740:
Rapid growth is seen during the first year of life, specifically, fish reach about 66% of their adult size after one year. However, the fish experience a 20% decrease in length after one year, and a 15% decrease in length in their third year. Their lifespan typically ranges from 1-to 3 years. Both males and females have a single gland for their gonads. Young females have white ovaries, but as they mature, their ovaries are covered with peritoneum and darken to black. Males testis do not experience any changes and are white. Sexual maturity is reached two or three months after their birth, and the GSI value of the fish begins to increase early in the year and reaches its maximum ratio in May, indicating that the reproductive period begins in March and ends in June. Females have larger GSI values than males. The reproductive period is extensive and lasts about five months. In terms of the sex ratio, there are slightly more females than males in the population. The sex ratio between males and females is approximately 1:1.2.
749:
The approximate length for females males is 12.07 cm and 11.83 cm, respectively. The average weight of both sexes is 6 grams, while the maximum age is about four years. Additionally, the ratio between females and males is about 1.3:1. In terms of growth, the fish significantly increase in length and weight during their first year of life, with females reaching a length of 11.3 cm and males reaching 11.15 cm. Maturation also begins after one year; however, after sexual maturation, both sexes' growth rate decreases. Spawning rates increase in March and fall down after April. During the spawning season, the GSI value of males is larger than females, but the mass of the female gonads is slightly greater than their male counterparts.
116:
134:
798:
This species primarily lives in estuaries, so their breeding occurs there, but as the fish mature, they travel to the ocean and spawn there. Spawning begins from August to
November due to the GSI of the fish being significantly high in both males and females. However, younger fish have their GSI relatively high during April and May, indicating that spawning may occur in the Spring.
666:
The genus is split into five groups: “eyresii”, “stercusmuscarum”, “new honoriae”, “capreoli”, and “stramineus”. Two groups, “eyresii” and “stercusmuscarum”, are mainly found in
Australian freshwaters. The majority of the fish in the “new honoriae” are marine organisms found in the Northern area of
634:
diverged from being marine water organisms is linked to the ancestors of
Craterocephalinae and Atherininae, where both subfamilies lived in similar environments but were separated by a North-South disjunction around Australia. The separation caused one lineage to remain in Northern Australia, forming
650:
are found in various ecosystems, such as rivers, rainforest streams, creeks, and hot desert springs. Characteristics of the fish include having short life spans that are 2–3 years long, and their body length ranges from 5–10 cm. Maturity is reached when fish are 3–5 cm in length, and most
739:
is a commercial fish in Greece, where the fishing period begins in
February but only lasts a few weeks. In Greece, this species is found in the Mesolongi and Etolikon lagoons. The maximum length observed for females and males that were three years old was 103 mm and 83.1 mm, respectively.
711:
lineage to form in
Southern Australia, which has cooler habitats than Northern Australia. The subfamily Atherininae has five genera. One is Atherina, which is found near the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean oceans; however, the remaining four are restricted to Australia’s southern coastal waters.
748:
is found in marine and brackish waters across the
Eastern Atlantic coasts and can swim between 5 and 20 meters in depth. Their diet includes zooplankton and benthic crustaceans. In the Mediterranean, this species is an important commercial fish that is also a food source for other commercial fish.
797:
have a lifespan of one year, and its length ranges from 25 to 75 mm. Specifically, females are about 69.1 mm while males are 59.1 mm in length when they reach sexual maturity. Smaller fish are present throughout the year, which means that breeding occurs over a long period of time.
806:
has a lifespan of one year, and its length ranges from 25 to 50 mm; females are longer than males. When sexual maturity is reached, females have an average length of 54.8 mm, and males have an approximate length of 44.7 mm. Additionally, the number of larger fish decreases during
629:
is the only one containing primarily freshwater species and is the most speciose. It is also the only genus that experienced high levels of radiation in freshwater ecosystems. Overall, there are twenty-five species, of which twenty are freshwater organisms and five are marine fish found only in
765:
is found in
Australia’s south-western estuaries and ranges from 40 to 78 mm in length. Fish are usually bigger in size during the summer months than winter months. The lifespan of this species is about one year, so the fish grow significantly during their first months of life. When sexual
734:
is found in estuaries, coastal waters, lagoons, salt marshes, and brackish water ecosystems; therefore, this species is euryhaline or can tolerate different levels of salinity. The fish is typically located in the
Mediterranean seas but is also found in the northeast and northwest Atlantic.
651:
species spawn shortly after one year of being born. Spawning rates increase in the spring and continue to be high in the summer — typically, one fish releases 85 eggs daily. Species in this genus are tolerant of environments differing in salt concentrations and temperature, especially
712:
Since
Atherina’s biogeographic location is significantly different, it is likely that Atherina and the four genera are not monophyletic or do not descend from a common ancestor. Instead, Atherina is hypothesized to have a sister lineage with the ancestors of Atherininae and the
766:
maturity is reached, females are about 68.9 mm in length while males are 54 mm. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) for both males and females increases after August and remains high until
December, indicating their breeding period is around these months.
278:
Silversides are relatively small with most being less than 20 cm (7.9 in) in length, with several not attaining lengths of more than 5 cm (2.0 in). The body is generally elongated. Distinctive characters include two
689:
is an Australian freshwater fish of marine origin that has moderate dispersal potential. The species is abundant in the Wet Tropics of Northern Australia and travels long distances upland to areas near waterfalls.
630:
Australian coastal waters. Within the genus, numerous species live in Australia’s freshwater ecosystems, specifically, 18 species live in Australia, 6 in New Guinea, and 1 in East Timor. How
429:
807:
November and December while the number of smaller fish increases, indicating that the spawning period of this species begins in the Spring and mortality begins later in the year.
1158:"Reconciling patterns of genetic variation with stream structure, earth history and biology in the Australian freshwater fish Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum (Atherinidae)"
252:. Atherinidae are abundant and considered bony fish (teleost) that are widespread globally, living in rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters. They occur worldwide in
455:
671:, the “new honoriae” group established itself in Northern Australia’s marine environments, while the other groups invaded freshwater habitats.
459:
1455:
417:
1494:
1604:
1429:
1205:"Age, growth and mortality of Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 (Pisces: Atherinidae) in the Mesolongi and Etolikon lagoons (W. Greece)"
1468:
910:"Life-cycle duration, growth and spawning times of five species of atherinidae (Teleostei) found in a Western Australian estuary"
667:
Australia, and their habitat slightly overlaps with the habitat of fish in the subfamily Atherininae. After the formation of the
283:
widely separated, with the first consisting of flexible spines and the second having one spine followed by soft rays, while the
551:
639:
which developed distinct characteristics from the other subfamily Atherininae. Since all of Atherinidae are primarily marine,
969:
1473:
1599:
1242:
838:
1566:
1408:
1499:
1421:
403:
878:
Ivantsoff, I. & Allen, G.R. (2011). "A new species and genus of a large and unusual freshwater hardyhead,
1481:
882:(Pisces: Atherinidae) from West Papua, Indonesia and a comparison with its closest relatives of the genus
1351:
1328:
17:
133:
1356:
858:
586:
1548:
1204:
1571:
1509:
1243:"Regional Studies in Marine Science | Vol 52, In progress (May 2022) | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier"
986:
1535:
1268:
1027:
322:
951:
1530:
1460:
1306:
511:
389:
1558:
1522:
1594:
1377:
1315:
307:
8:
345:
1157:
1185:
1088:
472:
128:
1220:
115:
1517:
1364:
1224:
1177:
1173:
1138:
1130:
1008:
984:
965:
929:
834:
572:
547:
486:
1320:
1189:
1333:
1216:
1169:
1122:
1092:
1080:
1043:
998:
957:
921:
421:
237:
1369:
1111:"Biogeography of the genus Craterocephalus (Teleostei: Atherinidae) in Australia"
601:
581:
451:
1486:
1126:
1416:
1403:
1047:
559:
318:
249:
185:
175:
1084:
1003:
1588:
1291:
1228:
1134:
933:
854:
481:
425:
412:
375:
362:
210:
73:
909:
260:
are marine, and the remainder live in fresh water. The 74 species are in 13
1181:
1142:
1012:
595:
536:
520:
506:
495:
438:
398:
332:
292:
288:
195:
961:
1442:
1343:
1300:
384:
358:
303:
48:
985:
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014).
467:
296:
280:
93:
58:
925:
617:
1447:
1390:
531:
272:
145:
98:
42:
1434:
1262:
1110:
1395:
1285:
863:
370:
327:
284:
253:
165:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
785:
is a primarily marine species that can also live in estuaries and
257:
103:
78:
1032:(Atheriniformes: Atherinidae) with a review of included species"
950:
Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016).
261:
155:
1543:
1382:
287:
has one spine on the leading edge followed by soft rays. The
265:
1067:
Sasaki D.; Kimura S. (2014). "Taxonomic review of the genus
659:. Both these species can tolerate 70-100 ppm of salt, while
245:
829:
Allen, G.R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
877:
271:
is the most diverse with 25 species. Four genera are
769:
752:
1203:Leonardos, Ioannis; Sinis, Apostolos (2000-02-01).
663:can withstand high water temperatures up to 42 °C.
1066:
949:
1156:Mcglashan, D. J.; Hughes, J. M. (November 2000).
676:
1586:
779:Leptatherina (L. presbyteroides and L. wallacei)
721:
625:In the silverside family Atherinidae, the genus
295:. On the flanks is a broad, silvery band. The
1155:
833:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 153–154.
1202:
956:(5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons.
612:
353:, the family should be classified as follows:
256:and temperate waters. About two-thirds of the
1109:Unmack, Peter J.; Dowling, Thomas E. (2010).
1108:
1071:Schultz 1948 (Atheriniformes: Atherinidae)".
1026:Sasaki, Daichi; Kimura, Seishi (April 2020).
1025:
907:
789:is found in both estuary and inland waters.
828:
443:Pavlov, Ivantsoff, Last & Crowley, 1988
888:Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology
114:
1060:
1002:
945:
943:
338:
781:are located in South-Western Australia.
703:The separation between the ancestors of
698:
693:
853:
349:and the 2020 introduction of the genus
14:
1587:
940:
643:is most likely also of marine origin.
325:) is closely related, while the genus
1267:
1266:
1115:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1104:
1102:
987:"Family-group names of Recent fishes"
908:Prince, J. D.; Potter, I. C. (1983).
903:
901:
824:
822:
343:With reference to the 5th edition of
1549:FD1087D9-FFAE-4A5F-FF67-A3944CE1FA5F
1510:605f2a9d-3cce-46a2-8a48-3c4405603ea4
1422:b287b771-4795-4694-9441-df36725af22c
978:
618:Origin and characteristics of genus
331:has been given family status in the
24:
1099:
898:
819:
25:
1616:
291:tend to be high, and there is no
1174:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01054.x
132:
46:
1605:Extant Eocene first appearances
1235:
1196:
1149:
686:Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum
1019:
914:Marine and Freshwater Research
871:
847:
13:
1:
1221:10.1016/S0165-7836(99)00097-1
812:
646:Freshwater fish in the genus
306:. Some species, such as the
1028:"A new atherinomorine genus
7:
1600:Bartonian first appearances
1127:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.019
794:Leptatherina presbyteroides
613:Subfamily Craterocephalinae
314:, are commercially fished.
10:
1621:
1048:10.1007/s10228-019-00718-5
564:Aarn & Ivanstoff, 2009
1275:
1085:10.1007/s10228-014-0391-1
1004:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1
576:Dyer & Chernoff, 1996
500:Sasaki & Kimura, 2019
223:
218:
129:Scientific classification
127:
122:
113:
34:
867:. February 2015 version.
857:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1073:Ichthyological Research
1036:Ichthyological Research
707:and Atherininae caused
323:Neotropical silversides
312:Atherinomorus lacunosus
880:Sashatherina giganteus
831:Encyclopedia of Fishes
339:Subfamilies and genera
299:are relatively large.
1531:Paleobiology Database
1247:www.sciencedirect.com
962:10.1002/9781119174844
803:Leptatherina wallacei
770:Species within genus
762:Atherinosoma elongata
753:Species within genus
722:Species within genus
699:Origin of Atherininae
694:Subfamily Atherininae
554:& Ivantsoff, 2009
335:by some authorities.
234:Old World silversides
1417:Fauna Europaea (new)
859:"Family Atherinidae"
308:hardyhead silverside
35:Old World silverside
953:Fishes of the World
346:Fishes of the World
1209:Fisheries Research
123:Atherina hepsetus
1582:
1581:
1518:Open Tree of Life
1269:Taxon identifiers
1168:(11): 1737–1751.
1162:Molecular Ecology
971:978-1-118-34233-6
926:10.1071/mf9830287
783:L. presbyteroides
745:Atherina hepsetus
714:Craterocephalinae
705:Craterocephalinae
605:
590:
577:
573:Craterocephalinae
565:
555:
548:Bleheratherininae
540:
526:
515:
501:
490:
476:
463:
444:
433:
407:
393:
379:
366:
230:
229:
214:
16:(Redirected from
1612:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1487:NHMSYS0021053296
1477:
1476:
1464:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1337:
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1324:
1323:
1311:
1310:
1309:
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1239:
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1193:
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1058:
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1054:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1006:
982:
976:
975:
947:
938:
937:
905:
896:
895:
875:
869:
868:
851:
845:
844:
826:
661:C. dalhousiensis
637:Craterocephalus,
600:Ivantsoff &
599:
585:
575:
563:
550:
535:
524:
510:
499:
485:
471:
454:
442:
416:
402:
388:
374:
361:
209:
137:
136:
118:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
27:Family of fishes
21:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1565:
1557:
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1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1271:
1261:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1201:
1197:
1154:
1150:
1107:
1100:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1024:
1020:
983:
979:
972:
948:
941:
906:
899:
884:Craterocephalus
876:
872:
852:
848:
841:
827:
820:
815:
777:Two species of
775:
758:
731:Atherina boyeri
727:
701:
696:
682:
679:Craterocephalus
677:Species within
669:Craterocephalus
648:Craterocephalus
641:Craterocephalus
632:Craterocephalus
627:Craterocephalus
623:
620:Craterocephalus
615:
582:Craterocephalus
452:Atherinomorinae
341:
269:Craterocephalus
208:
131:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1563:
1553:
1540:
1527:
1514:
1504:
1491:
1478:
1465:
1452:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1404:Fauna Europaea
1400:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1297:
1281:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1234:
1195:
1148:
1121:(3): 968–984.
1098:
1079:(3): 207–241.
1059:
1042:(2): 225–261.
1018:
997:(2): 001–230.
977:
970:
939:
920:(2): 287–301.
897:
870:
855:Froese, Rainer
846:
839:
817:
816:
814:
811:
774:
768:
757:
751:
726:
720:
700:
697:
695:
692:
681:
675:
622:
616:
614:
611:
610:
609:
608:
607:
592:
569:
568:
567:
560:Bleheratherina
544:
543:
542:
528:
517:
503:
492:
478:
448:
447:
446:
435:
409:
395:
381:
340:
337:
319:Atherinopsidae
250:Atheriniformes
228:
227:
221:
220:
216:
215:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
186:Atheriniformes
183:
179:
178:
176:Actinopterygii
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
125:
124:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1617:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
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1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
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1511:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
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1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
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1345:
1339:
1335:
1330:
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1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
973:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:
946:
944:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
904:
902:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
866:
865:
860:
856:
850:
842:
840:0-12-547665-5
836:
832:
825:
823:
818:
810:
808:
805:
804:
799:
796:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
773:
767:
764:
763:
756:
750:
747:
746:
741:
738:
733:
732:
725:
719:
717:
715:
710:
706:
691:
688:
687:
680:
674:
672:
670:
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
644:
642:
638:
633:
628:
621:
603:
598:
597:
593:
588:
584:
583:
579:
578:
574:
570:
562:
561:
557:
556:
553:
549:
545:
538:
534:
533:
529:
525:Schultz, 1948
523:
522:
518:
516:(15 species)
513:
509:
508:
504:
498:
497:
493:
488:
484:
483:
482:Atherinomorus
479:
474:
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469:
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464:
461:
457:
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427:
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413:Kestratherina
410:
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377:
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330:
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320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
302:They feed on
300:
298:
294:
290:
289:pectoral fins
286:
282:
276:
274:
270:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:in the order
247:
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222:
219:Sub-families
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65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
1276:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1215:(1): 81–91.
1212:
1208:
1198:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1118:
1114:
1076:
1072:
1069:Hypoatherina
1068:
1062:
1051:. Retrieved
1039:
1035:
1030:Doboatherina
1029:
1021:
994:
990:
980:
952:
917:
913:
891:
887:
883:
879:
873:
862:
849:
830:
809:
802:
801:
800:
793:
792:
791:
786:
782:
778:
776:
772:Leptatherina
771:
761:
760:
759:
755:Atherinosoma
754:
744:
743:
742:
736:
730:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
704:
702:
685:
684:
683:
678:
673:
668:
665:
660:
657:C. cuneiceps
656:
652:
647:
645:
640:
636:
631:
626:
624:
619:
596:Sashatherina
594:
591:(26 species)
580:
558:
537:J.L.B. Smith
530:
521:Stenatherina
519:
507:Hypoatherina
505:
502:(10 species)
496:Doboatherina
494:
480:
466:
439:Leptatherina
437:
411:
399:Atherinosoma
397:
383:
369:
351:Doboatherina
350:
344:
342:
333:Atherionidae
326:
316:
311:
301:
293:lateral line
277:
268:
241:
233:
231:
224:
205:
196:Atherinoidei
29:
1595:Atherinidae
1443:iNaturalist
1334:Atherinidae
1321:Atherinidae
1307:Atherinidae
1301:Wikispecies
1277:Atherinidae
894:(1): 43–57.
787:L. wallacei
709:Atherininae
606:(monotypic)
566:(monotypic)
541:(2 species)
527:(monotypic)
491:(9 species)
477:(monotypic)
473:C. L. Hubbs
445:(2 species)
434:(2 species)
408:(2 species)
394:(monotypic)
385:Atherinason
380:(7 species)
359:Atherininae
317:The family
304:zooplankton
281:dorsal fins
242:Atherinidae
206:Atherinidae
18:Atherinidae
1589:Categories
1252:2022-04-25
1053:2023-10-20
813:References
653:C. eyresii
635:the genus
571:Subfamily
546:Subfamily
468:Alepidomus
450:Subfamily
357:Subfamily
192:Suborder:
41:38–0
1229:0165-7836
1135:1055-7903
934:1448-6059
737:A. boyeri
587:McCulloch
532:Teramulus
422:Ivantsoff
418:A. Pavlov
404:Castelnau
273:monotypic
225:see text
152:Kingdom:
146:Eukaryota
1341:BioLib:
1286:Wikidata
1190:25296648
1182:11091310
1143:20172031
1013:25543675
864:FishBase
724:Atherina
460:Chernoff
376:Linnaeus
371:Atherina
328:Atherion
285:anal fin
254:tropical
202:Family:
166:Chordata
162:Phylum:
156:Animalia
142:Domain:
1292:Q446802
1093:1793886
991:Zootaxa
512:Schultz
430:Crowley
390:Whitley
258:species
182:Order:
172:Class:
1572:125438
1559:113982
1556:uBio:
1536:266170
1523:606416
1507:NZOR:
1474:165984
1461:114884
1396:1ATHEF
1227:
1188:
1180:
1141:
1133:
1091:
1011:
968:
932:
837:
604:, 2011
589:, 1912
539:, 1965
514:, 1948
489:, 1903
487:Fowler
475:, 1944
462:, 1996
458:&
432:, 1988
428:&
406:, 1872
392:, 1934
378:, 1758
365:, 1827
297:scales
264:. The
262:genera
238:family
236:are a
213:, 1827
1567:WoRMS
1544:Plazi
1500:69128
1456:IRMNG
1448:85611
1409:12047
1344:15914
1186:S2CID
1089:S2CID
602:Allen
363:Risso
266:genus
244:, of
211:Risso
1495:NCBI
1469:ITIS
1435:7172
1430:GBIF
1391:EPPO
1383:8277
1357:1355
1352:BOLD
1225:ISSN
1178:PMID
1139:PMID
1131:ISSN
1009:PMID
995:3882
966:ISBN
930:ISSN
835:ISBN
655:and
552:Aarn
456:Dyer
426:Last
246:fish
232:The
49:Preęž’
1482:NBN
1378:EoL
1370:6VL
1365:CoL
1329:AFD
1316:ADW
1217:doi
1170:doi
1123:doi
1081:doi
1044:doi
999:doi
958:doi
922:doi
886:".
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1101:^
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900:^
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420:,
310:,
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240:,
99:Pg
43:Ma
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1166:9
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1001::
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321:(
104:N
94:K
89:J
84:T
79:P
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69:D
64:S
59:O
54:ęž’
20:)
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