586: in) wide, this spear thrower was a tapering piece of wood carved of brown hard-wood. Well-polished, it was shaped with a semi-circular outer half and had a deep groove hollowed out to receive the end of the javelin, which could be engaged by a horizontal wooden peg or spur lashed with a cotton thread to the proximal and narrower end of the throwing board, where a few scarlet parrot feathers were tied for decoration. darts or javelins ... were probably made of a two-meter long wooden cane with a stone or long and serrated hard-wood point, sometimes tipped with poison. Equipped with their uniquely grooved atlatl, they could hurl their long darts from a great distance with accuracy, speed, and such deadly force that these easily pierced through the protective armor of the Portuguese or any other enemy.
39:
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908:(those not sought for sport or food), some game birds and non-game mammals. Starting in 2007, Missouri allowed use of the atlatl for hunting wildlife (excluding deer and turkey), and starting in 2010, also allowed deer hunting during the firearms portion of the deer season (except the muzzleloader portion). Starting in 2012, Missouri allowed the use of atlatls during the fall archery deer and turkey hunting seasons and, starting in 2014, allowed the use of atlatls during the spring turkey hunting season as well. Missouri also allows use of the atlatl for fishing, with some restrictions (similar to the restrictions for
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dart, in the cup, or grabs the spur with the end of the spear. The spear is much longer than the thrower. The user holds the spear parallel to the spear-thrower and going in the other direction. The user can hold the spear, with the index and thumb, with the same hand as the thrower, with the other fingers. The user reaches back with the spear pointed at the target. Then they make an overhand throwing motion with the thrower while letting go of the spear with the fingers.
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286:, are an improvement to the design that created a silencing effect when swung. The use of the device would reduce the telltale "zip" of a swung atlatl to a more subtle "woof" sound that did not travel as far and was less likely to alert prey. Robert Berg's theory is that the bannerstone was carried by hunters as a
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420:(late upper Palaeolithic). In this period, elaborate pieces, often in the form of animals, are common. The earliest reliable data concerning atlatls have come from several caves in France dating to the Upper Paleolithic, about 21,000 to 17,000 years ago. The earliest known example is a 17,500-year-old
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Another important improvement to the spear-thrower's design was the introduction of a small weight (between 60 and 80 grams) strapped to its midsection. Some atlatlists maintain that stone weights add mass to the shaft of the device, causing resistance to acceleration when swung and resulting in
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The dart is thrown by the action of the upper arm and wrist. The throwing arm together with the atlatl acts as a lever. The spear-thrower is a low-mass, fast-moving extension of the throwing arm, increasing the length of the lever. This extra length allows the thrower to impart force to the dart over
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Laet, Sigfried J. de & International
Commission for the New Edition of the History of the Scientific and Cultural Development of Mankind & International Commission for a History of the Scientific and Cultural Development of Mankind. History of mankind (1994). History of humanity. Routledge;
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or ‘miru’, allow hunters to apply more force, speed and distance when launching their spears. A woomera is usually made from Mulga wood, and serves many other purposes such as a: receptacle for mixing ochre for traditional paintings for ceremonies, deflection tool of enemies’ spears in battle, fire
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in
Addison, Vermont hosts the annual Northeast Open Atlatl Championship. In 2009, the Fourteenth Annual Open Atlatl Championship was held on Saturday and Sunday, September 19 and 20. On the Friday before the Championship, a workshop was held to teach modern and traditional techniques of atlatl and
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It may consist of a shaft with a cup or a spur at the end that supports and propels the butt of the spear. It's usually about as long as the user's arm or forearm. The user holds the spear-thrower in one hand, gripping near the end farthest from the cup. The user puts the butt end of the spear, or
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Atlatl events commonly include the
International Standard Accuracy Competition (ISAC), in which contestants throw ten times at a bull's-eye target. Other contests involving different distances or terrain may also be included, usually testing the atlatlist's accuracy rather than distance throwing.
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shafts can be made thinner and highly flexible for added power and range, the fletching can be spiralized to add spin to the dart making it more stable and accurate. Darts resemble large arrows or small spears and are typically from 1.2 to 2.7 m (4 to 9 ft) in length and 9 to 16 mm
802:, lit. 'Whip arrow') is a unique spear-thrower that was used during Song period. It can be described as a long staff sling that throws a spear-sized dart instead of a rock-like projectile. It requires two operators unlike other spear-throwers. It should not be confused with another Bian Jian (
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As well as its practical use as a hunting weapon, it may also have had social effects. John
Whittaker suggests the device was a social equalizer in that it requires skill rather than muscle power alone. Thus, women and children would have been able to participate in hunting.
444:. Ice Age Megafauna offered a large food supply when other game was limited, and the atlatl gave more power to pierce their thicker skin. In this time period, atlatls were usually made of wood or bone. Improvements made to spears' edge made it more efficient as well.
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from 42,000 BP displays arthritis in his right elbow, a pathology referred to today as the "Atlatl elbow," resulting from many years of forceful torsion from using an atlatl. At present, there is no evidence for the use of atlatls in Africa. Peoples such as the
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Game
Commission has given preliminary approval for legalization of the atlatl for hunting certain animals. The animals that would be allowed to atlatl hunters have yet to be determined, but particular consideration has been given to deer. Currently,
1205:... the air'.31 A device which enabled all but the heaviest of spears to be cast a respectable distance was the spear thrower. ... It was known to the Greeks as the ankuli and to Romans as the amentum.3 The spear was rested in the hand and ...
773:. These are shorter, normally less than one foot long, and made of antler, with a hole drilled through them. When first found in the nineteenth century, they were interpreted by French archaeologists to be symbols of authority, like a modern
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Spear-throwers appear early in human history in several parts of the world, and have survived in use in traditional societies until the present day, as well as being revived in recent years for sporting purposes. In the United States, the
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of
Southeast Alaska, approximately one dozen old elaborately carved specimens they call "shee áan" (sitting on a branch) remain in museum collections and private collections, one having sold at auction for more than $ 100,000.
783:("batons of command"). Though debate over their function continues, tests with replicas have found them effective aids to spear or dart throwing when used with a cord,. Another theory is that they were "arrow-straighteners".
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455:. Along with improved ease of use, the bow offered the advantage that the bulk of elastic energy is stored in the throwing device, rather than the projectile. Arrow shafts can therefore be much smaller and have looser
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404:). While the spear-thrower is capable of casting a dart well over one hundred meters, it is most accurately used at distances of twenty meters or less. The spearthrower is believed to have been in use by
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tribes also used the atlatl for fishing and hunting. Some even preferred this weapon over the bow and arrow and used it not only in combat but also in sports competitions. Such was the case with the
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645:, a site of the Wari culture. In the Andes, the tips of darts were often capped with metal. Arrow points commonly had the same appearance as these Andean tips. The length of a common
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There are numerous atlatl competitions held every year, with spears and spear-throwers built using both ancient and modern materials. Events are often held at parks, such as
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making saw, or a utensil for chopping game. This tool is usually 60 cm (24 in) long and 12 cm (4.7 in) wide, and comes in a concave, elliptical shape.
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The thrower is checking to see that the dart has been correctly located on the spur of the spear-thrower; next she turns her head in the other direction, aims, and throws
2000:
471:, a strap attached to the shaft, was the standard European mechanism for throwing lighter javelins. The amentum gives not only range, but also spin to the projectile.
680:, speculate that they might have been part of a ceremony before the burial or symbolic references to indicate that the royal woman in the burial had been a warrior.
282:", and characterized by a centered hole in a symmetrically shaped carved or ground stone, shaped wide and flat with a drilled hole and thus a little like a large
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was formed in 1987 to promote the atlatl. Throws of almost 260 m (850 ft) have been recorded. Colleges reported to field teams in this event include
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throw spears without any aids, but the use of atlatls in hunting is limited in comparison to spears because the animal must be close and already immobile.
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a more forceful and accurate launch of the dart. Others claim that spear-thrower weights add only stability to a cast, resulting in greater accuracy.
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dart construction, flint knapping, hafting stone points, and cordage making. Competitions may be held in conjunction with other events, such as the
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927:. Yup'ik Eskimo hunters still use the atlatl, known locally as "nuqaq" (nook-ak), in villages near the mouth of the Yukon River for seal hunting.
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atlatl made of reindeer antler, found at Combe Saunière (Dordogne), France. It is possible that the atlatl was invented earlier than this, as
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745:, leather and cotton armor that most Spanish soldiers wore. Whittaker said the Aztecs started their battles with atlatl darts followed with
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Spear-thrower designs may include improvements such as thong loops to fit the fingers, the use of flexible shafts or stone balance weights.
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with no handle pieces have been interpreted as children's toys. Archaeologists found decorated examples in the Moche culture burial of the
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Common modern ball throwers (such as molded plastic arms used for throwing tennis balls for dogs to fetch) use the same principle.
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Prins, Harald E.L. (2010). The Atlatl as Combat Weapon in 17th-Century
Amazonia: Tapuya Indian Warriors in Dutch Colonial Brazil.
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are different from normal weapons. They are much longer (80–100 cm) than the regular examples (50–60 cm). Archeologists
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in the
Chicama valley. At her feet was a group of twenty-three atlatls with handle pieces that depicted birds. These “theatrical”
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are depicted along with maces, clubs, and shields on Moche vessels that illustrate warfare. The atlatl appears in the artwork of
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had a wooden body with a hook that was made of stone or metal. These hooks have been found at multiple highland sites including
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knapping: dart heads designed for a particular spear thrower tend to differ in mass by only a few percent. By the Iron Age, the
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In
September 1997, an atlatl dart fragment, carbon dated to 4360 ± 50 C yr BP (TO 6870), was found in an ice patch on mountain
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The atlatl, as used by these
Tarairiu warriors, was unique in shape. About 88 cm (35 in) long and 3 to 4.5 cm (
526:. Complete wooden spear-throwers have been found on dry sites in the western United States and in waterlogged environments in
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A spear-thrower is a long-range weapon and can readily impart to a projectile speeds of over 150 km/h (93 mph).
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594:. The earliest known spear-thrower of the South Americas had a proximal handle piece and is commonly referred to as an
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Based on previous work done by William S. Webb, William R. Perkins claims that spear-thrower weights, commonly called "
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The Aztec atlatl was often decorated with snake designs and feathers, potentially evocative of its association with
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Palter, John L. (1977). "Design and construction of Australian spear-thrower projectiles and hand-thrown spears".
494:, atlatl use was widespread at the time of first European contact. Atlatls are represented in the art of multiple
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Whittaker said the stone-tipped projectiles from the Aztec atlatl were not powerful enough to penetrate Spanish
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2054:"Conservation Action: Meeting of the May 2011 Conservation Commission | Missouri Department of Conservation"
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1458:"The Atlatl as Combat Weapon in 17th-Century Amazonia: Tapuya Indian Warriors in Dutch Colonial Brazil"
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916:). The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission allows the use of atlatls for the taking of deer as of 2013.
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http://waa.basketmakeratlatl.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Tapuya-Atlatl-Article-by-Harald-Prins-25
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handles were commonly carved and modeled to represent real world accounts like animals and deities.
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tribe of migratory foragers and raiders inhabiting the forested mountains and highland savannahs of
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allows the atlatl for deer hunting, while a handful of other states list the device as legal for
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weight to produce string from natural fibers gathered while hunting, for the purpose of tying on
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of South America. Atlatls were especially prominent in the iconography of the warriors of the
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2090:"Missouri Department of Conservation, Wildlife Code: Sport Fishing: Seasons, Methods, Limits"
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in Nevada. Atlatl associations around the world host a number of local atlatl competitions.
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Kuzyk, G.W.; Russell, D.E.; Farnell, R.S.; Gotthardt, R.M.; Hare, P.G.; Blake, E. (1999).
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Cundy, B. J. (1989). "Formal variation in Australian spear and spearthrower technology".
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The spear-thrower was an important part of life, hunting, and religion in the ancient
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constant and weight distribution than atlatl darts. This allowed for more forgiving
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spear-throwers (usually now incomplete) are decorated with carvings of animals: the
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2332:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology.
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An atlatl was the weapon of choice of a serial killer in the 2020 action-thriller
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as well. It may have been introduced to America during the immigration across the
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Stodiek, U. (1993) Zur Technik der jungpaläolithischen Speerschleuder (Tübingen).
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1556:"Power Materialized: The Dart-Thrower as a Pan-Mesoamerican Status Marker"
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Atlatls are sometimes used in modern times for hunting. In the U.S., the
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Knecht, H. (1997) Projectile technology, New York, Plenum Press, 408 p.
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In the sixth episode of the fourth season of the television competition
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The ancient Greeks and Romans used a leather thong or loop, known as an
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2001:"2013 Firearms Deer Hunting | Missouri Department of Conservation"
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Another type of Stone Age artefact that is sometimes excavated is the
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1626:. Collections.fenimoreartmuseum.org. 8 December 1992. Archived from
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724:, Aboriginal people in Australia developed spear-throwers, known as
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In modern times, some people have resurrected the dart thrower for
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Perkins, W. (1993) "Atlatl Weights, Function and Classification",
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Hunter, W. (1992) "Reconstructing a Generic Basket Maker Atlatl",
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1677:"In pursuit of prehistoric c caribou on Thandlät, southern Yukon"
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a longer distance, thus imparting more energy and higher speeds.
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Mexicolore's page on the atlatl, and its connection with Ehecatl
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Tool to give more leverage when throwing a spear-like projectile
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de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin, eds. (September 15, 2007).
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Lydia Demarek, a character in the popular fantasy novel series
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Hunting Weapons: From the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century
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in France. Many pieces of decorated bone may have belonged to
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2259:"Atlatl Madness's Atlatl Darts in a Movie!!! "The Silencing""
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is still used today by some Aboriginal people for hunting in
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Ceremonial spear thrower, Peru, 1–300 A.D., Lombards Museum
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Ancient mechanical artillery and hand-held missile weapons
983:, where it is erroneously described as an illegal weapon.
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culture of Central Mexico. A ruler from Teotihuacan named
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During the Ice Age, the atlatl was used by humans to hunt
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is often used for revived uses of spear-throwers (or the
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1300:
Science and technology in world history: an introduction
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The Art of the Spearthrower: Understanding the Andean
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1953:"Pennsylvania May Let Hunters Use Prehistoric Weapon"
1652:. Kusawa Park Steering Committee. n.d. Archived from
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Beyond Death: The Chinchorro Mummies of Ancient Chile
447:
In Europe, the spear-thrower was supplemented by the
2208:"Bois D' Arc Primitive Skills Gathering and Knap-in"
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armor, but they were strong enough to penetrate the
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The atlatl or spear-thrower of the ancient Mexicans
1606:
The Newsletter of the World Atlatl Association, Inc
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34:
A silver Peruvian atlatl from the 12th-15th century
2279:Garrod, D. (1955). "Palaeolithic spear throwers".
1790:Archaeology & Physical Anthropology in Oceania
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2074:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2056:. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012
1828:. Society of Primitive Technology, Gibbs Smith.
1239:"Bannerstones And How They Relate To The Atlatl"
1044:
262:atlatl weight, c. 2000 BC. Archaic peoples; Ohio
2003:. Mdc.mo.gov. 15 September 2013. Archived from
1750:(Report). Government of the Yukon. p. 36.
606:and atlatl are therefore synonymous terms. The
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1297:McClellan, James Edward; Dorn, Harold (2006).
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2028:"Atlatl makes debut for Missouri deer season"
1778:Paris : Unesco, London; New York, p.1064
1602:"Atlatl Use on Moche Pottery of Ancient Peru"
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1139:"The Atlatl: Most Underrated Stone Age Tool?"
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239:is a weapon that works similarly to amentum.
1883:"The World Atlatl Association: Modern sport"
1825:Primitive Technology: A Book of Earth Skills
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1975:"Spear near in Pennsylvania? from espn.com"
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550:in mid-17th-century Brazil. Anthropologist
348:National Museum of Anthropology and History
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522:is an important figure described in Mayan
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756:
690:, such as on the Black and White Portal.
1861:"The World Atlatl Association: About Us"
1408:
839:
823:
815:
473:
368:
341:
254:
246:
37:
29:
2324:
1821:
1495:
14:
4460:
2278:
1787:
1745:The Frozen Past: The Yukon Ice Patches
1553:
836:An atlatl being thrown in slow motion.
168:surface that allows the user to store
143:
3784:
3423:
2689:
2594:
2392:
2030:. Columbia Missourian. Archived from
1931:"Our Towns: A College Team Takes Aim"
1811:. British Archaeological Reports Ltd.
1802:
1455:
1383:
384:were known at least since the Middle
3785:
2185:. Ohiopawpawfest.com. Archived from
2025:
1742:
1715:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 384.
1384:Toler, Pamela D. (30 October 2012).
1236:
1218:"Atlatls & Primitive Technology"
1066:participating institution membership
720:also use spear-throwers. In the mid
676:and Kathryn Kamp, both faculty from
610:is best known archaeologically from
598:in Spanish references to indigenous
482:The spear-thrower was used by early
331:, and there is one decorated with a
2158:
2147:. Thunderbird Atlatl. February 2006
1624:"Fenimore Art Museum | Atlatl"
314:
24:
2384:Graphic of a spear thrower in use.
2026:Wang, Regina (28 September 2010).
1535:(MA thesis). Binghamton University
963:
941:Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site
235:, as a spear-throwing device. The
25:
4504:
3737:Megalithic architectural elements
2374:World Atlatl Association Web Site
2367:
2115:"Whitetail and Mule Deer Hunting"
1109:"How to Throw an Atlatl and Dart"
992:, owns and often uses an atlatl.
949:Chimney Point State Historic Site
554:offers the following description:
3424:
2346:Bulletin of Primitive Technology
2309:Bulletin of Primitive Technology
1955:. RedOrbit.com. 13 November 2005
1237:Berg, Robert S. (17 June 2005).
1188:. The Economist. April 12, 2008.
412:(around 30,000 years ago). Most
106:
65:
4356:Evolutionary origin of religion
2251:
2220:
2200:
2175:
2137:
2082:
2046:
2019:
1993:
1967:
1945:
1923:
1901:
1875:
1853:
1815:
1796:
1781:
1771:
1616:
1593:
1547:
1518:
1489:
1449:
1415:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1402:
1386:Mankind: The Story of All of Us
1377:
1321:
1290:
1279:
1111:. youtube.com. 18 December 2017
930:
811:
156:to achieve greater velocity in
1805:British Archaeological Reports
1525:Critchley, Zachary R. (2018).
1305:Johns Hopkins University Press
1267:. Mexicolore. 21 December 2012
1230:
1210:
1192:
1152:
1122:
1092:
1072:
1038:
718:Aboriginal people in Australia
506:in the Yucatán Peninsula, and
13:
1:
4478:Archaeological artefact types
3969:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
3499:British megalith architecture
1885:. 12 May 2016. Archived from
1388:. Running Press. p. 20.
1199:Blackmore, Howard L. (2000).
1032:
416:European finds come from the
3964:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
3504:Nordic megalith architecture
2355:Vol.23, No.2, pp. 1–3.
1822:Wescott, David, ed. (1999).
1409:Gardiner, E. Norman (1907).
1160:"Atlatl History and Physics"
705:, the first of the southern
271:(3/8" to 5/8") in diameter.
7:
2183:"2013 Ohio Pawpaw Festival"
1712:Indigenous Experience Today
1456:Prins, Harald E.L. (2010).
995:
502:in the American Southwest,
346:Carved Aztec atlatl at the
10:
4509:
4112:British Isles and Brittany
4033:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
2492:Crew-served stone-throwers
2446:Crew-served arrow-throwers
2169:September 5, 2009, at the
1496:Arriaza, Bernardo (1995).
1363:"Mungo Lady and Mungo Man"
1338:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
1141:. youtube.com. 23 May 2020
874:Franklin Pierce University
364:
301:
164:-throwing, and includes a
4314:
4127:
3954:
3801:
3797:
3780:
3666:
3630:
3479:
3436:
3432:
3419:
3226:
3057:
3030:
2955:
2881:
2872:
2777:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2685:
2628:
2527:
2491:
2445:
2432:Greek and Roman artillery
2424:
2293:10.1017/s0079497x00017370
1933:. Parade.com. 30 May 2010
1572:10.1017/S0956536111000277
1341:. Vol. 4. Springer.
1085:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1053:Oxford English Dictionary
1012:Hunter-gatherer societies
945:Valley of Fire State Park
804:
799:
787:Bian Jian ("Spear sling")
327:has one decorated with a
242:
1600:Whittaker, John (2006).
1471:(2): 1–3. Archived from
862:World Atlatl Association
498:cultures, including the
361:, the Aztec wind deity.
4344:Evolutionary musicology
3747:Oldest extant buildings
3674:Archaeological features
3193:Prepared-core technique
1554:Slater, Donald (2011).
1502:Smithsonian Institution
1058:Oxford University Press
1027:Woomera (spear-thrower)
777:'s baton, and so named
216:
206:
196:
4306:Unchambered long cairn
4154:Mound Builders culture
3487:Neolithic architecture
2622:Prehistoric technology
1650:"Traditional Homeland"
1411:"Throwing the Javelin"
853:
837:
821:
780:bâtons de commandement
779:
767:
759:Bâtons de commandement
758:
649:was about 50 cm.
588:
479:
377:
354:
337:bâtons de commandement
298:stone or bone points.
263:
252:
251:Depiction of an atlatl
43:
35:
3981:List of Stone Age art
3183:Microblade technology
3131:Langdale axe industry
2729:Ard / plough
2379:Atlatl reference page
2145:"Atlatl Associations"
937:Letchworth State Park
890:University of Vermont
843:
835:
819:
769:bâton de commandement
556:
477:
372:
345:
258:
250:
210:); in Australia, the
41:
33:
4388:Prehistoric medicine
4383:Prehistoric counting
4366:Prehistoric religion
4361:Paleolithic religion
4339:Behavioral modernity
3696:Causewayed enclosure
3588:Abri de la Madeleine
2712:Neolithic Revolution
2437:Torsion siege engine
2228:"ISAC Rules Package"
2125:on December 21, 2014
954:Ohio Pawpaw Festival
145:[ˈaʔt͡ɬat͡ɬ]
52:spear-throwing lever
4427:Prehistoric warfare
3173:Magdalenian culture
3136:Levallois technique
3067:Earliest toolmaking
1889:on 11 February 2017
1743:Hare, Greg (2011).
1560:Ancient Mesoamerica
1532:through Iconography
1478:on 29 February 2012
1329:Peregrine, Peter N.
1056:(Online ed.).
626:is also known from
548:Rio Grande do Norte
500:Basketmaker culture
4483:History of hunting
4378:Origin of language
4371:Spiritual drug use
4281:Rectangular dolmen
4183:Dartmoor kistvaens
3996:Carved stone balls
3708:Circular enclosure
3667:Other architecture
3610:Alp pile dwellings
3198:Solutrean industry
3109:Gravettian culture
2759:Secondary products
2570:Repeating crossbow
2281:Proc. Prehist. Soc
1696:10.14430/arctic924
1500:. Washington, DC:
1335:(2001). "Europe".
854:
838:
822:
620:Chinchorro mummies
488:Bering Land Bridge
480:
378:
355:
264:
253:
172:during the throw.
44:
36:
4493:Hunting equipment
4488:Primitive weapons
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4400:Prehistoric music
4349:music archaeology
4006:Cup and ring mark
3831:Clothing/textiles
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3218:Yubetsu technique
3203:Striking platform
3168:Lithic technology
3053:
3052:
3038:Game drive system
2957:Projectile points
2849:Mortar and pestle
2588:
2587:
2528:Hand-held weapons
2119:State of Nebraska
2034:on 6 October 2010
1911:. Flight-toys.com
1757:978-1-55362-509-4
1395:978-0-7624-4703-9
1348:978-0-306-46258-0
1314:978-0-8018-8360-6
1064:(Subscription or
882:Alfred University
833:
749:combat using the
707:Yukon Ice Patches
688:Chavín de Huantar
616:Inca civilization
410:Upper Paleolithic
374:Upper Paleolithic
222:is used instead.
63:
16:(Redirected from
4500:
4415:Divje Babe flute
4322:Archaeoastronomy
4065:Petrosomatoglyph
3799:
3798:
3782:
3781:
3631:Water management
3434:
3433:
3421:
3420:
3324:Denticulate tool
3146:Lithic reduction
2879:
2878:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2686:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2341:
2304:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2233:. Archived from
2232:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2179:
2173:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2121:. Archived from
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1656:on 29 March 2017
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1049:
1042:
943:in Illinois, or
866:Grinnell College
834:
807:
806:
801:
782:
772:
761:
678:Grinnell College
585:
584:
580:
577:
571:
570:
566:
563:
520:Spearthrower Owl
315:Artistic designs
221:
209:
199:
147:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
103:
102:
101:
100:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
61:
21:
4508:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4473:Throwing spears
4468:Ancient weapons
4458:
4457:
4456:
4443:
4310:
4296:Stone box grave
4266:Megalithic tomb
4171:Cotswold-Severn
4123:
4028:Guardian stones
3956:Prehistoric art
3950:
3793:
3768:
3757:Timber trackway
3662:
3626:
3622:Wattle and daub
3475:
3454:Standing stones
3428:
3407:
3222:
3049:
3026:
2951:
2868:
2778:Food processing
2773:
2722:New World crops
2694:
2681:
2624:
2619:
2589:
2584:
2540:Cheiroballistra
2523:
2487:
2441:
2420:
2417:
2370:
2365:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2171:Wayback Machine
2163:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1820:
1816:
1801:
1797:
1792:. APA: 161–172.
1786:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1707:
1703:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1494:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1203:. p. 103.
1197:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1134:Wayback Machine
1127:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1104:Wayback Machine
1097:
1093:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1043:
1039:
1035:
998:
966:
964:Popular culture
933:
824:
814:
789:
763:
709:to be studied.
582:
578:
575:
573:
568:
564:
561:
559:
453:Epi-Paleolithic
367:
317:
304:
245:
109:
105:
96:
95:
68:
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4506:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:Alligator drum
4397:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4332:lunar calendar
4329:
4318:
4316:
4315:Other cultural
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4119:Venus figurine
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4050:Megalithic art
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4008:
4003:
4001:Cave paintings
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3884:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3803:Material goods
3795:
3794:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3521:
3519:Cliff dwelling
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:Fire hardening
3101:
3096:
3094:Clovis culture
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3017:Manis Mastodon
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2896:throwing stick
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
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2368:External links
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2326:Nuttall, Zelia
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2261:. 21 July 2020
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2018:
2007:on 21 May 2011
1992:
1981:. 21 June 2006
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1900:
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1722:978-1845205195
1721:
1701:
1690:(2): 214–219.
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1615:
1592:
1566:(2): 371–388.
1546:
1517:
1511:978-1560985129
1510:
1488:
1448:
1427:10.2307/624444
1401:
1394:
1376:
1354:
1347:
1320:
1313:
1307:. p. 11.
1289:
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1209:
1191:
1186:"Girls on top"
1172:
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1088:(Online). n.d.
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962:
932:
929:
852:, made in 1976
813:
810:
788:
785:
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712:The people of
674:John Whittaker
398:Clacton-on-Sea
366:
363:
325:British Museum
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26:
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4307:
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4299:
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4294:
4292:
4291:Simple dolmen
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:Passage grave
4274:
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4137:Burial mounds
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4126:
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4110:
4108:
4105:
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4097:Statue menhir
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4085:Stone carving
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3924:Sewing needle
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3752:Timber circle
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3728:
3727:
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3701:Tor enclosure
3699:
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3689:fulacht fiadh
3687:
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2928:
2926:
2925:spear-thrower
2923:
2922:
2921:
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2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:Bow and arrow
2901:
2897:
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2812:Grinding slab
2810:
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2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Domestication
2742:
2740:
2739:Digging stick
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Founder crops
2715:
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2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:New Stone Age
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2581:
2580:Spear-thrower
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:Carroballista
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:Generic terms
2423:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
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2358:
2354:
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2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2320:0-306-45716-4
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2260:
2254:
2240:on 2017-02-11
2236:
2229:
2223:
2209:
2203:
2189:on 2013-09-23
2188:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2146:
2140:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2091:
2085:
2077:
2071:
2055:
2049:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1954:
1948:
1932:
1926:
1910:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1863:. 10 May 2016
1862:
1856:
1848:
1837:
1835:9780879059118
1831:
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1714:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1630:on 2013-09-23
1629:
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1619:
1611:
1607:
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1397:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1364:
1358:
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1340:
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1334:
1333:Ember, Melvin
1330:
1324:
1316:
1310:
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1301:
1293:
1287:
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1260:
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1055:
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1048:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:Aztec warfare
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
993:
991:
990:
984:
982:
981:
980:The Silencing
975:
973:
972:
961:
957:
955:
950:
946:
942:
939:in New York,
938:
928:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:New Hampshire
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
851:
847:
842:
818:
809:
797:
793:
784:
781:
776:
775:field marshal
771:
770:
760:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
731:
729:
728:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
699:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
628:Moche culture
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Nazca culture
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
587:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:pre-Columbian
493:
492:bow and arrow
489:
485:
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:bow and arrow
445:
443:
438:
436:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:Kalambo Falls
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
371:
362:
360:
353:
349:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
312:
309:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
272:
269:
261:
257:
249:
240:
238:
234:
233:
228:
223:
220:
219:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
187:
184:
181:
177:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
142:
139:
133:
99:
92:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:spear-thrower
42:Atlatl in use
40:
32:
19:
4232:wedge-shaped
4217:Funeral pyre
4210:Great dolmen
4166:Chamber tomb
4147:Round barrow
4102:Stone circle
3974:Blombos Cave
3902:Grooved ware
3826:Chalcolithic
3730:Thornborough
3648:Flush toilet
3583:Blombos Cave
3578:Rock shelter
3534:Quiggly hole
3426:Architecture
3401:illustration
3043:Buffalo jump
2924:
2864:Storage pits
2827:Aşıklı Höyük
2817:Ground stone
2653:Subdivisions
2579:
2550:Gastraphetes
2359:May 2010.pdf
2352:
2345:
2329:
2308:
2284:
2280:
2263:. Retrieved
2253:
2242:. Retrieved
2235:the original
2222:
2211:. Retrieved
2202:
2191:. Retrieved
2187:the original
2177:
2160:
2149:. Retrieved
2139:
2129:December 21,
2127:. Retrieved
2123:the original
2109:
2099:21 September
2097:. Retrieved
2095:. Sos.mo.gov
2084:
2058:. Retrieved
2048:
2038:21 September
2036:. Retrieved
2032:the original
2021:
2011:21 September
2009:. Retrieved
2005:the original
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1947:
1937:21 September
1935:. Retrieved
1925:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:"The Atlatl"
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:the original
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1855:
1847:Google Books
1845:– via
1841:21 September
1839:. Retrieved
1824:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1711:
1704:
1687:
1683:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1644:
1634:21 September
1632:. Retrieved
1628:the original
1618:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1563:
1559:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1531:
1527:
1520:
1497:
1491:
1480:. Retrieved
1473:the original
1468:
1464:
1451:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1385:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1365:. mungo. n.d
1357:
1337:
1323:
1299:
1292:
1281:
1271:21 September
1269:. Retrieved
1265:"Mexicolore"
1242:. Retrieved
1232:
1221:. Retrieved
1212:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1164:. Retrieved
1162:. Tasigh.org
1154:
1143:. Retrieved
1130:Ghostarchive
1128:Archived at
1124:
1113:. Retrieved
1100:Ghostarchive
1098:Archived at
1094:
1083:
1074:
1051:
1040:
987:
985:
978:
976:
969:
967:
958:
934:
931:Competitions
918:
910:spearfishing
897:Pennsylvania
894:
855:
848:atlatl from
812:Modern times
790:
764:
736:
732:
725:
711:
700:
692:
683:
682:
669:
657:
656:Examples of
655:
650:
646:
638:
636:
632:Wari culture
623:
607:
603:
595:
589:
557:
552:Harald Prins
481:
446:
439:
406:Homo sapiens
405:
379:
356:
318:
305:
280:bannerstones
277:
273:
265:
230:
226:
224:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
140:
56:
55:
51:
47:
45:
4254:unchambered
4249:Long barrow
4239:Grave goods
4195:Court cairn
4190:Clava cairn
4142:Bowl barrow
4080:Rock cupule
4023:Golden hats
4016:Hill figure
3917:Unstan ware
3897:Cord-marked
3762:Sweet Track
3684:Burnt mound
3605:Stilt house
3593:Sibudu Cave
3386:Tally stick
3354:Quern-stone
3339:Hammerstone
3329:Fire plough
3300:Pesse canoe
3258:Bannerstone
3228:Other tools
3141:Lithic core
3089:Aurignacian
2977:Bare Island
2859:Quern-stone
2353:The Atlatl,
2060:25 November
1893:10 February
1867:10 February
1421:: 249–273.
1369:November 3,
1022:Swiss arrow
989:Brotherband
739:steel plate
662:Lady of Cao
637:The Andean
516:Teotihuacan
418:Magdalenian
386:Paleolithic
352:Mexico City
260:Bannerstone
237:Swiss arrow
4462:Categories
4393:trepanning
4286:Ring cairn
4244:Jar burial
4227:transepted
4159:U.S. sites
4060:Petroglyph
3986:Bird stone
3944:wine press
3617:Stone roof
3600:Roundhouse
3492:long house
3469:Stonehenge
3437:Ceremonial
3381:Stone tool
3208:Tool stone
3178:Metallurgy
3082:Mousterian
3059:Toolmaking
2997:Cumberland
2970:Transverse
2940:Schöningen
2832:Qesem cave
2800:Earth oven
2754:Irrigation
2665:Technology
2633:Prehistory
2565:Mesangylon
2504:Lithobolos
2244:2017-02-10
2213:2013-10-06
2193:2013-09-21
2151:2013-09-21
1763:2 December
1728:2 December
1660:2 December
1482:2013-05-08
1465:The Atlatl
1223:2012-08-19
1166:2013-09-21
1145:2021-06-30
1115:2021-06-30
1068:required.)
1033:References
914:bowfishing
906:rough fish
888:, and the
751:macuahuitl
714:New Guinea
693:Among the
643:Cerro Baúl
602:culture .
534:. Several
532:Washington
457:tolerances
414:stratified
408:since the
390:Schöningen
152:that uses
62:pronounced
4437:symbolism
4301:Tor cairn
4259:Grønsalen
4200:Cremation
4092:Sculpture
4070:Pictogram
4055:Petroform
3875:amber use
3843:Cosmetics
3653:Reservoir
3638:Check dam
3568:Pueblitos
3563:Pit-house
3546:Longhouse
3480:Dwellings
3349:Microlith
3280:Bow drill
3275:Bone tool
3268:prismatic
3077:Acheulean
2992:Cresswell
2965:Arrowhead
2891:Boomerang
2807:Granaries
2769:Terracing
2648:Stone Age
2519:Trebuchet
2478:Polybolos
2463:Catapulta
2301:130339858
2287:: 21–35.
2265:13 August
1580:162483649
1443:163650466
925:Australia
792:Bian Jian
684:Estólicas
670:estòlicas
658:estòlicas
536:Amazonian
512:the Andes
484:Americans
442:Megafauna
426:Mungo Man
422:Solutrean
321:Stone Age
292:fletching
4075:Rock art
4038:painting
4011:Geoglyph
3836:timeline
3816:Beadwork
3556:Mehrgarh
3551:Mudbrick
3459:megalith
3334:Fire-saw
3156:debitage
3151:analysis
3119:Hand axe
3099:Cupstone
2677:Glossary
2638:Timeline
2545:Crossbow
2509:Mangonel
2499:Catapult
2468:Oxybeles
2453:Ballista
2348:, No. 5.
2328:(1891).
2311:, No. 4.
2167:Archived
2070:cite web
1585:28 April
1539:28 April
1530:Estólica
1132:and the
1102:and the
1080:"atlatl"
1047:"atlatl"
996:See also
971:Top Shot
886:New York
850:Nikolski
727:woomeras
722:Holocene
703:Thandlät
666:El Brujo
651:Estólica
647:estòlica
639:estólica
624:estólica
614:and the
608:estólica
604:Estólica
596:estólica
540:Tarairiú
394:Torralba
376:articles
319:Several
154:leverage
4432:Symbols
4043:pigment
3929:Weaving
3892:Cardium
3887:Pottery
3882:Mirrors
3870:Jewelry
3811:Baskets
3791:culture
3643:Cistern
3449:Pyramid
3391:Weapons
3369:Scraper
3359:Racloir
3319:Cleaver
3307:Chopper
3213:Uniface
3124:Grooves
3114:Hafting
3072:Oldowan
3031:Systems
2982:Cascade
2945:woomera
2935:harpoon
2908:history
2874:Hunting
2854:Pottery
2795:Cooking
2704:Farming
2670:history
2643:Outline
2560:Kestros
2555:Javelin
2483:Scorpio
2338:3536622
1244:8 March
1017:Kestros
1002:Amentum
921:woomera
902:Alabama
796:Chinese
695:Tlingit
581:⁄
567:⁄
528:Florida
469:amentum
451:in the
435:Khoisan
380:Wooden
365:History
359:Ehecatl
329:mammoth
308:woomera
302:Woomera
296:hafting
288:spindle
284:wingnut
232:amentum
218:woomera
207:hul'che
192:Nahuatl
166:bearing
162:javelin
148:) is a
141:ahtlatl
138:Nahuatl
4410:flutes
4205:Dolmen
4129:Burial
3939:winery
3912:Linear
3742:Midden
3720:Cursus
3713:Goseck
3573:Pueblo
3524:Dugout
3509:Burdei
3188:Mining
3012:Lamoka
3007:Folsom
2987:Clovis
2844:Metate
2822:Hearth
2790:Basket
2764:Sickle
2514:Onager
2336:
2318:
2299:
1985:8 June
1959:8 June
1915:8 June
1832:
1754:
1719:
1684:Arctic
1578:
1508:
1441:
1435:624444
1433:
1392:
1345:
1311:
858:sports
798::
622:. The
600:Andean
544:Tapuya
524:stelae
461:spring
431:Maasai
243:Design
227:ankule
212:Dharug
197:atlatl
170:energy
57:atlatl
18:Atlatl
4327:sites
4271:Mummy
3991:Cairn
3907:Jōmon
3858:shoes
3853:Hides
3725:Henge
3679:Broch
3541:Jacal
3396:Wheel
3344:Knife
3290:Canoe
3285:Burin
3263:Blade
3161:flake
3022:Plano
2930:baton
2920:Spear
2886:Arrow
2839:Manos
2692:Tools
2575:Sling
2473:Oyumi
2297:S2CID
2238:(PDF)
2231:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
1748:(PDF)
1680:(PDF)
1576:S2CID
1476:(PDF)
1461:(PDF)
1439:S2CID
1431:JSTOR
1062:
846:Aleut
747:melee
592:Andes
508:Moche
465:flint
382:darts
333:hyena
214:word
204:word
202:Mayan
194:word
94:
54:, or
4420:gudi
4178:Cist
4107:list
3934:Wine
3863:Ötzi
3848:Glue
3821:Beds
3789:and
3787:Arts
3658:Well
3514:Cave
3444:Kiva
3374:side
3364:Rope
3312:tool
3246:bone
3236:Adze
3002:Eden
2915:Nets
2785:Fire
2749:Goad
2734:Celt
2334:OCLC
2316:ISBN
2267:2020
2131:2014
2101:2013
2076:link
2062:2011
2040:2013
2013:2013
1987:2009
1979:ESPN
1961:2009
1939:2013
1917:2009
1895:2017
1869:2017
1843:2013
1830:ISBN
1765:2017
1752:ISBN
1730:2017
1717:ISBN
1662:2017
1636:2013
1612:(3).
1587:2021
1541:2021
1506:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1371:2018
1343:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1273:2013
1246:2018
919:The
912:and
870:Iowa
743:mail
716:and
542:, a
530:and
504:Maya
459:for
433:and
400:and
306:The
294:and
268:Dart
158:dart
150:tool
3529:Hut
3464:row
3295:Oar
3253:Axe
3241:Awl
2535:Bow
2289:doi
1809:546
1692:doi
1568:doi
1423:doi
884:in
876:in
868:in
844:An
808:).
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572:to
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350:in
229:or
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