489:
473:
434:
454:
20:
403:
391:). X-ray observations have been obtained, but there is no detected radio signature nor accretion disk. Initially, this pulsar was presumed to be rapidly spinning, but later measurements indicate the spin rate is only 15.9 Hz. Such a slow spin rate and lack of accretion material suggest the jet is neither rotation nor accretion powered, though it appears aligned with the pulsar rotation axis and perpendicular to the pulsar's true motion.
419:
372:
234:
337:. However, the frequency of high-energy astrophysical sources with jets suggests combinations of different mechanisms indirectly identified with the energy within the associated accretion disk and X-ray emissions from the generating source. Two early theories have been used to explain how energy can be transferred from a black hole into an astrophysical jet:
325:, while others are consistent with jets composed of positron–electron plasma. Trace nuclei swept up in a relativistic positron–electron jet would be expected to have extremely high energy, as these heavier nuclei should attain velocity equal to the positron and electron velocity.
344:. This theory explains the extraction of energy from magnetic fields around an accretion disk, which are dragged and twisted by the spin of the black hole. Relativistic material is then feasibly launched by the tightening of the field lines.
488:
472:
433:
1028:
Georganopoulos, M.; Kazanas, D.; Perlman, E.; Stecker, F. W. (2005). "Bulk
Comptonization of the Cosmic Microwave Background by Extragalactic Jets as a Probe of Their Matter Content".
358:
to be able to extract relativistic particle energy and momentum, and subsequently shown to be a possible mechanism for jet formation. This effect includes using general relativistic
271:. Beam lengths may extend between several thousand, hundreds of thousands or millions of parsecs. Jet velocities when approaching the speed of light show significant effects of the
247:
Relativistic jets are beams of ionised matter accelerated close to the speed of light. Most have been observationally associated with central black holes of some
669:
313:
Mechanisms behind the composition of jets remain uncertain, though some studies favour models where jets are composed of an electrically neutral mixture of
453:
1174:
282:
Massive central black holes in galaxies have the most powerful jets, but their structure and behaviours are similar to those of smaller galactic
1336:
Williams, R. K. (2004). "Collimated
Escaping Vortical Polar e−e+Jets Intrinsically Produced by Rotating Black Holes and Penrose Processes".
1590:
Blandford, Roger; Agol, Eric; Broderick, Avery; Heyl, Jeremy; Koopmans, Leon; Lee, Hee-Won (2001). "Compact
Objects and Accretion Disks".
1083:
Hirotani, K.; Iguchi, S.; Kimura, M.; Wajima, K. (2000). "Pair Plasma
Dominance in the Parsec-Scale Relativistic Jet of 3C 345".
818:
1639:
1608:
1291:(1995). "Extracting X-rays, Ύ-rays, and relativistic ee pairs from supermassive Kerr black holes using the Penrose mechanism".
402:
333:
Because of the enormous amount of energy needed to launch a relativistic jet, some jets are possibly powered by spinning
1245:
144:
are organised to aim two diametrically opposing beams away from the central source by angles only several degrees wide
418:
120:
The formation and powering of astrophysical jets are highly complex phenomena that are associated with many types of
822:
537:, elliptical galaxy located 600 million light-years from Earth, known for having the longest galactic jet discovered
953:
Dereli-Bégué, Hüsne; Pe’er, Asaf; Ryde, Felix; Oates, Samantha R.; Zhang, Bing; Dainotti, Maria G. (2022-09-24).
482:, an extragalactic jet of material moving at nearly the speed of light can be seen at the three o'clock position.
1150:
1634:
1521:
Halpern, J. P.; et al. (2014). "Discovery of X-ray
Pulsations from the INTEGRAL Source IGR J11014-6103".
50:
519:
341:
1467:
777:
905:"Jet Velocity in SS 433: Its Anticorrelation with Precession-Cone Angle and Dependence on Orbital Phase"
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196:
191:(GRB). Jets on a much smaller scale (~parsecs) may be found in star forming regions, including
1459:
1243:
Penrose, R. (2002). ""Golden Oldie": Gravitational
Collapse: The Role of General Relativity".
237:
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670:"A rapidly changing jet orientation in the stellar-mass black-hole system V404 Cygni"
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128:, whose active processes are commonly connected with compact central objects such as
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Pavan, L.; et al. (2015). "A closer view of the IGR J11014-6103 outflows".
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141:
125:
106:
16:
Beam of ionized matter flowing along the axis of a rotating astronomical object
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1221:
Penrose, R. (1969). "Gravitational
Collapse: The Role of General Relativity".
1206:
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762:
737:
706:
1618:
1314:
1288:
996:
283:
873:
498:, which contains the highest concentration of jets known anywhere in the sky
379:
Jets may also be observed from spinning neutron stars. An example is pulsar
1596:
1392:"Chandra :: Photo Album :: IGR J11014-6103 :: June 28, 2012"
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264:
252:
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821:. Yale University – Office of Public Affairs. 20 June 2006. Archived from
447:(the viewing field is larger and rotated with respect to the above image.)
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856:
460:
424:
291:
199:; these objects are partially formed by the interaction of jets with the
27:
19:
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The pulsar IGR J11014-6103 with supernova remnant origin, nebula and jet
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129:
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105:. When this greatly accelerated matter in the beam approaches the
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1460:"The long helical jet of the Lighthouse nebula, IGR J11014-6103"
387:, and whose velocity is estimated at 80% the speed of light (0.8
179:
in length. Other astronomical objects that contain jets include
819:"Evidence for Ultra-Energetic Particles in Jet from Black Hole"
464:
295:
268:
256:
176:
168:
137:
74:
66:
54:
42:
1170:"Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes"
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or within galaxy clusters. Such jets can exceed millions of
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78:
62:
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952:
233:
73:(WFI) on the MPG/ESO 2.2 m telescope located at La Silla,
350:. Here energy is extracted from a rotating black hole by
1605:
Hubble Video Shows Shock
Collision inside Black Hole Jet
159:
Most of the largest and most active jets are created by
835:
805:"Hubble Detects Faster-Than-Light Motion in Galaxy M87"
366:
302:. Relativistic jet formation may also explain observed
1585:
SPACE.com – Twisted
Physics: How Black Holes Spout Off
1580:
621:"A Uniform Description of All the Astrophysical Jets"
328:
306:, which have the most relativistic jets known, being
124:. They likely arise from dynamic interactions within
1138:
Electron–positron Jets Associated with Quasar 3C 279
838:"Simulations of Jets Driven by Black Hole Rotation"
383:, which has the largest jet so far observed in the
1175:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1151:"Vast Cloud of Antimatter Traced to Binary Stars"
1616:
836:Semenov, V.; Dyadechkin, S.; Punsly, B. (2004).
30:, with its plasma jets extending over a million
1167:
101:matter are emitted as extended beams along the
298:jet, for example, has a mean velocity of 0.26
1511:Long helical jet of Lighthouse nebula page 7
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667:
240:emitting a relativistic jet, as seen by the
279:that changes the apparent beam brightness.
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354:, which was later theoretically proven by
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1168:Blandford, R. D.; Znajek, R. L. (1977).
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614:
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427:in x-rays showing the relativistic jet
294:and show a large range of velocities.
290:. These SMBH systems are often called
1457:
1404:
903:Blundell, Katherine (December 2008).
735:
618:
564:
1142:
607:
367:Relativistic jets from neutron stars
226:
1149:Naeye, R.; Gutro, R. (2008-01-09).
13:
1246:General Relativity and Gravitation
778:"Star sheds via reverse whirlpool"
668:Miller-Jones, James (April 2019).
408:Illustration of the dynamics of a
329:Rotation as possible energy source
140:. One explanation is that tangled
14:
1651:
1573:
742:Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings
463:image of the relativistic jet in
148:Jets may also be influenced by a
738:"A review of Astrophysical Jets"
567:"A Review of Astrophysical Jets"
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471:
452:
432:
417:
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122:high-energy astronomical sources
81:and the galaxy's characteristic
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1458:Pavan, L.; et al. (2014).
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34:, is considered as the closest
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53:on APEX, are shown in orange.
1:
1640:Stellar astrophysics concepts
551:
97:phenomenon where outflows of
1468:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1407:Astronomy & Astrophysics
273:special theory of relativity
207:may also be associated with
109:, astrophysical jets become
7:
1555:10.1088/2041-8205/795/2/L27
1499:10.1051/0004-6361/201322588
1437:10.1051/0004-6361/201527703
503:
459:Hubble Legacy Archive Near-
10:
1656:
989:10.1038/s41467-022-32881-1
803:Biretta, J. (6 Jan 1999).
181:cataclysmic variable stars
113:as they show effects from
85:in close to "true colour".
1524:The Astrophysical Journal
1339:The Astrophysical Journal
1224:Rivista del Nuovo Cimento
1086:The Astrophysical Journal
1031:The Astrophysical Journal
909:The Astrophysical Journal
763:10.14311/APP.2014.01.0259
707:10.1038/s41586-019-1152-0
59:Chandra X-ray Observatory
1315:10.1103/PhysRevD.51.5387
520:Blandford–Znajek process
439:The M87 jet seen by the
342:Blandford–Znajek process
163:(SMBH) in the centre of
161:supermassive black holes
1491:2014A&A...562A.122P
1429:2016A&A...591A..91P
1267:10.1023/A:1016578408204
1207:10.1093/mnras/179.3.433
874:10.1126/science.1100638
259:, and also by galactic
629:Proceedings of Science
575:Proceedings of Science
376:
244:
242:Hubble Space Telescope
86:
77:, show the background
1635:Concepts in astronomy
959:Nature Communications
565:Beall, J. H. (2015).
374:
238:Elliptical galaxy M87
236:
22:
736:Beall, J. H (2014).
494:Some of the jets in
277:relativistic beaming
1547:2014ApJ...795L..27H
1362:2004ApJ...611..952W
1307:1995PhRvD..51.5387W
1259:2002GReGr..34.1141P
1237:1969NCimR...1..252P
1198:1977MNRAS.179..433B
1109:2000ApJ...545..100H
1054:2005ApJ...625..656G
981:2022NatCo..13.5611D
866:2004Sci...305..978S
754:2014mbhe.conf..259B
699:2019Natur.569..374M
647:10.22323/1.246.0058
638:2015mbhe.confE..58B
593:10.22323/1.246.0058
584:2015mbhe.confE..58B
261:stellar black holes
201:interstellar medium
197:Herbig–Haro objects
1597:astro-ph/0107228v1
784:. 27 December 2007
619:Kundt, W. (2014).
525:Herbig–Haro object
377:
245:
211:, or with evolved
150:general relativity
115:special relativity
87:
1301:(10): 5387–5427.
850:(5686): 978–980.
683:(7756): 374–377.
412:, including a jet
356:Reva Kay Williams
348:Penrose mechanism
308:ultrarelativistic
227:Relativistic jets
217:planetary nebulae
111:relativistic jets
91:astrophysical jet
71:Wide Field Imager
45:. The 870-micron
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360:gravitomagnetism
304:gamma-ray bursts
205:Bipolar outflows
189:gamma-ray bursts
152:effect known as
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103:axis of rotation
25:starburst galaxy
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1289:Williams, R. K.
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275:; for example,
249:active galaxies
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221:bipolar nebulae
165:active galaxies
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142:magnetic fields
126:accretion disks
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1093:(1): 100–106.
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