2205:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2171:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2135:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2016:
2012:
2010:9780747568735
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:0-275-95422-6
1964:
1958:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1921:0-275-95422-6
1918:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1712:Personal life
1709:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1693:William Hague
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1484:. He was the
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1324:
1322:
1321:William Hague
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1201:George Curzon
1198:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:H. H. Asquith
1158:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:Edward Carson
1115:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1102:December 1910
1099:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1054:Privy Council
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
987:
984:Owing to the
982:
980:
976:
975:Conservatives
972:
968:
964:
949:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
927:German Empire
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:H. H. Asquith
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:Tariff Reform
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
687:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:
659:
655:
652:
650:
646:
643:
640:
636:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
575:
567:16 March 1937
566:
562:
558:
542:
538:
533:
529:
526:
523:
517:
514:
511:
505:
499:
494:
491:
486:
482:
479:
476:
470:
467:
464:
458:
452:
447:
444:
439:
435:
432:
429:
423:
420:
417:
411:
407:
401:
395:
390:
387:
383:
380:
379:Edwin Montagu
377:
371:
368:
365:
359:
352:
350:H. H. Asquith
349:
348:
346:
340:
334:
329:
326:
322:
319:
315:
309:
306:
303:
297:
293:
287:
281:
276:
273:
272:H. H. Asquith
270:
264:
261:
258:
252:
249:
246:
240:
234:
229:
226:
222:
219:
216:
210:
207:
204:
198:
195:
192:
186:
180:
175:
172:
168:
164:
161:
158:
152:
148:
142:
139:
136:
130:
124:
119:
116:
112:
109:
105:
99:
96:
93:
87:
84:
81:
75:
69:
64:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
36:
27:
22:
19:
9079:
8318:W. Churchill
8277:
8233:R. Churchill
8049:
7959:
7947:
7807:Douglas-Home
7750:Douglas-Home
7684:
7379:
7259:Thorneycroft
7204:W. Churchill
7178:
7164:Lloyd George
7153:
7129:R. Churchill
7026:
7004:
6954:Ellenborough
6952:
6888:Bilson-Legge
6880:
6876:Bilson-Legge
6866:Bilson-Legge
6858:
6836:
6274:Bruges Group
5876:
5678:Professional
5631:October 2022
5564:Duncan Smith
5394: /
5385: /
5376: /
5367: /
5343: /
5334: /
5310: /
5238:Thorneycroft
5201: /
5084:Duncan Smith
5059:Douglas-Home
5044:W. Churchill
5008:
4989:R. Churchill
4966: /
4962: /
4950:
4892:Beaconsfield
4792:Fourth Party
4757:Carlton Club
4617:
4550:James Franck
4524:
4420:
4397: /
4393: /
4378: /
4341: /
4293: /
4256: /
4252: /
4228:Barack Obama
4204: /
4189: /
4187:Grameen Bank
4174: /
4150:Shirin Ebadi
4139:Jimmy Carter
4126: /
4112:2001–present
4102:Kim Dae-jung
4084: /
4072: /
4060: /
4048: /
4036: /
4032: /
4030:Shimon Peres
4020: /
3946:Desmond Tutu
3928: /
3892: /
3872: /
3841: /
3829: /
3823:
3809:Willy Brandt
3723: /
3681:Georges Pire
3627:Léon Jouhaux
3608:Ralph Bunche
3583: /
3571: /
3561:Cordell Hull
3502:Robert Cecil
3453: /
3418: /
3406: /
3383: /
3380:
3349: /
3271:Alfred Fried
3269: /
3267:Tobias Asser
3249: /
3237: /
3225: /
3181: /
3169: /
3167:Henry Dunant
3093:
3066:
3034:
3007:
2989:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2956:
2937:
2910:
2883:
2856:
2841:Lord Stanley
2829:
2802:
2775:
2755:Walter Higgs
2733:
2696:
2638:
2620:
2610:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2559:
2552:
2542:
2511:
2507:
2474:
2470:
2455:17#4 (2006)
2452:
2445:
2438:
2412:
2397:
2388:
2374:(1): 53–84.
2371:
2367:
2345:. Retrieved
2341:
2332:
2320:. Retrieved
2316:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2275:
2266:
2260:
2251:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2198:
2191:
2170:cite journal
2161:
2155:
2134:cite journal
2125:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2091:
2072:
2066:
2044:(1): 75–92.
2041:
2037:
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
1999:
1992:
1984:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1940:
1928:
1911:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1838:. Retrieved
1819:
1790:. Retrieved
1776:
1758:
1742:
1722:
1715:
1701:
1681:
1676:Robert Blake
1674:
1662:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1625:Conservative
1622:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1593:
1589:Nazi Germany
1574:
1565:Anthony Eden
1554:
1546:
1513:
1506:
1490:
1451:
1420:
1414:
1402:Locarno Pact
1399:
1385:Locarno Pact
1364:
1362:
1343:
1310:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1283:Robert Horne
1271:
1255:
1245:, replacing
1236:
1228:
1224:Siege of Kut
1212:India Office
1209:
1186:
1150:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1107:
1095:
1086:
1058:
1026:
1018:
983:
960:
952:Early career
935:
919:
896:
880:F. S. Oliver
872:Rugby School
869:
829:
785:
769:Kut Campaign
754:
723:
685:
684:
642:Rugby School
589:Conservative
569:(1937-03-16)
520:Succeeded by
497:
478:Walter Higgs
473:Succeeded by
450:
431:Lord Stanley
426:Succeeded by
393:
374:Succeeded by
332:
318:Robert Horne
312:Succeeded by
279:
267:Succeeded by
232:
218:Robert Cecil
213:Succeeded by
178:
155:Succeeded by
122:
102:Succeeded by
67:
18:
9321:UK MPs 1910
9181:1937 deaths
9176:1863 births
9095:Duff Cooper
9040:Walter Long
8223:Hicks-Beach
8138:Castlereagh
7685:Chamberlain
7515:Castlereagh
7144:Hicks Beach
7119:Hicks Beach
7039:Spring Rice
6539:Westminster
6269:Bright Blue
6254:Think tanks
6215:List of MPs
6208:Politicians
6149:No Campaign
6139:Monday Club
6129:Fresh Start
5768:Subnational
4984:Hicks Beach
4953:(1848–1849)
4927:(1834–1922)
4860:(1828–1922)
4465:Nobel Prize
4376:Maria Ressa
4343:Nadia Murad
4058:Carlos Belo
3970:Óscar Arias
3962:Elie Wiesel
3938:Lech Wałęsa
3926:Alva Myrdal
3890:Anwar Sadat
3843:Eisaku Satō
3776:René Cassin
3569:Emily Balch
3451:Jane Addams
2643:1803–2005:
2625:, 1916–1937
2160:"Hansard".
2124:"Hansard".
1969:, pp. 192–4
1897:"No. 27464"
1729:East Sussex
1671:Assessments
1658:West Indies
1648:in London.
1596:White Paper
1581:Roger Keyes
1543:Backbencher
1503:Resignation
1439:Sudetenland
1332:Appointment
1247:Lord Milner
1239:War Cabinet
1220:Indian Army
1153:World War I
1114:Walter Long
1070:backbenches
1020:Vanity Fair
759:'s wartime
742:Walter Long
658:Sciences Po
508:Preceded by
461:Preceded by
414:Preceded by
362:Preceded by
300:Preceded by
255:Preceded by
201:Preceded by
145:Preceded by
90:Preceded by
9170:Categories
8577:of England
8343:Crookshank
8338:Chuter Ede
8193:Palmerston
8183:Palmerston
7827:Carrington
7635:Iddesleigh
7580:Malmesbury
7565:Malmesbury
7555:Palmerston
7545:Palmerston
7540:Wellington
7535:Palmerston
7475:Hawkesbury
6990:Vansittart
6970:Vansittart
6908:Dowdeswell
6893:Barrington
6724:Cottington
6594:Harvington
6569:Willoughby
6564:de la Leye
6554:G. Giffard
6549:W. Giffard
6516:of England
5931:2020 group
5752:Conference
5392:Stephenson
5355:McLoughlin
5228:Carrington
4902:Devonshire
4877:Malmesbury
4867:Wellington
4844:Leadership
4493:Literature
4354:Abiy Ahmed
4239:Liu Xiaobo
4128:Kofi Annan
3825:Lê Đức Thọ
3279:Elihu Root
3099:1935–1937
3072:1925–1928
3013:1924–1929
2962:1921–1922
2943:1921–1922
2916:1919–1921
2889:1915–1917
2862:1903–1905
2835:1902–1903
2808:1900–1902
2781:1895–1900
2579:Millennium
2433:required.)
2347:9 December
2322:1 December
2220:26 October
2021:26 October
1947:20 January
1852:required.)
1768:References
1705:frock coat
1538:Later life
1394:Autochrome
1268:Leadership
905:under the
832:Birmingham
826:Early life
726:Parliament
649:Alma mater
557:Birmingham
550:1863-10-16
9060:Leo Amery
8513:Rees-Mogg
8498:Lidington
8428:MacGregor
8303:MacDonald
8293:MacDonald
8248:Gladstone
8228:Gladstone
8218:Gladstone
8213:Northcote
8208:Gladstone
8198:Gladstone
8148:Huskisson
8113:Addington
8092:Townshend
8072:Grenville
8062:Grenville
7812:Callaghan
7740:Macmillan
7690:Henderson
7680:MacDonald
7660:Lansdowne
7655:Salisbury
7650:Kimberley
7640:Salisbury
7625:Salisbury
7620:Granville
7615:Salisbury
7605:Granville
7600:Clarendon
7590:Clarendon
7575:Clarendon
7560:Granville
7510:Wellesley
7470:Grenville
7279:Callaghan
7254:Macmillan
7244:Gaitskell
7109:Gladstone
7104:Northcote
7099:Gladstone
7079:Gladstone
7064:Gladstone
7006:Tenterden
6943:Addington
6933:Cavendish
6923:Cavendish
6913:Townshend
6903:Grenville
6882:Mansfield
6871:Lyttelton
6729:Colepeper
6694:Fortescue
6684:Sackville
6604:Stratford
6599:Wodehouse
6534:Leicester
6264:Bow Group
6225:2010–2015
6220:2005–2010
5713:Voluntary
5288:Parkinson
5283:Mawhinney
5243:Parkinson
5208:Blakenham
5054:Macmillan
4979:Northcote
4907:Lansdowne
4897:Salisbury
4558:(Germany)
4552:(Germany)
4484:(Germany)
4474:Chemistry
4467:laureates
4082:John Hume
3861:1976–2000
3618:1951–1975
3573:John Mott
3395:1926–1950
3155:1901–1925
3144:Laureates
2987:1921–1922
2968:Bonar Law
2932:Bonar Law
2905:Bonar Law
2593:Balcanica
2528:153721391
2491:144595507
2058:0968-3445
1883:The Times
1697:Leo Amery
1687:, and an
1616:Limehouse
1585:Leo Amery
1522:'s first
1478:Henry Lee
1317:Liz Truss
1157:Home Rule
1110:Bonar Law
971:Home Rule
750:Bonar Law
697:, son of
695:statesman
668:Signature
638:Education
626:Parent(s)
576:, England
559:, England
498:In office
451:In office
394:In office
333:In office
305:Bonar Law
280:In office
233:In office
206:Bonar Law
179:In office
123:In office
68:In office
9055:Anderson
8523:Mordaunt
8493:Grayling
8378:Whitelaw
8368:Crossman
8333:Morrison
8253:Harcourt
8203:Disraeli
8188:Disraeli
8173:Disraeli
8133:Perceval
8035:Robinson
7925:Cleverly
7872:Miliband
7817:Crosland
7730:Morrison
7645:Rosebery
7630:Rosebery
7550:Aberdeen
7530:Aberdeen
7505:Bathurst
7485:Mulgrave
7480:Harrowby
7450:Grantham
7364:Kwarteng
7274:Maudling
7229:Anderson
7139:Harcourt
7124:Harcourt
7114:Childers
7084:Disraeli
7074:Disraeli
7059:Disraeli
7049:Goulburn
7017:Goulburn
6995:Robinson
6965:Perceval
6898:Dashwood
6832:Aislabie
6827:Stanhope
6744:Duncombe
6714:Portland
6709:Greville
6674:Cromwell
6644:Thwaites
6629:Somerset
6574:Benstead
6559:Chishull
6544:Chishull
6529:Maunsell
6144:92 Group
5936:Activate
5508:Thatcher
5447:Whitelaw
5442:Maudling
5430:See also
5365:Cleverly
5233:Whitelaw
5189:Hailsham
5174:Assheton
5149:Davidson
5069:Thatcher
4974:Disraeli
4960:Disraeli
4939:Bentinck
4887:Richmond
4395:Memorial
2569:(1938).
2297:18 April
2288:Archived
2214:Archived
2015:Archived
1834:Archived
1786:Archived
1751:See also
1739:Archives
1725:Mayfield
1445:and the
988:and the
946:Prussian
852:Unionist
842:, later
618:Children
8518:Spencer
8503:Leadsom
8483:Lansley
8443:Beckett
8418:Wakeham
8353:Macleod
8308:Baldwin
8298:Baldwin
8288:Baldwin
8268:Asquith
8258:Balfour
8243:Balfour
8178:Russell
8168:Russell
8158:Althorp
8143:Canning
8020:Walpole
7930:Cameron
7887:Johnson
7882:Hammond
7867:Beckett
7852:Rifkind
7802:Stewart
7775:Stewart
7765:Stewart
7715:Halifax
7695:Reading
7670:Balfour
7595:Stanley
7585:Russell
7570:Russell
7520:Canning
7500:Canning
7380:Italic:
7344:Hammond
7339:Osborne
7334:Darling
7289:Macleod
7284:Jenkins
7209:Snowden
7199:Snowden
7189:Baldwin
7169:McKenna
7159:Asquith
7149:Ritchie
7134:Goschen
7022:Althorp
7012:Herries
7000:Canning
6980:of the
6844:Walpole
6822:Walpole
6812:Wyndham
6764:Montagu
6759:Hampden
6754:Delamer
6719:Barrett
6689:Mildmay
6669:Berners
6659:Catesby
6619:Barnham
6589:Stanton
6579:Sandale
6332:Current
5612:Johnson
5588:Cameron
5374:Milling
5350:Feldman
5345:Feldman
5336:Feldman
5327:Pickles
5322:Spelman
5312:Saatchi
5213:du Cann
5199:Macleod
5179:Woolton
5169:Dugdale
5164:Hacking
5144:Jackson
5139:Younger
5104:Johnson
5094:Cameron
5034:Baldwin
4999:Balfour
4968:Herries
4699:History
4542:Physics
4202:Al Gore
3146:of the
2640:Hansard
2615:2 vols.
1840:20 June
1685:monocle
1656:in the
1462:Belgium
1458:Locarno
1410:Germany
1260:in the
1098:January
1074:Liberal
1023:, 1899.
979:Richard
861:Neville
848:Liberal
840:radical
808:Germany
612:
604:
8528:Powell
8508:Stride
8473:Harman
8438:Taylor
8433:Newton
8413:Biffen
8363:Bowden
8348:Butler
8323:Cripps
8128:Howick
8123:C. Fox
8098:C. Fox
8087:C. Fox
8077:Conway
8067:H. Fox
8040:H. Fox
8030:Pelham
8025:Sandys
7755:Butler
7675:Curzon
7525:Dudley
7495:Howick
7460:Temple
7359:Zahawi
7324:Clarke
7319:Lamont
7309:Lawson
7299:Healey
7294:Barber
7249:Butler
7239:Cripps
7234:Dalton
7044:Baring
7028:Denman
6854:Pelham
6849:Sandys
6817:Onslow
6807:Benson
6802:Harley
6739:Ashley
6704:Caesar
6699:Dunbar
6664:Lovell
6654:Fowler
6649:Witham
6639:Witham
6634:Browne
6614:Ashton
6584:Hotham
6369:Former
6294:Onward
6232:London
5576:Howard
5457:Ancram
5452:Lilley
5421:Fuller
5416:Holden
5406:Zahawi
5396:Elliot
5387:Elliot
5383:Dowden
5378:Elliot
5369:Elliot
5341:Shapps
5293:Ancram
5278:Hanley
5273:Fowler
5268:Patten
5258:Brooke
5253:Tebbit
5248:Gummer
5223:Thomas
5218:Barber
5194:Butler
5089:Howard
4964:Granby
4951:vacant
4944:Granby
4912:Curzon
4882:Cairns
4747:Tories
4725:Topics
4100:2000:
4092:1999:
4080:1998:
4068:1997:
4056:1996:
4044:1995:
4028:1994:
4016:1993:
4008:1992:
4000:1991:
3992:1990:
3984:1989:
3976:1988:
3968:1987:
3960:1986:
3952:1985:
3944:1984:
3936:1983:
3924:1982:
3916:1981:
3908:1980:
3900:1979:
3888:1978:
3880:1977:
3868:1976:
3849:1975:
3837:1974:
3822:1973:
3747:UNICEF
3719:1963:
3711:1962:
3703:1961:
3695:1960:
3687:1959:
3679:1958:
3671:1957:
3649:1954:
3641:1953:
3633:1952:
3625:1951:
3606:1950:
3598:1949:
3579:1947:
3567:1946:
3559:1945:
3551:1944:
3508:1938:
3500:1937:
3492:1936:
3484:1935:
3476:1934:
3468:1933:
3449:1931:
3441:1930:
3433:1929:
3414:1927:
3402:1926:
3379:1925:
3357:1922:
3345:1921:
3337:1920:
3329:1919:
3314:1917:
3285:1913:
3277:1912:
3265:1911:
3257:1910:
3245:1909:
3233:1908:
3221:1907:
3213:1906:
3205:1905:
3197:1904:
3189:1903:
3177:1902:
2597:online
2526:
2489:
2427:
2206:
2079:
2056:
2007:
1965:
1919:
1846:
1792:3 June
1689:orchid
1602:said:
1441:, the
1431:Poland
1417:France
1214:after
922:Berlin
804:France
595:Spouse
574:London
8488:Hague
8478:Young
8468:Straw
8393:Short
8388:Prior
8373:Peart
8358:Lloyd
8238:Smith
8102:North
8082:North
7935:Lammy
7920:Truss
7877:Hague
7862:Straw
7842:Major
7770:Brown
7745:Lloyd
7725:Bevin
7705:Hoare
7700:Simon
7610:Derby
7465:Leeds
7354:Sunak
7349:Javid
7329:Brown
7314:Major
7269:Lloyd
7219:Simon
7184:Horne
7069:Lewis
6960:Petty
6918:North
6838:Pratt
6797:Smith
6792:Boyle
6774:Boyle
6769:Smith
6749:Ernle
6679:Baker
6624:Somer
6609:Ashby
5831:Other
5815:Local
5636:Sunak
5624:Truss
5552:Hague
5530:Major
5496:Heath
5411:Hands
5401:Berry
5360:Lewis
5332:Warsi
5317:Maude
5298:Davis
5263:Baker
5203:Poole
5184:Poole
5159:Baird
5114:Sunak
5109:Truss
5079:Hague
5074:Major
5064:Heath
4994:Smith
4872:Derby
4618:1925
4517:Peace
4463:1925
3040:1931
2990:with
2524:S2CID
2504:(PDF)
2487:S2CID
2467:(PDF)
2291:(PDF)
2284:(PDF)
1937:(PDF)
1654:sisal
1636:Death
1619:post.
1466:Italy
903:Paris
844:Mayor
728:as a
606:(
602:
9050:Wood
8463:Hoon
8458:Hain
8453:Reid
8448:Cook
8423:Howe
8398:Foot
8383:Carr
8328:Eden
8163:Peel
8153:Peel
7915:Raab
7897:Raab
7892:Hunt
7857:Cook
7847:Hurd
7837:Howe
7822:Owen
7735:Eden
7720:Eden
7710:Eden
7665:Grey
7369:Hunt
7304:Howe
7224:Wood
7094:Lowe
7089:Hunt
7054:Wood
7034:Peel
6948:Pitt
6938:Pitt
6928:Pitt
6734:Hyde
5870:List
5643:2024
5607:2019
5595:2016
5583:2005
5571:2003
5559:2001
5547:1997
5537:1995
5525:1990
5515:1989
5503:1975
5491:1965
5049:Eden
4934:Peel
4643:1930
4638:1929
4633:1928
4628:1927
4623:1926
4613:1924
4608:1923
4603:1922
4598:1921
4593:1920
4574:None
4497:1925
4417:2024
4406:2023
4387:2022
4372:2021
4361:2020
4350:2019
4335:2018
4324:2017
4313:2016
4302:2015
4287:2014
4276:2013
4265:2012
4246:2011
4235:2010
4224:2009
4213:2008
4198:2007
4183:2006
4168:2005
4157:2004
4146:2003
4135:2002
4120:2001
3816:1972
3805:1971
3794:1970
3783:1969
3772:1968
3764:1967
3755:1966
3743:1965
3732:1964
3665:1956
3658:1955
3592:1948
3545:1943
3538:1942
3531:1941
3524:1940
3517:1939
3462:1932
3427:1928
3373:1924
3366:1923
3323:1918
3308:1916
3301:1915
3294:1914
3163:1901
2748:1937
2744:1914
2737:for
2711:1914
2707:1892
2700:for
2349:2010
2324:2020
2299:2016
2222:2015
2204:ISBN
2183:help
2147:help
2077:ISBN
2054:ISSN
2023:2015
2005:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1949:2008
1917:ISBN
1842:2019
1794:2015
1759:Time
1583:and
1482:peer
1464:and
1433:and
1315:and
1199:and
1100:and
1017:for
913:and
850:and
806:and
564:Died
540:Born
488:for
441:for
316:Sir
106:Sir
8408:Pym
8283:Law
8273:Law
7832:Pym
7490:Fox
7455:Fox
7445:Fox
7174:Law
6860:Lee
5648:TBA
5600:May
5308:Fox
5303:May
5099:May
5029:Law
5004:Law
2623:Ida
2516:doi
2479:doi
2419:doi
2376:doi
2162:299
2126:299
2046:doi
1826:doi
1518:in
1015:Spy
794:'s
775:'s
9172::
4419::
4408::
4389::
4374::
4363::
4352::
4337::
4326::
4315::
4304::
4289::
4278::
4267::
4248::
4237::
4226::
4215::
4200::
4185::
4170::
4159::
4148::
4137::
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