274:
39:
47:
301:
obscured by the 60 year quasi-periodic cycle." With full consideration of meteorological science, the number of tropical storms that can mature into severe hurricanes is much greater during warm phases of the AMO than during cool phases, at least twice as many; the AMO is reflected in the frequency of severe
Atlantic hurricanes. Based on the typical duration of negative and positive phases of the AMO, the current warm regime is expected to persist at least until 2015 and possibly as late as 2035. Enfield
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3922:
3958:
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31:
313:
Oscillation" or "AMO", fail to isolate the true internal variability when it is a priori known. Such procedures yield an AMO signal with an inflated amplitude and biased phase, attributing some of the recent NH mean temperature rise to the AMO. The true AMO signal, instead, appears likely to have been in a cooling phase in recent decades, offsetting some of the anthropogenic warming."
209:. However, historical oceanic observations are not sufficient to associate the derived AMO index to present-day circulation anomalies. Models and observations indicate that changes in atmospheric circulation, which induce changes in clouds, atmospheric dust and surface heat flux, are largely responsible for the tropical portion of the AMO.
370:, a typical null hypothesis to test whether there are oscillations in a model. Referring to the 2021 study, Michael Mann, the originator of the term AMO, put it more succinctly in a blog post on the matter: "my colleagues and I have provided what we consider to be the most definitive evidence yet that the AMO doesn't actually exist."
102:
Evidence for a multidecadal climate oscillation centered in the North
Atlantic began to emerge in 1980s work by Folland and colleagues, seen in Fig. 2.d.A. That oscillation was the sole focus of Schlesinger and Ramankutty in 1994, but the actual term Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) was coined
232:
Recent research suggests that the AMO is related to the past occurrence of major droughts in the US Midwest and the
Southwest. When the AMO is in its warm phase, these droughts tend to be more frequent or prolonged. Two of the most severe droughts of the 20th century occurred during the positive AMO
321:
There are only about 130–150 years of data based on instrument data, which are too few samples for conventional statistical approaches. With the aid of multi-century proxy reconstruction, a longer period of 424 years was used by
Enfield and Cid–Serrano as an illustration of an approach as described
220:
The AMO is correlated to air temperatures and rainfall over much of the
Northern Hemisphere, in particular in the summer climate in North America and Europe. Through changes in atmospheric circulation, the AMO can also modulate spring snowfall over the Alps and glaciers' mass variability. Rainfall
312:
In 2014 Mann, Steinman and Miller showed that warming (and therefore any effects on hurricanes) were not caused by the AMO, writing: "certain procedures used in past studies to estimate internal variability, and in particular, an internal multidecadal oscillation termed the "Atlantic
Multidecadal
300:
data (1851–2007), and noted a positive linear trend for minor hurricanes (category 1 and 2), but removed when the authors adjusted their model for undercounted storms, and stated "If there is an increase in hurricane activity connected to a greenhouse gas induced global warming, it is currently
174:
The linearly detrended index suggests that the North
Atlantic SST anomaly at the end of the twentieth century is equally divided between the externally forced component and internally generated variability, and that the current peak is similar to middle twentieth century; by contrast the others
200:
Based on the about 150-year instrumental record a quasi-periodicity of about 70 years, with a few distinct warmer phases between ca. 1930–1965 and after 1995, and cool between 1900–1930 and 1965–1995 has been identified. In models, AMO-like variability is associated with small changes in the
340:
A 2017 study predicts a continued cooling shift beginning 2014, and the authors note, "..unlike the last cold period in the
Atlantic, the spatial pattern of sea surface temperature anomalies in the Atlantic is not uniformly cool, but instead has anomalously cold temperatures in the
365:
and other external forcings, and therefore that there is no compelling evidence for the AMO being an oscillation or cycle. There was also a lack of oscillatory behaviour in models on time scales longer than El Niño
Southern Oscillation; the AMV is indistinguishable from
120:
from the analysis. However, if the global warming signal is significantly non-linear in time (i.e. not just a smooth linear increase), variations in the forced signal will leak into the AMO definition. Consequently, correlations with the AMO index may mask effects of
93:
causes, especially in tropical
Atlantic areas important for hurricane development. The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation is also connected with shifts in hurricane activity, rainfall patterns and intensity, and changes in fish populations.
353:. The tripole pattern of anomalies has increased the subpolar to subtropical meridional gradient in SSTs, which are not represented by the AMO index value, but which may lead to increased atmospheric baroclinicity and storminess."
1148:
Ghosh, Rohit; Müller, Wolfgang A.; Baehr, Johanna; Bader, Jürgen (2016-07-28). "Impact of observed North Atlantic multidecadal variations to European summer climate: a linear baroclinic response to surface heating".
145:
and Shea, assuming that the effect of global forcing over the North Atlantic is similar to the global ocean, subtracted the global (60°N-60°S) mean SST from the North Atlantic SST to derive a revised AMO index.
333:, are far from being able to do this. Enfield and colleagues have calculated the probability that a change in the AMO will occur within a given future time frame, assuming that historical variability persists.
322:
in their paper called "The Probabilistic Projection of Climate Risk". Their histogram of zero crossing intervals from a set of five re-sampled and smoothed version of Gray et al. (2004) index together with the
308:
However, Mann and Emanuel had found in 2006 that "anthropogenic factors are responsible for long-term trends in tropic Atlantic warmth and tropical cyclone activity" and "There is no apparent role of the AMO."
1210:
Zampieri, M.; Toreti, A.; Schindler, A.; Scoccimarro, E.; Gualdi, S. (April 2017). "Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation influence on weather regimes over Europe and the Mediterranean in spring and summer".
182:, warm temperatures in the subtropics and cool anomalies over the tropics, increased the spatial distribution of meridional gradient in sea surface temperatures, which is not captured by the AMO Index.
164:
derived an AMO index as the SST averaged over the extra-tropical North Atlantic (to remove the influence of ENSO that is greater at tropical latitude) minus the regression on global mean temperature.
326:
gamma distribution fit to the histogram, showed that the largest frequency of regime interval was around 10–20 year. The cumulative probability for all intervals 20 years or less was about 70%.
112:
The AMO signal is usually defined from the patterns of SST variability in the North Atlantic once any linear trend has been removed. This detrending is intended to remove the influence of
89:, and whether it has a typical timescale and can be classified as an oscillation. There is also discussion on the attribution of sea surface temperature change to natural or
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153:
however argue that the forced SST pattern is not globally uniform; they separated the forced and internally generated variability using signal to noise maximizing
273:
1515:
Enfield, David B.; Cid-Serrano, Luis (2010). "Secular and multidecadal warmings in the North Atlantic and their relationships with major hurricane activity".
3675:
3111:
2927:
901:
3106:
4141:
2974:
854:"Analysis of Atlantic SST Variability Factoring Interbasin Links and the Secular Trend: Clarified Structure of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation"
2954:
2901:
2168:
285:
3996:
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Teegavarapu, R. S. V.; Goly, A.; Obeysekera, J. (2013). "Influences of Atlantic Multi-Decadal Oscillation on Regional Precipitation Extremes".
329:
There is no demonstrated predictability for when the AMO will switch, in any deterministic sense. Computer models, such as those that predict
34:
Atlantic multidecadal oscillation spatial pattern obtained as the regression of monthly HadISST sea surface temperature anomalies (1870–2013).
2610:
1609:
2843:
259:
studies have confirmed this pattern—increased rainfall in AMO warmphase, decreased in cold phase—for the Sahel over the past 3,000 years.
221:
patterns are affected in North Eastern Brazilian and African Sahel. It is also associated with changes in the frequency of North American
2727:
191:
24:
2996:
2944:
1640:
50:
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index computed as the linearly detrended North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies 1856–2022.
3875:
2991:
2566:
3206:
2917:
2635:
2412:
1368:
Zhang, R.; Delworth, T. L. (2006). "Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes".
3562:
3351:
2509:
175:
methodology suggest that a large portion of the North Atlantic anomaly at the end of the twentieth century is externally forced.
3211:
3174:
3028:
3013:
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2571:
2515:
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361:
In a 2021 study by Michael Mann and others, it was shown that the periodicity of the AMO in the last millennium was driven by
4187:
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105:
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2838:
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268:
85:
While there is some support for this mode in models and in historical observations, controversy exists with regard to its
4086:
3373:
3151:
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2891:
2881:
2864:
2771:
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2896:
1351:"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Frequently Asked Questions about the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation"
337:
of this kind may prove to be useful for long-term planning in climate sensitive applications, such as water management.
212:
The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is important for how external forcings are linked with North Atlantic SSTs.
3989:
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of the 1930s and the 1950s drought. Florida and the Pacific Northwest tend to be the opposite—warm AMO, more rainfall.
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3729:
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3422:
2615:
3962:
3600:
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3527:
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2531:
2022:
Hetzinger, Steffen (2008). "Caribbean coral tracks Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and past hurricane activity".
1785:
3719:
3670:
3096:
3058:
3003:
2463:
1478:
252:
42:
Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation Index according to the methodology proposed by van Oldenborgh et al. 1880–2018.
1893:"The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and its relationship to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S."
1093:"Evidence for external forcing of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since termination of the Little Ice Age"
812:"Frequency- or amplitude-dependent effects of the Atlantic meridional overturning on the tropical Pacific Ocean"
134:
3787:
3071:
2818:
2125:
Knight, J. R. (2005). "A signature of persistent natural thermohaline circulation cycles in observed climate".
1655:
912:
168:
154:
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3982:
3897:
3432:
2964:
1091:
Mads Faurschou Knudsen; Bo Holm Jacobsen; Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz & Jesper Olsen (25 February 2014).
1090:
125:, as per Mann, Steinman and Miller, which also provides a more detailed history of the science development.
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2848:
2405:
1820:
1028:
985:
942:
577:
Folland, C. K.; Parker, D .E.; Kates, F. E. (1984). "Worldwide marine temperature fluctuations 1856–1981".
2336:"Individual and coupled influences of AMO and ENSO on regional precipitation characteristics and extremes"
401:
Gerard D. McCarthy; Ivan D. Haigh; Joël J.M. Hirschi; Jeremy P. Grist & David A. Smeed (27 May 2015).
167:
Guan and Nigam removed the non stationary global trend and Pacific natural variability before applying an
4131:
3091:
2934:
1941:
Goldenberg, S. B. (2001). "The recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity: Causes and implications".
362:
323:
4146:
4116:
4021:
3950:
3714:
3517:
3474:
3247:
3169:
3023:
2217:
Sutton, R. T.; Hodson, L. R. (2005). "Atlantic forcing of North American and European summer climate".
278:
20:
282:
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3494:
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3442:
3404:
3321:
3139:
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2448:
402:
103:
by Michael Mann in a 2000 telephone interview with Richard Kerr, as recounted by Mann, p. 30 in
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1616:
1022:
Yuan, T.; L. Oreopoulos; M. Zalinka; H. Yu; J. R. Norris; M. Chin; S. Platnick; K. Meyer (2016).
138:
75:
1024:"Positive low cloud and dust feedbacks amplify tropical North Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation"
622:
Schlesinger, M. E. (1994). "An oscillation in the global climate system of period 65–70 years".
3537:
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3216:
3201:
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2722:
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1911:
1428:
736:
400:
2164:"Pacific and Atlantic Ocean influences on multidecadal drought frequency in the United States"
1411:
Shanahan, T. M.; et al. (2009). "Atlantic Forcing of Persistent Drought in West Africa".
4031:
4026:
3926:
3572:
3449:
3257:
2707:
2630:
1719:"Absence of internal multidecadal and interdecadal oscillations in climate model simulations"
1654:
Mann, Michael E.; Steinman, Byron A.; Brouillette, Daniel J.; Miller, Sonya K. (2021-03-05).
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2000:
1990:"A tree-ring based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since 1567 A.D."
1952:
1903:
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1828:
1815:
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8:
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1656:"Multidecadal climate oscillations during the past millennium driven by volcanic forcing"
1297:"100-year mass changes in the Swiss Alps linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation"
938:"The signature of low-frequency oceanic forcing in the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation"
403:"Ocean impact on decadal Atlantic climate variability revealed by sea-level observations"
71:
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2004:
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522:"Emerging negative Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index in spite of warm subtropics"
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195:
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90:
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Kerr, R. A. (2005). "Atlantic climate pacemaker for millennia past, decades hence?".
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1968:
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1595:
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1277:
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981:"The necessity of cloud feedback for a basin-scale Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation"
686:
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559:
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433:
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2808:
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667:
Kerr, Richard C. (2000). "A North Atlantic Climate Pacemaker for the Centuries".
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1340:
545:
463:
202:
122:
117:
113:
1170:
178:
Frajka-Williams et al. 2017 pointed out that recent changes in cooling of the
46:
4181:
4071:
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3865:
3797:
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3344:
3329:
3264:
3159:
1752:
1687:
1564:
1333:
1281:
1188:
342:
240:
179:
2238:
2190:
2051:
Kerr, R. A. (2000). "A North Atlantic climate pacemaker for the centuries".
1964:
1852:"Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the Northern Hemisphere"
1679:
1442:
1354:
4151:
3750:
3547:
3191:
3181:
2828:
2712:
2625:
2246:
2209:
2109:
2072:
1972:
1770:
1695:
1450:
1248:"Atlantic influence on spring snowfall over the Alps in the past 150 years"
1134:
1069:
878:
853:
690:
563:
492:
465:
437:
206:
1875:
1295:
Huss, Matthias; Hock, Regine; Bauder, Andreas; Funk, Martin (2010-05-01).
935:
902:"Climate Phenomena and their Relevance for Future Regional Climate Change"
837:
811:
810:
van Oldenborgh, G. J.; L. A. te Raa; H. A. Dijkstra; S. Y. Philip (2009).
243:
suggest that a warm phase of the AMO strengthens the summer rainfall over
4161:
3777:
3294:
3286:
2536:
2360:
2335:
2288:
2263:
2146:
2013:
1989:
1925:
1841:
1816:"Causes of global temperature changes during the 19th and 20th centuries"
1586:
1559:
1500:
1389:
1324:
1050:
1007:
980:
964:
937:
795:
751:
716:
466:"Forced and Internal Twentieth-Century SST Trends in the North Atlantic"
429:
16:
Climate cycle that affects the surface temperature of the North Atlantic
4056:
3974:
3809:
3186:
1116:
816:
346:
2043:
330:
106:
The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines
2754:
1717:
Mann, Michael E.; Steinman, Byron A.; Miller, Sonya K. (2020-01-03).
1536:
645:
600:
367:
234:
226:
86:
1851:
1474:"Multidecadal variability of Atlantic hurricane activity: 1851–2007"
1473:
1246:
Zampieri, Matteo; Scoccimarro, Enrico; Gualdi, Silvio (2013-01-01).
770:
714:
464:
Mingfang, Ting; Yochanan Kushnir; Richard Seager; Cuihua Li (2009).
296:
A 2008 study correlated the Atlantic Multidecadal Mode (AMM), with
1209:
717:"On forced temperature changes, internal variability, and the AMO"
520:
Eleanor Frajka-Williams; Claudie Beaulieu; Aurelie Duchez (2017).
133:
Several methods have been proposed to remove the global trend and
4111:
4091:
2732:
2390:
350:
222:
1021:
4156:
3745:
297:
1786:"The Rise and Fall of the "Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation""
978:
30:
3659:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
2742:
1653:
248:
244:
1891:
Enfield, D. B.; Mestas-Nunez, A. M.; Trimble, P. J. (2001).
936:
O'Reilly, C. H.; L. M. Huber; T Woollings; L. Zanna (2016).
316:
2264:"Climate impacts of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation"
1890:
715:
Mann, Michael; Byron A. Steinman; Sonya K. Miller (2014).
277:
North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity according to the
3835:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
2304:
2162:
McCabe, G. J.; Palecki, M. A.; Betancourt, J. L. (2004).
1245:
2161:
768:
3676:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2262:
Knight, J. R.; Folland, C. K.; Scaife, A. A. (2006).
1147:
771:"Atlantic hurricanes and natural variability in 2005"
225:
and is reflected in the frequency of severe Atlantic
2381:
Probabilistic projection of future AMO regime shifts
1813:
1560:"Atlantic Hurricane Trends Linked to Climate Change"
1367:
979:
Brown, P. T.; M. S. Lozier; R. Zhang; W. Li (2016).
2261:
803:
1716:
1514:
1465:
1294:
576:
262:
515:
513:
511:
4179:
3876:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
2334:Goly, Aneesh; Teegavarapu, Ramesh S. V. (2014).
851:
764:
762:
2333:
281:Index, 1950–2015. For a global ACE graph visit
508:
4142:Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern
3990:
2611:History of climate change policy and politics
2406:
1814:Andronova, N. G.; Schlesinger, M. E. (2000).
759:
171:analysis to the residual North Atlantic SST.
2216:
1849:
1471:
215:
2728:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
1557:
1508:
710:
708:
621:
459:
457:
455:
192:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
25:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
3997:
3983:
3957:
3945:
3402:
2413:
2399:
1940:
3697:
3503:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
2636:United Nations Climate Change conferences
2359:
2287:
2199:
2189:
2021:
2012:
1915:
1840:
1760:
1742:
1585:
1499:
1432:
1323:
1271:
1178:
1124:
1059:
1049:
1006:
963:
877:
845:
836:
794:
769:Trenberth, Kevin; Dennis J. Shea (2005).
750:
740:
553:
491:
97:
4004:
3207:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
2376:Frequently asked questions about the AMO
1410:
705:
452:
390:. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.
317:Periodicity and prediction of AMO shifts
272:
45:
37:
29:
3563:National Adaptation Programme of Action
3352:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
4180:
3212:Economics of climate change mitigation
3175:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
2688:
2516:Scientific consensus on climate change
2124:
1639:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3978:
3871:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
3696:
3401:
3137:
2687:
2599:
2480:
2432:
2394:
1850:Delworth, T. L.; Mann, M. E. (2000).
82:on the timescale of several decades.
3893:Representative Concentration Pathway
2834:Tipping points in the climate system
2510:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
2087:
2050:
1987:
1783:
1558:Mann, M. E.; Emanuel, K. A. (2006).
1517:International Journal of Climatology
1472:Chylek, P. & Lesins, G. (2008).
666:
269:Tropical cyclones and climate change
4087:Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation
3664:Nationally determined contributions
3374:Individual action on climate change
2579:World energy supply and consumption
135:El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
13:
3803:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
2420:
1807:
1784:Mann, Michael (11 February 2021).
137:influence over the North Atlantic
14:
4209:
4077:Diurnal air temperature variation
4062:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
4047:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
3730:Satellite temperature measurement
3335:forestry for carbon sequestration
2616:History of climate change science
2369:
64:Atlantic Multidecadal Variability
56:Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
3956:
3944:
3933:
3932:
3920:
3581:Climate Change Performance Index
2960:Destruction of cultural heritage
852:Guan, Bin; Sumant Nigam (2009).
3720:Instrumental temperature record
3671:Sustainable Development Goal 13
1777:
1710:
1647:
1602:
1551:
1479:Journal of Geophysical Research
1404:
1361:
1288:
1239:
1233:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.08.014
1203:
1141:
1084:
1015:
972:
929:
894:
263:Relation to Atlantic hurricanes
253:North Atlantic tropical cyclone
3788:Climate variability and change
3138:
2819:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1252:Environmental Research Letters
1180:11858/00-001M-0000-002B-44E2-8
660:
615:
570:
394:
388:"Multidecadal Climate Changes"
380:
1:
3898:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
3433:Climate emergency declaration
2327:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.05.003
2065:10.1126/science.288.5473.1984
683:10.1126/science.288.5473.1984
373:
185:
4188:Tropical cyclone meteorology
4082:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
3881:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
3107:Middle East and North Africa
2433:
1304:Geophysical Research Letters
1273:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034026
1029:Geophysical Research Letters
986:Geophysical Research Letters
943:Geophysical Research Letters
775:Geophysical Research Letters
721:Geophysical Research Letters
356:
349:and cool anomalies over the
128:
7:
4132:Pacific decadal oscillation
2955:Depopulation of settlements
2600:
2102:10.1126/science.309.5731.41
1213:Global and Planetary Change
345:, warm temperatures in the
324:maximum likelihood estimate
305:assume a peak around 2020.
233:between 1925 and 1965: The
10:
4214:
4147:Quasi-biennial oscillation
4117:North Atlantic oscillation
4022:Antarctic Circumpolar Wave
3715:Global surface temperature
3606:Popular culture depictions
3518:Ecosystem-based adaptation
3248:Carbon capture and storage
3170:Carbon offsets and credits
2481:
2386:AMO Data from 1856–present
1744:10.1038/s41467-019-13823-w
546:10.1038/s41598-017-11046-x
279:Accumulated Cyclone Energy
266:
189:
21:North Atlantic oscillation
18:
4122:North Pacific Oscillation
4102:Madden–Julian oscillation
4012:
3927:Climate change portal
3914:
3853:
3820:Extreme event attribution
3738:
3707:
3703:
3692:
3636:
3571:
3493:
3443:School Strike for Climate
3415:
3411:
3397:
3366:
3322:Climate-smart agriculture
3283:
3240:
3150:
3146:
3133:
3057:
2910:
2857:
2700:
2696:
2683:
2606:
2595:
2524:
2493:
2489:
2476:
2459:Climate change adaptation
2454:Climate change mitigation
2449:Effects of climate change
2439:
2428:
1171:10.1007/s00382-016-3283-4
335:Probabilistic projections
216:Climate impacts worldwide
4198:Regional climate effects
4067:Dansgaard–Oeschger event
4042:Atlantic Equatorial mode
3830:Global warming potential
3637:International agreements
3284:Preserving and enhancing
2718:Arctic methane emissions
2640:Years in climate change
2547:Greenhouse gas emissions
2444:Causes of climate change
2340:Water Resources Research
207:Thermohaline Circulation
19:Not to be confused with
4137:Pacific Meridional Mode
3861:Climate change scenario
3513:Disaster risk reduction
3165:Carbon emission trading
2975:U.S. insurance industry
2945:Civilizational collapse
2792:sea surface temperature
2239:10.1126/science.1109496
2191:10.1073/pnas.0306738101
1965:10.1126/science.1060040
1680:10.1126/science.abc5810
1443:10.1126/science.1166352
76:sea surface temperature
3854:Research and modelling
3538:Nature-based solutions
3358:Nature-based solutions
3300:Carbon dioxide removal
3217:Fossil fuel divestment
3202:Climate risk insurance
3112:Small island countries
2723:Arctic sea ice decline
911:. 2014. Archived from
879:10.1175/2009JCLI2921.1
493:10.1175/2008JCLI2561.1
293:
98:Definition and history
51:
43:
35:
4032:Arctic dipole anomaly
4027:Antarctic oscillation
3815:Earth's energy budget
3698:Background and theory
3586:Climate crisis (term)
3258:Fossil fuel phase-out
3152:Economics and finance
3117:by individual country
3059:By country and region
3034:Security and conflict
3029:Psychological impacts
2708:Abrupt climate change
2631:Charles David Keeling
2464:By country and region
1876:10.1007/s003820000075
1723:Nature Communications
838:10.5194/os-5-293-2009
276:
49:
41:
33:
4006:Climate oscillations
3644:Glasgow Climate Pact
3305:Carbon sequestration
2870:Mass mortality event
2361:10.1002/2013WR014540
2307:Journal of Hydrology
2289:10.1029/2006GL026242
2147:10.1029/2005GL024233
2014:10.1029/2004GL019932
1988:Gray, S. T. (2004).
1926:10.1029/2000GL012745
1842:10.1029/2000GL006109
1587:10.1029/2006EO240001
1501:10.1029/2008JD010036
1390:10.1029/2006GL026267
1325:10.1029/2010GL042616
1051:10.1002/2016GL067679
1008:10.1002/2016GL068303
965:10.1002/2016GL067925
796:10.1029/2006GL026894
752:10.1002/2014GL059233
80:North Atlantic Ocean
70:), is the theorized
4193:Atlantic hurricanes
4107:Milankovitch cycles
4097:Indian Ocean Dipole
3783:Climate sensitivity
3558:The Adaptation Fund
3014:Infectious diseases
2911:Social and economic
2352:2014WRR....50.4686G
2319:2013JHyd..495...74T
2280:2006GeoRL..3317706K
2231:2005Sci...309..115S
2182:2004PNAS..101.4136M
2139:2005GeoRL..3220708K
2059:(5473): 1984–1986.
2036:2008Geo....36...11H
2005:2004GeoRL..3112205G
1957:2001Sci...293..474G
1908:2001GeoRL..28.2077E
1868:2000ClDy...16..661D
1833:2000GeoRL..27.2137A
1821:Geophys. Res. Lett.
1735:2020NatCo..11...49M
1672:2021Sci...371.1014M
1666:(6533): 1014–1019.
1578:2006EOSTr..87..233M
1529:2010IJCli..30..174E
1492:2008JGRD..11322106C
1425:2009Sci...324..377S
1382:2006GeoRL..3317712Z
1316:2010GeoRL..3710501H
1264:2013ERL.....8c4026Z
1225:2017GPC...151...92Z
1163:2017ClDy...48.3547G
1109:2014NatCo...5.3323K
1042:2016GeoRL..43.1349Y
999:2016GeoRL..43.3955B
956:2016GeoRL..43.2810O
870:2009JCli...22.4228G
829:2009OcSci...5..293V
787:2006GeoRL..3312704T
733:2014GeoRL..41.3211M
677:(5473): 1984–1985.
638:1994Natur.367..723S
593:1984Natur.310..670F
538:2017NatSR...711224F
484:2009JCli...22.1469T
430:10.1038/nature14491
422:2015Natur.521..508M
4052:Earth's axial tilt
4037:Arctic oscillation
3354:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
3326:Forest management
3310:Direct air capture
3275:Sustainable energy
3232:Net zero emissions
3227:Low-carbon economy
3222:Green Climate Fund
3009:Indigenous peoples
2902:Plant biodiversity
2690:Effects and issues
2268:Geophys. Res. Lett
2127:Geophys. Res. Lett
1993:Geophys. Res. Lett
1896:Geophys. Res. Lett
1370:Geophys. Res. Lett
1117:10.1038/ncomms4323
526:Scientific Reports
471:Journal of Climate
363:volcanic eruptions
294:
288:2018-11-02 at the
196:Ocean heat content
52:
44:
36:
4175:
4174:
4167:True polar wander
4162:Solar variability
3972:
3971:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3845:Radiative forcing
3688:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3508:Adaptive capacity
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3253:Energy transition
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
2839:Tropical cyclones
2765:Urban heat island
2679:
2678:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2552:Carbon accounting
2506:Greenhouse effect
2472:
2471:
2225:(5731): 115–118.
2176:(12): 4136–4141.
2044:10.1130/G24321A.1
1951:(5529): 474–479.
1902:(10): 2077–2080.
1827:(14): 2137–2140.
1419:(5925): 377–380.
864:(15): 4228–4240.
632:(6465): 723–726.
587:(5979): 670–673.
416:(7553): 508–510.
257:Paleoclimatologic
62:), also known as
4205:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3960:
3959:
3948:
3947:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3888:Paleoclimatology
3705:
3704:
3694:
3693:
3455:Ecological grief
3438:Climate movement
3413:
3412:
3399:
3398:
3379:Plant-based diet
3270:Renewable energy
3148:
3147:
3135:
3134:
2970:Economic impacts
2892:Invasive species
2748:Coastal flooding
2698:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2621:Svante Arrhenius
2597:
2596:
2567:from agriculture
2557:Carbon footprint
2542:Greenhouse gases
2491:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2430:
2429:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2365:
2363:
2346:(6): 4686–4709.
2330:
2301:
2291:
2258:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2158:
2121:
2084:
2047:
2018:
2016:
1984:
1937:
1919:
1887:
1856:Climate Dynamics
1846:
1844:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1764:
1746:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1615:. Archived from
1614:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1537:10.1002/joc.1881
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1436:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1353:. Archived from
1347:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1301:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1182:
1151:Climate Dynamics
1145:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1063:
1053:
1036:(3): 1349–1356.
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
993:(8): 3955–3963.
976:
970:
969:
967:
950:(6): 2810–2818.
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
917:
906:
898:
892:
891:
881:
849:
843:
842:
840:
807:
801:
800:
798:
766:
757:
756:
754:
744:
727:(9): 3211–3219.
712:
703:
702:
664:
658:
657:
646:10.1038/367723a0
619:
613:
612:
601:10.1038/310670a0
574:
568:
567:
557:
517:
506:
505:
495:
478:(6): 1469–1481.
461:
450:
449:
407:
398:
392:
391:
384:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4127:Orbital forcing
4014:
4008:
4003:
3973:
3968:
3921:
3919:
3902:
3849:
3840:Orbital forcing
3734:
3699:
3680:
3654:Paris Agreement
3632:
3628:Warming stripes
3567:
3533:Managed retreat
3528:Loss and damage
3489:
3423:Business action
3407:
3385:
3362:
3285:
3279:
3236:
3197:Climate finance
3142:
3121:
3053:
2906:
2882:Extinction risk
2858:Flora and fauna
2853:
2814:Permafrost thaw
2809:Ozone depletion
2738:Extreme weather
2692:
2675:
2602:
2583:
2520:
2485:
2468:
2435:
2424:
2419:
2372:
2096:(5731): 41–43.
1917:10.1.1.594.1411
1810:
1808:Further reading
1805:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1790:michaelmann.net
1782:
1778:
1715:
1711:
1652:
1648:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1610:"Archived copy"
1608:
1607:
1603:
1572:(24): 233–244.
1556:
1552:
1513:
1509:
1486:(D22): D22106.
1470:
1466:
1434:10.1.1.366.1394
1409:
1405:
1366:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1244:
1240:
1208:
1204:
1157:(11–12): 3547.
1146:
1142:
1089:
1085:
1020:
1016:
977:
973:
934:
930:
921:
919:
915:
904:
900:
899:
895:
850:
846:
808:
804:
767:
760:
713:
706:
665:
661:
620:
616:
575:
571:
518:
509:
462:
453:
405:
399:
395:
386:
385:
381:
376:
359:
319:
290:Wayback Machine
271:
265:
218:
198:
188:
160:Van Oldenborgh
131:
100:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:Glacial cycles
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3954:
3942:
3930:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3795:
3793:Cloud feedback
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3651:
3649:Kyoto Protocol
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3603:
3601:Media coverage
3598:
3593:
3591:Climate spiral
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3480:Public opinion
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3428:Climate action
3425:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3340:REDD and REDD+
3337:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3317:Carbon farming
3314:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3144:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3049:Water security
3046:
3044:Water scarcity
3041:
3039:Urban flooding
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:Forest dieback
2884:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2824:Sea level rise
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2797:stratification
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2562:Carbon leakage
2559:
2554:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2501:Climate system
2497:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2422:Climate change
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2370:External links
2368:
2367:
2366:
2331:
2302:
2274:(17): L17706.
2259:
2214:
2159:
2133:(20): L20708.
2122:
2085:
2048:
2019:
1999:(12): L12205.
1985:
1938:
1888:
1862:(9): 661–676.
1847:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1776:
1709:
1646:
1601:
1550:
1523:(2): 174–184.
1507:
1464:
1403:
1376:(17): L17712.
1360:
1357:on 2005-11-26.
1339:
1310:(10): L10501.
1287:
1238:
1202:
1140:
1083:
1014:
971:
928:
893:
844:
823:(3): 293–301.
802:
781:(12): L12704.
758:
742:10.1.1.638.256
704:
659:
614:
569:
507:
451:
393:
378:
377:
375:
372:
358:
355:
318:
315:
264:
261:
241:Climate models
217:
214:
205:branch of the
203:North Atlantic
187:
184:
130:
127:
123:global warming
118:global warming
114:greenhouse gas
99:
96:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4210:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4072:Diurnal cycle
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3993:
3988:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3965:
3964:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Climate model
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3798:Cloud forcing
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3691:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3573:Communication
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:Vulnerability
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Flood control
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3345:reforestation
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:afforestation
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:Nuclear power
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3160:Carbon budget
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2997:Mental health
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2928:United States
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:deoxygenation
2780:
2778:
2777:acidification
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2598:
2594:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:from wetlands
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:Deforestation
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1622:on 2014-08-26
1618:
1611:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:(3): 034026.
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:
982:
975:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:
939:
932:
918:on 2017-12-07
914:
910:
903:
897:
889:
885:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
818:
813:
806:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
763:
753:
748:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
709:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:
663:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:
618:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:
573:
565:
561:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
514:
512:
503:
499:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:
467:
460:
458:
456:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
404:
397:
389:
383:
379:
371:
369:
364:
354:
352:
348:
344:
343:subpolar gyre
338:
336:
332:
327:
325:
314:
310:
306:
304:
299:
291:
287:
284:
280:
275:
270:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
236:
230:
228:
224:
213:
210:
208:
204:
197:
193:
183:
181:
180:subpolar gyre
176:
172:
170:
165:
163:
158:
156:
152:
147:
144:
140:
136:
126:
124:
119:
115:
110:
108:
107:
95:
92:
91:anthropogenic
88:
83:
81:
78:(SST) of the
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
48:
40:
32:
26:
22:
4152:Seasonal lag
4046:
4015:oscillations
3961:
3949:
3937:
3918:
3751:Carbon cycle
3708:Measurements
3403:Society and
3287:carbon sinks
3192:Climate debt
3182:Carbon price
3004:Human rights
2829:Season creep
2787:heat content
2713:Anoxic event
2626:James Hansen
2343:
2339:
2310:
2306:
2271:
2267:
2222:
2218:
2173:
2167:
2130:
2126:
2093:
2089:
2056:
2052:
2030:(1): 11–14.
2027:
2023:
1996:
1992:
1948:
1942:
1899:
1895:
1859:
1855:
1824:
1819:
1795:14 September
1793:. Retrieved
1789:
1779:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1624:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1604:
1569:
1563:
1553:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1355:the original
1307:
1303:
1290:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1033:
1027:
1017:
990:
984:
974:
947:
941:
931:
920:. Retrieved
913:the original
908:
896:
861:
857:
847:
820:
815:
805:
778:
774:
724:
720:
674:
668:
662:
629:
623:
617:
584:
578:
572:
532:(1): 11224.
529:
525:
475:
469:
413:
409:
396:
382:
360:
339:
328:
320:
311:
307:
302:
295:
239:
231:
219:
211:
199:
177:
173:
166:
161:
159:
150:
148:
132:
111:
104:
101:
84:
67:
63:
59:
55:
53:
3778:Carbon sink
3756:atmospheric
3621:video games
3295:Blue carbon
2918:Agriculture
2897:Marine life
2844:Water cycle
2802:temperature
2537:Fossil fuel
255:activity.
72:variability
4182:Categories
4057:Bond event
3810:Cryosphere
3771:permafrost
3543:Resilience
3495:Adaptation
3470:Litigation
3460:Governance
3405:adaptation
3187:Carbon tax
3140:Mitigation
3077:Antarctica
2965:Disability
1626:2014-08-23
1219:: 92–100.
922:2017-10-09
858:J. Climate
817:Ocean Sci.
374:References
347:subtropics
267:See also:
229:activity.
190:See also:
186:Mechanisms
157:analysis.
3825:Feedbacks
3596:Education
3097:Caribbean
3092:Australia
3019:Migration
2982:Fisheries
2923:Livestock
2849:Wildfires
2755:Heat wave
2313:: 74–93.
1912:CiteSeerX
1753:2041-1723
1729:(1): 49.
1704:232124643
1688:0036-8075
1596:128633734
1429:CiteSeerX
1334:1944-8007
1282:1748-9326
1189:0930-7575
1078:130079254
737:CiteSeerX
368:red noise
357:Criticism
283:this link
235:Dust Bowl
227:hurricane
143:Trenberth
129:AMO index
116:-induced
87:amplitude
3951:Glossary
3939:Category
3761:biologic
3475:Politics
3367:Personal
3072:Americas
2935:Children
2701:Physical
2494:Overview
2434:Overview
2298:17217746
2255:19372166
2247:15994552
2210:15016919
2155:16909466
2118:40555628
2110:15994503
2081:21968248
2073:17835110
1981:29147811
1973:11463911
1934:53534572
1771:31900412
1696:33674487
1635:cite web
1545:18833210
1451:19372429
1398:16588748
1197:54020650
1135:24567051
1103:: 3323.
1070:32818003
909:IPCC AR5
888:16792059
699:21968248
691:17835110
564:28894211
502:17753758
438:26017453
286:Archived
251:and the
223:droughts
109:(2012).
4157:Seasons
4112:Monsoon
4013:Climate
3766:oceanic
3616:fiction
3465:Justice
3416:Society
3024:Poverty
2733:Drought
2601:History
2525:Sources
2348:Bibcode
2315:Bibcode
2276:Bibcode
2227:Bibcode
2219:Science
2178:Bibcode
2135:Bibcode
2090:Science
2053:Science
2032:Bibcode
2024:Geology
2001:Bibcode
1953:Bibcode
1944:Science
1904:Bibcode
1884:7412990
1864:Bibcode
1829:Bibcode
1762:6941994
1731:Bibcode
1668:Bibcode
1660:Science
1574:Bibcode
1525:Bibcode
1488:Bibcode
1459:2679216
1421:Bibcode
1413:Science
1378:Bibcode
1312:Bibcode
1260:Bibcode
1221:Bibcode
1159:Bibcode
1126:3948066
1105:Bibcode
1061:7430503
1038:Bibcode
995:Bibcode
952:Bibcode
866:Bibcode
825:Bibcode
783:Bibcode
729:Bibcode
670:Science
654:4351411
634:Bibcode
609:4246538
589:Bibcode
555:5593924
534:Bibcode
480:Bibcode
446:4399436
418:Bibcode
351:tropics
331:El Niño
74:of the
3746:Albedo
3739:Theory
3450:Denial
3241:Energy
3102:Europe
3082:Arctic
3067:Africa
2992:Health
2987:Gender
2940:Cities
2865:Biomes
2772:Oceans
2760:Marine
2483:Causes
2296:
2253:
2245:
2208:
2201:384707
2198:
2153:
2116:
2108:
2079:
2071:
1979:
1971:
1932:
1914:
1882:
1769:
1759:
1751:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1594:
1543:
1457:
1449:
1431:
1396:
1332:
1280:
1195:
1187:
1133:
1123:
1097:Nature
1076:
1068:
1058:
886:
739:
697:
689:
652:
625:Nature
607:
580:Nature
562:
552:
500:
444:
436:
410:Nature
303:et al.
298:HURDAT
162:et al.
151:et al.
3963:Index
3725:Proxy
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