Attachment measures

827:"It is by no means free of limitations (see Lamb, Thompson, Gardener, Charnov & Estes, 1984). To begin with, it is very dependent on brief separations and reunions having the same meaning for all children. This may be a major constraint when applying the procedure in cultures, such as that in Japan (see Miyake et al.,, 1985), where infants are rarely separated from their mothers in ordinary circumstances. Also, because older children have a cognitive capacity to maintain relationships when the older person is not present, separation may not provide the same stress for them. Modified procedures based on the Strange Situation have been developed for older preschool children (see Belsky et al., 1994; Greenberg et al., 1990) but it is much more dubious whether the same approach can be used in middle childhood. Also, despite its manifest strengths, the procedure is based on just 20 minutes of behaviour. It can be scarcely expected to tap all the relevant qualities of a child's attachment relationships. Q-sort procedures based on much longer naturalistic observations in the home, and interviews with the mothers have developed in order to extend the data base (see Vaughn & Waters, 1990). A further constraint is that the coding procedure results in discrete categories rather than continuously distributed dimensions. Not only is this likely to provide boundary problems, but also it is not at all obvious that discrete categories best represent the concepts that are inherent in attachment security. It seems much more likely that infants vary in their degree of security and there is need for a measurement systems that can quantify individual variation". 190:

elicit stress. If the strange situation fails to stress the child, it cannot serve as an adequate environment for the measurement of attachment. The preschool strange situation features several alterations to facilitate the creation of stress in older children. These modifications include a slightly longer separation, changes in the role and/or gender of the stranger, and changes in the instructions to the caregiver. Some versions of the preschool strange situations omit the stranger altogether, thus leaving the child alone in the room throughout both separations. The coding system used to interpret the attachment style expressed by the child has also been modified. Rather than focusing entirely on the expression of specific behaviors and emotions, the revised coding system assesses ways in which a variety of behaviors, such as talking, are organized to maintain and negotiate proximity and contact. Cassidy, Marvin and the MacArthur Working group published a version of the Strange Situation procedure designed for children within the age group of 3- to 4-years-old. In addition to categorizing a child’s attachment as secure, insecure/avoidant, insecure/ambivalent, and insecure/disorganized, the measure includes a seven-point avoidance scale and nine-point security scale.

384:"If you are a novice in this research area, what is most important for you to know is that self-report measures of romantic attachment and the AAI were initially developed completely independently and for quite different purposes. One asks about a person's feelings and behaviors in the context of romantic or other close relationships; the other is used to make inferences about the defenses associated with an adult's current state of mind regarding childhood relationships with parents. In principle, these might have been substantially associated, but in fact they seem to be only moderately related--at least as currently assessed. One kind of measure receives its construct validity mostly from studies of romantic relationships, the other from prediction of a person's child's behavior in Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Correlations of the two kinds of measures with other variables are likely to differ, although a few studies have found the AAI to be related to marital relationship quality and a few have found self-report romantic attachment measures to be related to parenting." (Shaver & Fraley, 2004) 282:

child's attachment style by analyzing how a child resolves a stress inducing story. In a 30-minute recorded interview, five story stems are presented through the use of props, such as small family figures. The stories are designed to access how that child interacts with their primary caregiver in five situations: separation, confrontation, fear, reunion, and pain. The Interviewer prompts the child to complete each story by saying "show me, or tell me what happens next." The information derived from the interview is later coded according to the organization and content of the story completion. Avoidant attachment, for example, can be disclosed by a child refusing to acknowledge the attachment issue presented in the story stem (through claiming that the event did not take place). A child may also avoid addressing attachment by focusing solely on minor details, such as how the protagonist is dressed. Secure attachment, alternately, is indicated when a child provides coherent and constructive resolutions to the stories.

300:

years. The concepts and procedures used have a basis in the Strange Situation Procedure and Adult Attachment Interview, and involves 4 story stem vignettes involving two dolls representing the caregiver-child dyad of interest and a dolls house, presented with affective arousal to mobilise attachment representations in a way that children of this age range find accessible and engaging. Responses are usually videotaped in order to reliably rate aspects of the child's represented narrative content and behaviour, and the child's own behaviour, to ascertain an attachment classification, with a particular focus on disorganised attachment, as well as providing other supporting ratings. Clinical development of the MCAST started in 1992, validation was published in 2000, and it has been since used in a range of cultural contexts and clinical and at-risk groups. Training is required for its use.

291:

secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and the punitive and caregiving patterns of middle childhood disorganization. The ADPA has two unique features not found in other doll play assessments. One is the instruction to the child to select their own family, as compared with other assessments that create a standard family set of dolls. This variation was found important for children in the D group because they frequently do not select a mother-figure or they select an adult doll to represent the self. Another is a coding system that is based on defensive processes rather than content or rating scales. The focus on defense is unique to Solomon and George's work and served as the foundation for assessing defenses in the Adult Attachment Projective Picture adult attachment assessment. The ADPA has been used cross-culturally in Japan and with French speakers in Canada.

687:

reflect thoughts about self. Attachment anxiety relates to beliefs about self-worth and whether or not one will be accepted or rejected by others. The avoidance scale in the ECR and ECR-R relates to thoughts about partners. Attachment avoidance relates to beliefs about taking risks in approaching or avoiding other people. Combinations of anxiety and avoidance can thus be used to define the four attachment styles. The secure style of attachment is characterized by low anxiety and low avoidance; the preoccupied style of attachment is characterized by high anxiety and low avoidance; the dismissive avoidant style of attachment is characterized by low anxiety and high avoidance; and the fearful avoidant style of attachment is characterized by high anxiety and high avoidance.

31:

three primary attachment pattern groups: B-pattern (balanced, secure), A-pattern (avoidant, dismissive, cognitive), C-pattern (anxious-ambivalent, preoccupied, affective). In most models, each pattern group is further broken down into several sub-patterns. Some assessments are capable of finding additional information about an individual, such as unresolved trauma, depression, history of family triangulation, and lifespan changes in the attachment pattern. Some assessments specifically or additionally look for caregiving behaviors, as caregiving and attachment are widely considered two separate systems for organizing thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Some methods assess

264:. It is based on a set period of observation of children aged 1 – 5 in a number of environments. It consists of nearly 100 items intended to cover the spectrum of attachment related behaviors including secure base and exploratory behaviors, affective response and social cognition. The observer sorts the cards corresponding to the degree to which the child exhibits the item, which is then scored. The overall score for each child will result in a variable ranging from +1.0 (i.e., very secure) to -1.0 (i.e., very insecure). Despite its ability to classify secure attachment, the score derived from the Q-set measure does not classify the type of insecure attachment. 163:

unresponsive, and infant interactions are assessed from the perspective of their caregiver, using four scales, cooperative, compulsive, difficult and passive. The ICI does not conclude attachment strategies but it is highly correlated to the maternal scales in the infant Strange Situation assessment patterns of attachment. It can be used in screening, to identify levels of risk, and as a tool for clinical intervention and evaluation and has been used in numerous research projects. The ICI is a statistically valid and reliable assessment, and trained reliable coders can typically code an interaction in 15–20 minutes. (Tryphonopoulos, 2014)

879:

conjunction with discrete attachment classifications in many published reports. The original Richter’s et al. (1998) scale is strongly related to secure versus insecure classifications, correctly predicting about 90% of cases. Readers further interested in the categorical versus continuous nature of attachment classifications (and the debate surrounding this issue) should consult the paper by Fraley and Spieker and the rejoinders in the same issue by many prominent attachment researchers including J. Cassidy, A. Sroufe, E. Waters & T. Beauchaine, and M. Cummings.

452:(DMM). The DMM method is more comprehensive, assessing more self-protective attachment strategies, more types of trauma, and more types of memory systems. Both the DMM-AAI and Berkeley-AAI methods assess information processing, memory system use, reflective integration, and are able to identify issues such as unresolved trauma and depression. The DMM-AAI method can identify additional issues such as intrusions of negative affect, disorientation, and reorganizing or reorganized attachment strategies. 493:

The PACS has been defined as "leading to a paradigm shift in attachment-informed research and clinical practice.". Rather than coding the form or content of patients' discourse, the PACS tracks the frequency of specific discourse markers that reflect how the patient regulates trust and connection with the therapist. In this way, the PACS contributes to our knowledge of specific types of communication and behaviors that distinguish patients of different attachment patterns in psychotherapy:

273:

child's internal working models of their attachment relationships. Methods include the MacArthur Story Stem Battery (MSSB) and the Attachment Story Completion Test, developed in 1990 for children between the age of 3 to 8 years; the Story Stem Assessment Profile (SSAP) developed in 1990 for children aged 4 – 8; the Attachment Doll Play Assessment developed in 1995 for children age 4.5-11; the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task (MCAST) developed in 2000 for children aged 4.5 - 8.5.

820: 476:

experiences, a method that has been shown to be subject to social desirability and defensive processes especially for assessing attachment trauma. (This method is similar to the School-Age Assessment of Attachment (SAA), below.) George and colleagues have described the AAP assessment in articles and books, and in a 2023 book, how to implement the AAP in clinical practice for assessment, client conceptualization, treatment planning, analysis, and as a therapeutic guide.

552:

thoughts about their partners and thought about themselves. Specifically, attachment styles depended on whether or not people judge their partners to be generally accessible and responsive to requests for support, and whether or not people judge themselves to be the kind of individuals towards which others want to respond and lend help. They proposed four categories based on positive or negative thoughts about partners and on positive or negative thoughts about self.

143:

a different kind of attachment relationship of the infant with the mother/caregiver. An infant may have a different pattern of attachment to each parent as well as to alternate caregivers. Pattern of attachment is thus not a part of the infant, but is characteristic of the protective and comforting quality of a specific relationship. These attachment patterns are associated with behavioral patterns and can help further predict a child's future personality.

340:. It covers 12 items, namely having a discriminated, preferred adult, seeking comfort when distressed, responding to comfort when offered, social and emotional reciprocity, emotional regulation, checking back after venturing away from the care giver, reticence with unfamiliar adults, willingness to go off with relative strangers, self endangering behavior, excessive clinging, vigilance/hypercompliance and role reversal. 441:

peer/romantic attachment tradition (Hazan & Shaver, Bartholomew), as reported by Shaver, P. R., Belsky, J., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). However, there are important differences in what is measured by the AAI using the Berkeley model—rather than being a measure of romantic attachment, it taps primarily into a person's state of mind regarding their attachment in their family of origin.

832:

provides a massive amount of data, and Crittenden's TCI, a 5-minute version of the PAA, is a useful assessment. As with all other attachment assessments, these three are necessarily limited in what they can discover, and the information they can discover is powerful. The DMM model is multi-dimensional in several ways. Infant attachment assessments have been validated.

210:(DMM). Like the SSP it involves an 8-segment 21-minute procedure which is video recorded and then coded. The classifications include all the SSP patterns plus patterns that begin to develop during the second year of life, A3-A4 and C3-C4. The DMM maintains Ainsworth's ABC labeling scheme, but renames the three basic strategies for negotiating interpersonal relationships. 51:(DMM), describe virtually all attachment behavior and patterns within (or in a combination of) the three primary A, B, C patterns. The DMM considers all attachment behavior to be an organized effort to adapt within a given caregiving environment to optimize available caregiver protection and maximize survival. 678:

Two popular questionnaires of this type are the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) questionnaire and the Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised (ECR-R) questionnaire. The ECR was created by Brennan, Clark, and Shaver in 1998. The ECR-R was created by Fraley, Waller, and Brennan in 2000.

518:

The PACS identifies the same adult attachment groups as the AAI or the AAP, as well as yielding dimensional scores for "linguistic behaviors" such as Proximity seeking, Contact Maintaining, Exploring, Avoidance, Resistance. The strongest concurrent validation of the measure is the correspondence with

462:

The DMM model of attachment also expands the range of non-B patterns beyond Ainsworth's original patterns of A1-A2, B1-5, and C1-C2 patterns. It identifies the additional patterns of A3-8 and C3-8. It also describes how A and C patterns can be combined by individuals, such as A4-C5/6. It replaces the

458:

is the coding manual for the DMM-AAI. This manual is published and available at any bookseller, and provides a comprehensive and detailed description of the AAI process, DMM-attachment theory, and the attachment system's impact on aspects of humanity such as patterns of information processing, memory

440:

Some of the strongest external validation of the measures involves its demonstrated ability to predict interviewees' children's classifications in the Strange Situation. The measure also has been shown to have some overlap with attachment constructs measured by the less time-intensive measures of the

308:

Like the stem stories, these techniques are designed to access the child's internal working models of attachment relationships. The child is shown attachment related pictures and asked to respond. Methods include the Separation Anxiety Test (SAT) developed in 1972 for children aged between 11 and 17.

281:

The Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT) is a semi-projective attachment measure designed by Inge Bretherton and colleagues to assess the internal working model of children between the age of 3 to 9 years old (though it requires modification when used with older children). The measure evaluates a

142:

Beginning in 1970, a series of expansions were added to Ainsworth's original patterns. They include the following: B4 (1970), A/C (1985) D/disorganized (1986), B5 (1988, 1992) A+, C+, and Depressed (1992, 2010). At later ages, additional categories have been described. Each of these patterns reflects

46:

Some attachment models, such as the Berkeley (or ABC+D) model, consider disorganized attachment to be a pattern or category. The D classification was thought to represent a breakdown in the attachment-caregiving partnership such that the child does not have an organized behavioral or representational

3521:

Miyake, Chen, & Campos (1985). Infant temperament and mother's mode of interaction and attachment in Japan; an interim report; In I. Bretherton & E Waters (Eds), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, Serial No 209,

840:

With respect to the ecological validity of the Strange Situation, a meta-analysis of 2,000 infant-parent dyads, including several from studies with non-Western language and/or cultural bases found the global distribution of attachment categorizations to be A (21%), B (65%), and C (14%). This global

396:

Developed by Carol George, Nancy Kaplan, and Mary Main in 1984, this is a quasi-clinical semi-structured interview that takes about one hour to administer. It utilizes either the ABC+D (or Berkeley) or DMM model for discourse analysis, and originally involved about twenty questions. It has since had

290:

The ADPA was developed by Judith Solomon and Carol George (Solomon et al., 1995) as a variation of the ACST. The measure, unlike some of the doll play measures was validated from concurrent mother-child Strange Situation patterns at ages 5-7 years. The assessment identified five attachment groups -

878:

Regarding the issue of whether the breadth of infant attachment functioning can be captured by a categorical classification scheme, continuous measures of attachment security have been developed which have demonstrated adequate psychometric properties. These have been used either individually or in

670:

David Schmitt, together with a large number of colleagues, validated the attachment questionnaire created by Bartholomew and Horowitz in 62 cultures. The distinction of thoughts about self and thoughts about partners proved valid in nearly all cultures. However, the way these two kinds of thoughts

492:

Developed by Alessandro Talia and Madeleine Miller-Bottome in 2012, it is a language-based, observational measure of attachment used in the context of psychotherapy, described in Talia, Miller-Bottome, & Daniel (2017) in the journal Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and other publications.

409:

AAI Attachment status, using the Berkeley (or ABC+D) model, originally utilized Ainsworth's patterns, A1 and A2, B1-5, and C1 and C2, and also disorganization. (Disorganization was initially considered a pattern, then seen as a status, and then determined to be not usable as a concept for adults or

798:

Existing measures have not necessarily been developed to a useful level. "Behavioral observation is a natural starting point for assessing attachment disorders because behavioral descriptions... have been central to the development of the concept... despite the fact that observations have figured

691: 299:

The MCAST is a semi-structured doll play 'story stem' methodology, developed by Jonathan Green, Charlie Stanley, Ruth Goldwyn and Vicky Smith, to evaluate and understand the internal (mental) representations of their attachment relationship with a specific primary caregiver in children of 4 to 8.5

272:

This approach uses dolls and narrative to enact a story. The dolls represent family members. The interviewer enacts the beginning of the story and then hands the dolls over for the child to complete it with varying degrees of prompting and encouragement. These techniques are designed to access the

551:

One important advance in the development of attachment questionnaires was the addition of a fourth style of attachment. Bartholomew and Horowitz presented a model that identified four categories or styles of adult attachment. Their model was based on the idea attachment styles reflected people's

547:

People participating in their study were asked to choose which set of statements best described their feelings. The chosen set of statements indicated their attachment style. Later versions of this questionnaire presented scales so people could rate how well each set of statements described their

527:

Hazan and Shaver created the first questionnaire to measure attachment in adults. Their questionnaire was designed to classify adults into the three attachment styles identified by Ainsworth. The questionnaire consisted of three sets of statements, each set of statements describing an attachment

479:

The AAP can identify three organized patterns of attachment, secure, insecure-avoidant (or deactivating defenses), insecure-preoccupied/ambivalent (or cognitive disconnection), and also insecure-unresolved (disorganized attachment). The AAP identifies the same adult attachment groups as the early

175:

As the SSP is not suitable beyond 18 months of age, other measures have been developed for older ages groups, which include observational measures (in a controlled or naturalistic environment), representational methods and interview methods. Some are developed for research purposes whereas others

162:

The focus is on the dyadic synchrony, that is the extent to which adult sensitivity to infant signals result in infant cooperation in play. Lower synchrony is indicative of higher risk. In addition caregiver's interactions with the infant are assessed using three scales, sensitive controlling and

42:

was the first formal attachment assessment, and is still in wide use. Each school, while having the same basic foundation, may be studying different phenomenon. Assessments are typically conducted by observing behavior in a structured setting, by analyzing the transcript of a structured interview

726:

The TCI is undergoing a 15+ year validation process. It assess the general attachment characteristics of a child 15-72 months old. The assessment is a shortened version of the Strange Situation Procedure and involves a 5-minute video recorded play interaction between a child and caregiver with a

475:

Developed by Carol George and Malcolm West in 1999, this is a free response task that involves telling stories in response to eight picture stimuli (1 warm-up & 7 attachment scenes). The advantage of using a picture free-response system is that individuals are not asked to describe their own

189:

Although originally designed for 1-year-old children, Ainsworth’s strange situation has been adapted to measure the attachment and exploratory behavior of children between the ages of 2-4½ years-old. A fundamental feature of the strange situation is that the situation the child is placed in must

30:

in children and adults. These procedures can assess patterns of attachment and individual self-protective strategies. Some assessments work across the several models of attachment and some are model-specific. Many assessments allow children and adults' attachment strategies to be classified into

686:

Scores on the anxiety and avoidance scales can still be used to classify people into the four adult attachment styles. The four styles of attachment defined in Bartholomew and Horowitz's model were based on thoughts about self and thoughts about partners. The anxiety scale in the ECR and ECR-R

682:

Analysis of the ECR and ECR-R reveal that the questionnaire items can be grouped into two dimensions of attachment. One group of questionnaire items deal with how anxious a person is about their relationship. These items serve as a scale for anxiety. The remaining items deal with how avoidant a

400:

The AAI-Berkeley model is discussed in Chapter 25 of Attachment Theory, Research and Clinical Applications (2nd ed.), edited by J. Cassidy and P. R. Shaver, Guilford Press, NY, 2008. The chapter title is "The Adult Attachment Interview: Historical and Current Perspectives," and is written by E.

379:

The three main ways of measuring attachment in adults include the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP), and self-report questionnaires. The AAI and AAP are based on a developmental perspective, while the self-report questionnaires are based on a

674:

A second important advance in attachment questionnaires was the use of independent items to assess attachment. Instead of asking people to choose between three or four sets of statements, people rated how strongly they agreed with dozens of individual statements. The ratings for the individual

101:

In this procedure the child is observed playing for 20 minutes while caregivers and strangers enter and leave the room, recreating the flow of the familiar and unfamiliar presence in most children's lives. The situation varies in stressfulness and the child's responses are observed. The child

831:

Subsequent research has confirmed the SSP, and the DMM-PAA version, have value across cultures and may pick up cultural differences, and the age range for which each is useful has been determined. Attachment behaviors have been identified in nonhuman primates and dogs. The 21-minute procedure

802:

Also, questionable measures of attachment in school-age children have been presented. For example, a protocol for establishing attachment status was described by Sheperis and his colleagues. Unfortunately, this protocol was validated against another technique, the Randolph Attachment Disorder

322:

This is a semi-structured interview designed by Target et al. (2003) for children aged 7 to 11. It is based on the Adult Attachment Interview, adapted for children by focusing on representations of relationships with parents and attachment-related events. Scores are based on both verbal and

166:

The ICI is often used within the context of child welfare in Britain and the wider UK. It is also used as a developmental screening tool as a way to identify parents who may benefit from more support or specific interventions that support their ability to sensitively attune to their infant.

751:

Similar to the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System above and the CAPA below, it invites a free response task from a child 6-13 years old after seeing a picture stimuli. It uses a DMM discourse analysis technique to assess attachment. The SAA was the subject of a special section of

861:

In a recent study conducted in Sapporo, Behrens, et al., 2007. found attachment distributions consistent with global norms using the six-year Main & Cassidy scoring system for attachment classification. In addition to these findings supporting the global distributions of attachment

159:(DMM) and can be used from birth, that is before infant's attachment strategies are established, and up to 15 months of age. The ICI involves a 3 minute video recording of a typical play interaction between a caregiver and infant, without requiring a separation or other stressor. 480:

version of the AAI (Berkeley model), as described above. In addition to providing adult group classifications, the AAP is also used to code individual attachment defensive information processing patterns, experiences of attachment trauma, attachment synchrony, and personal agency.

844:

However, controversy has been raised over a few cultural differences in these rates of 'global' attachment classification distributions. In particular, two studies diverged from the global distributions of attachment classifications noted above. One study was conducted in North

1073:

Granqvist, Pehr; Sroufe, L. Alan; Dozier, Mary; Hesse, Erik; Steele, Miriam; van Ijzendoorn, Marinus; Solomon, Judith; Main, Mary; Fearon, Pasco; Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian; Steele, Howard; Cassidy, Jude; Carlson, Elizabeth; Madigan, Sheri; Duschinsky, Robbie (2017-11-02).

2743:

Talia, A., Miller-Bottome, M., Wyner, R., Lilliengren, P., & Bate, J. (2019). Patients’ Adult Attachment Interview classification and their experience of the therapeutic relationship: are they associated?. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome,

501:: They tell clear, well-structured narratives that are easy to visualize; they describe relationships and experiences together with elaborating upon the impact they had on them; they offer interpretations about others' and their own behavior with tentativeness and curiosity 2084:

Barone, L., Del Guidice, M., Fossati, A., Manaresi, F., Actis Perinitti, B., Colle, L., & Veglia, F. (2009). Psychometric Properties of the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task: an Italian multicentre study. International Journal of Behavioural Development. 33 (2)

537:

Avoidant - I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them completely, difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often, love partners want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable

656:

Preoccupied - I want to be completely emotionally intimate with others, but I often find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I am uncomfortable being without close relationships, but I sometimes worry that others don't value me as much as I value

222:

for C-patterns. It is also intended to be able to distinguish the unendangered from the endangered compulsive and obsessive subpatterns that may have implications for emotional and behavioral development. It has been determined scientifically validated and reliable.

2733:

Talia, A., Miller-Bottome, M., Katznelson, H., Pedersen, S. H., Steele, H., Schröder, P., ... & Lingiardi, V. (2019). Mentalizing in the presence of another: Measuring reflective functioning and attachment in the therapy process. Psychotherapy Research, 29(5),

2762:

Talia, A., Miller-Bottome, M., Katznelson, H., Pedersen, S. H., Steele, H., Schröder, P., ... & Taubner, S. (2019). Mentalizing in the presence of another: Measuring reflective functioning and attachment in the therapy process. Psychotherapy Research, 29(5),

541:

Anxious/Ambivalent - I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me or won't want to stay with me. I want to merge completely with another person, and this desire sometimes scares people

660:

Fearful - I am somewhat uncomfortable getting close to others. I want emotionally close relationships, but I find it difficult to trust others completely, or to depend on them. I sometimes worry that I will be hurt if I allow myself to become too close to

2810:

Brennan, K.A., Clark, C.L., & Shaver, P.R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult romantic attachment: An integrative overview. In J.A. Simpson & W.S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford

3699:

Grossmann, K.E., Grossmann, K., Huber, F., & Wartner, U. (1981). German children's behavior toward their mothers at 12 months and their fathers at 18 months in Ainsworth's strange situation. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 4,

857:

where more resistant (C) infants were found. Of these two studies, the Japanese findings have sparked the most controversy as to the meaning of individual differences in attachment behavior as originally identified by Ainsworth et al. (1978).

3466:

Sheperis, C.J., Doggett, R.A., Hoda, N.E., Blanchard, T., Renfro-Michael, E.L., Holdiness, S.H., & Schlagheck, R. (2003). "The development of an assessment protocol for Reactive Attachment Disorder."Journal of Mental Health Counseling,

405:) by assessing general and specific recollections from their childhood. The interview is coded based on quality of discourse (especially coherence) and content. Categories are designed to predict parental stances on Berkeley infant data. 69:

Attachment measures for infants rely on observing the infant with a caregiver, typically videotaped, either in a natural or contrived environment. Measures for older children, including toddlers, are listed in subsequent sections.

2065:

Green, J.M., Stanley, C., Smith, V., & Goldwyn, R. (2000). A new method of evaluating attachment representations on young school age children - the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task. Attachment and Human Development, 2,

1912:

Waters, E. and Deane, K. (1985) 'Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-methodology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood.' In I. Bretherton and E. Waters (eds)

459:

system function, and the effect of trauma. It also offers a brief comparison of the two attachment models using the AAI. The Berkeley/ABC+D model has never published a coding manual or comprehensive model of attachment.

2843:

Collins, N.L. & Freeney, B.C. (2004). An Attachment Theory Perspective on Closeness and Intimacy. In D.J. Mashek & A. Aron (Eds.), Handbook of Closeness and Intimacy, pp. 163-188. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum

176:

have been developed for clinical use. Effective training of evaluators is essential, as some items to be assessed require interpretation reliability (e.g., child is "suddenly aggressive toward mother for no reason").

666:

Tests demonstrated the four attachment styles were distinct in how they related to other kinds of psychological variables. Adults indeed appeared to have four styles of attachment instead of three attachment styles.

2214:

Granqvist, Pehr; Sroufe, L. Alan; Main, Mary; Hesse, Erik; Steele, Miriam; van Ijzendoorn, Marinus; Solomon, Judith; Schuengel, Carlo; Fearon, Pasco; Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian; and 33 other authors (2017-07-26).

98:. As research accumulated and atypical patterns of attachment became more apparent it was further developed by Main and Solomon in 1986 and 1990 to include the new category of disorganized/disoriented attachment. 483:

The strongest concurrent validation of the measure is the correspondence between AAP and AAI classification agreement. The AAP is demonstrated to be increasingly useful in clinical and neurobiological settings.

1151:

Main, M. and Solomon, J. (1986) 'Discovery of an insecure disorganized/dioriented attachment pattern:procedures, findings and implications for the classification of behavior.' In t. Braxelton and M.Yogman (eds)

3531:

Belsky, J. & Cassidy, J. (1994). Attachment Theory and Evidence. In M. Rutter & D. Hay (Eds) Development Through Life; A Handbook For Clinicians (pp. 373-402). Oxford; Blackwell Scientific Publications.

709:

DMM-informed assessments offer a full lifespan set of assessments, many adapted from existing attachment assessments. Some assessments are validated and some are still in development or the validation process.

331:

Disturbances of Attachment Interview developed, by Smyke and Zeanah, (1999), is a semi-structured interview designed to be administered by clinicians to caregivers. This method is designed to pick up not only

2075:

Goldwyn, R., Green, J.M, Stanley, C., & Smith V. (2000). The Manchester Child Attachment Story Task: Relationship with parental AAI, SAT and child behaviour. Attachment and Human Development, 2, 65-78.

649:

Secure - It is relatively easy for me to become emotionally close to others. I am comfortable depending on others and having others depend on me. I don't worry about being alone or having others not accept

533:

Secure - I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don't often worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to

3511:

Lamb, Thompson, Gardener, Charnov & Estes, (1984). Security of Infantile attachment as assessed in the 'Strange Situation'; its study and biological interpretations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7,

2833:

Bartholomew, K. & Shaver, P.R. (1998). Methods of assessing adult attachment. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships, pp. 25-45. New York, NY: Guilford

2353:

Shaver, P. R., Belsky, J., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). The adult attachment interview and self-reports of romantic attachment: Associations across domains and methods. Personal Relationships, 7, 25-43.

653:

Dismissive - I am comfortable without close emotional relationships. It is very important to me to feel independent and self-sufficient, and I prefer not to depend on others or have others depend on me.

782:

This assessment is undergoing a development and validation process. It assess attachment patterns in people 14-25 years old, and is a version of the AAI modified to be age and development appropriate.

3722:

Behrens, K. Y., Main, M., & Hesse, E. (2007). Mothers’ Attachment Status as Determined by the Adult Attachment Interview Predicts Their 6-Year-Olds’ Reunion Responses: A Study Conducted in Japan"

683:

person is in their relationship. These items serve as a scale for avoidance. Many researchers now use scores from the anxiety and avoidance scales to perform statistical analyses and test hypotheses.

513:: They present narratives that are unclear, full of irrelevant details; they describe relationships and experiences with either excessive certainty, or excessive vagueness and lack of a clear stance. 507:: They downplay either their appraisal of relationships, or the effect these had on them; they are not likely to recount episodes, disclose feelings, or reflect on inner determinants of experiences 774:

This assesses the attachment and exploration systems for children 7-11. It uses a process similar to the School-Age Assessment of Attachment and Adult Attachment Projective Picture System above.

47:

strategy to achieve protection and care from the attachment figure. However, the disorganized concept has been determined to be invalid for people older than 20 months. Other models, such as the

644:

Bartholomew and Horowitz used this model to create the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ-CV). The RQ-CV consisted of four sets of statements, each describing a category or style of attachment:

423:: They show memory lapses. Minimize negative aspects and deny personal impact on relationships. Their positive descriptions are often contradicted or unsupported. The discourse is defensive. 2038:

Solomon, J., George, C., & De Jong, A. (1995). Children classified as controlling at age six: Evidence of disorganized representational strategies and aggression at home and school.

1165:

Main, m. and Solomon, J. (1990) 'Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation' In M.Greenberg, D. Cicchetti and E. Cummings (eds)

690: 3735:

Main, M., & Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age 6: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1-month period"

1284:

Main, M.; Cassidy, J. (1988). "Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age six: predictability from infant attachment classifications stable across a one-month period".

2094:

Wan, M.W. & Green, J. (2010). Negative and atypical story content themes depicted by children with behaviour problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 1125-1131

1738:

Main, M. & Cassidy, J. (1988) "Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age 6: predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1-month period.

1241:

Radke-Yarrow, M.; Cummings, E.M.; Kuczynski, L.; Chapman, M. (1985). "Patterns of attachment in two and three year olds in normal families and families with parental depression".

1493:"Assessing parenting risk within the context of severe and persistent mental illness: Validating an observational measure for families with child protective service involvement" 38:

Attachment models are typically generated from the schools of developmental science or social psychology, although both emanate from the Bowlby-Ainsworth framework. Ainsworth's

866:

and its relevance to questions concerning whether the insecure-resistant (C) style of interaction may be engendered in Japanese infants as a result of the cultural practice of

206:

The PAA was devised by Patricia Crittenden for the purpose of assessing patterns of attachment in 18-month to 5-year-old children. It uses the coding method developed with the

78:

The Strange Situation procedure was formulated to observe attachment relationships between a caregiver and children between the age of nine and 18 months. It was developed by

2666:

Buchheim, Anna; Erk, Susanne; George, Carol; Kächele, Horst; Kircher, Tilo; Martius, Philipp; Pokorny, Dan; Ruchsow, Martin; Spitzer, Manfred; Walter, Henrik (August 2008).

3540:

Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D. & Cummings, M. (Eds), (1990). Attachment in the preschool years; theory research and intervention. Chicago; University of Chicago Press.

3327:"The Meaning of the Child Interview (MotC) – the initial validation of a new procedure for assessing and understanding the parent-child relationships of "at risk" families" 766:

The MotC uses an interview and discourse technique similar to the AAI. It assesses a parent's general pattern of caregiving, sensitivity and responsiveness to their child.

3773:

Fraley, C. R., & Spieker, S. J. (2003). Are Infant Attachment Patterns Continuously or Categorically Distributed? A Taxometric Analysis of Strange Situation Behavior"

417:: They value attachment relationships, describe them in a balanced way and as influential. Their discourse is coherent, internally consistent, and non-defensive in nature. 380:

social psychology perspective. Each assessment was created with somewhat different aims in mind. Shaver and Fraley, coming from the social psychology perspective, note:

3457:

O'Connor, T., & Zeanah, C.H. (2003)."Attachment disorders: Assessment strategies and treatment approaches." Attachment & Human Development, 5(3):223-244, p. 229

115:

The stranger leaves the infant playing unless he/she is inactive and then tries to interest the infant in toys. If the infant becomes distressed this episode is ended.

3748:

Richters, J. E., Waters, E., & Vaughn, B. E. (1988). Empirical classification of infant-mother relationships from interactive behavior and crying during reunion"

198:

This system, devised in 1988, analyses the reunion of child and parent after a 1-hour separation. It is aimed at 6-year-olds and classifies their attachment status.

2103:

Target, M., Fonagy, P. and Schmueli-Goetz, Y. (2003) 'Attachment representations in school-age children: the development of the Child Attachment Interview (CAI).'

1927:

Vaughn, B. E.; Waters, E. (1990). "Attachment behavior at home and in the laboratory: Q-sort observations and strange situation classifications of one-year-olds".

1537:

Simo, S., Rauh, H., & Ziegenhain, U. (2000). Mother-infant interaction during the first eighteen months and attachment security at the end of the second year.

2753:

Slade, A. (2016). "Attachment and Adult Psychotherapy Theory, Research, and Practice". In: Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. (Eds) Handbook of Attachment Third edition

3995: 3764:

Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (1990). Cross-cultural consistency of coding the strange situation. Infant Behavior and Development, 13, 469-485.

2798:

Schmitt, D.P., et al. (2004). Patterns and universals of adult romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 367-402.

704: 464: 449: 207: 156: 48: 2291:"Comparing Main, Goldwyn, and Hesse (Berkeley) and Crittenden (DMM) coding systems for classifying Adult Attachment Interview transcripts: an empirical report" 1970:

Clements, M.; Barnett, D. (2002). "Parenting and attachment among toddlers with congenital anomalies: Examining the strange situation and attachment Q-sort".

118:

Mother enters and waits to see how the infant greets her. The stranger leaves quietly and the mother waits until the baby settles, and then she leaves again.

675:

statements were combined to provide an attachment score. Investigators have created several questionnaires using this strategy to measure adult attachment.

2909:

Hautamäki, Airi (2014). "Mothers and infants: Screening for maternal relationships at risk with the CARE-index". In Farnfield, Steve; Holmes, Paul (eds.).

1661:

Andreassen, C., & West, J. (2007). Measuring socioemotional functioning in a national birth cohort study. Infant Mental Health Journal, 28(6), 627-646.

232: 3632:"Attachment security in companion dogs: adaptation of Ainsworth's strange situation and classification procedures to dogs and their human caregivers" 444:

The DMM-AAI uses a slightly modified set of interview questions, and uses principles and analysis techniques from attachment theory as described by

671:

interacted to form attachment styles varied somewhat across cultures. The four attachment styles had somewhat different meanings across cultures.

2272: 3124: 244: 43:

using technical discourse analysis methods, or by self-reports from a questionnaire. Social psychology models primarily utilize self-reports.

1022: 3937: 3686:

Van IJzendoorn, M.H., & Kroonenberg, P.M. (1988). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: A meta-analysis of the strange-situation"

2409:"Comparing models of borderline personality disorder: Mothers' experience, self-protective strategies, and dispositional representations" 429:: Experience continuing preoccupation with their own parents. Incoherent discourse. Have angry or ambivalent representations of the past. 3366:"The Child Attachment and Play Assessment (CAPA): Validation of a new approach to coding narrative stems with children ages 3–11 years" 3272:"The Meaning of the Child Interview: A new procedure for assessing and understanding parent–child relationships of 'at-risk' families" 2820:

Fraley, R.C., Waller, N.G., & Brennan, K.A. (2000). An item-response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment"

743:

As described above, this validated assessment is a slightly modified version of the SSP to cover a wider range of ages 2-5 years old.

1753: 754: 4205: 2576:"Assessing Attachment Representations in Adolescents: Discriminant Validation of the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System" 3910: 3575: 3100: 2918: 2642: 2555: 2383: 2190: 1032: 815:

described, relatively early in the development and use of the SSP, some limitations of the procedure in the following terms;

4190: 2289:

Baldoni, Franco; Minghetti, Mattia; Craparo, Giuseppe; Facondini, Elisa; Cena, Loredana; Schimmenti, Adriano (2018-07-04).

718:

This validated assessment, described above, primarily assess interaction rather than attachment in a 3-minute observation.

388:

The AAI, the AAP, and the self-report questionnaires offer distinct, but equally useful, perspectives on adult attachment.

353:

This is a version of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) rendered age appropriate for adolescents. The classifications of

2668:"Neural correlates of attachment trauma in borderline personality disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study" 410:

children over 20 months.) The Berkeley model developed to include over 20 patterns. Four broad categories have included:

337: 1997:

Goodman, G; Pfeffer, CR (1998). "Attachment disorganization in prepubertal children with severe emotional disturbance".

519:

the AAI (k = .82), and the Reflective Functioning Scale (r = .72). The PACS is increasingly used in clinical settings.

4148: 2528: 841:

distribution was generally consistent with Ainsworth et al.'s (1978) original attachment classification distributions.

2942:

Forcada-Guex, Margarita; Pierrehumbert, Blaise; Borghini, Ayala; Moessinger, Adrien; Muller-Nix, Carole (2006-07-01).

2217:"Disorganized attachment in infancy: a review of the phenomenon and its implications for clinicians and policy-makers" 1076:"Disorganized attachment in infancy: a review of the phenomenon and its implications for clinicians and policy-makers" 3887: 3873: 3858: 3843: 3828: 3813: 3437: 2153: 1139: 1057: 994: 2785:

Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model"

835: 2464:"The development and preliminary validation of a new measure of adult attachment: the Adult Attachment Projective" 3930: 3709:

Takahashi, K. (1986). Examining the Strange-Situation procedure with Japanese mothers and 12-month old infants"

1915:

Growing pains of attachment theory and research: Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 50,

1671:

Lieberman, A. F. (1977). "Preschoolers' competence with a peer: Relations with attachment and peer experience".

151:

The Infant CARE-Index (ICI) is procedure that assesses risk in parent/infant relationships. It was developed by

112:

A stranger enters, talks to the mother then gradually approaches infant with a toy. The mother leaves the room.

4143: 1804:"The Preschool Assessment of Attachment: Construct validity in a sample of depressed and nondepressed families" 4000: 402: 4164: 4051: 4020: 929: 803:

Questionnaire, that was itself poorly validated and that is based on a nonconventional view of attachment.

445: 333: 152: 790:

As described above, this well validated assessment considers many aspects of the adult attachment system.

1179:

Bell, S. (1970). "The development of the concept of the object as related to infant-mother attachment".

231:

The MIM is a structured observation of the interaction between parent and child. The MIM was created by

4200: 4195: 3923: 3128: 2131: 2722:

Assessing attachment in psychotherapy: Validation study of the Patient Attachment Coding System (PACS)

2547:

Working with Attachment Trauma: Clinical Application of the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System

127:

The mother returns and the stranger goes. Reunion behaviour is noted and then the situation is ended.

2290: 4138: 83: 86:

Originally it was devised to enable children to be classified into the attachment styles known as

4015: 924: 836:

Ecological validity and universality of Strange Situation attachment classification distributions

236: 849:

in which more avoidant (A) infants were found than global norms would suggest, and the other in

3970: 904: 60: 2944:"Early Dyadic Patterns of Mother–Infant Interactions and Outcomes of Prematurity at 18 Months" 3980: 2266: 3549:

Vaughn, B. E. & Waters, E. (1990). Attachment behaviour at home and in the laboratory"

2772:

Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachmenpt process"

1351:"Exploring the mechanism of intergenerational transmission of attachment: The plot thickens" 4112: 4010: 3965: 3911:

Articles on attachment measures including 11 self-report measures with scoring instructions

899: 370: 135:

The amount of exploration (e.g. playing with new toys) the child engages in throughout, and

2520:

The Adult Attachment Projective Picture System: Attachment theory and assessment in adults

8: 3975: 909: 694:

Two dimensional model of adult attachment related to the four styles of adult attachment.

32: 3905: 2116:

Smyke, A. and Zeanah, C. (1999)'Disturbances of Attachment Interview'. Available on the

1781: 456:

Assessing adult attachment: A dynamic-maturational approach to discourse analysis (2011)

4117: 4096: 3664: 3631: 3490: 3307: 3234: 3199:"Are mothers' protective attachment strategies related to their children's strategies?" 3197:

Crittenden, Patricia M; Robson, Katrina; Tooby, Alison; Fleming, Charles (2017-04-21).

3179: 3118: 2979: 2891: 2703: 2667: 2608: 2499: 2444: 2375:

Assessing adult attachment : a dynamic-maturational approach to discourse analysis

2336: 2249: 1944: 1839: 1773: 1688: 1644: 1473: 1415: 1375: 1350: 1331: 1258: 1227: 1214:

Crittenden, P. (1985). "Social networks, quality of parenting, and child development".

1196: 1108: 1075: 914: 735:

As described above but the DMM version covers a more narrow age range of 11-15 months.

121:

The infant is alone. This episode is curtailed if the infant appears to be distressed.

2683: 463:

disorganized category with finer descriptions of the A and C attachment patterns. The

3990: 3946: 3883: 3869: 3854: 3839: 3824: 3809: 3669: 3651: 3612: 3571: 3494: 3433: 3385: 3346: 3311: 3299: 3291: 3226: 3218: 3171: 3163: 3106: 3096: 3072: 3020: 2971: 2963: 2924: 2914: 2883: 2875: 2695: 2687: 2648: 2638: 2613: 2595: 2551: 2524: 2491: 2483: 2448: 2436: 2428: 2389: 2379: 2340: 2328: 2320: 2254: 2236: 2196: 2186: 2006: 1952: 1878: 1831: 1823: 1777: 1648: 1636: 1628: 1589: 1581: 1520: 1512: 1477: 1465: 1457: 1380: 1335: 1266: 1135: 1113: 1095: 1053: 1028: 990: 894: 374: 64: 39: 27: 3760: 3758: 3183: 2895: 2856:"Compulsive compliance: The development of an inhibitory coping strategy in infancy" 2503: 1843: 1419: 1398:

Snyder, R.; Shapiro, S.; Treleaven, D. (2012). "Attachment Theory and Mindfulness".

4122: 4041: 3960: 3659: 3643: 3604: 3486: 3425: 3377: 3338: 3283: 3238: 3210: 3155: 3064: 3010: 2983: 2955: 2867: 2707: 2679: 2603: 2587: 2475: 2420: 2310: 2302: 2244: 2228: 2216: 1979: 1936: 1870: 1815: 1765: 1680: 1620: 1573: 1504: 1449: 1407: 1370: 1362: 1323: 1293: 1250: 1223: 1188: 1103: 1087: 889: 170: 3647: 3591:

Crittenden, Patricia McKinsey; Claussen, Angelika Hartl; Kozlowska, Kasia (2007).

3051:

Crittenden, Patricia McKinsey; Claussen, Angelika Hartl; Kozlowska, Kasia (2007).

2306: 2232: 1896: 1857:

Crittenden, Patricia McKinsey; Claussen, Angelika Hartl; Kozlowska, Kasia (2007).

1560:

Tryphonopoulos, Panagiota D.; Letourneau, Nicole; Ditommaso, Enrico (2014-09-12).

1091: 243:

have standardized and published a rating scale for the MIM for research purposes.

3755: 3593:"Choosing a Valid Assessment of Attachment for Clinical Use: A Comparative Study" 3053:"Choosing a Valid Assessment of Attachment for Clinical Use: A Comparative Study" 1859:"Choosing a Valid Assessment of Attachment for Clinical Use: A Comparative Study" 1048:

George, Carol; Solomon, Judith (2008). Cassidy, Jude; Shaver, Phillip R. (eds.).

3742: 3417: 3404:

Transition to Adulthood Attachment Interview (TAAI), unpublished training manual

1562:"Attachment and caregiver-infant interaction of observational -assessment tools" 1438:"DMM assessments of attachment and adaptation: Procedures, validity and utility" 862:

classifications in Sapporo, Behrens et al. also discuss the Japanese concept of

4036: 3429: 2575: 2545: 2463: 1803: 1297: 934: 812: 309:

Revised versions have been produced for 4 - 7-year-olds. The SAT was doctored.

267: 79: 3851:

Becoming Attached: First Relationships and How They Shape Our Capacity to Love

3326: 3271: 3253:"Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry – Volume 22, Number 3, Jul 01, 2017" 3198: 3143: 2591: 2518: 2479: 2408: 2200: 1819: 1769: 1608: 1437: 1411: 1327: 989:(1st ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum, original. Routledge Classic Editions, 2015. 4185: 4179: 4081: 4076: 4061: 4005: 3680: 3655: 3616: 3389: 3350: 3342: 3295: 3287: 3222: 3214: 3167: 3159: 3110: 3076: 3024: 2967: 2928: 2879: 2691: 2652: 2599: 2487: 2432: 2424: 2393: 2324: 2240: 1882: 1827: 1632: 1624: 1585: 1516: 1461: 1453: 1366: 1099: 959: 949: 919: 261: 4091: 3477:

Rutter, Michael (1995). "The Clinical Implications of Attachment Concepts".

3252: 2943: 819: 799:

prominently... no established observational protocol has been established".

348: 4071: 4066: 4056: 3673: 3630:

Solomon, J.; Beetz, A.; Schöberl, I.; Gee, N.; Kotrschal, K. (2019-07-04).

3303: 3230: 3175: 2975: 2959: 2941: 2699: 2617: 2574:

Gander, Manuela; George, Carol; Pokorny, Dan; Buchheim, Anna (2016-03-26).

2495: 2440: 2332: 2258: 1640: 1593: 1524: 1469: 1384: 1117: 954: 944: 467:

also uses a different naming scheme for the general and specific patterns.

3592: 3498: 3090: 3052: 2887: 2779: 2373: 2052: 2010: 1956: 1858: 1835: 1436:

Farnfield, Steve; Hautamäki, Airi; Nørbech, Peder; Sahhar, Nicola (2010).

1270: 985:

Ainsworth, Mary D.; Blehar, Mary C.; Waters, Everett; Wall, Sally (1978).

4046: 3716: 3608: 3068: 1874: 1314:

Crittenden, P.M. (1992). "Quality of attachment in the preschool years".

964: 939: 336:

but also Zeannah et al.'s (1993) suggested new alternative categories of

109:

Mother sits quietly on a chair, responding if the infant seeks attention.

2855: 2315: 1561: 1492: 401:

Hesse. The interview taps into adult representation of attachment (i.e.

2871: 1983: 1948: 1692: 1577: 1508: 1262: 1200: 3365: 3142:

Crittenden, Patricia; Kozlowska, Kasia; Landini, Andrea (2010-02-22).

2180: 1132:

Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation

987:

Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation

777: 193: 4086: 3381: 3015: 2998: 2632: 1711:

Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention

1167:

Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research and intervention.

3915: 3799:

Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research and Intervention

1940: 1684: 1609:"Promoting a secure attachment: A primary prevention practice model" 1254: 1240: 1192: 3836:

The Search for the Secure Base: Attachment Theory and Psychotherapy

3792:

Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications

3767: 3568:

Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications

2544:

George, Carol; Wargo Aikens, Julie; Lehmann, Melissa, eds. (2023).

2026:

Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications

1726:

Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications

470: 138:

The child's reactions to the departure and return of its caregiver.

2118:

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

873: 1559: 1050:

The caregiving system: A behavioral systems approach to parenting

850: 846: 294: 240: 3797:

Greenberg, MT, Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, EM., (Eds) (1990)

2288: 171:

Measures of attachment in toddlerhood and early-middle childhood

3418:"5 Adoleszenz und das TAAI (Landini/Kozlowska/Davies/Chudleigh" 2806: 2804: 1435: 522: 769: 2999:"Infant Developmental Outcomes: A Family Systems Perspective" 2814: 2347: 854: 738: 326: 3196: 3039:

Toddler CARE-Index (TCI) Manual, unpublished training manual

2801: 746: 268:

Representational (story stem, narrative and picture) methods

3864:

Parkes, CM, Stevenson-Hinde, J., Marris, P., (Eds.) (1991)

3729: 3590: 3050: 2573: 1856: 867: 863: 260:

This method, devised by Waters and Deane in 1985, utilizes

201: 3141: 1708: 1072: 698: 487: 276: 2827: 2543: 1709:

Greenberg, M. T.; Cicchetti, D.; Cummings, E. M. (1993).

984: 349:

Attachment Interview for Childhood and Adolescence (AICA)

285: 106:

Mother (or other familiar caregiver) and baby enter room.

3900: 3451: 2997:

Parfitt, Ylva; Pike, Alison; Ayers, Susan (2013-11-21).

2720:

Talia, A.; Miller-Bottome, M.; Daniel, S. I. F. (2017).

2665: 2213: 1908: 1906: 761: 730: 343: 3996:

Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation

3629: 3534: 2372:

Crittenden, Patricia McKinsey; Landini, Andrea (2011).

785: 705:

Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation

450:

Dynamic-Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation

208:

Dynamic-Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation

157:

Dynamic-Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation

49:

Dynamic-Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation

3693: 3092:

The Routledge handbook of attachment : assessment

2837: 2724:. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 24(1), 149-161 1397: 727:

frustration task and post-frustration repair attempt.

435:: Show trauma resulting from unresolved loss or abuse. 247:

has developed the MIM Behavior Rating Scale (MIMBRS).

2163:(Third ed.). University of California, Berkeley. 1903: 1607:

Svanberg, P.O.; Mennet, Lisa; Spieker, Susan (2010).

1606: 250: 3878:

Siegler R., DeLoache, J. & Eisenberg, N. (2003)

3597:

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy

3460: 3057:

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy

2123: 1863:

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy

1655: 1348: 1159: 1145: 226: 73: 54: 3808:. Madison, CT: International Universities Press. 2854:Crittenden, Patricia M.; DiLalla, David L. (1988). 2792: 2766: 806: 778:

Transition to Adulthood Attachment Interview (TAAI)

391: 317: 194:

Main & Cassidy attachment classification system

179: 131:Two aspects of the child's behaviour are observed: 2097: 1996: 1732: 1052:(2nd ed.). Guilford Press. pp. 833–856. 3570:(3rd ed.). New York (N.Y.): Guilford Press. 2853: 2371: 2152:George, Carol; Kaplan, Nancy; Main, Mary (1996). 4177: 3901:AICAN - Australian Intercountry Adoption Network 2996: 2911:The Routledge handbook of attachment: assessment 2407:Crittenden, Patricia M.; Newman, Louise (2010). 2406: 2151: 2110: 1349:Shah, P. E.; Fonagy, P.; Strathearn, L. (2010). 1027:. Oxford New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 471:Adult Attachment Projective Picture System (AAP) 2913:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 37–52. 1969: 1745: 1309: 1307: 874:Attachment measurement: discrete or continuous? 397:extensive research validation to support it. 361:are the same as under the AAI described below. 3566:Cassidy, Jude; Shaver, Phillip Robert (2018). 3543: 3525: 3515: 3416:Stokowy, Martin; Sahhar, Nicola, eds. (2012), 3095:. Steve Farnfield, Paul Holmes. London. 2014. 2517:George, Carol; West, Malcolm L., eds. (2012). 1754:"Quality of attachment in the preschool years" 1124: 303: 295:Manchester Child Attachment Story Task (MCAST) 184: 124:The stranger comes back and repeats episode 3. 26:are the various procedures used to assess the 3931: 3790:Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P., (Eds). (1999) 3703: 3565: 3415: 3324: 3269: 3144:"Assessing attachment in school-age children" 2631:Solomon, Judith; George, Carol, eds. (2011). 2630: 2028:. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 102–123. 1751: 1728:. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 287–316. 1047: 758:in July 2017, and is a validated assessment. 3505: 2822:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2787:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2774:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2523:(Illustrated ed.). The Guilford Press. 2129: 1926: 1802:Teti, Douglas M.; Gelfand, Donna M. (1997). 1304: 713: 523:Social psychology Self-report questionnaires 2271:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1801: 1283: 1207: 770:Child Attachment and Play Assessment (CAPA) 721: 3938: 3924: 3479:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 3325:Grey, Ben; Farnfield, Steve (2017-03-20). 3270:Grey, Ben; Farnfield, Steve (2016-03-02). 3123:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2516: 2461: 2178: 2132:"Self-report measures of adult attachment" 1355:Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry 1313: 1213: 1020: 327:Disturbances of Attachment Interview (DAI) 146: 3663: 3424:, Psychosozial-Verlag, pp. 113–140, 3363: 3014: 2908: 2607: 2314: 2248: 2023: 1723: 1670: 1374: 1107: 747:School-Age Assessment of Attachment (SAA) 3406:. Miami, FL: Family Relations Institute. 3276:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 3203:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 3148:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 3041:. Miami, FL: Family Relations Institute. 2580:Child Psychiatry & Human Development 2462:George, Carol; West, Malcolm L. (2001). 2413:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1613:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1442:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 818: 755:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 739:Preschool Assessment of Attachment (PAA) 202:Preschool Assessment of Attachment (PAA) 1704: 1702: 1539:Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht 699:Assessments using DMM theory and method 488:Patient Attachment Coding System (PACS) 277:Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT) 4178: 3476: 2634:Disorganized attachment and caregiving 1490: 595:Comfortable with intimacy and autonomy 556:Attachment Theory Four Category Model 286:Attachment Doll Play Assessment (ADPA) 102:experiences the following situations: 3945: 3919: 3561: 3559: 3370:International Journal of Play Therapy 2569: 2567: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2284: 2282: 2174: 2172: 2170: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1431: 1429: 1400:Journal of Child & Family Studies 1169:Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 762:Meaning of the Child interview (MotC) 731:DMM-Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) 364: 344:Measures of attachment in adolescents 2860:Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1699: 1178: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 786:DMM-Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) 312: 255: 4139:Attachment-based therapy (children) 2185:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2182:Cornerstones of attachment research 2130:Shaver, P.A.; Fraley, R.C. (2004). 1024:Cornerstones of attachment research 13: 4149:Dyadic developmental psychotherapy 3784: 3636:Attachment & Human Development 3556: 3491:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb02314.x 2564: 2468:Attachment & Human Development 2356: 2295:Attachment & Human Development 2279: 2221:Attachment & Human Development 2167: 2105:Journal of Child Psychotherapy 29, 2053:"MCAST (University of Manchester)" 1548: 1426: 1342: 1228:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1985.tb00198.x 1080:Attachment & Human Development 689: 251:Naturalistic observational methods 14: 4217: 3894: 3821:John Bowlby and Attachment Theory 2684:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.07.001 2672:Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2378:. New York: W.W Norton & Co. 1154:Affective development in infancy. 1003: 227:Marschak Interaction Method (MIM) 74:Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) 55:Measures of attachment in infants 3866:Attachment Across The Life Cycle 3402:Crittenden, Patricia M. (2005). 3037:Crittenden, Patricia M. (2014). 1999:Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 807:Reception and development of SSP 392:Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) 318:Child Attachment Interview (CAI) 180:Controlled observational methods 155:early in the development of the 3801:University of Chicago, Chicago. 3623: 3584: 3470: 3409: 3396: 3357: 3318: 3263: 3245: 3190: 3135: 3083: 3044: 3031: 2990: 2935: 2902: 2847: 2756: 2747: 2737: 2727: 2714: 2659: 2624: 2537: 2510: 2455: 2400: 2207: 2145: 2088: 2078: 2069: 2059: 2045: 2040:Development and Psychopathology 2032: 2017: 1990: 1963: 1920: 1889: 1850: 1808:Development and Psychopathology 1795: 1758:Development and Psychopathology 1717: 1664: 1600: 1531: 1484: 1391: 1316:Development and Psychopathology 1277: 1234: 1134:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 355:dismissing, secure, preoccupied 4206:Psychological tests and scales 4144:Attachment-based psychotherapy 3331:Journal of Children's Services 1713:. University of Chicago Press. 1172: 1066: 1041: 978: 605:Preoccupied with relationships 239:. Salo & Makela (2006) of 1: 4001:Fathers as attachment figures 3838:. London: Brunner-Routledge. 3648:10.1080/14616734.2018.1517812 2307:10.1080/14616734.2017.1421979 2233:10.1080/14616734.2017.1354040 1092:10.1080/14616734.2017.1354040 971: 4165:History of attachment theory 4052:Patricia McKinsey Crittenden 4021:Reactive attachment disorder 3003:Infant and Child Development 2159:. Department of Psychology. 2154:"Adult Attachment Interview" 1972:Infant Mental Health Journal 1740:Developmental Psychology 24, 1566:Infant Mental Health Journal 1497:Infant Mental Health Journal 930:Reactive attachment disorder 793: 334:reactive attachment disorder 7: 4191:Interpersonal relationships 3853:. Oxford University Press. 3806:Infancy and Early Childhood 2179:Duschinsky, Robbie (2020). 1917:Serial No. 209 (1-2), 41-65 1021:Duschinsky, Robbie (2020). 882: 323:non-verbal communications. 304:Picture response techniques 185:Preschool strange situation 40:Strange Situation Procedure 10: 4222: 3430:10.30820/9783837966534-113 1298:10.1037/0012-1649.24.3.415 1130:Ainsworth. Mary D. (1978) 702: 368: 84:developmental psychologist 58: 4157: 4131: 4105: 4029: 3953: 3364:Farnfield, Steve (2016). 2592:10.1007/s10578-016-0639-2 2480:10.1080/14616730010024771 2120:website at www.jaacap.com 1820:10.1017/s0954579497001284 1770:10.1017/S0954579400000110 1412:10.1007/s10826-011-9522-8 1328:10.1017/s0954579400000110 579: 568: 563: 560: 3906:Attachment Questionnaire 3775:Developmental Psychology 3737:Developmental Psychology 3724:Developmental Psychology 3711:Developmental Psychology 3343:10.1108/jcs-03-2016-0006 3288:10.1177/1359104516633495 3215:10.1177/1359104517704027 3160:10.1177/1359104509356741 2425:10.1177/1359104510368209 2024:Solomon, J.; George, C. 1724:Solomon, J.; George, C. 1625:10.1177/1359104510367584 1454:10.1177/1359104510364315 1367:10.1177/1359104510365449 1286:Developmental Psychology 722:Toddler CARE-Index (TCI) 35:or romantic attachment. 4016:Object relations theory 2550:. New York: Routledge. 1491:Ostler, Teresa (2010). 925:Object relations theory 714:Infant CARE-Index (ICI) 433:Unresolved/Disorganized 403:internal working models 338:disorders of attachment 237:Yale Child Study Center 147:Infant CARE-Index (ICI) 33:disorders of attachment 24:attachment assessments, 16:Psychological technique 3971:Attachment in children 2960:10.1542/peds.2005-1145 2161:Unpublished Manuscript 1752:Crittenden PM (1992). 905:Attachment in children 829: 824: 695: 664: 620:Dismissing of intimacy 545: 516: 438: 386: 61:Attachment in children 4132:Clinical applications 3981:Attachment and health 3804:Greenspan, S. (1993) 3794:. Guilford Press, NY. 3127:) CS1 maint: others ( 822: 817: 693: 646: 530: 495: 407: 382: 4113:Attachment parenting 4011:Maternal deprivation 3966:Attachment in adults 3880:How Children develop 3609:10.1375/anft.28.2.78 3257:journals.sagepub.com 3069:10.1375/anft.28.2.78 1875:10.1375/anft.28.2.78 900:Attachment in adults 623:Strongly independent 371:Attachment in adults 235:in the 1960s at the 218:for A-patterns, and 3986:Attachment measures 3976:Attachment disorder 3882:. New York: Worth. 910:Attachment disorder 633:Fearful of intimacy 557: 446:Patricia Crittenden 153:Patricia Crittenden 20:Attachment measures 4118:Attachment therapy 4097:Nikolaas Tinbergen 3834:Holmes, J. (2001) 3819:Holmes, J. (1993) 3422:Bindung und Gefahr 2872:10.1007/bf00914268 2637:. Guilford Press. 1984:10.1002/imhj.10040 1578:10.1002/imhj.21461 1509:10.1002/imhj.20267 1156:Norwood, NJ: Ablex 915:Attachment therapy 825: 696: 555: 365:Measures in adults 262:Q-Sort methodology 96:anxious-ambivalent 4201:Attachment theory 4196:Human development 4173: 4172: 4030:Notable theorists 3991:Attachment theory 3947:Attachment theory 3750:Child Development 3688:Child Development 3577:978-1-4625-3664-1 3551:Child Development 3102:978-0-415-53824-4 2920:978-0-415-53825-1 2644:978-1-60918-128-4 2557:978-1-003-21543-1 2385:978-0-393-70667-3 2192:978-0-19-884206-4 1929:Child Development 1673:Child Development 1243:Child Development 1216:Child Development 1181:Child Development 1034:978-0-19-884206-4 895:Attachment theory 642: 641: 636:Socially avoidant 564:Thoughts of Self 375:Attachment theory 313:Interview methods 256:Attachment Q-sort 233:Marianne Marschak 65:Attachment theory 28:attachment system 4213: 4123:Candace Newmaker 4042:William E. Blatz 3961:Affectional bond 3940: 3933: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3868:Routledge. NY. 3778: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3753: 3746: 3740: 3733: 3727: 3720: 3714: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3667: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3563: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3382:10.1037/a0038726 3361: 3355: 3354: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3122: 3114: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3048: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3018: 3016:10.1002/icd.1830 2994: 2988: 2987: 2954:(1): e107–e114. 2939: 2933: 2932: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2611: 2571: 2562: 2561: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2369: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2318: 2286: 2277: 2276: 2270: 2262: 2252: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2176: 2165: 2164: 2158: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2127: 2121: 2114: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2043: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2021: 2015: 2014: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1935:(6): 1965–1973. 1924: 1918: 1910: 1901: 1900: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1780:. Archived from 1749: 1743: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1679:(4): 1277–1287. 1668: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1557: 1546: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1433: 1424: 1423: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1378: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1311: 1302: 1301: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1222:(5): 1299–1313. 1211: 1205: 1204: 1176: 1170: 1163: 1157: 1149: 1143: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1111: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1018: 1001: 1000: 982: 890:Affectional bond 823:Mother and child 558: 554: 214:for B-patterns, 92:anxious-avoidant 4221: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4153: 4127: 4101: 4025: 3949: 3944: 3897: 3849:Karen R (1998) 3787: 3785:Further reading 3782: 3781: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3730: 3721: 3717: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3685: 3681: 3628: 3624: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3564: 3557: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3414: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3362: 3358: 3323: 3319: 3268: 3264: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3195: 3191: 3140: 3136: 3116: 3115: 3103: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3032: 2995: 2991: 2940: 2936: 2921: 2907: 2903: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2664: 2660: 2645: 2629: 2625: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2515: 2511: 2460: 2456: 2405: 2401: 2386: 2370: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2287: 2280: 2264: 2263: 2212: 2208: 2193: 2177: 2168: 2156: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2115: 2111: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2037: 2033: 2022: 2018: 1995: 1991: 1968: 1964: 1941:10.2307/1130850 1925: 1921: 1911: 1904: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1855: 1851: 1800: 1796: 1787: 1785: 1750: 1746: 1737: 1733: 1722: 1718: 1707: 1700: 1685:10.2307/1128485 1669: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1605: 1601: 1558: 1549: 1536: 1532: 1489: 1485: 1434: 1427: 1396: 1392: 1347: 1343: 1312: 1305: 1282: 1278: 1255:10.2307/1130100 1239: 1235: 1212: 1208: 1193:10.2307/1127033 1177: 1173: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1146: 1129: 1125: 1071: 1067: 1060: 1046: 1042: 1035: 1019: 1004: 997: 983: 979: 974: 969: 885: 876: 838: 809: 796: 788: 780: 772: 764: 749: 741: 733: 724: 716: 707: 701: 583: 581: 525: 490: 473: 394: 377: 369:Main articles: 367: 351: 346: 329: 320: 315: 306: 297: 288: 279: 270: 258: 253: 229: 204: 196: 187: 182: 173: 149: 76: 67: 59:Main articles: 57: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4219: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4037:Mary Ainsworth 4033: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3895:External links 3893: 3892: 3891: 3876: 3862: 3847: 3832: 3817: 3802: 3795: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3766: 3754: 3741: 3728: 3726:43, 1553–1567. 3715: 3702: 3692: 3679: 3642:(4): 389–417. 3622: 3583: 3576: 3555: 3553:61, 1965-1973. 3542: 3533: 3524: 3514: 3504: 3485:(4): 552–553. 3469: 3459: 3450: 3438: 3408: 3395: 3376:(4): 217–229. 3356: 3317: 3282:(2): 204–218. 3262: 3244: 3209:(3): 358–377. 3189: 3154:(2): 185–208. 3134: 3101: 3082: 3043: 3030: 3009:(4): 353–373. 2989: 2934: 2919: 2901: 2866:(5): 585–599. 2846: 2836: 2826: 2813: 2800: 2791: 2778: 2765: 2755: 2746: 2736: 2726: 2713: 2678:(3): 223–235. 2658: 2643: 2623: 2586:(2): 270–282. 2563: 2556: 2536: 2530:978-1462504251 2529: 2509: 2454: 2419:(3): 433–451. 2399: 2384: 2355: 2346: 2301:(4): 423–438. 2278: 2227:(6): 534–558. 2206: 2191: 2166: 2144: 2122: 2109: 2096: 2087: 2077: 2068: 2058: 2044: 2031: 2016: 2005:(4): 490–525. 1989: 1978:(6): 625–642. 1962: 1919: 1902: 1897:"MIM Research" 1888: 1849: 1814:(3): 517–536. 1794: 1744: 1731: 1716: 1698: 1663: 1654: 1619:(3): 363–378. 1599: 1572:(6): 642–656. 1547: 1530: 1503:(5): 467–485. 1483: 1448:(3): 313–328. 1425: 1406:(5): 709–717. 1390: 1361:(3): 329–346. 1341: 1322:(2): 209–241. 1303: 1292:(3): 415–426. 1276: 1249:(4): 884–893. 1233: 1206: 1187:(2): 291–311. 1171: 1158: 1144: 1123: 1086:(6): 534–558. 1065: 1058: 1040: 1033: 1002: 995: 976: 975: 973: 970: 968: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 935:Mary Ainsworth 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 886: 884: 881: 875: 872: 837: 834: 813:Michael Rutter 808: 805: 795: 792: 787: 784: 779: 776: 771: 768: 763: 760: 748: 745: 740: 737: 732: 729: 723: 720: 715: 712: 703:Main article: 700: 697: 663: 662: 658: 654: 651: 640: 639: 638: 637: 634: 626: 625: 624: 621: 613: 609: 608: 607: 606: 598: 597: 596: 588: 585: 577: 576: 573: 570: 566: 565: 562: 544: 543: 539: 535: 524: 521: 515: 514: 508: 502: 489: 486: 472: 469: 437: 436: 430: 424: 418: 393: 390: 366: 363: 350: 347: 345: 342: 328: 325: 319: 316: 314: 311: 305: 302: 296: 293: 287: 284: 278: 275: 269: 266: 257: 254: 252: 249: 228: 225: 203: 200: 195: 192: 186: 183: 181: 178: 172: 169: 148: 145: 140: 139: 136: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 116: 113: 110: 107: 80:Mary Ainsworth 75: 72: 56: 53: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4218: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4082:Konrad Lorenz 4080: 4078: 4077:Melanie Klein 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4062:Sigmund Freud 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4006:Human bonding 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3889: 3888:1-57259-249-4 3885: 3881: 3877: 3875: 3874:0-415-05651-9 3871: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3859:0-19-511501-5 3856: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3844:1-58391-152-9 3841: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3829:0-415-07730-3 3826: 3823:. Routledge. 3822: 3818: 3815: 3814:0-8236-2633-4 3811: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3776: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3706: 3696: 3689: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3518: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3467:25(4):291-310 3463: 3454: 3441: 3439:9783837966534 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2840: 2830: 2823: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2795: 2788: 2782: 2775: 2769: 2759: 2750: 2740: 2730: 2723: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2568: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2540: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2283: 2274: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2162: 2155: 2148: 2133: 2126: 2119: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2091: 2081: 2072: 2062: 2054: 2048: 2042:, 7, 447-464. 2041: 2035: 2027: 2020: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1916: 1909: 1907: 1898: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1798: 1784:on 2008-03-14 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1764:(2): 209–41. 1763: 1759: 1755: 1748: 1741: 1735: 1727: 1720: 1712: 1705: 1703: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1545:(2), 118-141. 1544: 1540: 1534: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1310: 1308: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1280: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1237: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1175: 1168: 1162: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1140:0-89859-461-8 1137: 1133: 1127: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1069: 1061: 1059:9781606235843 1055: 1051: 1044: 1036: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1007: 998: 996:9781848726826 992: 988: 981: 977: 966: 963: 961: 960:Melanie Klein 958: 956: 953: 951: 950:Sigmund Freud 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 920:Human bonding 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 880: 871: 869: 865: 859: 856: 852: 848: 842: 833: 828: 821: 816: 814: 811:Psychiatrist 804: 800: 791: 783: 775: 767: 759: 757: 756: 744: 736: 728: 719: 711: 706: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 659: 655: 652: 648: 647: 645: 635: 632: 631: 630: 627: 622: 619: 618: 617: 614: 611: 610: 604: 603: 602: 599: 594: 593: 592: 589: 586: 578: 574: 571: 567: 559: 553: 549: 540: 536: 532: 531: 529: 520: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 496: 494: 485: 481: 477: 468: 466: 460: 457: 453: 451: 447: 442: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 412: 411: 406: 404: 398: 389: 385: 381: 376: 372: 362: 360: 356: 341: 339: 335: 324: 310: 301: 292: 283: 274: 265: 263: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 224: 221: 217: 213: 209: 199: 191: 177: 168: 164: 160: 158: 154: 144: 137: 134: 133: 132: 126: 123: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 105: 104: 103: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 71: 66: 62: 52: 50: 44: 41: 36: 34: 29: 25: 21: 4072:Jerome Kagan 4067:Harry Harlow 4057:Erik Erikson 3985: 3879: 3865: 3850: 3835: 3820: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3777:39, 387-404. 3774: 3769: 3752:59, 512-522. 3749: 3744: 3739:24, 415-426. 3736: 3731: 3723: 3718: 3713:22, 265-270. 3710: 3705: 3695: 3690:59, 147-156. 3687: 3682: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3603:(2): 78–87. 3600: 3596: 3586: 3567: 3550: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3517: 3507: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3462: 3453: 3443:, retrieved 3421: 3411: 3403: 3398: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3337:(1): 16–31. 3334: 3330: 3320: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3256: 3247: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3091: 3085: 3063:(2): 78–87. 3060: 3056: 3046: 3038: 3033: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2910: 2904: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2839: 2829: 2824:78, 350-365. 2821: 2816: 2794: 2789:61, 226-244. 2786: 2781: 2776:52, 511-524. 2773: 2768: 2758: 2749: 2739: 2729: 2721: 2716: 2675: 2671: 2661: 2633: 2626: 2583: 2579: 2546: 2539: 2519: 2512: 2474:(1): 30–61. 2471: 2467: 2457: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2374: 2349: 2316:11379/501534 2298: 2294: 2267:cite journal 2224: 2220: 2209: 2181: 2160: 2147: 2135:. Retrieved 2125: 2117: 2112: 2104: 2099: 2090: 2080: 2071: 2061: 2047: 2039: 2034: 2025: 2019: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1914: 1891: 1869:(2): 78–87. 1866: 1862: 1852: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1786:. Retrieved 1782:the original 1761: 1757: 1747: 1739: 1734: 1725: 1719: 1710: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1657: 1616: 1612: 1602: 1569: 1565: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1500: 1496: 1486: 1445: 1441: 1403: 1399: 1393: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1319: 1315: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1219: 1215: 1209: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1166: 1161: 1153: 1147: 1131: 1126: 1083: 1079: 1068: 1049: 1043: 1023: 986: 980: 955:Jerome Kagan 945:Erik Erikson 877: 860: 843: 839: 830: 826: 810: 801: 797: 789: 781: 773: 765: 753: 750: 742: 734: 725: 717: 708: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 643: 628: 615: 600: 590: 550: 546: 526: 517: 510: 504: 498: 491: 482: 478: 474: 461: 455: 454: 443: 439: 432: 426: 420: 414: 408: 399: 395: 387: 383: 378: 358: 354: 352: 330: 321: 307: 298: 289: 280: 271: 259: 245:Anne Stewart 230: 219: 215: 211: 205: 197: 188: 174: 165: 161: 150: 141: 130: 100: 95: 91: 87: 77: 68: 45: 37: 23: 19: 18: 4106:Controversy 4047:John Bowlby 2844:Associates. 965:Jean Piaget 940:John Bowlby 601:Preoccupied 511:Preoccupied 427:Preoccupied 4180:Categories 4092:René Spitz 3445:2022-01-15 2948:Pediatrics 2201:1154774522 2107:2, 171-186 1788:2008-01-06 972:References 616:Dismissive 548:feelings. 421:Dismissing 415:Autonomous 359:unresolved 4087:Mary Main 3656:1461-6734 3617:0814-723X 3390:1939-0629 3351:1746-6660 3312:206708220 3296:1359-1045 3223:1359-1045 3168:1359-1045 3119:cite book 3111:841895216 3077:0814-723X 3025:1522-7227 2968:0031-4005 2929:841895216 2880:0091-0627 2692:0925-4927 2653:912464422 2600:0009-398X 2488:1461-6734 2449:206707532 2433:1359-1045 2394:667877268 2341:205815474 2325:1461-6734 2241:1461-6734 1883:0814-723X 1828:0954-5794 1778:143894461 1649:206707508 1633:1359-1045 1586:0163-9641 1517:0163-9641 1478:206707459 1462:1359-1045 1336:143894461 1100:1461-6734 794:Criticism 612:Negative 587:Positive 575:Negative 220:affective 216:cognitive 3700:157-184. 3674:30246604 3522:276-297. 3304:26940120 3231:28429614 3184:11582111 3176:20176770 2976:16818525 2896:30494458 2763:652-665. 2734:652-665. 2700:18635342 2618:27016937 2504:28640858 2496:11708383 2441:20603429 2333:29308700 2259:28745146 2137:June 20, 2085:185-190. 1844:42553006 1742:415-426. 1641:20603424 1594:25798513 1525:28543839 1470:20603420 1420:56009083 1385:20603421 1118:28745146 883:See also 584:Partner 580:Thoughts 572:Positive 505:Avoidant 448:and the 212:Balanced 3665:6532729 3512:127-147 3499:7650083 3239:4824676 2984:9258568 2888:3235749 2708:5026031 2609:5323491 2250:5600694 2011:9810111 1957:2083508 1949:1130850 1836:9327237 1693:1128485 1376:3060612 1271:4042751 1263:1130100 1201:1127033 1109:5600694 851:Sapporo 847:Germany 661:others. 629:Fearful 528:style: 241:Finland 4158:Others 3954:Theory 3886: 3872: 3857: 3842: 3827: 3812: 3672: 3662: 3654: 3615: 3574: 3497: 3436: 3388: 3349: 3310: 3302: 3294: 3237: 3229: 3221: 3182: 3174: 3166: 3109: 3099: 3075: 3023: 2982: 2974: 2966: 2927: 2917: 2894: 2886: 2878: 2834:Press. 2811:Press. 2744:22(2). 2706: 2698: 2690: 2651: 2641: 2616: 2606: 2598: 2554: 2527: 2502: 2494: 2486: 2447: 2439: 2431: 2392: 2382: 2339: 2331: 2323: 2257: 2247: 2239: 2199: 2189: 2066:42-64. 2009: 1955: 1947: 1881: 1842: 1834: 1826: 1776: 1691: 1647: 1639: 1631: 1592: 1584: 1523: 1515: 1476: 1468: 1460: 1418: 1383: 1373: 1334: 1269: 1261: 1199: 1138: 1116: 1106: 1098: 1056: 1031: 993: 591:Secure 569: 561: 538:being. 499:Secure 88:secure 3308:S2CID 3235:S2CID 3180:S2CID 2980:S2CID 2892:S2CID 2704:S2CID 2500:S2CID 2445:S2CID 2337:S2CID 2157:(PDF) 1945:JSTOR 1840:S2CID 1774:S2CID 1689:JSTOR 1645:S2CID 1474:S2CID 1416:S2CID 1332:S2CID 1259:JSTOR 1197:JSTOR 855:Japan 657:them. 542:away. 22:, or 4186:Love 3884:ISBN 3870:ISBN 3855:ISBN 3840:ISBN 3825:ISBN 3810:ISBN 3670:PMID 3652:ISSN 3613:ISSN 3572:ISBN 3495:PMID 3434:ISBN 3386:ISSN 3347:ISSN 3300:PMID 3292:ISSN 3227:PMID 3219:ISSN 3172:PMID 3164:ISSN 3129:link 3125:link 3107:OCLC 3097:ISBN 3073:ISSN 3021:ISSN 2972:PMID 2964:ISSN 2925:OCLC 2915:ISBN 2884:PMID 2876:ISSN 2696:PMID 2688:ISSN 2649:OCLC 2639:ISBN 2614:PMID 2596:ISSN 2552:ISBN 2525:ISBN 2492:PMID 2484:ISSN 2437:PMID 2429:ISSN 2390:OCLC 2380:ISBN 2329:PMID 2321:ISSN 2273:link 2255:PMID 2237:ISSN 2197:OCLC 2187:ISBN 2139:2006 2007:PMID 1953:PMID 1879:ISSN 1832:PMID 1824:ISSN 1637:PMID 1629:ISSN 1590:PMID 1582:ISSN 1521:PMID 1513:ISSN 1466:PMID 1458:ISSN 1381:PMID 1267:PMID 1136:ISBN 1114:PMID 1096:ISSN 1054:ISBN 1029:ISBN 991:ISBN 868:amae 864:amae 373:and 357:and 94:and 82:, a 63:and 3660:PMC 3644:doi 3605:doi 3487:doi 3426:doi 3378:doi 3339:doi 3284:doi 3211:doi 3156:doi 3065:doi 3011:doi 2956:doi 2952:118 2868:doi 2680:doi 2676:163 2604:PMC 2588:doi 2476:doi 2421:doi 2311:hdl 2303:doi 2245:PMC 2229:doi 1980:doi 1937:doi 1871:doi 1816:doi 1766:doi 1681:doi 1621:doi 1574:doi 1505:doi 1450:doi 1408:doi 1371:PMC 1363:doi 1324:doi 1294:doi 1251:doi 1224:doi 1189:doi 1104:PMC 1088:doi 650:me. 534:me. 465:DMM 4182:: 3757:^ 3668:. 3658:. 3650:. 3640:21 3638:. 3634:. 3611:. 3601:28 3599:. 3595:. 3558:^ 3493:. 3483:36 3481:. 3432:, 3420:, 3384:. 3374:25 3372:. 3368:. 3345:. 3335:12 3333:. 3329:. 3306:. 3298:. 3290:. 3280:22 3278:. 3274:. 3255:. 3233:. 3225:. 3217:. 3207:22 3205:. 3201:. 3178:. 3170:. 3162:. 3152:15 3150:. 3146:. 3121:}} 3117:{{ 3105:. 3071:. 3061:28 3059:. 3055:. 3019:. 3007:23 3005:. 3001:. 2978:. 2970:. 2962:. 2950:. 2946:. 2923:. 2890:. 2882:. 2874:. 2864:16 2862:. 2858:. 2803:^ 2702:. 2694:. 2686:. 2674:. 2670:. 2647:. 2612:. 2602:. 2594:. 2584:48 2582:. 2578:. 2566:^ 2498:. 2490:. 2482:. 2470:. 2466:. 2443:. 2435:. 2427:. 2417:15 2415:. 2411:. 2388:. 2358:^ 2335:. 2327:. 2319:. 2309:. 2299:20 2297:. 2293:. 2281:^ 2269:}} 2265:{{ 2253:. 2243:. 2235:. 2225:19 2223:. 2219:. 2195:. 2169:^ 2003:62 2001:. 1976:23 1974:. 1951:. 1943:. 1933:61 1931:. 1905:^ 1877:. 1867:28 1865:. 1861:. 1838:. 1830:. 1822:. 1810:. 1806:. 1772:. 1760:. 1756:. 1701:^ 1687:. 1677:48 1675:. 1643:. 1635:. 1627:. 1617:15 1615:. 1611:. 1588:. 1580:. 1570:35 1568:. 1564:. 1550:^ 1543:47 1541:, 1519:. 1511:. 1501:31 1499:. 1495:. 1472:. 1464:. 1456:. 1446:15 1444:. 1440:. 1428:^ 1414:. 1404:21 1402:. 1379:. 1369:. 1359:15 1357:. 1353:. 1330:. 1318:. 1306:^ 1290:24 1288:. 1265:. 1257:. 1247:56 1245:. 1220:56 1218:. 1195:. 1185:41 1183:. 1112:. 1102:. 1094:. 1084:19 1082:. 1078:. 1005:^ 870:. 853:, 582:of 90:, 3939:e 3932:t 3925:v 3890:. 3861:. 3846:. 3831:. 3816:. 3676:. 3646:: 3619:. 3607:: 3580:. 3501:. 3489:: 3428:: 3392:. 3380:: 3353:. 3341:: 3314:. 3286:: 3259:. 3241:. 3213:: 3186:. 3158:: 3131:) 3113:. 3079:. 3067:: 3027:. 3013:: 2986:. 2958:: 2931:. 2898:. 2870:: 2710:. 2682:: 2655:. 2620:. 2590:: 2560:. 2533:. 2506:. 2478:: 2472:3 2451:. 2423:: 2396:. 2343:. 2313:: 2305:: 2275:) 2261:. 2231:: 2203:. 2141:. 2055:. 2013:. 1986:. 1982:: 1959:. 1939:: 1899:. 1885:. 1873:: 1846:. 1818:: 1812:9 1791:. 1768:: 1762:4 1695:. 1683:: 1651:. 1623:: 1596:. 1576:: 1527:. 1507:: 1480:. 1452:: 1422:. 1410:: 1387:. 1365:: 1338:. 1326:: 1320:4 1300:. 1296:: 1273:. 1253:: 1230:. 1226:: 1203:. 1191:: 1142:. 1120:. 1090:: 1062:. 1037:. 999:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.