359:(DO) is low. Of the three environmental conditions tested, bottom DO has the most significant effect on moon jellyfish abundance. Moon jellyfish abundance is the highest when bottom dissolved oxygen concentration is lower than 2.0 mg L. Moon jellyfish show a strong tolerance to low DO conditions, which is why their population is still relatively high during the summer. Generally, hypoxia causes species to move from the oxygen depleted zone, but this is not the case for the moon jellyfish. Furthermore, bell contract rate, which indicates moon jellyfish feeding activity, remains constant although DO concentrations are lower than normal. During July and August, it is observed that moon jellyfish aggregations of 250 individuals consumed an estimated 100% of the
625:
738:
848:
809:
830:
821:
778:
474:
40:
760:
64:
794:
1756:
367:. Other major fish predators that are also present in these coastal waters do not seem to show the same high tolerance to low DO concentrations that the moon jellyfish exhibit. The feeding and predatory performance of these fish significantly decreases when DO concentrations are so low. This allows for less competition between the moon jellyfish and other fish predators for
317:
709:
jellyfish naturally die after living and reproducing for several months. It is probably rare for these moon jellies to live more than about six months in the wild, although specimens cared for in public aquarium exhibits typically live several to many years. In the wild, the warm water at the end of
702:
has been suggested to have high mortality during the ephyra stage, which potentially affects the population size of the later medusa stage. While the main cause remains unknown, it is believed that they are consumed by one of three potential predatory filter-feeding sessile organisms: mussels,
714:
and other disease problems that likely lead to the demise of most individuals. Such problems are responsible for the demise of many smaller species of jellyfish. In 1997, Arai summarized that seasonal reproduction leaves the gonads open to infection and degradation.
319:
323:
322:
318:
324:
321:
585:. There is an increasing size from starting stage planula to ephyra, from less than 1 mm in the planula stage, up to about 1 cm in ephyra stage, and then to several cm in diameter in the medusa stage.
1001:
288:
The moon jelly differs from many jellyfish in that they lack long, potent stinging tentacles. Instead they have hundreds of short, fine tentacles that line the bell margin. The sting has no effect on humans.
534:, with a transparent look, has an umbrella margin membrane and tentacles that are attached to the bottom. It has four bright gonads that are under the stomach. Food travels through the muscular
940:
Lawley, Jonathan W.; Gamero-Mora, Edgar; Maronna, Maximiliano M.; Chiaverano, Luciano M.; Stampar, Sérgio N.; Hopcroft, Russell R.; Collins, Allen G.; Morandini, André C. (2021-09-09).
320:
507:
oxygen from water through the thin membrane covering its body. Within the gastrovascular cavity, low oxygenated water can be expelled and high oxygenated water can come in by
301:
is found in the North, Black, Baltic and
Caspian Seas, Northeast Atlantic, Greenland, northeastern USA and Canada, Northwest Pacific and South America. In general,
1172:
Shoji, J.; Yamashita, R.; Tanaka, M. (2005). "Effect of low dissolved oxygen concentrations on behavior and predation rates on fish larvae by moon jellyfish
285:
with its tentacles, and bringing them into its body for digestion. It is capable of only limited motion, and drifts with the current, even when swimming.
737:
554:
net that is responsible for contractions in swimming muscles and feeding responses. Adult medusae can have diameters up to 40 cm (16 in).
710:
summer combines with exhaustive daily reproduction and lower natural levels of food for tissue repair, leaving these jellyfish more susceptible to
1958:
912:
2010:
1120:
269:
is almost entirely translucent, usually about 25–40 cm (10–16 in) in diameter, and can be recognized by its four horseshoe-shaped
829:
2156:
942:"The importance of molecular characters when morphological variability hinders diagnosability: systematics of the moon jellyfish genus
2131:
847:
343:
water temperatures ranging from 6–31 °C (43–88 °F); with optimum temperatures of 9–19 °C (48–66 °F). It prefers
2136:
1932:
698:, but in any case, birds do some substantial amount of damage to these jellyfish that often are found just at the surface of bays.
445:
break down the food. Little is known about the requirements for particular vitamins and minerals, but due to the presence of some
1971:
1432:
Sucharitakul, Phuping (2020). "Limited ingestion, rapid egestion and no detectable impacts of microbeads on the moon jellyfish,
2146:
997:"Coupled biophysical global ocean model and molecular genetic analyses identify multiple introductions of cryptogenic species"
2046:
1738:
1351:
1315:
1267:
2166:
1976:
759:
414:, eggs, fish eggs, and other small organisms. Occasionally, they are also seen feeding on gelatinous zooplankton such as
355:
and moon jellyfish distribution is prominent during the summer months of July and August where temperatures are high and
1665:
511:
action, thus increasing the diffusion of oxygen through the cell. The large surface area membrane to volume ratio helps
2161:
1893:
592:
are capable of life cycle reversal where individuals grow younger instead of older, akin to the "immortal jellyfish"
1911:
2151:
2085:
1155:
889:
561:, has small ciliated cells and after swimming freely in the plankton for a day or more, settles on an appropriate
2141:
2015:
1924:
1685:
Suzuki, Kentaro S.; Kumakura, Emi; Nogata, Yasuyuki (2016). "Incidental consumption of ephyrae of moon jellyfish
624:
352:
179:
777:
329:
2103:
1997:
616:
was able to recognize that microbeads were not food so there was not any physiological or histological harm.
808:
2126:
1854:
1841:
1859:
1666:"Natural mortality in NE Pacific coastal hydromedusae: grazing predation, wound healing and senescence"
1126:
1116:
664:
639:
562:
2090:
2025:
877:
262:
medusae without genetic sampling; most of what follows applies equally to all species of the genus.
63:
1819:
1521:
1062:
916:
793:
629:
1989:
1056:
Dawson, M. N. (2003). "Macro-morphological variation among cryptic species of the moon jellyfish,
2077:
1487:
1130:
1963:
1781:
1760:
655:
1292:
769:
434:
158:
2064:
1828:
1698:
1589:
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1445:
1386:
1216:
1071:
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500:
379:
prove to be advantageous for the moon jellyfish in terms of feeding, growth, and survival.
8:
594:
547:
135:
1702:
1593:
1534:
1449:
1390:
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The food is caught with its nematocyst-laden tentacles, tied with mucus, brought to the
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1646:
1546:
1469:
1409:
1368:
1197:
1087:
1033:
996:
972:
941:
686:
fish. Moon jellies are also fed upon by sea birds, which may be more interested in the
527:
488:
188:
58:
1846:
2059:
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1038:
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1201:
20:
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1404:
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1018:
967:
957:
820:
446:
252:
1872:
1330:
570:
2033:
1730:
1399:
1156:"Aurelia aurita (Saucer Jelly, Moon Jelly, Common Sea Jelly Jellyfish) Narrative"
566:
473:
376:
364:
360:
2002:
394:
species feed on plankton that includes organisms such as mollusks, crustaceans,
39:
1919:
1906:
1710:
1642:
1193:
1083:
642:
comparative to other prey types which provides vital nutritions to predators.
2120:
1769:
647:
258:. All species in the genus are very similar, and it is difficult to identify
175:
115:
1898:
1023:
578:
1804:
1465:
1418:
1042:
981:
574:
543:
538:
while the radial canals help disperse the food. There is a middle layer of
454:
415:
2072:
2038:
1984:
1945:
1813:
1689:
s.l. by three filter-feeding sessile organisms: laboratory experiments".
747:
608:
s body system is not significantly affected by artificial materials like
442:
419:
368:
1488:"Jellyfish contain no calories, so why do they still attract predators?"
962:
1937:
1616:
1602:
1565:
1542:
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403:
839:
1950:
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are known to be eaten by a wide variety of predators, including the
1885:
1798:
1377:
711:
539:
407:
395:
348:
278:
95:
939:
273:, easily seen through the top of the bell. It feeds by collecting
2098:
751:
719:
675:
582:
558:
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The medusae are either male or female. The young larval stage, a
458:
399:
306:
282:
274:
248:
51:
2051:
347:
seas with consistent currents. It has been found in waters with
1755:
1627:(Acanthuridae) feed on Ctenophora and Scyphozoa in the Red Sea"
508:
411:
310:
85:
612:, which can be found in cosmetic and personal care products.
551:
462:
340:
270:
1676:(Proceedings of the Zooplankton Ecology Symposium): 194–203.
1511:
Strand, S. W.; Hamner, W. M. (1988). "Predatory behavior of
351:
as low as 6 parts per thousand. The relation between summer
1519:(Scyphozoa: Cnidaria) in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia".
496:
492:
430:
to capture prey and to protect themselves from predators.
522:
consists of several parts. The animal lacks respiratory,
437:, and passed into the cavity by ciliated action. There,
1310:(6th ed.). London: Brooks/Cole. pp. 602–608.
994:
995:
Dawson, M. N.; Sen Gupta, A.; England, M. H. (2005).
1684:
1171:
1306:Solomon, E. P.; Berg, L. R.; Martin, W. W. (2002).
1727:Marine fish & invertebrates of Northern Europe
1284:
515:diffuse more oxygen and nutrients into the cells.
480:with an anomalous number of gonads—most have four.
371:. Low DO concentrations in coastal waters such as
1305:
2118:
1617:Bos A.R., Cruz-Rivera E. and Sanad A.M. (2016).
1366:
1346:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 9.2–9.7.
1221:in coastal waters along western Shikoku, Japan"
1214:
1724:
1563:
1176:and by a juvenile piscivore, Spanish mackerel
726:, as well as most other species of jellyfish.
1262:. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 68–206.
1570:and its trophic relationships with its host
1510:
1431:
1331:Tree of Life – NJ Jellyfish – Aurelia aurita
1367:He, J; Zheng, L; Zhang, W; Lin, Y (2015).
1341:
1217:"Unusual aggregations of the scyphomedusa
565:, where it changes into a special type of
38:
1601:
1408:
1398:
1153:
1032:
1022:
988:
971:
961:
305:is an inshore genus that can be found in
1360:
1215:Uye, S.; Fujii, N.; Takeoka, H. (2003).
623:
472:
315:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1167:
1165:
1115:
872:
870:
601:There has been a study presenting that
422:. Both the adult medusae and larvae of
2119:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1055:
1780:
1779:
1663:
1149:
1147:
904:
674:). In 2016, it was reported from the
2104:F4B8EE45-1F7C-4C3C-8AF1-23745E73060A
2026:62092114-85aa-4213-ab79-0c8096c855b7
1925:ea7ab8a7-0037-4fe4-9e25-806be67eb5cb
1564:Towanda, T.; Thuesen, E. V. (2006).
1282:
1257:
1238:
1162:
935:
933:
867:
542:, a gastrodervascular cavity with a
1291:. London: Academic Press. pp.
1122:The Medusae of the British Isles II
1098:
13:
2157:Invertebrates of the United States
1718:
1515:and size-selective predation upon
1208:
1154:Rodriguez, R. J. (February 1996).
1144:
910:
682:was seasonally preyed upon by two
14:
2178:
1748:
1260:A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa
1129:. pp. 81–186. Archived from
930:
628:Three moon jellies captured by a
2132:Cnidarians of the Atlantic Ocean
1754:
1287:The Cnidaria and Their Evolution
890:World Register of Marine Species
846:
828:
819:
807:
792:
776:
758:
736:
668:, and a very large hydromedusa (
449:, we can deduce in general that
62:
2137:Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean
1725:Moen, F.E.; E. Svensen (2004).
1657:
1610:
1557:
1504:
1480:
1458:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111208
1425:
1335:
1324:
1299:
1276:
292:
19:For the comic book author, see
1582:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1049:
588:A recent study has found that
468:
1:
2147:Marine fauna of North America
861:
1400:10.1371/journal.pone.0145314
1228:Plankton Biology and Ecology
619:
581:that swim off to grow up as
7:
2167:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1566:"Ectosymbiotic behavior of
1373:sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)"
694:that frequent the bells of
640:polyunsaturated fatty acids
201:Peron & Lesueur, 1810
10:
2183:
1670:Bulletin of Marine Science
1572:Phacellophora camtschatica
1513:Phacellophora camtschatica
1127:Cambridge University Press
1002:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
729:
703:ascidians, and barnacles.
665:Phacellophora camtschatica
382:
18:
2162:Animals described in 1758
1788:
1711:10.1007/s12562-016-1034-4
1643:10.1007/s12526-016-0454-9
1438:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1344:Zoology Laboratory Manual
1194:10.1007/s00227-005-1579-8
1084:10.1007/s00227-003-1070-3
638:have high proportions of
328:Moon jellyfish swimming (
194:
187:
164:
157:
59:Scientific classification
57:
46:
37:
30:
1369:"Life cycle reversal in
1060:(Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)".
838:washed up on the beach,
2152:Invertebrates of Canada
1342:Gilbertson, L. (1999).
1178:Scomberomorus niphonius
1024:10.1073/pnas.0503811102
518:The basic body plan of
2142:Marine fauna of Europe
946:(Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)"
656:leatherback sea turtle
632:
530:. The adult medusa of
481:
333:
1772:on Sealife Collection
1664:Mills, C. E. (1993).
1625:Zebrasoma desjardinii
856:at Ozeaneum Stralsund
770:Monterey Bay Aquarium
630:lion's mane jellyfish
627:
476:
435:gastrovascular cavity
327:
1920:Fauna Europaea (new)
1765:at Wikimedia Commons
1619:"Herbivorous fishes
1283:Rees, W. J. (1966).
1258:Arai, M. N. (1997).
662:), the scyphomedusa
660:Dermochelys coriacea
16:Species of jellyfish
2127:Aurelia (cnidarian)
1703:2016FisSc..82..923S
1631:Marine Biodiversity
1594:2006MEPS..315..221T
1574:and the parasitoid
1535:1988MarBi..99..409S
1450:2020MarPB.15611208S
1391:2015PLoSO..1045314H
1076:2003MarBi.143..369D
1015:2005PNAS..10211968D
963:10.7717/peerj.11954
911:Dawson, Michael N.
595:Turritopsis dohrnii
573:, which divides by
528:circulatory systems
1603:10.3354/meps315221
1543:10.1007/BF02112134
633:
482:
334:
198:Aurellia flavidula
2114:
2113:
2060:Open Tree of Life
1782:Taxon identifiers
1759:Media related to
1740:978-0-9544060-2-8
1691:Fisheries Science
1621:Siganus rivulatus
1576:Hyperia medusarum
1353:978-0-07-229641-9
1317:978-0-534-39175-1
1269:978-0-412-45110-2
913:"Aurelia species"
882:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
722:parasites attack
671:Aequorea victoria
503:; it respires by
447:digestive enzymes
375:in Japan and the
325:
231:(also called the
224:
223:
218:
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209:Linnaeus, 1758
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2003:NBNSYS0000174046
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1385:(12): e0145314.
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1009:(34): 11968–73.
992:
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937:
928:
927:
925:
924:
915:. Archived from
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
874:
850:
832:
823:
811:
796:
780:
762:
740:
690:and other small
607:
357:dissolved oxygen
326:
233:common jellyfish
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67:
66:
42:
28:
27:
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2034:Observation.org
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2014:
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1721:
1719:Further reading
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1568:Cancer gracilis
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741:
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622:
605:
471:
385:
377:Seto Inland Sea
365:Seto Inland Sea
363:biomass in the
361:mesozooplankton
330:high resolution
316:
295:
214:Medusa purpurea
183:
172:
166:
153:
61:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2180:
2170:
2169:
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2111:
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2069:
2056:
2043:
2030:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1907:Fauna Europaea
1903:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1851:
1847:Aurelia_aurita
1838:
1834:Aurelia_aurita
1825:
1820:Aurelia aurita
1810:
1794:
1792:
1790:Aurelia aurita
1786:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1770:Aurelia aurita
1766:
1762:Aurelia aurita
1750:
1749:External links
1747:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1697:(6): 923–930.
1687:Aurelia aurita
1680:
1679:
1656:
1609:
1556:
1529:(3): 409–414.
1522:Marine Biology
1517:Aurelia aurita
1503:
1479:
1434:Aurelia aurita
1424:
1359:
1352:
1334:
1323:
1316:
1298:
1275:
1268:
1237:
1219:Aurelia aurita
1207:
1182:Marine Biology
1174:Aurelia aurita
1161:
1143:
1117:Russell, F. S.
1097:
1063:Marine Biology
1048:
987:
929:
903:
880:Aurelia aurita
865:
863:
860:
859:
858:
854:Aurelia aurita
852:
845:
843:
836:Aurelia aurita
834:
827:
825:
818:
816:
813:
806:
804:
801:Aurelia aurita
798:
791:
789:
787:sp. individual
782:
775:
773:
764:
757:
755:
744:Aurelia aurita
742:
735:
731:
728:
724:Aurelia aurita
700:A. aurita
680:Aurelia aurita
644:Aurelia aurita
636:Aurelia aurita
621:
618:
614:Aurelia aurita
590:A. aurita
491:parts such as
487:does not have
470:
467:
451:A. aurita
388:Aurelia aurita
384:
381:
337:Aurelia aurita
299:Aurelia aurita
294:
291:
237:moon jellyfish
228:Aurelia aurita
222:
221:
220:
219:
217:Pennant, 1777
211:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
173:
168:Aurelia aurita
162:
161:
155:
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150:A. aurita
147:
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48:Aurelia aurita
44:
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32:Aurelia aurita
21:Aurélia Aurita
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2:
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1133:on 2016-06-23
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918:
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768:sp. from the
767:
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649:
648:ocean sunfish
645:
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631:
626:
617:
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596:
591:
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571:"scyphistoma"
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
550:. There is a
549:
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455:carbohydrates
452:
448:
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441:enzymes from
440:
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207:
206:Medusa aurita
204:
199:
196:
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177:
171:
169:
163:
160:
159:Binomial name
156:
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146:
143:
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131:
130:
127:
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121:
120:
117:
116:Semaeostomeae
114:
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100:
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1495:. Retrieved
1492:ScienceDaily
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1173:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:the original
1121:
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1006:
1000:
990:
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949:
943:
921:. Retrieved
917:the original
906:
894:. Retrieved
885:
879:
853:
835:
814:On the beach
800:
784:
765:
743:
723:
717:
706:
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669:
663:
659:
651:
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589:
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575:strobilation
556:
544:gastrodermis
531:
519:
517:
512:
484:
483:
477:
453:can process
450:
443:serous cells
432:
423:
416:hydromedusae
391:
387:
386:
336:
335:
302:
298:
297:The species
296:
293:Distribution
287:
264:
259:
245:saucer jelly
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
226:
225:
213:
205:
197:
167:
165:
149:
148:
136:
47:
31:
25:
2073:SeaLifeBase
1985:NatureServe
1946:iNaturalist
1814:Wikispecies
1637:: 243–246.
1588:: 221–236.
1234:(1): 17–21.
748:Pairi Daiza
684:herbivorous
577:into small
489:respiratory
469:Body system
428:nematocysts
420:ctenophores
404:polychaetes
369:zooplankton
2121:Categories
1768:Photos of
1497:2020-06-29
1444:: 111208.
1137:2012-07-03
1125:. London:
956:: e11954.
923:2008-08-12
862:References
783:A damaged
750:aquarium,
692:arthropods
610:microbeads
408:protozoans
390:and other
241:moon jelly
1474:218504266
1092:189820003
896:29 August
799:An adult
712:bacterial
688:amphipods
652:Mola mola
620:Predators
569:called a
563:substrate
548:epidermis
546:, and an
536:manubrium
524:excretory
505:diffusing
439:digestive
373:Tokyo Bay
345:temperate
339:lives in
307:estuaries
267:jellyfish
256:Ulmaridae
144:Species:
126:Ulmaridae
106:Scyphozoa
82:Kingdom:
76:Eukaryota
1990:2.808798
1964:10838077
1799:Wikidata
1651:24694789
1551:84652019
1466:32366368
1419:26690755
1378:PLoS ONE
1202:83862921
1119:(1953).
1043:16103373
982:34589293
720:metazoan
540:mesoglea
509:ciliated
459:proteins
402:, young
400:rotifers
398:larvae,
396:tunicate
349:salinity
283:mollusks
279:plankton
189:Synonyms
176:Linnaeus
122:Family:
96:Cnidaria
92:Phylum:
86:Animalia
72:Domain:
2099:ZooBank
1938:2264442
1699:Bibcode
1590:Bibcode
1531:Bibcode
1446:Bibcode
1410:4687044
1387:Bibcode
1371:Aurelia
1308:Biology
1072:Bibcode
1058:Aurelia
1034:1189321
1011:Bibcode
973:8435205
944:Aurelia
840:Jūrmala
785:Aurelia
766:Aurelia
752:Belgium
746:in the
730:Gallery
707:Aurelia
696:Aurelia
676:Red Sea
654:), the
603:Aurelia
583:medusae
579:ephyrae
559:planula
532:Aurelia
520:Aurelia
513:Aurelia
501:trachea
485:Aurelia
478:Aurelia
424:Aurelia
412:diatoms
392:Aurelia
383:Feeding
353:hypoxia
311:harbors
303:Aurelia
275:medusae
260:Aurelia
251:of the
249:species
247:) is a
137:Aurelia
132:Genus:
112:Order:
102:Class:
52:Red Sea
2091:135306
2065:404481
2052:135306
2023:NZOR:
1912:240640
1886:AURLAU
1805:Q26864
1737:
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1472:
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1314:
1293:77–104
1266:
1200:
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1041:
1031:
980:
970:
892:. 2023
526:, and
463:lipids
461:, and
281:, and
271:gonads
253:family
2086:WoRMS
2078:44404
2039:20160
1977:51701
1959:IRMNG
1951:48328
1899:55306
1894:EUNIS
1860:79348
1647:S2CID
1547:S2CID
1470:S2CID
1224:(PDF)
1198:S2CID
1088:S2CID
950:PeerJ
886:WoRMS
718:Some
678:that
606:'
567:polyp
552:nerve
499:, or
497:lungs
493:gills
426:have
341:ocean
2047:OBIS
2016:6145
2011:NCBI
1972:ITIS
1933:GBIF
1881:EPPO
1873:JTCQ
1855:BOLD
1735:ISBN
1462:PMID
1415:PMID
1348:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1264:ISBN
1039:PMID
978:PMID
898:2023
418:and
309:and
265:The
180:1758
1998:NBN
1868:CoL
1842:AFD
1829:ADW
1707:doi
1639:doi
1598:doi
1586:315
1539:doi
1454:doi
1442:156
1436:".
1405:PMC
1395:doi
1190:doi
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1080:doi
1068:143
1029:PMC
1019:doi
1007:102
968:PMC
958:doi
243:or
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