631:
741:. Starting months before the eclipse, stars were photographed and carefully charted, and during the total eclipse the same stars would be photographed and charted again. If Einstein's theory was correct then the light from the selected stars would be bent passing around the sun and show more deflection than Newtonian theory could account for. When the photographs from the eclipse were developed it became clear that Einstein's theory had accurately predicted the position of stars. This was one of the first experiments done to test
135:
351:
376:
720:, but at the time, there was no cure that worked for everyone. After consulting with others who had the same condition, he specially crafted a lens to refract the light rays and correct the astigmatism. With experience working with lenses, he spent a significant amount of his time as the Astronomer Royal improving the measuring instruments in the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Using these improved instruments, he meticulously double-checked measurements and discoveries made by past astronomers.
446:
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301:
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1678:
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188:, instructing him "forthwith to apply himself with the most exact care and diligence to the rectifying the tables of the motions of the heavens, and the places of the fixed stars, so as to find out the so-much desired longitude of places, for the perfecting the art of navigation." The first six Astronomer Royals dedicated themselves primarily to this task and focused on astronomical observations that would benefit navigation.
401:
258:. After the separation of the two offices of Astronomer Royal and Director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, the position of astronomer royal has been largely honorary, although the holder remains available to advise the Sovereign on astronomical and related scientific matters, and the office is of great prestige.
726:, the ninth Astronomer Royal, determined latitude variation caused by irregular movement of Earth's magnetic poles. He used a telescope floating in mercury and was able to detect when the poles of the earth wobbled any distance greater than one foot. During the 1919 eclipse, Dyson was crucial in designing the
670:, even though he thought it was a star. In 1694, he gathered evidence of the stellar parallax and became the first person to prove that the Earth revolves around the sun. However, his most significant contribution to the Royal Observatory and later to the Astronomers Royal was his high standard of work.
235:. The most important position was that of the computers or people that would perform all the mathematical computations behind the astronomers' observations. Many of these computers were women, but they were often left out of articles and books, thus leaving them out of most common historical sources.
677:
was published containing much of the data and theories he had spent his life working on both before and after his appointment as
Astronomer Royal. It contains accurate tables of lunar motion, planetary motion, and detailed stellar catalog of 2935 stars. This publication made the Astronomer Royal and
692:
made very detailed and precise observations of the moon. From these observations he was able to show that longitude could be calculated using the moon in 1731. Although the error is his calculations was about 69 miles at the equator, it was more accurate than any other methods until the use of the
227:
Sir George Airy transformed the position from its original purpose of improving navigation to conducting more general astronomical and scientific research. With approval from the Board of
Visitors in 1836, Airy created a Magnetic and Meteorological Department in the Royal Observatory Greenwich.
164:
dating from 1834. The
Astronomer Royal works to make observations to improve navigation, cartography, instrument design, and applications of geomagnetism. The position was created with the overall goal of discovering a way to determine longitude at sea when out of sight of
208:'s appointment. The term Astronomer Royal did not become commonly used until the late 18th Century while the Royal Warrants still used "Our Astronomical Observer". Other titles such as Royal Professor at Greenwich were also used in less formal documents during this time.
223:
In 1765, the Board of
Longitude decided that the Astronomer Royal's observations were the property of the Crown and must be printed and published each year. John Pond and subsequent Astronomers Royal elected to publish their findings quarterly instead.
203:
is widely considered the first
Astronomer Royal, he was never appointed with the title and only referred to in the Warrant to Ordinance as "Our Astronomical Observer". Similar language was used to appoint all the Astronomers Royal until 1881 with
191:
The astronomer royal was director of the Royal
Observatory, Greenwich from the establishment of the post in 1675 until 1972. The astronomer royal became an honorary title in 1972 without executive responsibilities, and a separate post of
704:
published his catalog of 1113 different stars. The catalog contained more stars recorded to a much higher degree of accuracy than any other publication at the time, and impressed many other astronomers across Europe.
215:
was elected
President of the Royal Society and was upset with the lack of publications coming from the Greenwich Observatory under Flamsteed. This eventually led to Queen Anne's Warrant of 1710 where members of the
1488:
1469:
220:
were appointed as the Board of
Visitors to the Royal Observatory to oversee Flamsteed. The original Board of Visitors consisted entirely of associates and allies of Newton which enraged Flamesteed.
265:
who was also the Andrew's
Professor of Astronomy at the University of Dublin. Both became vacant in 1921 with Irish Independence but a new Andrew's Professor of Astronomy was appointed in 1985.
2313:
1296:
688:
was determined to find a way to find longitude at sea without sight of land. Starting in 1725, Halley while serving as
Astronomer Royal and a Commissioner on the
1518:
1193:
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1715:
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Astronomers Royal are responsible for many different discoveries and theories. They had several assistants who aided in their research at the
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157:
102:
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858:
74:
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Originally, the Astronomer Royal had one assistant but increased to six during John Pond's appointment as Astronomer Royal
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1934:
1701:
81:
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2008:
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2126:
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17:
716:, he noticed he was having trouble reading with his left eye. Eventually, his condition would be classified as an
88:
2161:
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59:
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2413:
2383:
2099:
2089:
1852:
1607:
476:
205:
161:
70:
160:. There are two officers, the senior being the astronomer royal dating from 22 June 1675; the junior is the
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1888:
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541:
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2198:
1962:
1873:
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1957:
1763:
928:
Royal Greenwich Observatory : an Historical Review Issued on the Occasion of its Tercentenary
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1929:
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48:
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1233:
142:
874:
95:
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2203:
2193:
2187:
2178:
2026:
1978:
1359:"Sir George Biddell Airy, F.R.S. (1801-1892) and the Discovery and Correction of Astigmatism"
759:
177:
877:. "The Museum of foreign literature, science and art", R Walsh et al., publ. E Litell, 1836.
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1949:
1913:
1857:
1637:
1619:
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1144:
1072:
967:
931:
905:
775:
738:
727:
586:
521:
8:
2443:
2357:
2352:
2337:
2281:
2074:
1983:
1753:
1601:
1297:"The Preface to John Flamsteed's Historia Coelestis Britannica (Book): Annals of Science"
709:
451:
1327:
1148:
1076:
971:
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909:
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1988:
1939:
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723:
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689:
501:
1109:
662:
is responsible for a few important discoveries including proving his theory of annual
2018:
1802:
1677:
1643:
1404:
1370:
1274:
1007:
854:
821:
611:
1110:"Temporary Measures: Women Computers at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 1890–1895"
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2408:
2113:
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1993:
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996:"The Royal Society, the Royal Greenwich Observatory and the Astronomer Royal"
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212:
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636:
561:
1262:
1234:"The Andrews Professors of Astronomy and Dunsink Observatory, 1785-1985"
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1358:
1320:
Greenwich Observatory, volume 1: Origins and Early History (1675–1835)
1141:
Greenwich Observatory, volume 1: Origins and Early History (1675–1835)
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Greenwich Observatory, volume 1: Origins and Early History (1675–1835)
995:
902:
Greenwich Observatory, volume 1: Origins and Early History (1675–1835)
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228:
Following this, in 1873 he created the Solar Photography Department.
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325:
37:
2314:
High Constables and Guard of Honour of the Palace of Holyroodhouse
1450:. Cambridge, England: W.Heffer and Sons Limited. pp. 191–193.
1429:. Cambridge, England: W.Heffer and Sons Limited. pp. 162–163.
400:
1097:. London, England: The Religious Tract Society. pp. 113–114.
243:
1263:"Our First Astronomer Royal—the Tercentenary of John Flamsteed"
873:
F Baily, "An Account of the Rev. John Flamsteed", reprinted in
667:
199:
The origin of the title Astronomer Royal is unknown. Although
1725:
Royal Household in England, Scotland and the United Kingdom
964:
Greenwich Observatory, volume 2: Recent History (1836–1975)
247:
814:"Astronomers Royal, scientific advice and engineering"
27:
Position in the Royal Households of the United Kingdom
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1178:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1034:. New York: Doubleday and Company. pp. 43–44.
655:Notable discoveries and works of Astronomers Royal
1470:"The Pirates of Penzance by Gilbert and Sullivan"
921:
919:
2555:
1489:"The Black Cloud: Scientists in Science Fiction"
1363:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1000:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
682:internationally renown for precise observation.
1155:
773:. He also makes an appearance in the lyrics of
2500:Armour-Bearer and Squire of His Majesty's Body
916:
1709:
1539:
1322:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 175.
1143:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 176.
1071:. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 176.
1057:. New York: Doubleday and Company. pp. 44-45.
957:
955:
953:
951:
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947:
945:
2579:Positions within the British Royal Household
1897:Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood
1132:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
180:in 1675, at the same time as he founded the
1344:. New York: Doubleday and Company. pp. 129.
1311:
1060:
930:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
853:. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 174.
194:director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory
2095:Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal
2042:Apothecary to the Household at Sandringham
1716:
1702:
1546:
1532:
942:
2569:Ceremonial officers in the United Kingdom
880:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1486:
1294:
1260:
673:Six years after the death of Flamsteed,
133:
2389:Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales
1092:
961:
811:
196:was created to manage the institution.
14:
2556:
2047:Apothecary to the Household at Windsor
1790:Other great officers of the Household
1424:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1317:
1290:
1288:
1256:
1254:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1138:
1107:
1088:
1086:
1066:
993:
925:
899:
848:
812:Higgitt, Rebekah (12 September 2013).
242:The astronomer royal today receives a
158:Royal Households of the United Kingdom
2528:Gentleman Usher to the Sword of State
2188:Keeper (or Treasurer) of the Wardrobe
1759:His Majesty's Representative at Ascot
1697:
1553:
1527:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1420:
1418:
1386:
1384:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1021:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
844:
842:
753:The astronomer royal is mentioned in
748:
708:Another notable Astronomer Royal was
254:, under the general authority of the
1923:Master of the Household's Department
1496:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
1390:
1114:Journal for the History of Astronomy
268:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
2374:Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom
2137:Surveyor of the King's Works of Art
1935:Master of the Household of Scotland
1487:Burchell, Tania (8 February 2020).
1347:
1285:
1251:
1222:
1083:
24:
2287:Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard
1867:Privy Purse and Treasurer's Office
1848:Private Secretary to the Sovereign
1433:
1415:
1381:
1038:
1018:
978:
839:
25:
2600:
2429:Sculptor in Ordinary for Scotland
1744:Vice-Chamberlain of the Household
1739:Lord Chamberlain of the Household
1512:
637:Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow
141:, the first astronomer royal, by
2510:Field Officer in Brigade Waiting
2052:Coroner of the Queen's Household
1676:
1665:
1664:
1474:The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive
966:. London: Taylor & Francis.
904:. London: Taylor & Francis.
770:Down and Out in Paris and London
666:and the discovery of the planet
629:
604:
579:
542:Sir Richard van der Riet Woolley
494:
469:
444:
399:
374:
349:
324:
299:
250:per year and is a member of the
36:
2132:Surveyor of the King's Pictures
1732:Great officers of the Household
1480:
1462:
1453:
1334:
1101:
1095:The Royal Observatory Greenwich
926:McCrea, William Hunter (1975).
786:and plays an important role in
47:needs additional citations for
867:
805:
13:
1:
2470:Astronomer Royal for Scotland
2414:Principal Painter in Ordinary
2100:Honorary Chaplain to the King
2090:Gentleman of the Chapel Royal
1853:Director for Security Liaison
1749:Lord Steward of the Household
799:
675:Historia Coelestis Britannica
162:astronomer royal for Scotland
2589:Royal Observatory, Greenwich
2204:Keeper of the Great Wardrobe
2122:Keeper of the Royal Archives
1781:Comptroller of the Household
1626:Richard van der Riet Woolley
712:. While still in college at
680:Royal Observatory, Greenwich
233:Royal Observatory, Greenwich
182:Royal Observatory, Greenwich
7:
2348:Keeper of the Queen's Swans
2233:Gentleman of the Bedchamber
2194:Comptroller of the Wardrobe
2057:Medical Officer to The King
2037:Apothecary to the Household
1238:articles.adsabs.harvard.edu
1232:Wayman, P.A. (March 1986).
1093:Maunder, E. Walter (1900).
263:Royal Astronomer of Ireland
10:
2605:
2460:Defence Services Secretary
2424:Flower Painter in Ordinary
2384:Master of the King's Music
2142:Master of the Jewel Office
2080:Deputy Clerk of the Closet
1841:Private Secretary's Office
1776:Treasurer of the Household
1670:Category:Astronomers Royal
1295:Schaffer, S. (July 1984).
849:Forbes, Eric Gray (1975).
714:Trinity College, Cambridge
171:
2584:Lists of space scientists
2452:
2404:Piper to the Queen Mother
2366:
2322:
2269:
2212:
2177:
2108:
2065:
2017:
1971:
1963:Cofferer of the Household
1948:
1922:
1889:Lord Chamberlain's Office
1887:
1874:Keeper of the Privy Purse
1866:
1840:
1789:
1731:
1659:
1561:
1446:Wilson, Margaret (1951).
1425:Wilson, Margaret (1951).
1393:"Sir George Biddell Airy"
1267:Science Progress (1933- )
2379:Master of the Ceremonies
2331:Master of the Staghounds
2270:Bodyguards and guardians
2199:Cofferer of the Wardrobe
2147:Treasurer of the Chamber
2085:Dean of the Chapel Royal
2067:Ecclesiastical Household
1958:Clerk of the Green Cloth
1820:Keeper of the Privy Seal
1764:Master of the Buckhounds
1357:Levene, John R. (1966).
1318:Forbes, Eric G. (1975).
1261:Armitage, Angus (1946).
1139:Forbes, Eric G. (1975).
1126:10.1177/0021828620901358
1067:Forbes, Eric G. (1975).
994:Lovell, Bernard (1994).
900:Forbes, Eric G. (1975).
587:Sir Francis Graham-Smith
522:Sir Harold Spencer Jones
176:The post was created by
156:is a senior post in the
2574:Lists of British people
2434:Grand Carver of England
2304:Silver Stick-in-Waiting
2243:Woman of the Bedchamber
1972:Lords/ladies-in-waiting
1930:Master of the Household
1794:Great Officers of State
1459:p. 175, Penguin edition
962:Meadows, A. J. (1975).
783:The Pirates of Penzance
732:Arthur Stanley Edington
710:Sir George Biddell Airy
697:for finding longitude.
452:Sir George Biddell Airy
2533:His Majesty's Botanist
2399:Piper to the Sovereign
2367:Arts and entertainment
2343:Master of the Harriers
2261:Page of the Backstairs
2238:Lady of the Bedchamber
2228:Lord of the Bedchamber
2158:Historiographer Royal
1907:Gentleman of the Horse
1448:Ninth Astronomer Royal
1427:Ninth Astronomer Royal
1391:Hill, Geo. A. (1892).
150:
2495:Personal aide-de-camp
2299:Gold Stick-in-Waiting
2294:Sovereign's Bodyguard
2027:Physician to the King
1979:Mistress of the Robes
1340:Ronan, Colin (1969).
1108:Mullen, Kane (2020).
1053:Ronan, Colin (1969).
1030:Ronan, Colin (1969).
851:Greenwich observatory
760:The War of the Worlds
612:Sir Arnold Wolfendale
261:There was formerly a
137:
2505:King's Flag Sergeant
2223:Groom of the Chamber
1950:Board of Green Cloth
1914:Master of the Revels
1858:Royal Communications
1638:Francis Graham-Smith
1620:Harold Spencer Jones
1199:The British Monarchy
776:Gilbert and Sullivan
739:Theory of Relativity
728:Eddington experiment
477:Sir William Christie
56:improve this article
2444:Pantler of Scotland
2358:Marker of the Swans
2353:Warden of the Swans
2338:Master of the Hawks
2282:Yeomen of the Guard
2075:Clerk of the Closet
2009:Mother of the Maids
1984:Master of the Robes
1754:Master of the Horse
1602:George Biddell Airy
1328:1975gosb.book.....F
1149:1975gosb.book.....F
1077:1975gosb.book.....F
972:1975gosb.book.....F
936:1975rgo..book.....M
910:1975gosb.book.....F
2538:King's Bargemaster
2516:Warden of the Mint
2419:Painter and Limner
2254:Groom of the Stool
1989:Groom of the Robes
1940:Butler of Scotland
1614:Frank Watson Dyson
1194:"Astronomer Royal"
875:vol. 28, at p. 293
749:In popular culture
743:general relativity
695:marine chronometer
690:Board of Longitude
151:
71:"Astronomer Royal"
2564:Astronomers Royal
2551:
2550:
2543:Funeral directors
2019:Medical Household
1803:Lord High Steward
1792:(currently among
1691:
1690:
1644:Arnold Wolfendale
1555:Astronomers Royal
1342:Astronomers Royal
1301:Annals of Science
1055:Astronomers Royal
1032:Astronomers Royal
860:978-0-85066-093-7
736:Albert Einstein's
652:
651:
269:Astronomers Royal
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2596:
2519:
2490:Knight Marischal
2486:
2477:Geographer Royal
2465:Astronomer Royal
2409:Serjeant Painter
2334:
2257:
2190:
2114:Royal Collection
2032:Serjeant Surgeon
1994:Groom in Waiting
1718:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1682:Portal:Astronomy
1680:
1668:
1667:
1608:William Christie
1548:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1519:Official website
1507:
1506:
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1273:(135): 506–515.
1258:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1206:. Archived from
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1153:
1152:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1064:
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959:
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914:
913:
897:
878:
871:
865:
864:
846:
837:
836:
834:
832:
809:
664:stellar parallax
633:
608:
583:
498:
473:
448:
403:
378:
353:
328:
303:
273:
272:
256:Lord Chamberlain
206:William Christie
154:Astronomer Royal
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
18:Astronomer royal
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2523:Gentleman Usher
2514:
2481:
2453:Other positions
2448:
2362:
2329:
2318:
2265:
2252:
2208:
2186:
2173:
2127:Royal Librarian
2104:
2061:
2013:
1967:
1944:
1918:
1883:
1862:
1836:
1808:Lord Chancellor
1791:
1785:
1727:
1722:
1692:
1687:
1655:
1590:Nevil Maskelyne
1584:Nathaniel Bliss
1557:
1552:
1515:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1434:
1423:
1416:
1389:
1382:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1316:
1312:
1293:
1286:
1259:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1230:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1210:on 8 March 2016
1204:Royal Household
1192:
1191:
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1106:
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1039:
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992:
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898:
881:
872:
868:
861:
847:
840:
830:
828:
810:
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45:This article
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2394:Groom Porter
2277:King's Guard
1825:Earl Marshal
1813:Purse Bearer
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1499:. Retrieved
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1212:. Retrieved
1208:the original
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54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2518:(1216–1829)
2485:(1102–1261)
2333:(1738–1782)
2256:(1509–1901)
1650:Martin Rees
1632:Martin Ryle
755:H. G. Wells
724:Frank Dyson
718:astigmatism
2558:Categories
1120:: 88–121.
800:References
788:Fred Hoyle
291:Reference
285:Start year
112:March 2011
82:newspapers
2483:Justiciar
2248:Chamberer
1596:John Pond
1409:0036-8075
1375:0035-9149
1307:(4): 409.
1279:0036-8504
1012:0035-9149
826:0261-3077
790:'s novel
702:John Pond
700:In 1833,
645:Incumbent
427:John Pond
211:In 1703,
149:, London.
2179:Wardrobe
2167:Scotland
1501:18 March
831:12 April
757:' novel
734:to test
288:End year
2162:England
1397:Science
1324:Bibcode
1243:8 March
1214:23 June
1145:Bibcode
1073:Bibcode
968:Bibcode
932:Bibcode
906:Bibcode
763:and in
246:of 100
244:stipend
172:History
96:scholar
1652:(1995)
1646:(1991)
1640:(1982)
1634:(1972)
1628:(1956)
1622:(1933)
1616:(1910)
1610:(1881)
1604:(1835)
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1492:(PDF)
730:with
279:Image
103:JSTOR
89:books
2112:and
1503:2024
1405:ISSN
1371:ISSN
1275:ISSN
1245:2024
1216:2017
1008:ISSN
855:ISBN
833:2024
822:ISSN
678:the
641:1995
619:1995
616:1991
594:1990
591:1982
569:1982
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549:1971
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311:1675
282:Name
165:land
75:news
1122:doi
767:'s
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556:12.
536:11.
516:10.
248:GBP
58:by
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110:(
100:·
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20:)
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