Pound sterling - Knowledge

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Northern Irish notes, but some unfamiliar with them may reject them. However, Scottish and Northern Irish notes both tend to be accepted in Scotland and Northern Ireland, respectively. Merchants in England generally do not accept Jersey, Guernsey, Manx, Gibraltarian, and Falkland notes but Manx notes are generally accepted in Northern Ireland. Bank of England notes are generally accepted in the Falklands and Gibraltar, but for example, Scottish and Northern Irish notes are not. Since all of the notes are denominated in sterling, banks will exchange them for locally issued notes at face value, though some in the UK have had trouble exchanging Falkland Islands notes.

4136: 4749: 646: 58: 5450: 9779: 9807: 3749: 897: 6532:, sterling depreciated sharply, declining to £1 to US$ 1.38 on 23 January 2009 and falling below £1 to €1.25 against the euro in April 2008. There was a further decline during the remainder of 2008, most dramatically on 29 December when its euro rate hit an all-time low at €1.0219, while its US dollar rate depreciated. Sterling appreciated in early 2009, reaching a peak against the euro of £1 to €1.17 in mid-July. In the following months sterling remained broadly steady against the euro, with £1 valued on 27 May 2011 at €1.15 and US$ 1.65. 6525:

caused sterling to appreciate against other major currencies and, with the US dollar depreciating at the same time, sterling hit a 15-year high against the US dollar on 18 April 2007, with £1 reaching US$ 2 the day before, for the first time since 1992. Sterling and many other currencies continued to appreciate against the dollar; sterling hit a 26-year high of £1 to US$ 2.1161 on 7 November 2007 as the dollar fell worldwide. From mid-2003 to mid-2007, the pound/euro rate remained within a narrow range (€1.45 ± 5%).

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metric tons (27,600 long tons) of silver were received by China, principally from European powers, in exchange for Chinese tea and other goods. In order to be able to purchase Chinese exports in this period, England initially had to export to other European nations and request payment in silver, until the

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in the United Kingdom is defined such that "a debtor cannot successfully be sued for non-payment if he pays into court in legal tender." Parties can alternatively settle a debt by other means with mutual consent. Strictly speaking, it is necessary for the debtor to offer the exact amount due as there

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in circulation until 2016. The Bank of England introduced £5 polymer banknotes in September 2016, and the paper £5 notes were withdrawn on 5 May 2017. A polymer £10 banknote was introduced on 14 September 2017, and the paper note was withdrawn on 1 March 2018. A polymer £20 banknote was introduced on

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poll of 1,000 people suggested that 71% would vote no to the euro, 23% would vote yes, while 6% said they were unsure. Sterling did not join the Second European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) after the euro was created. Denmark and the UK had opt-outs from entry to the euro. Theoretically, every EU

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Domestic demand for silver bullion in Britain further reduced silver coinage in circulation, as the improving fortunes of the merchant class led to increased demand for tableware. Silversmiths had always regarded coinage as a source of raw material, already verified for fineness by the government. As

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In 1826, banks at least 65 miles (105 km) from London were given permission to issue their own paper money. From 1844, new banks were excluded from issuing notes in England and Wales but not in Scotland and Ireland. Consequently, the number of private banknotes dwindled in England and Wales but

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on their reverse; and the reverse of the pound coin showed the whole shield. The coins were issued gradually into circulation, starting in mid-2008. They have the same sizes, shapes and weights as those with the old designs which, apart from the round pound coin which was withdrawn in 2017, continue

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For example, the purchasing power of a pound in 2006 was slightly more than that of 10p in 1971; conversely, the purchasing power of a pound in 1971 was slightly less than that of £10 in 2006. The mythical "shopping basket" of goods and services that cost £10 in 1971 would cost £98.04 in 2006 (and

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Regarding the period 1750–1914 the document states: "Although there was considerable year on year fluctuation in price levels prior to 1914 (reflecting the quality of the harvest, wars, etc.) there was not the long-term steady increase in prices associated with the period since 1945". It goes on to

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had given permission for up to £150 billion to be created if necessary. It was expected that the process would continue for three months, with results only likely in the long term. By 5 November 2009, some £175 billion had been injected using QE, and the process remained less effective in

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guineas minted out of 12 troy ounces of 22-karat gold (hence, 7.6885 g fine gold) and initially worth £1 or 20 shillings. While its price in shillings was not legally fixed at first, its persistent trade value above 21 shillings reflected the poor state of clipped underweight silver coins tolerated

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Bank of England, Scottish, Northern Irish, Channel Islands, Isle of Man, Gibraltar, and Falkland banknotes may be offered anywhere in the UK, although there is no obligation to accept them as a means of payment, and acceptance varies. For example, merchants in England generally accept Scottish and

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Due to repeated devaluations and spiralling inflation the Bank of England reintroduced £10 notes in 1964. In 1969, the 10/– note was replaced by the 50p coin, again due to inflation. £20 Bank of England notes were reintroduced in 1970, followed by £50 in 1981. A £1 coin was introduced in 1983, and

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Sterling and the euro fluctuate in value against one another, although there may be correlation between movements in their respective exchange rates with other currencies such as the US dollar. Inflation concerns in the UK led the Bank of England to raise interest rates in late 2006 and 2007. This

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was running a budget deficit, and the Labour government's strategy emphasised high public spending. Callaghan was told there were three possible outcomes: a disastrous free fall in sterling, an internationally unacceptable siege economy, or a deal with key allies to prop up the pound while painful

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In the 17th century, English merchants tended to pay for imports in silver but were generally paid for exports in gold. This effect was notably driven by trade with the Far East, as the Chinese insisted on payments for their exports being settled in silver. From the mid-17th century, around 28,000

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The troy ounce of sterling silver was henceforth raised in price by 50% from 40 to 60 silver pennies (each penny weighing 8 grains sterling silver and containing 0.4795 g (0.01542 ozt) fine silver). The gold half-angel of 40 grains (2.578 g (0.0829 ozt) fine gold) was raised in

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is credited with introducing the system of money to central and southern England in the latter half of the eighth century, overseeing the minting of the earliest English silver pennies – emblazoned with his name. In practice they varied considerably in weight and 240 of them seldom

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caused a major decline in sterling against other world currencies as the future of international trade relationships and domestic political leadership became unclear. The referendum result weakened sterling against the euro by 5% overnight. The night before the vote, sterling was trading at £1 to

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The silver basis of sterling remained essentially unchanged until the 1816 introduction of the Gold Standard, save for the increase in the number of pennies in a troy ounce from 60 to 62 (hence, 0.464 g fine silver in a penny). Its gold basis remained unsettled, however, until the gold guinea was

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shortly after its foundation in 1694. Denominations were initially handwritten on the notes at the time of issue. From 1745, the notes were printed in denominations between £20 and £1,000, with any odd shillings added by hand. £10 notes were added in 1759, followed by £5 in 1793 and £1 and £2 in

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copper coins introduced in 1971. No other coins from before 1982 are in circulation. Prior to the withdrawal from circulation in 1992, the oldest circulating coins usually dated from 1947: although older coins were still legal tender, inflation meant that their silver content was worth more than

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The idea of replacing sterling with the euro was always controversial with the British public, partly because of sterling's identity as a symbol of British sovereignty and because it would, according to some critics, have led to suboptimal interest rates, harming the British economy. In December

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The alphabetic code is based on another ISO standard, ISO 3166, which lists the codes for country names. The first two letters of the ISO 4217 three-letter code are the same as the code for the country name, and, where possible, the third letter corresponds to the first letter of the

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The manuscript chronicle of the city of London says this king Henry III in 1258 coined a penny of fine gold of the weight of two sterlings and commanded it should go for 20 shillings if this be true these were the first pieces of gold coined in England NB The date should be 1257 and the value

5867:, holding 40% of the world's overseas investments. But after the end of the war, the country was highly indebted: Britain owed £850 million (about £52.3 billion today) with interest costing the country some 40% of all government spending. The British government under Prime Minister 3311:). Because the League's money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the "Easterlings", which was contracted to "'sterling". The OED dismisses this theory as unlikely, since the stressed first syllable would not have been elided. 21662: 5547:, the gold guinea was fixed at 21 shillings (£1/1/-) in 1717. But without addressing the problem of underweight silver coins, and with the high resulting gold-silver ratio of 15.2, it gave sterling a firmer footing in gold guineas rather than silver shillings, resulting in a de facto 5707:. Some of these retained parity with sterling throughout their existence (e.g. the South African pound), while others deviated from parity after the end of the gold standard (e.g. the Australian pound). These currencies and others tied to sterling constituted the core of the 5907:

To try to resume stability, a version of the gold standard was reintroduced in 1925, under which the currency was fixed to gold at its pre-war peg, but one could only exchange currency for gold bullion, not for coins. On 21 September 1931, this was abandoned during the

5779:. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many other countries adopted the gold standard. As a consequence, conversion rates between different currencies could be determined simply from the respective gold standards. £1 sterling was equal to US$ 4.87 in the 3692:

in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence (denoted on coinage, until 1981, as "new pence"). The symbol for the penny is "p"; hence an amount such as 50p (£0.50) properly pronounced "fifty pence" is often pronounced "fifty pee" /fɪfti piː/. The old sign

11202:"The History of Currency, 1252–1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and Well-being" 11170:"The History of Currency, 1252–1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and Well-being" 6875:

coins were added, but these denominations did not last. Gold coins included the half-crown, crown, angel, half-sovereign (10/–) and sovereign (£1). Elizabeth's reign also saw the introduction of the horse-drawn screw press to produce the first "milled" coins.

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to around 10.0 and remaining in the range 8.5–10.0 at the end of the 19th century. The index was 9.8 in 1914 and peaked at 25.3 in 1920, before declining to 15.8 in 1933 and 1934—prices were only about three times as high as they had been 180 years earlier.

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introduced notes for 10/– and £1 to replace gold coins. These circulated until 1928 when they were replaced by Bank of England notes. Irish independence reduced the number of Irish banks issuing sterling notes to five operating in Northern Ireland. The

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resulted in further debasements toward the end of his reign, with the English penny reduced to 15 grains sterling silver (0.899 g fine silver) and the half-noble reduced to 54 grains (3.481 g fine gold). The gold-silver ratio went down to

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The History of Currency, 1252–1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and

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for the British pound by controlling the amount of money in circulation. It has a monopoly on the issuance of banknotes in England and Wales and regulates the amount of banknotes issued by seven authorized banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

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The English penny remained nearly unchanged from 800 and was a prominent exception in the progressive debasements of coinage which occurred in the rest of Europe. The Tower Pound, originally divided into 240 pence, devalued to 243 pence by 1279.

6656:) in September 2011, then decreased to around 2.5% the following year. After a number of years when inflation remained near or below the Bank's 2% target, 2021 saw a significant and sustained increase on all indices: as of November 2021, 3157:

for sterling, issuing its own banknotes and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England; their governments

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also issued notes. Both banks issued some notes denominated in guineas as well as pounds. In the 19th century, regulations limited the smallest note issued by Scottish banks to be the £1 denomination, a note not permitted in England.

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However, sterling was decimalised in various British colonial territories before the United Kingdom (and in several cases in line with William Brown's proposal that the pound be divided into 1,000 parts, called mils). These included

4706:(5,400 grains, 349.9 grams) of silver into 240 parts. In practice, the weights of the coins were not consistent, 240 of them seldom added up to a full pound; there were no shilling or pound coins and these units were used only as an 21968: 5759:

was adopted officially, with silver coins minted at a rate of 66 shillings to a troy pound (weight) of sterling silver, thus rendering them as "token" issues (i.e. not containing their value in precious metal). In 1817, the

7552:), all notes for £10 and above ceased production, leaving the bank to issue only 10/–, £1 and £5 notes. Scottish and Northern Irish issues were unaffected, with issues in denominations of £1, £5, £10, £20, £50 and £100. 10527: 6389:

explaining the reasons for this and the measures which will be taken to bring this measure of inflation back in line with the 2% target. On 17 April 2007, annual CPI inflation was reported at 3.1% (inflation of the

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to the D–Mark on a 1:1 basis, meant that interest rates in other countries shadowing the D–Mark, especially the UK, were far too high relative to domestic circumstances, leading to a housing decline and recession.

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government. Among the measures, tourists were banned from taking more than £50 out of the country in travellers' cheques and remittances, plus £15 in cash; this restriction was not lifted until 1979. Sterling was

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The resulting gold-silver ratio of 1:12.55 was much higher than the ratio of 1:11 prevailing in the Continent, draining England of its silver coinage and requiring a more permanent remedy in 1351 in the form of

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were not party to the sterling area because the above-mentioned silver shortage in England coincided with these colonies' formative years. As a result of equitable trade (and rather less equitable piracy), the

12049:. The statutory rules and orders revised, being the statutory rules and orders (other than those of a local, personal, or temporary character) in force on 31 December 1903. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: 6446:" be met, to increase the likelihood that any adoption of the euro would be in the national interest. In addition to these internal (national) criteria, the UK would have to meet the European Union's economic 7097:

which was then restored to .925. Inflation caused the farthing to cease production in 1956 and be demonetised in 1960. In the run-up to decimalisation, the halfpenny and half-crown were demonetised in 1969.

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By 1917, production of gold sovereigns had almost halted (the remaining production was for collector's sets and other very specific occasions), and by 1920, the silver coinage was debased from its original

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Silver coins known as "sterlings" were issued in the Saxon kingdoms, 240 of them being minted from a pound of silver... Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in "pounds of sterlings," a phrase later

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Silver coins known as 'sterlings' were issued in the Saxon kingdoms, 240 of them being minted from a pound of silver... Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in 'pounds of sterlings', a phrase later

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has reserve powers to give orders to the committee "if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances" but such orders must be endorsed by Parliament within 28 days.

12237: 6385:(CPI)) very close to 2% per annum. Should CPI inflation be more than one percentage point above or below the target, the Governor of the Bank of England is required to write an open letter to the 7027:(half-crown) and 5/– (crown). The crown was only issued intermittently until 1900. It was followed by a new gold coinage in 1817 consisting of 10/– and £1 coins, known as the half sovereign and 4198:." and spoken as "three and six" or "three and sixpence" except for "1/1", "2/1" etc., which were spoken as "one and a penny", "two and a penny", etc. 5 shillings, for example, was written as "5 21136: 6971:

and 5/–. Due to the widespread export of silver in the 18th century, the production of silver coins gradually came to a halt, with the half crown and crown not issued after the 1750s, and the 6

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began issuing sterling notes, later followed by other Irish banks. These notes included the unusual denominations of 30/– and £3. The highest denomination issued by the Irish banks was £100.

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a plan to convert sterling into a decimal currency. As a result of this, on 15 February 1971, the UK decimalised sterling, replacing the shilling and the penny with a single subdivision, the

21218: 20938: 18458: 6069:, announcing soon afterwards that "the great question of a decimal coinage" was "now under serious consideration". A full proposal for the decimalisation of sterling was then tabled in the 19113: 10879: 6394:

was 4.8%). Accordingly, and for the first time, the Governor had to write publicly to the UK Government explaining why inflation was more than one percentage point higher than its target.

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as payment for English wool provided substantial economic and trade opportunities but also unsettled the currency for the next 200 years. The first monetary changes in 1344 consisted of

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the long term. In July 2012, the final increase in QE meant it had peaked at £375 billion, then holding solely UK Government bonds, representing one third of the UK national debt.

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A View Of The Gold Coin And Coinage Of England: From Henry The Third To the Present Time. Consider'd with Regard to Type, Legend, Sorts, Rarity, Weight, Fineness, Value and Proportion

12284: 10763: 6731:) (i.e. 3 nobles to the pound), together with the half and quarter noble. Reforms in 1464 saw a reduction in value of the coinage in both silver and gold, with the noble renamed the 4944:

or 20 sols, while the silver half-groat (2 pence, fine silver 1.798 g) was worth close to 1 sol parisis (1.912 g). Also, after the Flemish monetary reform of 1434, the new

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of the same value that it had in turn replaced. These first generation 10p coins and any remaining old florin coins were withdrawn from circulation over the following two years.

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A trader from HSBC visits multiple chatrooms in an attempt to manipulate the 4pm WMR fix, declaring he is a net seller in "cable" (a slang term for GBP/USD currency pairing)

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was later restored, the coins saw little circulation thereafter. In 1920, the silver standard, maintained at .925 since 1552, was reduced to .500. In 1937, a nickel-brass 3

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for 8 reales. After 1800, a rate of 5/– for 8 reales was used. The Bank then issued silver tokens for 5/– (struck over Spanish dollars) in 1804, followed by tokens for 1/6

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In 1961, 1964, and 1966, sterling came under renewed pressure, as speculators were selling pounds for dollars. In summer 1966, with the value of the pound falling in the

18887: 18112: 14149: 11125: 10999: 7952:: the index was 20.2 in 1940, 33.0 in 1950, 49.1 in 1960, 73.1 in 1970, 263.7 in 1980, 497.5 in 1990, 671.8 in 2000 and 757.3 in 2005. The smallest coin in 1971 was the 7556:

Bank of England £1 notes were withdrawn in 1988. Scottish and Northern Irish banks followed, with only the Royal Bank of Scotland continuing to issue this denomination.

7474:. Before decimalisation in 1971, a handful of change might have contained coins over 100 years old, bearing any of five monarchs' heads, especially in the copper coins. 4952:(shilling) of 1.63 g fine silver was valued close to 2 pence sterling at 1.8 g. This approximate pairing of English half-nobles and half-groats to Continental 2540: 1046: 5962:

Under continuing economic pressure, and despite months of denials that it would do so, on 19 September 1949 the government devalued the pound by 30.5% to US$ 2.80. The

5465:, Britain's foremost slave trading company. The RAC transported the gold used in the coin from West Africa to England after purchasing it from African merchants in the 21001: 20976: 13721: 4270:(2 shillings) remained legal tender after decimalisation (as 2½p, 5p and 10p respectively) until 1980, 1990 and 1993 respectively, but are now officially demonetised. 19388: 18993: 17708: 14048: 11720:"The big problem of large bills: The Bank of Amsterdam and the origins of central banking (Working Paper, No. 2005-16, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA)" 10673: 1854: 19383: 11073: 6020:., or £1/12/6. It was customary to specify some prices (for example professional fees and auction prices for works of art) in guineas (abbr: gn. or gns.), although 3596:, literally, "what for what", or, figuratively, "An equal exchange or substitution". The term "nicker" (also both singular and plural) may also refer to the pound. 20958: 12867: 10637: 6589: 3042: 2918: 1741: 1192: 12170: 6241:

advised the sale of sterling investments in the face of high taxes, in a story that ended with "goodbye, Great Britain. It was nice knowing you". At the time the

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whether consideration had been given to decimalising the currency. Wrottesley raised the issue in the House of Commons again in 1833, and it was again raised by

3553:. The origins of this term are attributed to the fact that from the mid-19th century, the sterling/dollar exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 14183: 11367: 10370: 21034: 13787: 13668: 13160: 9849: 6354:" (16 September 1992) as Britain's economic performance made the exchange rate unsustainable. The event was also triggered by comments by Bundesbank president 2602: 1167: 13848: 12725: 12616: 6695:) was the principal and often the only coin in circulation from the 8th century until the 13th century. Although some fractions of the penny were struck (see 4902:

These gold nobles, together with half-nobles (40 pence) and farthings or quarter-nobles (20 pence), became the first English gold coins produced in quantity.

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UK notes include raised print (e.g. on the words "Bank of England"); watermarks; embedded metallic thread; holograms; and fluorescent ink visible only under

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of the same value that it had in turn replaced. These first generation 5p coins and any remaining old shilling coins were withdrawn from circulation in 1991.

2558: 2140: 1182: 13871:"Can I use coins from Guernsey, Jersey, Gibraltar and the Isle of Man in the United Kingdom? Why are they made to the same specifications as British coins?" 18849: 16318: 11948: 11868: 11640: 5953: 4770:), with a Tower Pound (5,400 grains, 349.9 g) of 92.5% silver minted into 240 pennies, each penny containing 20.82 grains (1.349 g) of fine silver. Called 1032: 13186: 12225: 7457:

2017: A more secure twelve-sided bi-metallic £1 coin was introduced to reduce forgery. The old round £1 coin ceased to be legal tender on 15 October 2017.

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was extravagant, and England loosened the importation of cheaper continental coins for exchange into full-valued English coins. All these contributed to

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coin was introduced, replacing the original size that had been in use since 1969, and the first generation 50p coins were withdrawn from circulation.

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was introduced, valued at 20/–. Struck in 22‑carat gold, it contained 113 grains or 7.32238 g (0.235420 ozt) of fine gold and replaced the

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was not replaced by sterling until January 1826. The conversion rate had long been £13 Irish to £12 sterling. In 1928, six years after the

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In September 2022, under the influence of inflation and tax cuts funded by borrowing, sterling's value reached an all-time low of just over $ 1.03.

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in 1990, the reverse held true, as high German borrowing costs to fund Eastern reconstruction, exacerbated by the political decision to convert the

21485: 21046: 18829: 14096: 6717:, was introduced, with the half groat following in 1344. 1344 also saw the establishment of a gold coinage with the introduction (after the failed 6416:, ruled out membership in the eurozone for the foreseeable future, saying that the decision not to join had been right for Britain and for Europe. 6074: 4602: 4202:." or, more commonly, "5/–" (five shillings, no pence). Various coin denominations had, and in some cases continue to have, special names, such as 1881: 934: 14122: 11103: 7505:. In 1855, the notes were converted to being entirely printed, with denominations of £5, £10, £20, £50, £100, £200, £300, £500 and £1,000 issued. 6778:." (lower-case L) after them, equivalent to twenty shillings) in 1489. In 1526, several new denominations of gold coins were added, including the 21475: 20903: 13344: 10869: 2867: 1736: 1177: 586: 13462: 13432: 13394: 12971: 12054: 11502: 7900:

codes. "GBP" is usually used to represent all of them; informal abbreviations resembling ISO codes are used where the distinction is important.

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code for the United Kingdom ("GB") and the first letter of "pound". In historical sources and some specialist banking uses, the abbreviation

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Notable style guides recommend that the pound sign be used without any abbreviation or qualification to indicate sterling (e.g., £12,000). The

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in 1914, with Bank of England and Treasury notes becoming legal tender. Before that war, the United Kingdom had one of the world's strongest

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A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for International Monetary Reform (National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report)

12935: 12090: 12079: 11702: 11535: 10194: 4190:(the solidus and denarius were Roman coins). A mixed sum of shillings and pence, such as 3 shillings and 6 pence, was written as "3/6" or "3 22407: 21878: 21657: 21261: 18812: 18705: 18502: 16900: 16803: 15971: 13939: 13371: 10590: 10407: 8555: 6286:, on a programme of fiscal austerity. Initially, sterling rocketed, moving above £1 to US$ 2.40, as interest rates rose in response to the 6058: 4766: 4757: 3641: 3633: 3035: 2898: 2593: 2520: 2489: 1446: 1356: 10466: 7892:

by their respective governments, and Bank of England notes have been made legal tender on the islands, forming a sort of one-way de facto

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Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the coinage was reformed, with the ending of production of hammered coins in 1662. The

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as its currency. However, the subject was always politically controversial, and the UK negotiated an opt-out on this issue. Following the

5659:. In some areas it was used alongside local currencies. For example, the gold sovereign was legal tender in Canada despite the use of the 21823: 21634: 18795: 17648: 13878: 13761: 12144: 11726: 11290: 11205: 10438: 10265: 7586:". A giant is a one million pound note, and a titan is a one hundred million pound bank note. Giants and titans are used only within the 5622: 2863: 2650: 2272: 1197: 806: 11809: 11565: 11173: 10237: 7403:

was becoming worthwhile (with a premium of up to 11%, with smelting costs reducing this to around 4%)—although this is illegal, and the

6703:), it was more common to find pennies cut into halves and quarters to provide smaller change. Very few gold coins were struck, with the 6298:. Sterling fell sharply after 1980; at its lowest, £1 stood at just US$ 1.03 in March 1985, before rising to US$ 1.70 in December 1989. 21833: 21776: 21308: 21251: 20216: 18492: 17738: 15615: 14828: 11425: 9834: 6032: 5755:, and their value floated relative to gold. The Bank also issued silver tokens to alleviate the shortage of silver coins. In 1816, the 4623: 4266:

in 1947, and by the 1960s the silver coins were rarely seen. Silver/cupro-nickel sixpences, shillings (from any period after 1816) and

2815: 2078: 1126: 596: 14534:

J. K Whitaker and Maxwell W. Hudgins, Jr. (April 1977). "The Floating Pound Sterling of the Nineteen-Thirties: An Econometric Study".

13965: 11669: 11235: 10040: 9938: 7678:

Throughout the UK, £1 and £2 coins are legal tender for any amount, with the other coins being legal tender only for limited amounts.

3103:

Sterling is the world's oldest currency in continuous use since its inception. In 2022, it was the fourth-most-traded currency in the

22492: 22477: 22172: 21066: 20554: 19624: 18770: 18640: 18262: 14294: 14070: 13577: 12808: 10568: 9965: 2790: 2775: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 947: 11029: 10806: 7686:, but not in Scotland or Northern Ireland. (Bank of England 10/– and £1 notes were legal tender, as were Scottish banknotes, during 4976:

resulted in another reduction in the English penny to 12 grains sterling silver (0.719 g fine silver) and the introduction of a new

21818: 21677: 21629: 18979: 18822: 18765: 18593: 18082: 18002: 17987: 16311: 14921: 11603: 11463: 7435: 6259: 2760: 2755: 2224: 1802: 1207: 10479:

Then I went to Mr. Crew's and borrowed L10 of Mr. Andrewes for my own use, and so went to my office, where there was nothing to do

5524:

a result, sterling silver coins were being melted and fashioned into "sterling silverware" at an accelerating rate. An Act of the

601: 502: 21399: 21208: 21039: 17944: 17939: 17790: 17557: 13139: 10161: 7930:

published a research paper which included an index of prices for each year between 1750 and 2005, where 1974 was indexed at 100.

6247: 5974: 3028: 2586: 2253: 2166: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 677: 531: 19216: 12698: 12545: 4880:

weighing 120 grains (7.776 grams; 0.250 troy ounces) of the finest gold possible at the time (191/192 or 99.48% fine), (meaning

263: 22442: 22160: 21734: 21463: 21431: 21271: 21256: 21246: 21071: 21061: 21051: 21024: 18950: 18497: 18487: 18472: 18407: 17904: 17839: 17641: 14719: 14704: 14241: 12857: 12612: 6220: 6175: 6086: 6070: 6036: 5909: 5532:

standard of 95.83%. Silverware made purely from melted coins would be found wanting when the silversmith took his wares to the

2795: 2780: 2693: 2658: 2635: 2563: 2134: 2116: 1216: 1119: 971: 918: 20800: 19211: 19206: 19201: 11133: 7965:

The following table shows the equivalent amount of goods and services that, in a particular year, could be purchased with £1.

3015: 21853: 21426: 18859: 18854: 18780: 18055: 15610: 14627: 14460: 14438: 13275: 13216: 13115: 12897: 12818: 12791: 12270: 12110: 11528:"Noble (1361–1369) ENGLAND, KINGDOM – EDWARD III, 1327–1377 – n.d., Calais Wonderful coin with fine details. Very impressive" 11325: 11266: 7937:

The value of the index in 1751 was 5.1, increasing to a peak of 16.3 in 1813 before declining very soon after the end of the

6653: 6382: 6182:

effectively ended at this time, when the majority of its members also chose to float freely against sterling and the dollar.

6178:

a little, rising to almost US$ 2.65 in March 1972 from US$ 2.42, the upper bound of the band in which it had been fixed. The

6028: 5417: 5049:

of one French ounce (30.594 g), and in 1524 it would also be the model for a standardised German currency in the form of the

4569: 2978: 2908: 2820: 2810: 2800: 2745: 2663: 2553: 2061: 976: 909: 19196: 19191: 13728: 13242: 10870:"STERLING CABLE RATES $ 3.19 TO $ 7 SINCE 1914; Top Reached When War Started and Bottom on Feb. 3, 1920, as Support Stopped" 10515:

of silver coin of the old fineness, comprising over a thousand million pieces, have already been withdrawn from circulation.

6495: 258: 22527: 22512: 22507: 21720: 21542: 21203: 21176: 19826: 18755: 18672: 7906:

are responsible for the monetary policy of their own currencies (where they exist), and have their own ISO 4217 codes. The

6391: 6283: 6235:

rising to nearly 27% in 1975. Financial markets were beginning to believe the pound was overvalued, and in April that year

6216: 6208:

UK bonds 1960–2022: the yield on UK Government benchmark ten-year bonds increased to over 15% in the 1970s and early 1980s.

5776: 5528:

in 1697 tried to stem this tide by raising the minimum acceptable fineness on wrought plate from sterling's 92.5% to a new

5389: 5150: 4713: 4541: 3722: 2828: 2715: 2705: 2668: 2628: 2598: 2573: 2535: 2297: 2217: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1039: 780: 19118: 14040: 11051: 10662: 7742:

p) made for traditional wedding ceremonies and Christmas gifts, although rarely if ever seen in circulation, are formally

7583: 21893: 21838: 21781: 21700: 21644: 21612: 21446: 21131: 20896: 20153: 19932: 19891: 18844: 18760: 18613: 16304: 15996: 15184: 13699: 11893:

Flynn, Dennis O.; Giráldez, Arturo (2002). "Cycles of silver: global economic unity through the mid-eighteenth century".

11065: 7427: 7284: 7217:

1971: The decimal coinage was completed when decimalisation came into effect in 1971 with the introduction of the bronze

6642: 6555: 5175: 4792: 4130: 2805: 2770: 2765: 2725: 2710: 2700: 2683: 2678: 2673: 1950: 1016: 746: 716: 687: 547: 16201: 12863: 12847: 10626: 21868: 21848: 21791: 21756: 21404: 21372: 21336: 18790: 18441: 18429: 18385: 17899: 17392: 15689: 15413: 13033: 12166: 10785: 7718: 7710: 7431: 7375: 7192: 6085:

to look into the issue. However, largely due to the hostility to decimalisation of two of the appointed commissioners,

2785: 2750: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2720: 2688: 2277: 1007: 850: 557: 19108: 18618: 13081: 13055: 11994: 7579: 7008:

coins for circulation. A small counterstamp of the King's head was used. Until 1800, these circulated at a rate of 4/9

6219:

in 1976. He was immediately told the economy was facing huge problems, according to documents released in 2006 by the

5396: 4548: 21863: 21761: 21416: 21409: 21276: 21241: 21226: 21126: 20059: 18902: 18805: 18750: 18529: 18512: 18482: 18247: 18097: 17760: 17755: 14528: 14503: 14488: 14470: 14448: 14429: 14381: 14363: 14344: 14329: 14279: 14202: 13660: 13156: 12692: 12502: 11840: 11795: 11359: 10757: 10597: 10231: 10050: 10009: 9975: 7764: 7443: 7419: 7331: 7169: 6090: 5436: 4588: 2645: 2203: 1812: 1807: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1160: 1069: 996: 591: 17934: 13783: 10960: 10935: 3576:" (singular and plural, except in the common phrase "quids in"). The term may have come via Italian immigrants from 21948: 21500: 21458: 21382: 21377: 21281: 21159: 19850: 19672: 19647: 19067: 18738: 18517: 17797: 16893: 16494: 15394: 15277: 14709: 13901: 13840: 12721: 12678: 12642: 10356: 10333: 8548: 7643:

Unlike banknotes which have separate issuers in Scotland and Northern Ireland, all British coins are issued by the

7466: 7447: 7423: 7415: 7396: 7357: 7342: 7291: 7240: 7236: 7218: 7196: 7173: 7109: 6551:(QE). This was the first time in the United Kingdom's history that this measure had been used, although the Bank's 6479: 6343: 6242: 6062: 5840: 4255: 4247: 3985: 3956: 3920: 3891: 3765: 3702: 2229: 2029: 2024: 1755: 858: 738: 672: 653: 282: 14272:

World Currency Monitor Annual, 1976–1989: Pound Sterling: The Value of the British Pound Sterling in Foreign Terms

12608: 7516:

was still the currency of Scotland, these notes were denominated in sterling in values up to £100. From 1727, the

22532: 22522: 22452: 22011: 21828: 21766: 21692: 21387: 21236: 21183: 21146: 21111: 21085: 20986: 20148: 19002: 18892: 18839: 18700: 18645: 18477: 18380: 17859: 17807: 17733: 14926: 14397: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8455: 7483: 6552: 6381:). The Bank is now responsible for setting its base rate of interest so as to keep inflation (as measured by the 6094: 6051:, survived the transfer to a full decimal system in 1971, with examples surviving in British coinage until 1993. 5370: 4522: 4251: 3969: 2913: 1156: 1138: 1105: 11937: 11857: 11633: 8507: 8504: 8501: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8486: 5403: 4555: 4258:

had disappeared from circulation, but coins (at least the penny) bearing the head of every British monarch from

3128: 22517: 22502: 21958: 21746: 21672: 21567: 21520: 21436: 21356: 21316: 21106: 20889: 20209: 20039: 19859: 19338: 18912: 18817: 18723: 18576: 18424: 18412: 18333: 17819: 17088: 17067: 14407: 14194: 13573: 13182: 12497:

Ma Tak Wo 2004, Illustrated Catalogue of Hong Kong Currency, Ma Tak Wo Numismatic Co., Ltd. Kowloon, Hong Kong.

12043:"Proclamation, dated December 20 1825, assimilating the Gold and Silver Coinages in Great Britain and Ireland." 9942: 7714: 7607: 7399:

coins (which are 97% copper) exceeded those coins' face value to such an extent that melting down the coins by

7327:, historically valued at five shillings (25p), was re-tariffed for future issues as a commemorative coin at £5. 6529: 6318:(DM), with the unintended result of a rapid rise in inflation as the economy boomed due to low interest rates. 5931:

at a rate of £1 = US$ 4.03. (Only the year before, it had been US$ 4.86.) This rate was maintained through the

5374: 4619: 4526: 2449: 2162: 2130: 1994: 1792: 1772: 708: 627: 614: 539: 489: 13991: 13599: 12993: 11666:"A medieval silver coin; a double petard of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Count of Flanders (1467–1477)" 4799:

weighing twice the silver penny and valued at 20 silver pence was also issued in 1257 but was not successful.

4740:

penny respectively were also minted, but small change was more commonly produced by cutting up a whole penny.

22462: 22447: 22400: 22167: 21973: 21903: 21873: 21843: 21808: 21710: 21682: 21600: 21508: 21392: 21171: 20921: 19617: 19586: 19448: 19290: 18834: 18743: 18682: 18608: 18395: 18375: 18154: 17678: 17664: 17385: 16564: 15682: 14786: 13082:"ECB's subscribed capital to remain steady after Bank of England leaves the European System of Central Banks" 6814:(1547–1553). This debasement was halted in 1552, and new silver coinage was introduced, including coins for 1 6544: 5864: 5239:

After 1551 new denominations were introduced, weighing similarly to 1464-issued coins but increased in value

3384:: the Bank of England has exclusively used the single bar variant since 1975. Historically, a simple capital 3217: 3198: 2991: 2238: 1999: 754: 19173: 14510: 13637: 13537: 5551:. Silver and copper tokens issued by private entities partly relieved the problem of small change until the 22286: 22210: 22182: 22128: 21931: 21921: 21858: 21813: 21786: 21639: 21624: 21321: 21296: 21231: 21121: 20704: 20115: 20049: 19667: 19533: 18897: 18718: 18581: 18559: 18539: 18468: 18390: 18267: 18257: 18252: 17924: 17889: 17745: 16610: 16536: 15443: 14811: 14760: 14750: 12748: 12392: 12362: 11257:

Naismith, Rory (2014b). "Coinage". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

9844: 7903: 7774: 7462: 7411: 7392: 7353: 7232: 6649:

had already been cut to their lowest level ever (0.5%) and it was unlikely that they would be cut further.

5740: 5385: 5078: 4537: 3621: 2973: 2833: 2417: 2316: 2246: 2233: 2209: 2040: 2035: 277: 19328: 19256: 19168: 19163: 19158: 11495:"Content and Fineness of the Gold Coins of England and Great Britain: Henry III – Richard III (1257–1485)" 10989:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin. 20 August 1993.

3092:

is also used to refer to the British currency generally, often qualified in international contexts as the

22457: 22177: 22155: 22123: 22118: 22100: 22041: 21963: 21953: 21888: 21751: 21715: 21513: 21291: 20930: 20859: 20110: 20054: 20023: 19687: 19633: 19581: 19028: 19010: 18733: 18713: 18554: 18417: 18199: 18102: 17812: 17785: 17765: 17253: 16886: 15463: 15428: 15423: 15214: 14355: 13809: 13300: 12307: 10136: 9985:: The UK currency. The name originated from the pound Easterling, formerly used in trade with the Baltic. 9760: 8541: 7162: 6677: 6578: 6451: 6413: 6403: 6386: 6307: 6263: 6255: 5876: 4778:

that was traditionally used, and sterling silver coins did not wear down as rapidly as fine silver ones.

4126: 4042: 3625: 3132: 2883: 2443: 2302: 2109: 1143: 1074: 759: 620: 297: 19323: 19318: 19313: 19272: 19251: 19246: 19153: 19051: 19046: 19041: 14100: 6993:

guinea (7/–) were introduced in 1797. The copper penny was the only one of these coins to survive long.

6645:, the Governor of the Bank of England, had also suggested there were no other monetary options left, as 4021: 4016: 4011: 242: 237: 232: 22237: 22138: 21978: 20689: 20423: 20158: 20044: 20013: 19692: 18932: 18544: 17750: 16589: 14916: 14373: 14126: 11343:

added up to a pound. There were at that time no larger denomination coins – pounds and

11095: 9839: 7888:

are unregulated by the Bank of England and are issued independently. However, they are maintained at a

7784: 5672: 5513: 4973: 3004: 2322: 1971: 1915: 1767: 1133: 1084: 302: 19308: 19241: 19072: 19036: 15161: 13335: 11494: 4135: 3995: 3990: 3314: 227: 22467: 22373: 22133: 21938: 21911: 21421: 21301: 20532: 20202: 19951: 19900: 19677: 18564: 18402: 18338: 18328: 18323: 16375: 15804: 15179: 14806: 14745: 14620: 13454: 13424: 12962: 12042: 10699:"Maintenance Agency | ISO 4217 – Currency Code Maintenance: Get the Correct Currency Code | List One" 10633: 7385: 7248: 7203: 6996:

To alleviate the shortage of silver coins, between 1797 and 1804, the Bank of England counterstamped

6823: 6786: 5983: 5963: 5517: 5303: 5258: 4211: 3395: 3143: 2853: 2848: 2307: 2290: 2267: 2187: 2176: 1920: 1876: 1053: 312: 287: 12334: 4748: 22271: 21801: 21441: 21188: 20744: 20734: 20095: 19998: 19909: 19697: 19682: 19610: 17829: 17194: 16833: 16637: 16435: 15820: 15373: 15123: 15083: 14153: 11751: 11389: 10077: 10061: 7927: 7544:

had a drastic effect on the note production of the Bank of England. Fearful of mass forgery by the

7028: 6917: 6766: 6700: 6232: 5919:, with its value determined by its continued acceptance in the national and international economy. 5761: 5603: 5335: 4236: 3540: 2526: 2258: 1797: 1024: 660: 632: 307: 292: 19434: 19378: 15136: 14578: 14013: 12833:

Wren-Lewis, Simon, et al. (June 1991). "Evaluating the U.K.'s Choice of Entry Rate into the ERM",

10834: 10290: 7599: 6561:

The process saw the Bank of England creating new money for itself, which it then used to purchase

5771:

By the 19th century, sterling notes were widely accepted outside Britain. The American journalist

5073:

occurred amidst the 16th century influx of precious metals from the Americas arriving through the

3561:

Historically almost every British coin had a widely recognised nickname, such as "tanner" for the

22472: 22416: 22329: 22150: 22085: 21796: 21453: 20537: 20105: 20018: 19927: 19918: 19802: 18237: 17824: 17775: 17124: 15266: 14765: 14586: 14421: 14071:"British Royal Mint – What are the legal tender amounts acceptable for the United Kingdom coins?" 13810:"Act of Parliament gives devolved responsibility to the MPC with reserve powers for the Treasury" 12924: 12647: 12087: 12076: 11787:

Freedom's Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672–1752

11699: 11527: 10198: 8364: 7722: 7335: 7259: 7177: 6913: 6831: 6696: 6339: 6279: 6237: 6066: 5970: 5552: 5363: 5274: 5266: 5133: 4927: 4856:

weighing 108 gr (6.998 g; 0.225 ozt) and valued at 6 shillings (or 72 pence). (or

4717: 4638: 4515: 4219: 4143: 3940: 3907: 3870: 3823: 3774: 3566: 3562: 3550: 3162:. Historically, sterling was also used to varying degrees by the colonies and territories of the 3104: 2893: 2150: 2121: 2055: 1930: 956: 146: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19362: 19357: 18022: 13931: 13367: 10399: 22266: 21331: 20569: 20269: 20194: 19547: 19183: 18922: 16775: 16619: 16211: 15479: 15383: 15141: 14661: 8770: 7934:

say that "Since 1945 prices have risen in every year with an aggregate rise of over 27 times".

7907: 7568: 7517: 6637:

The Bank of England had stated in 2009 that the decision had been taken to prevent the rate of

6378: 5957: 5832: 5804: 5013: 4787:

coins in 1266, and their subsequent popularity, led to additional denominations in the form of

3135: 2455: 1834: 1112: 700: 57: 19414: 17202: 15737: 13870: 12136: 11719: 11201: 10745: 10430: 10259: 7532:

proliferated in Scotland and Ireland. The last English private banknotes were issued in 1921.

3584:, the name for a number of currency units used in Italy until the 19th century; or from Latin 22421: 22261: 22217: 22080: 21666: 20724: 20475: 19946: 19772: 19136: 18677: 18667: 18434: 18282: 18149: 18127: 18060: 17864: 17770: 16988: 16628: 16480: 16420: 15838: 15650: 15209: 15189: 15098: 15078: 14936: 14699: 14676: 14656: 13753: 11785: 11558: 11459: 11169: 10669: 10542:

A View of the Silver Coin and Coinage of England from the Norman Conquest to the Present Time

10221: 9826: 7451: 7361: 7346: 7181: 7045: 7005: 6933: 6901: 6803: 6718: 6577:. The initial amount stated to be created through this method was £75 billion, although 6483: 6432: 6428: 6295: 6114: 6021: 5715: 5525: 5462: 4911: 4853: 4820: 4685: 4267: 4240: 4203: 4159: 3664: 3609: 3528: 3445: 2958: 2838: 2426: 2342: 1787: 16842: 16786: 16691: 11419: 7089:

coins were issued seven years later. In 1947, the remaining silver coins were replaced with

5410: 4562: 3507:

code "GBP" (e.g., GBP 12,000) may also be seen should disambiguation become necessary.

22281: 22222: 22187: 22075: 22048: 21559: 20779: 20729: 20644: 20428: 20301: 20120: 19965: 18657: 18650: 18305: 18242: 18214: 18189: 18184: 18159: 18117: 17919: 17874: 17869: 17698: 17182: 17081: 16822: 16701: 16594: 16389: 16206: 16068: 15933: 15438: 15234: 15224: 15219: 15131: 15108: 14613: 13961: 13395:"Exchange Rates Today: British Pound Slumps Vs Euro, Dollar As UK Services Hits Record Low" 11665: 11227: 8661: 7324: 6921: 6891: 6780: 6749: 6723: 6661: 6614: 6447: 6322: 6191: 6167: 6159: 5936: 5928: 5887:

to just .500 fine. That was due to a drastic increase in silver prices from an average 27/6

5844: 5808: 5449: 5281: 5167: 5114: 5086: 5074: 4969: 4877: 4207: 3459: 3255:

was the origin of its definition, manufacture, and name: the German name for the Baltic is

3210: 3124: 3108: 2182: 2172: 1908: 1713: 1708: 667: 409: 31: 20064: 16676: 14389:

The international role of the pound sterling: Its benefits and costs to the United Kingdom

14298: 14074: 13569: 10564: 5851:

on International Coinage examined the issues, resulting in a decision against joining it.

4869:

Pennies reduced further to 18 gr (1.2 g; 0.038 ozt) of sterling silver (or

8: 22358: 22276: 22254: 22249: 22232: 22227: 22205: 22095: 22053: 20739: 20614: 20604: 20599: 19885: 18277: 18232: 18224: 18169: 18077: 18012: 17703: 17526: 16936: 16450: 16138: 15922: 15751: 15367: 15351: 15261: 15239: 15229: 15038: 15028: 15018: 14836: 14818: 12998: 7889: 6548: 6540: 6443: 6054: 5700: 5663:. Several colonies and dominions adopted the pound as their own currency. These included 5599: 5458: 4915: 4761: 4672: 4642: 3748: 2568: 2375: 2145: 2084: 1989: 1984: 1945: 1894: 682: 569: 513: 17: 16527: 15564: 15174: 12813:. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 290. 12786:. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 214. 11599: 11452: 5045:(480 grains, 31.1035 g) of sterling silver. It was approximately on a par with France's 3569:. Since decimalisation these have mostly fallen out of use except as parts of proverbs. 3381: 22353: 22309: 22090: 22068: 22063: 22031: 21943: 21116: 20810: 20754: 20694: 20674: 20649: 20634: 20294: 19557: 19505: 18353: 18343: 18310: 18209: 18179: 18072: 18047: 18007: 17287: 17035: 16931: 16738: 16681: 16083: 16077: 16043: 15938: 15662: 15484: 15146: 15113: 15088: 15073: 15068: 15043: 15033: 15023: 14941: 14547: 14337:

The political pound: British investment overseas and exchange controls past—and future?

14157: 12957: 12590: 12192: 12023: 11918: 11910: 9812: 9652: 7915: 7873: 7549: 6657: 6420: 6355: 6267: 5872: 5868: 5630: 5618: 5595: 5501: 4824: 4163: 3660: 3605: 3520: 3455: 2399: 2335: 2282: 2125: 1849: 1079: 878: 579: 474: 96: 17588: 13136: 11619:

which gives the fine silver content of a Stuiver as 3.4 × 0.479 or almost 1.63 g.

10169: 7123: 6442:

had pledged to hold a public referendum to decide on the adoption of the Euro should "

5875:

tried to make up for the deficit with a deflationary policy, but this only led to the

5638: 5454: 22368: 22314: 21916: 20629: 20609: 20495: 20438: 20321: 20085: 18122: 18092: 17536: 17511: 17496: 17223: 17153: 17143: 17108: 17045: 16993: 16921: 16858: 16812: 16696: 15911: 15847: 15658: 15646: 15634: 15569: 15103: 15053: 15048: 14931: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14781: 14524: 14499: 14484: 14481:

Rethinking Our Centralised Monetary System: The Case for a System of Local Currencies

14466: 14444: 14425: 14403: 14377: 14359: 14340: 14325: 14283: 14275: 14242:"Measuring Worth – Purchasing Power of Money in the United Kingdom from 1971 to 2009" 14208: 14198: 13056:"ECB welcomes ratification of agreement on orderly UK withdrawal from European Union" 12814: 12787: 12688: 12682: 12594: 12586: 12537: 12498: 12276: 12266: 11922: 11836: 11801: 11791: 11262: 10753: 10371:"History of the use of the single crossbar pound sign on Bank of England's banknotes" 10227: 10046: 10005: 9971: 9235: 7683: 7382: 6925: 6370: 6171: 6121: 6102: 5704: 5696: 5626: 2312: 1964: 1960: 1955: 818: 797: 771: 645: 14245: 11600:"The Vierlander, a precursor of the Euro. A first step towards monetary unification" 11578:

In 1427 a Mark (244.752 g) of silver was worth 8 livre tournois or 6.4 livre parisis

22363: 22346: 22341: 22324: 22304: 22110: 20963: 20714: 20619: 20579: 20490: 20480: 20403: 20227: 20178: 20173: 20168: 20100: 20080: 20008: 19720: 19145: 18907: 18348: 18297: 18107: 18087: 17562: 17501: 17450: 17172: 17115: 17076: 17030: 16978: 16973: 16963: 16686: 16415: 16342: 15943: 15891: 15574: 15554: 15549: 15418: 15322: 15250: 15093: 15063: 15058: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14841: 14539: 14516: 14465:. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. 14443:. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (6th ed.). Krause Publications. 12582: 12569: 11902: 10961:"Quid | Definition of Quid by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Quid" 10714: 9854: 9156: 8530: 8521: 8367:

around the world, and its value relative to other currencies therefore fluctuates.

7968:

The table shows that from 1971 to 2023, the buying power of a pound fell by 94.4%.

7611: 7509: 7471: 7176:

which were the same size as, equivalent in value to, and circulated alongside, the

6581: 6570: 6326: 6082: 6027:

Formal parliamentary proposals to decimalise sterling were first made in 1824 when

5848: 5812: 5664: 5634: 5568: 5529: 5505: 5120:

Prior to 1551, English coin denominations closely matched with corresponding sol (2

5046: 5025: 4941: 4783: 4307:. Here is a summary of changes to its value in terms of silver or gold until 1816. 3795: 3629: 3252: 3139: 3088: 2623: 2511: 2503: 2482: 2466: 2068: 2019: 1869: 1859: 837: 767: 116: 18635: 17438: 13267: 13208: 13107: 12889: 11317: 11282: 10540: 7918:

are set at a fixed 1:1 exchange rate with the British pound by local governments.

7145: 5053:, which also weighed 1 German ounce of silver or 29.232 g (0.9398 ozt). 22036: 21926: 21617: 21577: 20699: 20659: 20413: 20357: 20274: 20163: 19552: 19300: 19226: 19019: 18603: 18524: 17929: 17894: 17884: 17854: 17728: 17603: 17593: 17481: 17311: 17163: 17055: 16983: 16941: 16781: 16559: 16410: 16347: 16191: 16117: 16048: 16038: 16033: 16028: 15916: 15906: 15865: 15799: 15756: 15584: 15433: 14796: 14313: 13399:

Exchange Rates UK – Live Coverage of the British Pound & Other G10 Currencies

13238: 13143: 12343: 12198: 12094: 12083: 11706: 11581:

Hence one livre weighed 38.24 g and one sol at 1.912 g. Compare with 40

10839: 10434: 10403: 9073: 7938: 7911: 7695: 7679: 7664: 7632: 7628: 7525: 7502: 7497: 7141: 6905:, worth 20/–, followed in 1619. The first base metal coins were also introduced: 6652:

The inflation rate rose in following years, reaching 5.2% per year (based on the

6629: 6566: 6536: 6374: 6351: 6228: 6212: 6004:, with various widely understood notations. The same amount could be stated as 32 5860: 5836: 5784: 5748: 5744: 5731: 5660: 5607: 5578: 5564: 5466: 5070: 5004:. The reduction in the English penny approximately matched those with the French 4771: 4707: 4170:." – not from the first letter of "shilling", but from the Latin 3810: 3463: 3193: 3150: 3083: 2394: 2192: 1839: 1821: 1097: 728: 574: 439: 382: 131: 17633: 17455: 15327: 12399:. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. 19 November 1967. p. 1, sec. 1. 10462: 7627:

of the United Kingdom which has been delegated authority by the government, the

7053:

in 1887. In 1860, copper was replaced by bronze in the farthing (quarter penny,

4112:

This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.

3755: 21530: 21468: 21029: 20912: 20854: 20816: 20774: 20719: 20679: 20639: 20624: 20594: 20584: 20549: 20512: 20468: 20448: 20433: 20408: 20342: 20306: 20279: 20264: 20254: 20249: 20090: 19984: 19970: 19749: 19743: 19702: 19513: 18630: 18174: 17914: 17693: 17688: 17607: 17336: 17233: 17228: 17138: 17050: 17025: 16817: 16753: 16743: 16733: 16554: 16430: 16196: 16176: 16150: 16122: 16053: 15901: 15896: 15886: 15794: 15778: 15773: 15762: 15725: 15720: 15589: 15529: 15514: 15509: 14951: 14851: 14755: 13691: 13607: 13484: 12722:"GBP Forecast to See Support at 1.40 v US Dollar, But 1983 Lows a Step Too Far" 12203: 12199:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 11973: 11339: 11231: 11026:"Foreign and Commonwealth Office country profiles: British Antarctic Territory" 10874: 10107: 8414: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8379: 7893: 7885: 7587: 7094: 7074: 6997: 6646: 6574: 6467: 6106: 6097:), decimalisation in Britain was effectively quashed for over a hundred years. 5828: 5720: 5692: 5656: 5470: 5331: 5050: 4699: 4660: 4259: 4172: 3685: 3490: 3333: 3245: 3163: 3159: 3071: 2940: 2460: 2155: 2048: 2044: 888: 353: 14520: 7896:. Internationally they are considered local issues of sterling so do not have 7118: 4607: 4262:

onwards could be found in circulation. Silver coins were replaced by those in

3442:

for pound derives from medieval Latin documents: "L" was the abbreviation for

3287:). In 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection and land for their 50: 22436: 21705: 21266: 21164: 21154: 20953: 20948: 20784: 20769: 20522: 20507: 20502: 20485: 20463: 20443: 20418: 20393: 20337: 20003: 19960: 19778: 19591: 18507: 18287: 18065: 18017: 17997: 17909: 17567: 17521: 17506: 17491: 17465: 17423: 17331: 17272: 17218: 17133: 17009: 16765: 16671: 16405: 16296: 16236: 16186: 16181: 15959: 15870: 15579: 15524: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15337: 15296: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14846: 14682: 14212: 13510: 12674: 12486:

European Monetary Unification and the International Gold Standard (1865–1873)

11805: 9784: 9756: 9575: 9419: 8524:

around the world. As of 2020, it is ranked fourth in value held as reserves.

7603: 7078: 7050: 6424: 6347: 6315: 6179: 6110: 5978: 5820: 5792: 5780: 5765: 5756: 5708: 5684: 5676: 5650: 5548: 5482: 5461:

in 1686. The "Elephant and Castle" motif below his head is the symbol of the

4945: 4155: 3842: 3579: 3373: 3355: 939: 896: 814: 18534: 14592: 13025: 12280: 9916: 6928:, a number of siege coinages were produced, often in unusual denominations. 6707:(equal in value to 20 silver pennies) a rare example. However, in 1279, the 6512: 6350: 2.95. However, the country was forced to withdraw from the system on " 5061: 21572: 20943: 20848: 20764: 20749: 20654: 20589: 20564: 20559: 20527: 20458: 20453: 20367: 20362: 20347: 20316: 20311: 20284: 19979: 19518: 18625: 18272: 18144: 17611: 17572: 17552: 17516: 17460: 17433: 17428: 17361: 17356: 17346: 17277: 17158: 17040: 16968: 16791: 16748: 16580: 16545: 16384: 16352: 16227: 16023: 15746: 15638: 15594: 15559: 15544: 15539: 15519: 15332: 15317: 15301: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14287: 13542: 12919: 12753: 11833:

The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast

9798: 9497: 8871: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8420: 7949: 7881: 7747: 7743: 7687: 7671: 7624: 7564: 7541: 7488: 7404: 7400: 7166: 7131: 7090: 7001: 6737: 6709: 6409: 6311: 6291: 6040: 5932: 5800: 5796: 5752: 5588: 5540: 5533: 5228: 5183: 5016:

made the English groat (4-pence) mutually exchangeable with the Burgundian

4977: 4788: 4756:

The early pennies were struck from fine silver (as pure as was available).

4691: 4680: 4297: 4289: 4263: 3652: 3645: 3592: 3527:(in various styles) has been used to indicate sterling. Many stocks on the 3241: 3154: 3116: 2496: 2199: 1977: 904: 793: 376: 20881: 12835:

The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies Vol. LIV Supplement

11906: 11028:. British Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 25 March 2010. Archived from 7345:

was introduced, replacing the original size that had been the same as the

7334:

was introduced, replacing the original size that had been the same as the

6947:, 2 and 5 guinea coins. The silver coinage consisted of denominations of 1 5500:

for payment. Milled shillings of full weight were hoarded and exported to

4702:(757–796), who introduced a "sterling" coin made by physically dividing a 3317:

states that the (pre-Norman) Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had silver coins called

22058: 21988: 20759: 20709: 20684: 20669: 20574: 20517: 20398: 20383: 20352: 19989: 19406: 18316: 18164: 18139: 18132: 17953: 17780: 17622: 17366: 17351: 17282: 16707: 16663: 16601: 16487: 16245: 15534: 14959: 14911: 14906: 14729: 12638: 12515:

The Coins and Banknotes of Palestine Under the British Mandate, 1927–1947

12260: 12107:"The Central Bank of Barbados: Students' Centre – Money: Bits and Pieces" 10968: 9318: 7699: 7667:(red) and overseas territories (blue) using sterling or their local issue 7648: 7637: 7572: 7536: 7513: 7211: 7070: 6842: 6435:

the only territory under British sovereignty to officially use the euro.

6224: 6154: 6109:

from 1955 until 1960 (and continued on the island as the division of the

5995: 5954:

Economic history of the United Kingdom § 1945–1951: Age of Austerity

5688: 5611: 5584: 5042: 4775: 4703: 4646: 4147: 3689: 3656: 3617: 3451: 3389: 3222: 2385: 1844: 1001: 952: 873: 722: 639: 564: 12421:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 25 February 1824, vol 10, cc445–49

11914: 10348: 10325: 7407:

of copper has subsequently fallen dramatically from these earlier peaks.

6883:

to the English throne, a new gold coinage was introduced, including the

6196: 3215:

There are various theories regarding the origin of the word "sterling".

359: 20837: 20664: 20544: 20289: 19523: 17992: 17615: 17377: 17341: 17302: 17244: 17189: 16926: 16518: 16509: 16472: 16425: 15674: 14868: 14714: 14573: 14551: 12526:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HL, Deb 10 March 1966, vol 273, cc1211–16

12466:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 12 June 1855, vol 138, cc1867–909

12430:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 10 August 1833, vol 20, cc482–502

12262:

The lights that failed : European international history, 1919–1933

12132: 12027: 12010: 7877: 7644: 7501:

1797. The lowest two denominations were withdrawn after the end of the

7137: 6807: 6704: 6439: 6287: 5916: 5915:

Since the suspension of the gold standard in 1931, sterling has been a

5892: 5772: 5544: 5377: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5082: 4796: 4529: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4142:'s hat shows an example of the old pre-decimal notation: the hat costs 4139: 3467: 3423: 3367: 3231: 3185:

are the units of account. This is analogous to the distinction between

3079: 2477: 2262: 1827: 444: 137: 16571: 16014: 11261:(Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. p. 330. 7410:

In April 2008, an extensive redesign of the coinage was unveiled. The

6478:, on 31 January 2020, the Bank of England ended its membership of the 5768:

as the standard British gold coin without changing the gold standard.

5012:; furthermore, from 1469 to 1475 an agreement between England and the 3599: 926: 22336: 22244: 19940: 18971: 17879: 17322: 17298: 17177: 16878: 16359: 14724: 14666: 12930: 12475:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 23 July 1857, vol 147, cc304–29

12457:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 9 June 1853, vol 127, cc1352–59

12448:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 5 April 1853, vol 125, cc595–96

10807:"What does GBX mean when buying stocks on the London Stock Exchange?" 7945: 6885: 6811: 6638: 6604: 6505: 5966:

prompted several other currencies to be devalued against the dollar.

4611: 3651:

The other British Overseas Territories have a local currency that is

3637: 3546: 3292: 2471: 2089: 2004: 866: 414: 14543: 12439:

Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 27 April 1847, vol 92, cc13–23

6454:(2010–2015) ruled out joining the euro for that parliamentary term. 5352: 5099:

rd reduction in the bullion content of each pound sterling in 1551.

4504: 3221:

states that the "most plausible" etymology is a derivation from the

22197: 19602: 19458: 17408: 16957: 16457: 16442: 16327: 16167: 16090: 16060: 15980: 15811: 15705: 15010: 14671: 14582: 13987: 13611: 11515:

Fineness 23.875 karats = 191/192, coins in Nobles, Halves, Quarters

11344: 10490: 7897: 7702:

banknotes are legal tender only in their respective jurisdictions.

7188: 7149: 6880: 6753: 6373:

government handed over day-to-day control of interest rates to the

5884: 5854: 5668: 5572: 5504:, while clipped, hand-hammered shillings stayed in circulation (as 4811: 4655: 4634: 4285: 4186: 3516: 3504: 3496: 3475: 3426:

was still using this style of notation as late as 1939. The glyphs

3187: 3120: 3067: 3059: 2986: 2432: 2357: 2352: 1938: 77: 14394: 14041:"Man arrested for using £100 coin in Tesco wins £5,000 in damages" 9857: – other currencies with a "pound" unit of account. 7019:

In 1816, a new silver coinage was introduced in denominations of 6

6764:, equivalent to twelve pence) in 1487 and the pound (known as the 6450:(Maastricht criteria) before being allowed to adopt the euro. The 6266:(IMF) announced the conditions for a loan, including deep cuts in 4166:, making 240 pence to the pound. The symbol for the shilling was " 395: 22023: 20388: 18927: 17148: 16829: 16657: 16464: 16272: 16163: 16108: 16099: 16005: 14801: 14496:

Politics and the Pound: The Conservatives' Struggle with Sterling

12852: 11052:"Money - St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha travel advice" 10261:

The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society, Volumes 19–20

7560: 5816: 4949: 4650: 2968: 2438: 1780: 20224: 14182:

O'Donoghue, Jim; Goulding, Louise; Allen, Grahame (March 2004).

10027:) the chief monetary unit of the UK and several other countries. 9757:

World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves

7659: 6262:

set out to force domestic policy changes. In November 1976, the

3296: 3235: 3225: 22319: 20820: 17949: 17318: 17294: 17264: 16714: 10811: 8449: 7368: 7043:

coin issued only for colonial use after 1855. In 1848, the 2/–

6975:

and 1/– stopping production in the 1780s. In response, copper 1

6910: 6475: 5788: 4884:

pure gold) and valued at 6 shillings and 8 pence (80 pence, or

4664: 3668: 3613: 3531:

are quoted in penny sterling, using the unofficial code "GBX".

3288: 2873: 2073: 20864: 19712: 14605: 14350:

Barry Eichengreen (Editor), Michael D. Bordo (Editor) (1993).

13455:"British Pound (GBP) to US Dollar (USD) exchange rate history" 11700:

https://www.pressreader.com/uk/coin-collector/20210813/page/33

6358:

who suggested the pound would eventually have to be devalued.

6001: 5579:

Currency of Great Britain (1707) and the United Kingdom (1801)

4659:, the Roman equivalent of the penny; the shilling to "s" from 4630: 4120: 3471: 22296: 20843: 18662: 17240: 16263: 16218: 16154: 15856: 14791: 14567: 14123:"Can I use coinage from United Kingdom Overseas Territories?" 13722:"Security by Design – A closer look at Bank of England notes" 11616:

Stuiver weighs 3,4 g and has a fineness of 479/1000 silver...

10792: 7364: 6562: 6500: 5824: 5591:

to sterling at a value of £12 Scots = £1 sterling.

4845:

grains (1.312 g; 0.042 ozt) of sterling silver (or

3701:

in order to avoid confusion between the two units. A decimal

3479: 3462:. A "pound sterling" was literally a tower pound (weight) of 3434: 2999: 2012: 11752:"Coins of the Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain" 11453:"MONEY AND COINAGE IN LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN EUROPE" 11390:"Coins of the Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain" 10703:(The official list of ISO 4217 alphabetic and numeric codes) 10133:"Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves" 10132: 10060:: The name given to the currency of the United Kingdom (cf. 7575:; and the notes incorporate a total of 85 specialized inks. 7492:

Selection of current sterling banknotes printed by all banks

6204: 6120:

Later, in 1966, the UK Government decided to include in the

6000:

Until decimalisation, amounts in sterling were expressed in

5912:, and sterling suffered an initial devaluation of some 25%. 5902: 4280: 2879:

Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union

457: 20233: 17445: 17258: 16758: 16502: 16368: 16281: 16254: 16143: 15989: 15829: 15730: 14636: 14512:

The European Monetary System: Developments and Perspectives

14181: 12810:

Making a Modern Central Bank: The Bank of England 1979–2003

12050: 8764: 7545: 7461:

As of 2020, the oldest circulating coins in the UK are the

6665: 6517: 6471: 6251: 6146:. The word "new" was omitted from coins minted after 1981. 5680: 3422:

after them, was used in newspapers, books and letters. The

3112: 2930: 2363: 12016:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

12011:"Review of "Prices, Food and Wages in Scotland, 1550–1780" 4990:

th pound or 40 pence. The gold-silver ratio rose again to

3428: 3138:. As of late 2022, sterling is also the fourth most-held 427: 360:§ Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories 13485:"Exchange rates: Why has the value of the pound tumbled?" 13425:"British Pound (GBP) to Euro (EUR) exchange rate history" 13084:(Press release). European Central Bank. 30 January 2020. 13058:(Press release). European Central Bank. 30 January 2020. 12864:"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 2 Jul 1997 (Pt 21)" 12783:

An Exchange Rate History of the United Kingdom: 1945–1992

7266:) coin, which had continued in circulation at a value of 6906: 6459: 5927:

In 1940, an agreement with the US pegged sterling to the

5723:

became the most common coin within the English colonies.

2935: 14515:. Occasional Paper No. 73. International Monetary Fund. 12022:(4). North American Conference on British Studies: 724. 10528:

Barnum and Bailey share certificate (early 20th century)

10168:. Oxford University Press. December 2011. Archived from 7972:

Buying power of one pound compared to its value in 1971

7675:

is no obligation for the other party to provide change.

7283:

1982: The word "new" was dropped from the coinage and a

6294:. The high exchange rate was widely blamed for the deep 3721:

p, worth 1.2 old pennies) was issued until 1984 but was

1193:

Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions

12369:. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. p. E2. 11725:. Leibniz Information Centre for Economics. p. 8. 11259:

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England

7524:

With the extension of sterling to Ireland in 1825, the

6333: 6065:

in 1853, resulting in the Chancellor of the Exchequer,

5633:

restored Irish autonomy within the British Empire, the

5610:, the currency of Great Britain was sterling, with the 3272: 3256: 9964:

Hashimzade, Nigar; Myles, Gareth; Black, John (2017).

9850:

List of the largest trading partners of United Kingdom

6452:

Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government

4637:, a shilling into twelve pence, and a penny into four 3325:

was derived from a pound (weight) of these sterlings.

13336:"Bank 'prints' £75bn and cuts interest rates in half" 12570:"INFLATION ECONOMICS: THE HEATH–BARBER BOOM, 1972–74" 11698:

whose silver content was 0.3 gram or only 0.4 penny.

11000:"British Antarctic Territory Currency Ordinance 1990" 7615:

20 February 2020, followed by a polymer £50 in 2021.

6539:

announced that it would pump £75 billion of new

5614:

soon being replaced by sterling at the pegged value.

4296:

The pound sterling emerged after the adoption of the

3519:

currency code for sterling is "GBP", formed from the

3398: 1183:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

13368:"Bank of England, Asset Purchase Facility – Results" 13157:"GBPUSD=X: Basic Chart for GBP/USD – Yahoo! Finance" 12309:

The pound sterling : A history of English money

11634:"Burgundian Double Patards In Late Medieval England" 10223:

Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne

9963: 9774: 6427:

to the euro, the British sovereign bases on Cyprus (

6377:(a policy that had originally been advocated by the 4894:

rd of a pound). The pure gold-silver ratio was thus

22010: 10833:Barrett, Claer; Aglionby, John (12 November 2014). 7654: 6496:

Economy of the United Kingdom § Exchange rates

6061:, raised the issue of full decimalisation again in 5859:The gold standard was suspended at the outbreak of 5558: 3600:

Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories

3438:may occasionally be encountered. Use of the letter 14418:The Financial System in Nineteenth-Century Britain 13334: 12961: 12923: 12568: 12009: 11592: 5735:"Shield reverse" sovereign of Queen Victoria, 1842 4622:. By the ninth century it was equal to 240 silver 4243:(21s, 21/–, £1–1–0 or £1.05 in decimal notation). 3408: 3240:, to yield "little star". The reference is to the 1172:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies 18641:Glasgow International Financial Services District 17663: 14652:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union 12925:"Puritanism comes too naturally for 'Huck' Brown" 10906:'Research Guidance' Weights and Measures § Money" 10420:("£1 1st Series Treasury Issue" to "£5 Series B") 7647:, an independent enterprise (wholly owned by the 7391:2007: By now the value of copper in the pre-1992 6752:saw the introduction of two important coins: the 5571:a year later. The Bank of England began to issue 3271:) and from this the Baltic merchants were called 3248:in the twelfth century, which bore a small star. 1763:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom 22434: 14370:Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 14368:Milton Friedman, Anna Jacobson Schwartz (1971). 12643:"Brutal Realism and the Promise of Better Times" 11627: 11625: 10721:. International Organisation for Standardisation 10491:His Majesty's Stationery Office (10 July 1939). 7035:coin was reintroduced in 1836, followed by the 3 5855:First world war: suspension of the gold standard 5843:in Paris, the possibility of the UK joining the 5103:price from 40 pence to 60 pence (5 shillings or 5069:The last significant depreciation in sterling's 14274:. Bank of America/Meckler Mecklermedia (1990). 14039:Paton, Ryan; Parkman, Chloe (29 October 2021). 13536:Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (12 November 2013). 13301:"ECB, Bank of England cut rates to record lows" 12226:"The Interest Burden of Inter-Government Debts" 10832: 10538: 10156: 10154: 9882: 9880: 6338:On 8 October 1990 the Conservative government ( 4823:, the introduction of gold coins received from 3674: 3119:. Together with those three currencies and the 19018: 16326: 12673: 12488:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) p. 144 11195: 11193: 11191: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11151: 10936:"Why is it called a quid? History of the Quid" 10394: 10392: 10285: 10283: 7651:) which also mints coins for other countries. 6879:Following the succession of the Scottish King 6364: 6301: 6132:. For example, a price tag of £1/12/6. became 5777:her 1889–1890 trip around the world in 72 days 4311:Value of £1 sterling in grams and troy ounces 1188:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 20897: 20210: 20184:List of people on coins of the United Kingdom 19618: 18987: 17649: 17393: 16894: 16312: 15690: 14621: 14597: 14395:Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). 14125:. royalmint.com. 11 July 2014. Archived from 13592: 13562: 12963:"Euro reaches field that is for ever England" 12393:"British devalue pound, ask $ 1 million loan" 11892: 11690:One problem cited was the importation of the 11622: 10532: 10042:The Handbook of International Financial Terms 8549: 6937:was introduced in 1663, soon followed by the 6735:and worth 10/– (i.e. 2 to the pound) and the 4948:was valued close to 40 pence while the Dutch 3665:Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3577: 3380:, which (depending on typeface) may be drawn 3197:when discussing the official currency of the 3177:is the name of the currency as a whole while 3036: 16804:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 15972:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 14457: 14435: 14038: 13535: 13137:FXGraph: Graphical Display of Currency Rates 12185: 11777: 10712: 10493:"Royal Mint Annual Report 1938 Volume No.69" 10460: 10151: 9877: 7496:The first sterling notes were issued by the 7049:was introduced, followed by the short-lived 6470:, the United Kingdom could have adopted the 6463:nation but Denmark must eventually sign up. 6314:, decided that sterling should "shadow" the 5895:in the period between 1894 and 1913, to 89/6 5077:. Enforcement of monetary standards amongst 4698:The origins of sterling lie in the reign of 4603:History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066) 3642:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 3634:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3074:and nine of its associated territories. The 2594:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 2521:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2490:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 20911: 14150:Inflation: the value of the pound 1750–2005 13835: 13833: 13831: 13634:"Notes recently withdrawn from circulation" 13511:"Pound hits record low after tax cut plans" 12684:Goodbye, Great Britain: The 1976 IMF Crisis 12305: 12131: 11188: 11148: 10752:. London: Spiramus Press Ltd. p. 838. 10389: 10280: 7948:has had a dramatic effect during and after 5623:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 4940:th pound, 40 pence) was worth close to one 3585: 3572:A common slang term for the pound unit is " 3549:is referred to as "cable" in the wholesale 3483: 3443: 3416:) placed before the numerals, or an italic 3349: 3343: 3337: 1198:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions 22488:Currencies of British Overseas Territories 20904: 20890: 20217: 20203: 19625: 19611: 18994: 18980: 17656: 17642: 17400: 17386: 16901: 16887: 16319: 16305: 15697: 15683: 15616:European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism 14628: 14614: 14006: 12956: 12609:"The Cabinet Papers – Global oil shortage" 12356: 12354: 12352: 11744: 11602:. Museum of the National Bank of Belgium. 11479:240–243 pennies minted from a Tower Pound. 11382: 10226:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. 10038: 9995: 9993: 9835:Commonwealth banknote-issuing institutions 8556: 8542: 8363:Sterling is freely bought and sold on the 7578:The Bank of England produces notes named " 7563:. Three printing techniques are involved: 7512:began issuing notes in 1695. Although the 6741:introduced at the noble's old value of 6/8 5536:, thus discouraging the melting of coins. 5128:) denominations in the Continent, namely: 3545:The exchange rate of sterling against the 3043: 3029: 2141:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties 2079:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales 30:"GBP" redirects here. For other uses, see 22538:Currencies with multiple banknote issuers 22498:Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations 20555:Japanese government-issued Oceanian pound 14509:Horst Ungerer, Jouko J. Hauvonen (1990). 14014:"Foreign travel advice: Falkland Islands" 13784:"Scottish and Northern Ireland banknotes" 13328: 13326: 12749:"Sometimes it can pay to break the rules" 12195:inflation figures are based on data from 11783: 11256: 9868: 8529:Currency composition of official foreign 7694:, which was repealed on 1 January 1946.) 7682:notes are legal tender for any amount in 6806:'s reign (1509–1547) saw a high level of 5942: 5903:Interwar period: gold standard reinstated 5841:International Monetary Conference of 1867 5437:Learn how and when to remove this message 4653:. The penny was abbreviated to "d", from 4589:Learn how and when to remove this message 1517:European Parliament elections (1979–2019) 17407: 15704: 13902:"Can I spend Scottish money in England?" 13828: 13658: 13359: 13295: 13293: 12918: 12535: 11830: 11489: 11487: 11444: 11417: 11066:"1984: Halfpenny coin to meet its maker" 10929: 10927: 10835:"Traders' forex chatroom banter exposed" 10567:. The Dozenal Society of Great Britain. 10125: 10064:). Also called pound sterling or pounds. 10000:Barber, Katherine, ed. (2004). "Pound". 7658: 7487: 7450:coins were changed from cupro-nickel to 6727:worth six shillings and eight pence (6/8 6603: 6599: 6511: 6499: 6489: 6438:The government of former Prime Minister 6246:economic reforms were put in place. The 6203: 6195: 6153: 5939:which governed post-war exchange rates. 5730: 5448: 5060: 4810: 4747: 4606: 4279: 4134: 17950:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union 17890:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914 17558:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark 13262: 13260: 12713: 12385: 12349: 12258: 12125: 12040: 11966: 11315: 10363: 10220:Huffman, Joseph P. (13 November 2003). 10219: 10075: 10004:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 9990: 9970:(5 ed.). Oxford University Press. 7470:their face value, so they tended to be 6185: 6174:from August 1971 onwards. At first, it 5641:, initially pegged at par to sterling. 5113:pound) and was henceforth known as the 14: 22435: 19001: 16908: 14402:(18th ed.). Krause Publications. 13689: 13365: 13332: 13323: 13183:"ECB ratings: Pound sterling in Euros" 12870:from the original on 22 September 2017 12746: 12719: 12637: 12566: 12536:Casciani, Dominic (29 December 2006). 11855: 11106:from the original on 21 September 2021 10933: 10643:from the original on 14 September 2021 10469:from the original on 23 September 2019 10076:Rendall, Alasdair (12 November 2007). 10069: 10039:Moles, Peter; Terry, Nicholas (1999). 9999: 7320:p coin was withdrawn from circulation. 7085:coin was introduced; the last silver 3 6149: 5986:to £1 = US$ 2.40 on 18 November 1967. 4781:The introduction of the larger French 4679:); and the pound to "L" (subsequently 2564:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 519: 22009: 20885: 20198: 19606: 18975: 17637: 17381: 16882: 16300: 15678: 15611:European Financial Stability Facility 14802:Euro interbank offered rate (Euribor) 14609: 14596: 14461:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money 14439:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money 14222:from the original on 22 February 2014 14184:"Consumer Price Inflation since 1750" 13702:from the original on 16 February 2014 13661:"The inkjet counterfeiter (Wired UK)" 13374:from the original on 16 February 2013 13290: 13219:from the original on 3 September 2017 13118:from the original on 26 February 2009 13036:from the original on 3 September 2017 12900:from the original on 15 December 2007 12837:, University of Manchester, pp. 1–22. 12806: 12761:from the original on 27 February 2013 12655:from the original on 22 February 2014 12548:from the original on 3 September 2017 12360: 12196: 11717: 11484: 11428:from the original on 4 September 2021 11076:from the original on 18 February 2015 10924: 10847:from the original on 18 February 2022 10743: 10737: 10663:"Style guide for authors and editors" 10571:from the original on 12 November 2020 7239:(2p) coins and the withdrawal of the 5567:was founded in 1694, followed by the 5194: 4774:, the alloy is harder than the 99.9% 4273: 3295:, which by the 1340s was also called 2909:United Kingdom and the United Nations 2554:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 22483:Currencies of the Crown Dependencies 19632: 18956: 18673:London Platinum and Palladium Market 15003:Coins by country with minting rights 14147: 14051:from the original on 31 October 2021 13912:from the original on 21 October 2014 13899: 13465:from the original on 24 October 2016 13435:from the original on 24 October 2016 13392: 13311:from the original on 18 January 2018 13257: 13245:from the original on 2 February 2011 13241:. Oanda Corporation. 16 April 2011. 12779: 12728:from the original on 6 February 2015 12701:from the original on 17 October 2015 12619:from the original on 3 February 2011 12173:from the original on 4 November 2007 12147:from the original on 21 January 2021 12141:Around the World in Seventy-Two Days 12109:. Centralbank.org.bb. Archived from 12075:The relevant enabling acts were the 11935: 11672:from the original on 11 January 2022 11646:from the original on 7 November 2021 11631: 11556: 11505:from the original on 20 October 2020 11347:were merely useful units of account. 11200:Shaw, William Arthur (13 May 1896). 11199: 11168:Shaw, William Arthur (13 May 1896). 11167: 10463:"Diary of Samuel Pepys/1660/January" 10441:from the original on 4 December 2019 10410:from the original on 15 January 2019 10301:from the original on 3 December 2013 10032: 8010: Equivalent buying power 8004: Equivalent buying power 7998: Equivalent buying power 7992: Equivalent buying power 7986: Equivalent buying power 7980: Equivalent buying power 7962:p, worth about 6.4p in 2015 prices. 7867: 7593: 7472:removed from circulation and hoarded 6682: 6558:suggested it was not an experiment. 6486:were reallocated to other EU banks. 6334:Following the European Currency Unit 5644: 5375:adding citations to reliable sources 5346: 4963: 4815:Edward III noble (80 pence), 1354–55 4527:adding citations to reliable sources 4498: 2629:British National (Overseas) passport 2574:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute 2536:British Overseas Territories citizen 2030:2011 referendum on law-making powers 1926:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly 20154:List of British banknotes and coins 15997:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 15185:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 13994:from the original on 10 August 2018 13988:"100 Falkland Island Pounds to GBP" 13932:"Currency used in Northern Ireland" 13692:"Britain's £1m and £100m banknotes" 13671:from the original on 12 August 2014 13108:"Pound reaches 26-year dollar high" 12890:"Rate hike fear as inflation jumps" 12747:Keegan, William (26 October 2003). 12538:"Crisis threatened nuclear weapons" 12517:(Jefferson: McFarland, 2001) p. 26f 12287:from the original on 6 October 2021 12265:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11867:. British Numismatic Society: 393. 11772:3d, 6d, 2/6, 5/- issued since 1551. 10904:Manuscripts and Special Collections 10894: 10882:from the original on 5 January 2022 10766:from the original on 17 August 2022 10499:from the original on 17 August 2022 10268:from the original on 7 January 2017 10240:from the original on 7 January 2017 6794:) and two shillings and six pence ( 6590:2016 UK referendum on EU membership 5655:Sterling circulated in much of the 4974:Great Slump of the mid-15th century 4806: 4618:The pound was a unit of account in 4131:List of British banknotes and coins 3401: 1623:Northern Ireland Assembly elections 688:Republicanism in the United Kingdom 24: 19457: 15414:European Monetary Cooperation Fund 14812:European payments initiative (EPI) 14264: 14148:Webb, Dominic (13 February 2006). 13968:from the original on 24 March 2014 13962:"Foreign travel advice: Gibraltar" 13816:from the original on 14 March 2010 13580:from the original on 15 March 2017 13189:from the original on 1 August 2013 13026:"Most Britons 'still oppose euro'" 13006:from the original on 24 March 2014 12403:from the original on 15 April 2021 12373:from the original on 15 April 2021 12306:Feavearyear, Albert Edgar (1963). 12240:from the original on 15 April 2021 12143:. The Pictorial Weeklies Company. 12007: 11947:. British Numismatic Society: 98. 11784:Pettigrew, William Andrew (2013). 11762:from the original on 21 April 2021 11396:from the original on 21 April 2021 11006:from the original on 12 April 2021 10912:from the original on 12 March 2014 10377:from the original on 25 March 2022 10346: 10323: 10197:. Sterling Judaica. Archived from 9919:. Bank of England. 31 October 2022 9886:Scotland and Northern Ireland only 7618: 7073:, production of the sovereign and 6810:which continued into the reign of 6641:falling below the 2% target rate. 5469:, who in turn sourced it from the 3679: 3454:(weight), which in time became an 3376:for the pound unit of sterling is 25: 22549: 18903:Confederation of British Industry 18098:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes 17761:Department for Business and Trade 17756:Competition and Markets Authority 14559: 14538:. Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 1478-1485. 14420:. The Victorian Archives Series. 14099:. Bank of England. Archived from 14020:from the original on 14 June 2014 13851:from the original on 9 April 2014 13764:from the original on 24 July 2019 13727:. Bank of England. Archived from 13690:Bowlby, Chris (26 January 2013). 13636:. Bank of England. Archived from 13347:from the original on 3 March 2014 13278:from the original on 6 March 2009 13268:"Bank to pump £75bn into economy" 13209:"Pound hits new low against euro" 13062:from the original on 11 July 2020 12974:from the original on 3 March 2014 12938:from the original on 3 March 2014 12860:. 2 July 1997. col. 303–303. 12363:"How the British pound plummeted" 12167:"Investment - World Gold Council" 11469:from the original on 6 April 2021 11450: 11328:from the original on 21 July 2021 11293:from the original on 16 June 2008 10934:Crispe, Stuart (30 August 2023). 10679:from the original on 26 June 2021 10598:International Labour Organization 10359:from the original on 25 May 2022. 10336:from the original on 2 June 2022. 9895:£50 in 1966 is about £1176 today. 6258:(EEC), and in light of this, the 6250:feared the crisis could endanger 5989: 5807:(or equivalent currencies of the 5775:carried Bank of England notes on 5714:The original English colonies on 5273:, replacing the groat; and a new 4905: 4743: 4146:6 (ten shillings and sixpence, a 1808:Greater London Authority Act 1999 22493:Currencies of the British Empire 22478:Currencies of the United Kingdom 18955: 18946: 18945: 17798:Office for Budget Responsibility 16495:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15657: 15645: 15633: 14807:Single euro payments area (SEPA) 14710:European System of Central Banks 14234: 14175: 14141: 14115: 14089: 14063: 14032: 13980: 13954: 13942:from the original on 5 July 2018 13924: 13900:King, Mark (12 September 2012). 13893: 13881:from the original on 6 July 2018 13863: 13802: 13776: 13746: 13714: 13683: 13652: 13626: 13550:from the original on 17 May 2017 13529: 13503: 13477: 13447: 13417: 13405:from the original on 7 July 2016 13386: 13231: 13201: 13175: 13149: 13130: 13100: 13088:from the original on 4 June 2020 13074: 13048: 13018: 12986: 12950: 12912: 12882: 12840: 12827: 12800: 12773: 12740: 12667: 12631: 12601: 12587:10.1111/j.1468-0270.2010.02028.x 12336:A History of the Canadian Dollar 12057:from the original on 12 May 2021 11954:from the original on 12 May 2021 11874:from the original on 11 May 2021 11858:"The Gold Coinage of Charles II" 11812:from the original on 6 June 2022 11732:from the original on 12 May 2021 11606:from the original on 12 May 2021 11568:from the original on 12 May 2021 11538:from the original on 12 May 2021 11370:from the original on 12 May 2021 11316:Lowther, Ed (14 February 2014). 11238:from the original on 9 July 2021 11208:from the original on 12 May 2021 11176:from the original on 12 May 2021 10607:from the original on 17 May 2022 9819: 9805: 9791: 9777: 8358: 7655:Legal tender and national issues 7371:coins continued in circulation). 7122: 7117: 7101: 7077:was suspended, and although the 6504:The cost of £1 sterling in 6480:European System of Central Banks 6423:switching its currency from the 6344:European Exchange Rate Mechanism 6158:The cost of 1 pound sterling in 5958:Anglo-American loan § Terms 5947: 5871:and Chancellor of the Exchequer 5726: 5559:Establishment of modern currency 5351: 5265:, replacing the half-groat; the 5089:which resulted in a significant 4896:1:(80 × 15.73 / 119.38) = 1:10.5 4752:Penny of Henry III, 13th century 4503: 4176:. The symbol for the penny was " 4158:, the pound was divided into 20 3754: 3747: 3510: 3211:Sterling silver § Etymology 2998: 2985: 2967: 2952: 1023: 925: 895: 865: 745: 715: 644: 619: 546: 56: 49: 22012:Countries of the United Kingdom 21112:Countries of the United Kingdom 17734:Governor of the Bank of England 14635: 14398:Standard Catalog of World Coins 14295:"Bank of England Banknotes FAQ" 13790:from the original on 3 May 2019 13163:from the original on 5 May 2010 12994:"Should Britain join the euro?" 12853:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 12560: 12529: 12520: 12507: 12491: 12478: 12469: 12460: 12451: 12442: 12433: 12424: 12415: 12361:Nevin, Louis (3 October 1976). 12328: 12316: 12299: 12252: 12218: 12159: 12099: 12069: 12034: 12001: 11987: 11929: 11886: 11849: 11824: 11790:. UNC Press Books. p. 11. 11711: 11684: 11668:. Portable Antiquities Scheme. 11658: 11550: 11520: 11411: 11352: 11309: 11275: 11250: 11220: 11118: 11088: 11058: 11044: 11018: 10992: 10983: 10953: 10862: 10826: 10799: 10778: 10706: 10691: 10655: 10619: 10583: 10557: 10520: 10484: 10461:Samuel Pepys (2 January 1660). 10453: 10423: 10340: 10317: 10252: 10213: 10187: 10108:"Triennial Central Bank Survey" 10088:from the original on 3 May 2008 9889: 7759:Maximum usable as legal tender 7602:, issued by Northern Ireland's 7484:Banknotes of the pound sterling 7016:and 3/– between 1811 and 1816. 6920:coins followed in the reign of 6095:Governor of the Bank of England 5922: 5617:In 1801, Great Britain and the 5478:fixed at 21 shillings in 1717. 5362:needs additional citations for 5342: 5081:was loose, spending under King 4882:120gr @ 0.9948 fine = 119.38 gr 4858:108gr @ 0.9948 fine = 107.44 gr 4847:20.25gr @ 0.925 fine = 18.73 gr 4671:, later evolving into a simple 4514:needs additional citations for 3409:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}} 3160:guarantee convertibility at par 2914:United Nations Security Council 602:Other constitutional principles 21107:Counties of the United Kingdom 18913:Federation of Small Businesses 17089:British Indian Ocean Territory 17068:British Indian Ocean Territory 14195:Office for National Statistics 14097:"Other British Islands' Notes" 13574:Office for National Statistics 12720:Samson, Rob (5 January 2015). 11318:"A short history of the pound" 10565:"A brief history of the pound" 10100: 9957: 9943:Office for National Statistics 9931: 9909: 5065:Crown (5/–) of Edward VI, 1551 5056: 4980:of 40 grains (2.578 g), worth 4928:French monetary reform of 1425 4494: 3728: 3556: 3466:. In the British pre-decimal ( 3458:unit of weight defined as the 3348:is a noun meaning 'pound' and 3251:Another theory holds that the 2450:British Indian Ocean Territory 1995:Act of the Scottish Parliament 1793:English votes for English laws 1773:Council of Nations and Regions 540:Politics of the United Kingdom 490:Office for National Statistics 27:Currency of the United Kingdom 13: 1: 22443:Currencies with ISO 4217 code 20794:Historical antecedents (mass) 19587:Economy of the United Kingdom 18683:Alternative Investment Market 18663:London Interbank Offered Rate 18619:List of UK building societies 17665:Economy of the United Kingdom 16565:Netherlands Antillean guilder 14787:Economy of the European Union 13570:"Inflation and price indices" 13333:Duncan, Gary (6 March 2009). 11936:MAYS, JAMES O'DONALD (1978). 11557:Shaw, William Arthur (1896). 10965:Lexico Dictionaries | English 9939:"Inflation and price indices" 9902: 8533:(1965–2023, fourth quarters) 7187:1969: The curved equilateral 6547:, through a process known as 4301: 4246:By the 1950s, coins of Kings 3218:The Oxford English Dictionary 2569:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute 2000:Scottish statutory instrument 1575:Scottish Parliament elections 1061:Justices of the Supreme Court 334:; 1224 years ago 329: 21879:Universal basic income (UBI) 20705:Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound 19534:British Overseas Territories 18898:British Chambers of Commerce 18893:British Bankers' Association 14917:2 € commemorative coins 14751:European Stability Mechanism 14339:. Henderson Administration. 14318:The Perspective of the World 13366:Meaden, Sam (6 April 2013). 11831:Edgerton, Robert B. (2010). 10786:"CHAPS ISO 20022 over SWIFT" 9861: 9845:List of currencies in Europe 7904:British Overseas Territories 7477: 7360:coins began to be minted in 7347:florin or two shilling coins 7165:were introduced. These were 6431:) followed suit, making the 6419:On 1 January 2008, with the 6273: 6231:were still being felt, with 6223:. The effects of the failed 6002:pounds, shillings, and pence 5741:American War of Independence 5485:was introduced in 1663 with 4942:Livre Parisis (French pound) 4162:, and each shilling into 12 3675:Subdivisions and other units 3622:British Overseas Territories 3470:) currency system, the term 3204: 2834:politics of Northern Ireland 2036:Government of Wales Act 1998 1168:UK Parliament constituencies 7: 22528:Currencies of South America 22513:Currencies of the Caribbean 22508:Currencies of North America 21884:Water supply and sanitation 21583:Weapons of mass destruction 21568:His Majesty's Naval Service 20860:Carolingian monetary system 17786:Chancellor of the Exchequer 17766:Financial Conduct Authority 16202:São Tomé and Príncipe dobra 15424:European Monetary Institute 14356:University of Chicago Press 14322:Civilisation and Capitalism 12041:Pulling, Alexander (1904). 11938:"SILVER TOKENS AND BRISTOL" 11458:. Department of Economics, 10715:"ISO 4217 - Currency Codes" 10353:Online Etymology Dictionary 10330:Online Etymology Dictionary 10137:International Monetary Fund 9770: 9761:International Monetary Fund 7692:Currency (Defence) Act 1939 7434:coins feature parts of the 6678:Coins of the pound sterling 6579:Chancellor of the Exchequer 6476:UK's withdrawal from the EU 6414:Chancellor of the Exchequer 6404:United Kingdom and the euro 6387:Chancellor of the Exchequer 6369:In 1997, the newly elected 6365:Following inflation targets 6308:Chancellor of the Exchequer 6302:Following the Deutsche Mark 6264:International Monetary Fund 6256:European Economic Community 5457:minted during the reign of 5041:th pound sterling made one 4960:persisted up to the 1560s. 4831:English pennies reduced to 4298:Carolingian monetary system 4127:Coins of the pound sterling 3626:British Antarctic Territory 3321:and that the compound noun 2444:British Antarctic Territory 1768:Legislative consent motions 910:The Lord McFall of Alcluith 10: 22554: 21979:Stereotypes of the British 20690:Prince Edward Island pound 20424:British West African pound 20331:Local alternative currency 20159:List of British currencies 18933:UK Payments Administration 17885:New Imperialism 1830s–1945 17709:Government-owned companies 16590:Trinidad and Tobago dollar 15278:Other extant EU currencies 15124:Monetary agreement with EU 14374:Princeton University Press 13936:www.discoveringireland.com 13875:www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk 13600:"The new 12-sided £1 coin" 12323:The Board of Trade Journal 12169:. Gold.org. 26 July 2011. 11945:British Numismatic Journal 11865:British Numismatic Journal 11364:www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk 10902:"University of Nottingham 10746:"Section 2: Abbreviations" 10078:"Economic terms explained" 10002:Canadian Oxford Dictionary 9840:List of British currencies 9754: 8515: 8373:Current GBP exchange rates 7481: 7182:florin (two shilling coin) 7157:British coinage timeline: 6687:The silver penny (plural: 6675: 6530:2007–2008 financial crisis 6493: 6401: 6189: 6166:With the breakdown of the 5993: 5951: 5648: 5514:British East India Company 4871:18 @ 0.925 fine = 15.73 gr 4600: 4124: 4118: 3723:withdrawn due to inflation 3538: 3365: 3230:for "star" with the added 3208: 3199:People's Republic of China 3086:of sterling, and the word 2884:UK–EU withdrawal agreement 29: 22394: 22295: 22196: 22144:First Minister and deputy 22109: 22022: 22018: 22005: 22001: 21902: 21742: 21733: 21691: 21608: 21599: 21558: 21499: 21368: 21364: 21355: 21217: 21145: 21097: 21093: 21084: 21017: 20929: 20920: 20830: 20793: 20533:Italian East African lira 20376: 20330: 20242: 20133: 20073: 20032: 19711: 19640: 19566: 19539:(at parity with sterling) 19532: 19504: 19447: 19405: 19371: 19350: 19346: 19339:Danske Bank/Northern Bank 19337: 19299: 19289: 19265: 19234: 19225: 19182: 19144: 19135: 19101: 19060: 19027: 19009: 18941: 18876: 18693: 18592: 18457: 18450: 18366: 18296: 18223: 18198: 18046: 18035: 18008:National champions policy 18003:Recessions and recoveries 17980: 17920:1979 Winter of Discontent 17855:1659–1849 Navigation Acts 17847: 17838: 17830:UK Trade & Investment 17739:Monetary Policy Committee 17717: 17671: 17581: 17545: 17474: 17416: 17211: 17101: 17018: 17002: 16950: 16914: 16851: 16726: 16650: 16398: 16376:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 16335: 16131: 15952: 15879: 15805:Central African CFA franc 15787: 15713: 15628: 15603: 15472: 15452: 15359: 15350: 15310: 15286: 15275: 15251:Countries and territories 15248: 15198: 15180:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 15159: 15122: 15009: 15002: 14950: 14922:Other commemorative coins 14867: 14860: 14827: 14774: 14746:Stability and Growth Pact 14738: 14692: 14644: 14603: 14598:Links to related articles 14536:Southern Economic Journal 14521:10.5089/9781557751720.084 14479:Lewis D. Solomon (1996). 13841:"Legal Tender Guidelines" 13538:"UK inflation since 1948" 13185:. European Central Bank. 12687:. Yale University Press. 12236:: 342. 2 September 1922. 11418:Snelling, Thomas (1763). 11216:– via Google Books. 11184:– via Google Books. 10634:World Health Organization 10545:. T. Snelling. p. ii 9967:A Dictionary of Economics 8372: 7765:£100 (produced from 2015) 7307:p coin was last produced. 7116: 7108: 6841:and 5/–. In the reign of 6282:was elected to office in 5964:1949 sterling devaluation 5606:. In accordance with the 5594:In 1707, the kingdoms of 5079:its constituent provinces 4921:40 × 0.899 / 3.481 = 10.3 4451: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4110: 4041: 4003: 3977: 3968: 3953: 3937: 3930: 3917: 3904: 3897: 3876: 3855: 3848: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3809: 3801: 3791: 3786: 3742: 3361: 2959:United Kingdom portal 2849:Northern Ireland Protocol 2188:Non-metropolitan District 1877:Northern Ireland Act 1998 1127:Monetary Policy Committee 587:Parliamentary sovereignty 512: 496: 483: 473: 468: 450: 438: 420: 408: 388: 374: 369: 346: 325: 320: 271: 250: 219: 212: 202: 195: 185: 178: 159: 152: 145: 130: 122: 112: 107: 95: 83: 76: 44: 21772:Environmental inequality 20745:South West African pound 20735:Southern Rhodesian pound 17945:2009 bank rescue package 17940:2008 bank rescue package 17905:1929–39 Great Depression 17776:HM Revenue & Customs 17684:Employee-owned companies 16638:Turks and Caicos Islands 15821:Central African Republic 15604:Former fiscal provisions 15374:European Monetary System 15164:using euro per agreement 14494:Philip Stephens (1995). 14154:House of Commons Library 13459:www.exchangerates.org.uk 13429:www.exchangerates.org.uk 11895:Journal of World History 11585:sterling at 36 g, 2 11406:2d, 4d issued since 1347 11360:"Halfpenny and Farthing" 10591:"ILO House style manual" 10539:Thomas Snelling (1762). 10291:"Pound sterling (money)" 8365:foreign exchange markets 7928:House of Commons Library 7921: 7775:£20 (produced from 2013) 7610:) in 2000, was the only 7258:1980: Withdrawal of the 7112:coin (new design, 2016) 7093:, with the exception of 7066:), halfpenny and penny. 6790:, worth five shillings ( 6671: 5621:were united to form the 5604:Kingdom of Great Britain 3644:) is either sterling or 3604:The currency of all the 3551:foreign exchange markets 3541:Cable (foreign exchange) 3534: 3169: 2527:Turks and Caicos Islands 1798:Greater London Authority 948:Leader of the Opposition 661:William, Prince of Wales 530:This article is part of 520:§ Pegged currencies 68:Series G II £50 banknote 20538:Italian Somaliland lira 18113:List of counties by GVA 17895:1873–79 Long Depression 17860:Agricultural Revolution 17825:UK Statistics Authority 17125:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 15253:using euro unilaterally 14766:European Fiscal Compact 14587:Foreign exchange market 14422:Oxford University Press 13758:www.bankofengland.co.uk 13002:. London. 12 May 2003. 12724:. Pound Sterling Live. 12648:The Wall Street Journal 12342:27 January 2012 at the 12197:Clark, Gregory (2017). 12093:8 November 2014 at the 12082:8 November 2014 at the 11718:Quinn, Stephen (2005). 11705:10 January 2022 at the 10295:Encyclopædia Britannica 7290:1983: A (round, brass) 6520:in sterling (from 1999) 6458:2008, the results of a 6397: 6340:Third Thatcher ministry 6238:The Wall Street Journal 6024:were no longer in use. 5935:and became part of the 5575:from "the late 1600s". 5553:Great Recoinage of 1816 5516:was able to foster the 5280:In silver or gold: the 5277:or testoon (1s or 1/–). 4930:, the gold half-noble ( 4760:was introduced by King 3697:was not reused for the 3358:, meaning 'by weight'. 3315:Encyclopædia Britannica 3297: 3273: 3257: 3236: 3226: 3105:foreign exchange market 2273:Community council areas 2151:Non-metropolitan county 1931:Law of Northern Ireland 22533:Currencies of Zimbabwe 22523:Currencies of Scotland 22453:Circulating currencies 21658:Science and technology 20570:Lombardo-Venetian lira 20270:Falkland Islands pound 19548:Falkland Islands pound 19184:Royal Bank of Scotland 18923:Institute of Directors 18888:Business organisations 18813:Science and technology 18706:International students 18418:Working Time Directive 17791:Debt Management Office 16776:Falkland Islands pound 16620:British Virgin Islands 16212:West African CFA franc 15480:European Currency Unit 15166:without minting rights 14662:European banking union 12807:James, Harold (2020). 12567:Steele, G. R. (2010). 12259:Steiner, Zara (2005). 11856:Stride, H. G. (1955). 11835:. Simon and Schuster. 10750:Leach's Tax Dictionary 10744:Leach, Robert (2021). 10182:sterling, n.1 and adj. 10113:. BIS. 27 October 2022 8520:Sterling is used as a 7908:Falkland Islands pound 7668: 7518:Royal Bank of Scotland 7493: 6634: 6521: 6509: 6346:(ERM), with £1 set at 6342:) decided to join the 6209: 6201: 6163: 6117:from 1926 until 1948. 5977:were tightened by the 5943:History (1946–present) 5736: 5716:mainland North America 5518:indirect sale of opium 5474: 5066: 5014:Burgundian Netherlands 4910:The exigencies of the 4816: 4758:In 1158, a new coinage 4753: 4708:accounting convenience 4633:one pound into twenty 4615: 4614:penny (eighth century) 4293: 4156:decimalisation in 1971 4151: 3590:via the common phrase 3586: 3578: 3484: 3482:referred to the Roman 3444: 3410: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3136:special drawing rights 2612:Diplomatic missions of 2456:British Virgin Islands 22518:Currencies of Oceania 22503:Currencies of England 21635:Free trade agreements 20725:Solomon Islands pound 20476:French colonial livre 20225:Currency units named 20024:Five guineas (£5/5/–) 20009:Double sovereign (£2) 19985:Half sovereign (10/–) 18918:Industry trade groups 18678:London Stock Exchange 18668:London Metal Exchange 18435:Trades Union Congress 18128:East London Tech City 17972:Cost-of-living crisis 17910:1948–52 Marshall Plan 17865:Industrial Revolution 16629:Caribbean Netherlands 16481:Saint Kitts and Nevis 16436:East Caribbean dollar 16421:Cayman Islands dollar 15839:Republic of the Congo 15651:European Union portal 15200:Potential adoption by 15190:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 14937:Europa coin programme 14700:European Central Bank 14657:Capital Markets Union 14483:. Praeger Publishers 14458:Pick, Albert (1994). 14436:Pick, Albert (1990). 14335:John Brennan (1983). 13159:. Finance.yahoo.com. 12613:The National Archives 11907:10.1353/jwh.2002.0035 11460:University of Toronto 11130:The Royal Mint Museum 11100:The Royal Mint Museum 10878:. 22 September 1931. 10713:Staff writer (2015). 10400:"Withdrawn banknotes" 10264:. 1903. p. 129. 9827:United Kingdom portal 7818:25p (pre-1990 crown) 7662: 7600:Northern Bank £5 note 7491: 7341:1992: A new, smaller 7330:1990: A new, smaller 7148:, and Northern Irish 7000:(8 reales) and other 6607: 6600:Annual inflation rate 6535:On 5 March 2009, the 6515: 6503: 6490:Recent exchange rates 6484:European Central Bank 6429:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 6207: 6199: 6160:United States dollars 6157: 6128:, which was worth 2.4 6113:until 1983); and the 5877:Depression of 1920–21 5847:was discussed, and a 5734: 5721:Spanish milled dollar 5526:Parliament of England 5463:Royal African Company 5452: 5330:And in gold: the new 5064: 4814: 4791:worth four pence and 4751: 4645:system introduced by 4641:was adopted from the 4610: 4283: 4138: 4125:Further information: 3529:London Stock Exchange 3474:(or Lsd) for pounds, 3411: 3209:Further information: 2854:British–Irish Council 2839:Good Friday Agreement 2651:Free trade agreements 2616:in the United Kingdom 2427:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2343:Bailiwick of Guernsey 1903:deputy First Minister 1788:Governance of England 807:Deputy Prime Minister 22463:Currencies of Europe 22448:Currencies of Africa 21984:World Heritage Sites 21777:Environmental issues 21481:Female party leaders 21122:Overseas territories 20780:Western Samoan pound 20730:South Carolina pound 20645:North Carolina pound 20302:South Sudanese pound 20121:Landmarks of Britain 20014:Two guineas (£2/2/–) 18712:Entertainment & 17935:Late-2000s recession 17930:1992 Black Wednesday 17870:Financial Revolution 17699:FTSE Fledgling Index 17602:(pegged currencies: 16207:Sierra Leonean leone 15934:South Sudanese pound 15473:Preceding currencies 15439:European debt crisis 14829:International status 14441:: Specialized Issues 14416:Mary Poovey (2002). 13659:Higginbotham, Adam. 13576:. 15 December 2021. 13215:. 29 December 2008. 12960:(27 December 2007). 12780:Naef, Alain (2022). 12681:(19 February 1992). 7785:£5 (post-1990 crown) 7750:issued by the Mint. 7723:pre-decimalisation 6 6845:(1558–1603), silver 6774:before numerals or " 6654:Consumer Price Index 6622: CPIH (CPI+OOH) 6482:, and shares in the 6448:convergence criteria 6433:Sovereign Base Areas 6383:Consumer Price Index 6323:German reunification 6290:policy of targeting 6200:UK inflation history 6192:1976 sterling crisis 6186:1976 sterling crisis 6168:Bretton Woods system 6012:., 32/6, £1. 12 5937:Bretton Woods system 5845:Latin Monetary Union 5809:Latin Monetary Union 5583:In the 17th century 5371:improve this article 5087:the Great Debasement 5075:Habsburg Netherlands 4978:half-angel gold coin 4970:Great Bullion Famine 4914:during the reign of 4819:During the reign of 4523:improve this article 4180:.", from the French 3648:to sterling at par. 3396: 3382:with one or two bars 3125:basket of currencies 3109:United States dollar 2418:Overseas Territories 2183:Metropolitan Borough 1909:Emma Little-Pengelly 1850:Combined authorities 1208:UK general elections 683:Counsellors of State 597:Separation of powers 326:Date of introduction 32:GBP (disambiguation) 20615:New Hampshire pound 20605:New Brunswick pound 20600:Massachusetts pound 20106:Quintuple sovereign 19971:Quarter guinea (5/3 19961:Double florin (4/–) 18408:Equal opportunities 18013:Economic liberalism 17915:1974 Three-Day Week 17900:1926 general strike 17704:FTSE SmallCap Index 17527:Transnistrian ruble 16937:Turkmenistani manat 16611:U.S. Virgin Islands 16451:Antigua and Barbuda 16139:Cape Verdean escudo 15923:Somaliland shilling 15752:Mauritanian ouguiya 15738:Plazas de soberanía 15454:Previous EU members 15368:Snake in the tunnel 14819:Euro Currency Index 14163:on 23 November 2011 13786:. Bank of England. 13754:"Polymer banknotes" 13640:on 10 November 2013 13517:. 26 September 2022 13491:. 26 September 2022 13370:. Bank of England. 13142:7 July 2006 at the 12999:The Daily Telegraph 12958:Theodoulou, Michael 12641:(2 December 2009). 11136:on 27 February 2015 10670:Bloomsbury Academic 10431:"Current banknotes" 10373:. Bank of England. 10201:on 30 December 2013 10195:"Easterling theory" 9945:. 18 September 2024 8534: 7973: 7890:fixed exchange rate 7717:(crown) coins, and 7452:nickel-plated steel 7039:in 1838, with the 4 6549:quantitative easing 6466:As a member of the 6444:five economic tests 6392:Retail Prices Index 6150:Free-floating pound 6105:from 1863 to 1866; 6079:Lancashire Southern 6055:John Benjamin Smith 6029:Sir John Wrottesley 5899:. in August 1920. 5673:British West Africa 5539:During the time of 4795:worth two pence. A 4700:King Offa of Mercia 4643:livre carolingienne 4620:Anglo-Saxon England 4312: 3778:coin issued in 1963 3769:coin issued in 1967 3739: 3293:Steelyard of London 3129:calculate the value 2641:UK–CD Customs Union 2405:UK-CD Customs Union 2376:Bailiwick of Jersey 2163:Unitary authorities 2146:Metropolitan county 2131:Ceremonial counties 2085:Act of Senedd Cymru 1990:Scottish Parliament 1946:Scottish devolution 492:, 18 September 2024 87:GBP (numeric: 41: 22458:Currencies of Asia 21678:Telecommunications 21630:Economic geography 21486:Political scandals 21117:Crown Dependencies 20755:Tripolitanian lira 20740:South African pond 20695:Rhode Island pound 20675:Pennsylvania pound 20650:Nova Scotian pound 20635:Newfoundland pound 20295:Saint Helena pound 20149:Sterling banknotes 20116:The Queen's Beasts 19980:Third guinea (7/–) 19933:Fifteen pence (1/3 19721:Quarter farthing ( 19558:Saint Helena pound 19506:Crown Dependencies 19451:(no longer issued) 19293:(currently issued) 19003:Sterling banknotes 18823:Telecommunications 17988:Economic geography 17437:(pegged currency: 17288:Israeli new shekel 17036:Bhutanese ngultrum 16932:Tajikistani somoni 16909:Currencies of Asia 16843:Venezuelan bolívar 16787:Paraguayan guaraní 16739:Bolivian boliviano 16692:Nicaraguan córdoba 16682:Guatemalan quetzal 16084:South African rand 16078:Saint Helena pound 16044:Mozambican metical 15939:Tanzanian shilling 15663:Numismatics portal 15485:Austrian schilling 15162:Non-EU territories 14837:Proposed eurobonds 14387:John Kevin Green. 14301:on 12 October 2007 13604:The New Pound Coin 13239:"Historical rates" 13032:. 1 January 2009. 12848:"Budget Statement" 12513:Howard M. Berlin, 12230:The Economic World 12193:Retail Price Index 12088:Currency Act, 1927 11997:. Bank of England. 11974:"Rampant Scotland" 11756:TreasureRealms.com 11392:. Treasure Realm. 10297:. 13 August 2013. 10139:. 23 December 2022 9813:Numismatics portal 8528: 8355:£163.40 in 2022). 7971: 7916:Saint Helena pound 7874:Crown Dependencies 7669: 7550:Operation Bernhard 7494: 6660:had reached 7.1%, 6635: 6608:UK inflation data 6588:The result of the 6522: 6510: 6421:Republic of Cyprus 6356:Helmut Schlesinger 6280:Conservative Party 6268:public expenditure 6210: 6202: 6164: 5873:Austen Chamberlain 5869:David Lloyd George 5805:French territories 5737: 5631:Anglo-Irish Treaty 5619:Kingdom of Ireland 5475: 5067: 4912:Hundred Years' War 4817: 4754: 4631:system of dividing 4616: 4488:0.235420 ozt 4471:0.235420 ozt 4310: 4294: 4274:History (600–1945) 4152: 4005: Rarely used 3733: 3661:New Zealand dollar 3606:Crown Dependencies 3565:and "bob" for the 3521:ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 3406: 3354:is a noun, in the 2400:Common Travel Area 2336:Crown Dependencies 2303:Preserved counties 2283:Shires of Scotland 879:King-in-Parliament 252: Rarely used 39: 22430: 22429: 22390: 22389: 22386: 22385: 22382: 22381: 21997: 21996: 21729: 21728: 21595: 21594: 21591: 21590: 21476:Political parties 21400:Foreign relations 21351: 21350: 21347: 21346: 21080: 21079: 21057:Mass surveillance 21035:Foreign relations 20968:Second World War 20879: 20878: 20873: 20872: 20630:New Zealand pound 20610:New Guinean pound 20496:Saint Lucia livre 20439:Connecticut pound 20322:Ukrainian hryvnia 20192: 20191: 20129: 20128: 20086:Quarter sovereign 19990:Half guinea (10/6 19860:Three halfpence ( 19600: 19599: 19541: 19500: 19499: 19443: 19442: 19401: 19400: 19397: 19396: 19285: 19284: 19281: 19280: 19131: 19130: 19127: 19126: 19011:England and Wales 18969: 18968: 18872: 18871: 18651:Lloyd's of London 18362: 18361: 18334:Industrialisation 18248:Industrialisation 18031: 18030: 17960:COVID-19 pandemic 17880:1815–46 Corn Laws 17631: 17630: 17619: 17537:Ukrainian hryvnia 17512:Kazakhstani tenge 17497:Azerbaijani manat 17442: 17375: 17374: 17224:Azerbaijani manat 17164:Philippine peso ( 17154:Malaysian ringgit 17144:Indonesian rupiah 17109:Australian dollar 17046:Maldivian rufiyaa 16994:New Taiwan dollar 16922:Kazakhstani tenge 16876: 16875: 16859:Caribbean guilder 16813:Surinamese dollar 16697:Panamanian balboa 16677:Costa Rican colón 16294: 16293: 15912:Seychellois rupee 15848:Equatorial Guinea 15672: 15671: 15624: 15623: 15570:Portuguese escudo 15346: 15345: 15155: 15154: 14998: 14997: 14927:Identifying marks 14782:Economy of Europe 14739:Fiscal provisions 14332:(in French 1979). 13393:Lawrence, Colin. 13114:. 18 April 2007. 12896:. 17 April 2007. 12820:978-1-108-83501-5 12793:978-1-108-83999-0 12272:978-0-19-151881-2 12077:Coinage Act, 1926 12008:Meikle, Maureen. 11995:"Early banknotes" 11632:Spufford, Peter. 11499:treasurerealm.com 11268:978-0-470-65632-7 10627:"WHO style guide" 10347:Harper, Douglas. 10324:Harper, Douglas. 9767: 9766: 9236:Australian dollar 8774: 8531:exchange reserves 8513: 8512: 8352: 8351: 7868:Pegged currencies 7865: 7864: 7719:decimal sixpences 7684:England and Wales 7594:Polymer banknotes 7197:ten shilling note 7178:one shilling coin 7155: 7154: 6983:coins and a gold 6926:English Civil War 6683:Pre-decimal coins 6632:housing inflation 6379:Liberal Democrats 6296:recession of 1981 6221:National Archives 6115:Palestine Mandate 6073:in June 1855, by 6067:William Gladstone 6045:Kilmarnock Burghs 5984:devalued by 14.3% 5975:exchange controls 5797:Dutch territories 5705:Southern Rhodesia 5645:Use in the Empire 5447: 5446: 5439: 5421: 5314:), replacing the 5288:), replacing the 4964:Great slump, 1464 4599: 4598: 4591: 4573: 4492: 4491: 4184:, from the Latin 4117: 4116: 3979: Freq. used 3782: 3781: 3620:) and a third of 3440:⟨L⟩ 3388:(in the historic 3332:derives from the 3328:The English word 3053: 3052: 2844:UK–Ireland border 2636:Visa requirements 2587:Foreign relations 2541:Visa requirements 2515: 2506: 2499: 2323:Historic counties 2210:Historic counties 1956:Scotland Act 1998 1178:Political parties 1075:England and Wales 1008:King-on-the-Bench 940:Sir Lindsay Hoyle 583: 525: 524: 221: Freq. used 72: 71: 65:£1 coin (obverse) 16:(Redirected from 22545: 22468:Pound (currency) 22410: 22403: 22111:Northern Ireland 22020: 22019: 22007: 22006: 22003: 22002: 21740: 21739: 21653: 21606: 21605: 21464:House of Commons 21432:Local government 21366: 21365: 21362: 21361: 21272:Renewable energy 21257:hydroelectricity 21095: 21094: 21091: 21090: 20927: 20926: 20906: 20899: 20892: 20883: 20882: 20715:Sammarinese lira 20620:New Jersey pound 20580:Luxembourg livre 20491:New France livre 20481:Guadeloupe livre 20404:Australian pound 20219: 20212: 20205: 20196: 20195: 20179:Coins of Ireland 20174:Scottish coinage 20169:Old Head coinage 20144: 20101:Double sovereign 20030: 20029: 20019:Five pounds (£5) 19878: 19876: 19875: 19872: 19869: 19865: 19842: 19840: 19839: 19836: 19833: 19818: 19816: 19815: 19812: 19809: 19794: 19792: 19791: 19788: 19785: 19765: 19763: 19762: 19759: 19756: 19750:Third farthing ( 19736: 19734: 19733: 19730: 19727: 19662: 19660: 19659: 19656: 19653: 19634:Sterling coinage 19627: 19620: 19613: 19604: 19603: 19577: 19537: 19455: 19454: 19449:Northern Ireland 19348: 19347: 19344: 19343: 19297: 19296: 19291:Northern Ireland 19232: 19231: 19146:Bank of Scotland 19142: 19141: 19025: 19024: 19016: 19015: 18996: 18989: 18982: 18973: 18972: 18959: 18958: 18949: 18948: 18908:Co-operatives UK 18498:Hydroelectricity 18473:Renewable energy 18455: 18454: 18339:Renewable energy 18320: 18268:Renewable energy 18056:Atlantic Gateway 18044: 18043: 17875:Panic of 1796–97 17845: 17844: 17658: 17651: 17644: 17635: 17634: 17601: 17563:Macedonian denar 17532: 17502:Belarusian ruble 17487: 17451:Hungarian forint 17436: 17402: 17395: 17388: 17379: 17378: 17325: 17305: 17267: 17247: 17197: 17173:Singapore dollar 17128: 17119: 17116:Christmas Island 17092: 17077:Sri Lankan rupee 17071: 17031:Bangladeshi taka 16989:Mongolian tögrög 16979:South Korean won 16974:North Korean won 16964:Hong Kong dollar 16903: 16896: 16889: 16880: 16879: 16867: 16837: 16807: 16769: 16717: 16710: 16687:Honduran lempira 16666: 16641: 16632: 16623: 16614: 16605: 16584: 16575: 16549: 16540: 16531: 16528:Saint Barthélemy 16522: 16513: 16497: 16490: 16483: 16476: 16467: 16460: 16453: 16446: 16416:Barbadian dollar 16379: 16363: 16343:Bermudian dollar 16321: 16314: 16307: 16298: 16297: 16285: 16276: 16267: 16258: 16249: 16240: 16231: 16222: 16171: 16158: 16112: 16103: 16094: 16071: 16064: 16018: 16009: 16000: 15984: 15975: 15944:Ugandan shilling 15892:Djiboutian franc 15860: 15851: 15842: 15833: 15824: 15815: 15741: 15699: 15692: 15685: 15676: 15675: 15661: 15649: 15637: 15575:Sammarinese lira 15565:Monégasque franc 15555:Luxembourg franc 15550:Lithuanian litas 15419:Delors Committee 15408: 15402: 15397: 15391: 15386: 15380: 15357: 15356: 15323:Hungarian forint 15290: 15284: 15283: 15175:Saint Barthélemy 15007: 15006: 14865: 14864: 14842:Reserve currency 14630: 14623: 14616: 14607: 14606: 14594: 14593: 14571: 14570: 14568:Official website 14476: 14463:: General Issues 14454: 14413: 14310: 14308: 14306: 14297:. Archived from 14258: 14257: 14255: 14253: 14244:. Archived from 14238: 14232: 14231: 14229: 14227: 14221: 14188: 14179: 14173: 14172: 14170: 14168: 14162: 14156:. Archived from 14145: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14134: 14119: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14108: 14093: 14087: 14086: 14084: 14082: 14077:on 10 March 2014 14073:. Archived from 14067: 14061: 14060: 14058: 14056: 14036: 14030: 14029: 14027: 14025: 14010: 14004: 14003: 14001: 13999: 13984: 13978: 13977: 13975: 13973: 13958: 13952: 13951: 13949: 13947: 13928: 13922: 13921: 13919: 13917: 13897: 13891: 13890: 13888: 13886: 13867: 13861: 13860: 13858: 13856: 13837: 13826: 13825: 13823: 13821: 13806: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13795: 13780: 13774: 13773: 13771: 13769: 13750: 13744: 13743: 13741: 13739: 13733: 13726: 13718: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13707: 13687: 13681: 13680: 13678: 13676: 13656: 13650: 13649: 13647: 13645: 13630: 13624: 13623: 13621: 13619: 13610:. Archived from 13596: 13590: 13589: 13587: 13585: 13566: 13560: 13559: 13557: 13555: 13533: 13527: 13526: 13524: 13522: 13507: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13496: 13481: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13470: 13451: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13421: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13410: 13390: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13379: 13363: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13338: 13330: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13316: 13307:. 6 March 2009. 13297: 13288: 13287: 13285: 13283: 13274:. 5 March 2009. 13264: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13250: 13235: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13205: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13194: 13179: 13173: 13172: 13170: 13168: 13153: 13147: 13134: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13123: 13104: 13098: 13097: 13095: 13093: 13078: 13072: 13071: 13069: 13067: 13052: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13022: 13016: 13015: 13013: 13011: 12990: 12984: 12983: 12981: 12979: 12965: 12954: 12948: 12947: 12945: 12943: 12927: 12922:(24 July 2007). 12916: 12910: 12909: 12907: 12905: 12886: 12880: 12879: 12877: 12875: 12861: 12858:House of Commons 12844: 12838: 12831: 12825: 12824: 12804: 12798: 12797: 12777: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12744: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12733: 12717: 12711: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12679:Cairncross, Alec 12671: 12665: 12664: 12662: 12660: 12635: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12605: 12599: 12598: 12575:Economic Affairs 12572: 12564: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12533: 12527: 12524: 12518: 12511: 12505: 12495: 12489: 12482: 12476: 12473: 12467: 12464: 12458: 12455: 12449: 12446: 12440: 12437: 12431: 12428: 12422: 12419: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12397:Spokesman-Review 12389: 12383: 12382: 12380: 12378: 12367:Spokesman-Review 12358: 12347: 12332: 12326: 12325:, 7 January 1932 12320: 12314: 12313: 12303: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12292: 12256: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12222: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12189: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12163: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12152: 12129: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12103: 12097: 12073: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12062: 12053:. pp. 8–9. 12038: 12032: 12031: 12013: 12005: 11999: 11998: 11991: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11970: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11959: 11953: 11942: 11933: 11927: 11926: 11890: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11879: 11873: 11862: 11853: 11847: 11846: 11828: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11781: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11767: 11748: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11731: 11724: 11715: 11709: 11692:galley halfpence 11688: 11682: 11681: 11679: 11677: 11662: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11645: 11638: 11629: 11620: 11618: 11613: 11611: 11596: 11590: 11580: 11575: 11573: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11510: 11491: 11482: 11481: 11476: 11474: 11468: 11457: 11448: 11442: 11441: 11435: 11433: 11415: 11409: 11408: 11403: 11401: 11386: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11356: 11350: 11349: 11335: 11333: 11313: 11307: 11306: 11300: 11298: 11283:"Pound sterling" 11279: 11273: 11272: 11254: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11243: 11224: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11213: 11197: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11165: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11132:. Archived from 11122: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11111: 11092: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11081: 11062: 11056: 11055: 11048: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11032:on 20 April 2009 11022: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11011: 10996: 10990: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10967:. Archived from 10957: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10931: 10922: 10921: 10919: 10917: 10898: 10892: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10852: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10790: 10782: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10741: 10735: 10734: 10728: 10726: 10710: 10704: 10702: 10695: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10678: 10667: 10659: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10642: 10631: 10623: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10606: 10595: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10536: 10530: 10526:see for example 10524: 10518: 10517: 10514: 10506: 10504: 10488: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10474: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10427: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10396: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10367: 10361: 10360: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10308: 10306: 10287: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10208: 10206: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10179: 10177: 10158: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10112: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10073: 10067: 10066: 10036: 10030: 10029: 9997: 9988: 9987: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9913: 9896: 9893: 9887: 9884: 9875: 9872: 9855:Pound (currency) 9829: 9824: 9823: 9822: 9815: 9810: 9809: 9808: 9801: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9787: 9782: 9781: 9780: 9653:Other currencies 9157:Chinese renminbi 8775: 8768: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8535: 8527: 8522:reserve currency 8370: 8369: 7974: 7970: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7753: 7752: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7728:, equivalent to 7612:polymer banknote 7542:Second World War 7510:Bank of Scotland 7319: 7318: 7314: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7249:(old) threepence 7230: 7229: 7225: 7161:1968: The first 7146:Scottish thistle 7126: 7121: 7106: 7105: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7006:Spanish colonial 6992: 6991: 6987: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6802:) respectively. 6691:; abbreviation: 6627: 6621: 6612: 6582:Alistair Darling 6571:commercial paper 6567:government bonds 6516:The cost of one 6145: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6083:Royal Commission 6071:House of Commons 6037:House of Commons 5971:currency markets 5933:Second World War 5910:Great Depression 5849:Royal Commission 5689:Irish Free State 5635:Irish Free State 5602:merged into the 5569:Bank of Scotland 5543:, Master of the 5541:Sir Isaac Newton 5530:Britannia silver 5520:to the Chinese. 5498: 5497: 5493: 5490: 5442: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5422: 5420: 5386:"Pound sterling" 5379: 5355: 5347: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5026:Charles the Rash 5008:and the Flemish 5003: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4922: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4873:pure silver) and 4872: 4859: 4849:pure silver) and 4848: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4807:Edward III, 1351 4739: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4678: 4670: 4663:(written with a 4594: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4538:"Pound sterling" 4531: 4507: 4499: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4006: 3980: 3959: 3943: 3923: 3910: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3839: 3817: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3732: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3671:) use the euro. 3630:Falkland Islands 3589: 3583: 3487: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3387: 3379: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3310: 3307: 3306:Easterlings Hall 3304: 3300: 3298:Esterlingeshalle 3286: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3253:Hanseatic League 3239: 3229: 3140:reserve currency 3045: 3038: 3031: 3003: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2979:Northern Ireland 2972: 2971: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2894:The Commonwealth 2523: 2512:Tristan da Cunha 2510: 2504:Ascension Island 2502: 2494: 2492: 2483:Pitcairn Islands 2467:Falkland Islands 2429: 2366: 2218:Northern Ireland 2020:Welsh devolution 1895:Michelle O'Neill 1870:Northern Ireland 1860:Cornwall Council 1676:Senedd elections 1120:Deputy governors 1085:Northern Ireland 1047:Deputy President 1027: 929: 919:House of Commons 899: 869: 768:Starmer ministry 749: 719: 648: 623: 577: 550: 527: 526: 499: 486: 464: 461: 459: 453: 434: 431: 429: 423: 404: 401: 399: 397: 391: 379: 342: 340: 335: 331: 253: 222: 205: 188: 171: 170: 169: 165: 140: 103: 90: 60: 53: 46: 45: 42: 38: 21: 22553: 22552: 22548: 22547: 22546: 22544: 22543: 22542: 22433: 22432: 22431: 22426: 22413: 22406: 22399: 22378: 22291: 22192: 22105: 22014: 21993: 21898: 21854:Public holidays 21834:Life expectancy 21725: 21687: 21667:London Exchange 21663:Stock exchanges 21651: 21650:Pound sterling 21618:Bank of England 21587: 21578:Royal Air Force 21554: 21495: 21427:Law enforcement 21343: 21252:hydraulic frac. 21213: 21194:Lakes and lochs 21141: 21137:Former colonies 21076: 21072:Women's history 21047:Law enforcement 21013: 20959:First World War 20916: 20910: 20880: 20875: 20874: 20869: 20826: 20811:Moneyer's pound 20789: 20700:Rhodesian pound 20660:Palestine pound 20429:Byzantine litra 20414:Bermudian pound 20372: 20358:Liverpool pound 20326: 20275:Gibraltar pound 20238: 20223: 20193: 20188: 20164:Jubilee coinage 20142: 20125: 20069: 20028: 20004:Guinea (£1/1/–) 19952:Half crown (2/6 19873: 19870: 19867: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19837: 19834: 19831: 19830: 19828: 19813: 19810: 19807: 19806: 19804: 19789: 19786: 19783: 19782: 19780: 19779:Half farthing ( 19760: 19757: 19754: 19753: 19751: 19731: 19728: 19725: 19724: 19722: 19707: 19657: 19654: 19651: 19650: 19648: 19636: 19631: 19601: 19596: 19575: 19562: 19553:Gibraltar pound 19536: 19528: 19496: 19439: 19393: 19367: 19333: 19301:Bank of Ireland 19277: 19261: 19227:Clydesdale Bank 19221: 19178: 19123: 19102:Non-circulating 19097: 19056: 19020:Bank of England 19005: 19000: 18970: 18965: 18937: 18880: 18878: 18868: 18776:Pharmaceuticals 18689: 18604:Baltic Exchange 18595: 18588: 18460: 18446: 18368: 18358: 18314: 18292: 18219: 18201: 18194: 18039: 18037: 18027: 18023:Nationalisation 17976: 17834: 17729:Bank of England 17721: 17719: 17713: 17667: 17662: 17632: 17627: 17604:Gibraltar pound 17594:Norwegian krone 17589:Icelandic króna 17577: 17541: 17530: 17485: 17482:Abkhazian apsar 17470: 17412: 17406: 17376: 17371: 17317: 17312:Jordanian dinar 17293: 17263: 17239: 17207: 17203:Vietnamese đồng 17187: 17122: 17113: 17097: 17086: 17065: 17056:Pakistani rupee 17014: 16998: 16984:Macanese pataca 16946: 16942:Uzbekistani sum 16910: 16907: 16877: 16872: 16863: 16847: 16827: 16801: 16782:Guyanese dollar 16763: 16722: 16713: 16706: 16662: 16646: 16635: 16626: 16617: 16608: 16599: 16578: 16569: 16560:Jamaican dollar 16543: 16534: 16525: 16516: 16507: 16493: 16486: 16479: 16470: 16463: 16456: 16449: 16440: 16411:Bahamian dollar 16394: 16373: 16357: 16348:Canadian dollar 16331: 16330:of the Americas 16325: 16295: 16290: 16279: 16270: 16261: 16252: 16243: 16234: 16225: 16216: 16192:Liberian dollar 16161: 16148: 16127: 16118:Swazi lilangeni 16106: 16097: 16088: 16067: 16058: 16049:Namibian dollar 16039:Mauritian rupee 16034:Malawian kwacha 16029:Malagasy ariary 16012: 16003: 15994: 15978: 15969: 15948: 15917:Somali shilling 15907:Kenyan shilling 15875: 15866:Congolese franc 15854: 15845: 15836: 15827: 15818: 15809: 15800:Burundian franc 15783: 15757:Moroccan dirham 15735: 15709: 15703: 15673: 15668: 15620: 15599: 15585:Slovenian tolar 15468: 15457: 15455: 15448: 15434:Black Wednesday 15404: 15400: 15393: 15389: 15382: 15378: 15342: 15306: 15288: 15280: 15271: 15255: 15252: 15244: 15203: 15202:other countries 15201: 15194: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15151: 15118: 14994: 14946: 14856: 14823: 14797:Euro calculator 14770: 14734: 14688: 14640: 14634: 14599: 14566: 14565: 14562: 14557: 14544:10.2307/1057113 14473: 14451: 14410: 14354:. Published by 14314:Fernand Braudel 14304: 14302: 14293: 14267: 14265:Further reading 14262: 14261: 14251: 14249: 14248:on 3 April 2010 14240: 14239: 14235: 14225: 14223: 14219: 14205: 14191:Economic Trends 14186: 14180: 14176: 14166: 14164: 14160: 14146: 14142: 14132: 14130: 14129:on 14 June 2017 14121: 14120: 14116: 14106: 14104: 14103:on 21 July 2017 14095: 14094: 14090: 14080: 14078: 14069: 14068: 14064: 14054: 14052: 14037: 14033: 14023: 14021: 14012: 14011: 14007: 13997: 13995: 13986: 13985: 13981: 13971: 13969: 13960: 13959: 13955: 13945: 13943: 13930: 13929: 13925: 13915: 13913: 13898: 13894: 13884: 13882: 13869: 13868: 13864: 13854: 13852: 13839: 13838: 13829: 13819: 13817: 13812:. Opsi.gov.uk. 13808: 13807: 13803: 13793: 13791: 13782: 13781: 13777: 13767: 13765: 13752: 13751: 13747: 13737: 13735: 13731: 13724: 13720: 13719: 13715: 13705: 13703: 13688: 13684: 13674: 13672: 13657: 13653: 13643: 13641: 13632: 13631: 13627: 13617: 13615: 13598: 13597: 13593: 13583: 13581: 13568: 13567: 13563: 13553: 13551: 13534: 13530: 13520: 13518: 13509: 13508: 13504: 13494: 13492: 13483: 13482: 13478: 13468: 13466: 13453: 13452: 13448: 13438: 13436: 13423: 13422: 13418: 13408: 13406: 13391: 13387: 13377: 13375: 13364: 13360: 13350: 13348: 13331: 13324: 13314: 13312: 13299: 13298: 13291: 13281: 13279: 13266: 13265: 13258: 13248: 13246: 13237: 13236: 13232: 13222: 13220: 13207: 13206: 13202: 13192: 13190: 13181: 13180: 13176: 13166: 13164: 13155: 13154: 13150: 13144:Wayback Machine 13135: 13131: 13121: 13119: 13106: 13105: 13101: 13091: 13089: 13080: 13079: 13075: 13065: 13063: 13054: 13053: 13049: 13039: 13037: 13024: 13023: 13019: 13009: 13007: 12992: 12991: 12987: 12977: 12975: 12955: 12951: 12941: 12939: 12917: 12913: 12903: 12901: 12888: 12887: 12883: 12873: 12871: 12862: 12846: 12845: 12841: 12832: 12828: 12821: 12805: 12801: 12794: 12778: 12774: 12764: 12762: 12745: 12741: 12731: 12729: 12718: 12714: 12704: 12702: 12695: 12672: 12668: 12658: 12656: 12636: 12632: 12622: 12620: 12607: 12606: 12602: 12565: 12561: 12551: 12549: 12534: 12530: 12525: 12521: 12512: 12508: 12496: 12492: 12483: 12479: 12474: 12470: 12465: 12461: 12456: 12452: 12447: 12443: 12438: 12434: 12429: 12425: 12420: 12416: 12406: 12404: 12391: 12390: 12386: 12376: 12374: 12359: 12350: 12344:Wayback Machine 12333: 12329: 12321: 12317: 12304: 12300: 12290: 12288: 12273: 12257: 12253: 12243: 12241: 12224: 12223: 12219: 12209: 12207: 12190: 12186: 12176: 12174: 12165: 12164: 12160: 12150: 12148: 12130: 12126: 12116: 12114: 12113:on 14 June 2008 12105: 12104: 12100: 12095:Wayback Machine 12084:Wayback Machine 12074: 12070: 12060: 12058: 12039: 12035: 12006: 12002: 11993: 11992: 11988: 11978: 11976: 11972: 11971: 11967: 11957: 11955: 11951: 11940: 11934: 11930: 11891: 11887: 11877: 11875: 11871: 11860: 11854: 11850: 11843: 11829: 11825: 11815: 11813: 11798: 11782: 11778: 11765: 11763: 11750: 11749: 11745: 11735: 11733: 11729: 11722: 11716: 11712: 11707:Wayback Machine 11689: 11685: 11675: 11673: 11664: 11663: 11659: 11649: 11647: 11643: 11639:. p. 113. 11636: 11630: 11623: 11609: 11607: 11598: 11597: 11593: 11571: 11569: 11555: 11551: 11541: 11539: 11526: 11525: 11521: 11508: 11506: 11493: 11492: 11485: 11472: 11470: 11466: 11455: 11449: 11445: 11431: 11429: 11416: 11412: 11399: 11397: 11388: 11387: 11383: 11373: 11371: 11358: 11357: 11353: 11331: 11329: 11314: 11310: 11296: 11294: 11281: 11280: 11276: 11269: 11255: 11251: 11241: 11239: 11226: 11225: 11221: 11211: 11209: 11198: 11189: 11179: 11177: 11166: 11149: 11139: 11137: 11124: 11123: 11119: 11109: 11107: 11094: 11093: 11089: 11079: 11077: 11064: 11063: 11059: 11050: 11049: 11045: 11035: 11033: 11024: 11023: 11019: 11009: 11007: 10998: 10997: 10993: 10988: 10984: 10974: 10972: 10971:on 11 June 2020 10959: 10958: 10954: 10944: 10942: 10932: 10925: 10915: 10913: 10900: 10899: 10895: 10885: 10883: 10868: 10867: 10863: 10850: 10848: 10840:Financial Times 10831: 10827: 10817: 10815: 10805: 10804: 10800: 10788: 10784: 10783: 10779: 10769: 10767: 10760: 10742: 10738: 10724: 10722: 10711: 10707: 10697: 10696: 10692: 10682: 10680: 10676: 10665: 10661: 10660: 10656: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10629: 10625: 10624: 10620: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10593: 10589: 10588: 10584: 10574: 10572: 10563: 10562: 10558: 10548: 10546: 10537: 10533: 10525: 10521: 10510: 10509:Some 58,000,000 10502: 10500: 10489: 10485: 10472: 10470: 10458: 10454: 10444: 10442: 10435:Bank of England 10429: 10428: 10424: 10413: 10411: 10404:Bank of England 10398: 10397: 10390: 10380: 10378: 10369: 10368: 10364: 10345: 10341: 10322: 10318: 10304: 10302: 10289: 10288: 10281: 10271: 10269: 10258: 10257: 10253: 10243: 10241: 10234: 10218: 10214: 10204: 10202: 10193: 10192: 10188: 10175: 10173: 10172:on 25 June 2015 10160: 10159: 10152: 10142: 10140: 10131: 10130: 10126: 10116: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10105: 10101: 10091: 10089: 10074: 10070: 10053: 10037: 10033: 10023:) (pl. same or 10012: 9998: 9991: 9978: 9962: 9958: 9948: 9946: 9937: 9936: 9932: 9922: 9920: 9917:"Our banknotes" 9915: 9914: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9899: 9894: 9890: 9885: 9878: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9825: 9820: 9818: 9811: 9806: 9804: 9797: 9792: 9790: 9783: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9768: 9074:Canadian dollar 8762: 8562: 8518: 8361: 7958: 7954: 7953: 7939:Napoleonic Wars 7924: 7912:Gibraltar pound 7870: 7738: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7696:Channel Islands 7680:Bank of England 7665:British Islands 7657: 7633:monetary policy 7629:Bank of England 7621: 7619:Monetary policy 7596: 7526:Bank of Ireland 7503:Napoleonic wars 7498:Bank of England 7486: 7480: 7388:was introduced. 7316: 7312: 7311: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7294:was introduced. 7287:was introduced. 7276: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7104: 7071:First World War 7059: 7055: 7054: 6998:Spanish dollars 6989: 6985: 6984: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6895:(20/–) and the 6868: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6760:; known as the 6685: 6680: 6674: 6633: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6617: 6610: 6602: 6575:corporate bonds 6545:British economy 6537:Bank of England 6498: 6492: 6406: 6400: 6375:Bank of England 6367: 6352:Black Wednesday 6336: 6304: 6276: 6229:1973 oil crisis 6213:James Callaghan 6194: 6188: 6152: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6089:(a banker) and 6059:Stirling Burghs 6035:, asked in the 5998: 5992: 5960: 5950: 5945: 5925: 5905: 5861:First World War 5857: 5837:Austria-Hungary 5835: 24.02 in 5803: 25.22 in 5749:Bank of England 5745:Napoleonic wars 5729: 5661:Canadian dollar 5653: 5647: 5639:new Irish pound 5625:. However, the 5608:Treaty of Union 5581: 5565:Bank of England 5561: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5443: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5380: 5378: 5368: 5356: 5345: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5284:(5/- (5s) or 60 5257:In silver: the 5253:times, namely: 5249: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5227:) and noble or 5219: 5215: 5214: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5124:) and livre (40 5109: 5105: 5104: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5071:silver standard 5059: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5024:) minted under 4998: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4966: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4920: 4908: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4870: 4857: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4821:King Edward III 4809: 4772:sterling silver 4746: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4676: 4668: 4651:Frankish Empire 4629:The accounting 4605: 4595: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4532: 4530: 4520: 4508: 4497: 4485:7.32238 g 4468:7.32238 g 4438:0.331 ozt 4421:0.497 ozt 4404:0.672 ozt 4387:0.746 ozt 4304: 4276: 4256:William IV 4248:George III 4228: 4224: 4223: 4133: 4123: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4004: 3978: 3954: 3938: 3918: 3905: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3837: 3815: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3682: 3680:Decimal coinage 3677: 3602: 3559: 3543: 3537: 3513: 3464:sterling silver 3439: 3433: 3427: 3417: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3385: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3213: 3207: 3172: 3151:Bank of England 3144:global reserves 3123:, it forms the 3049: 3020: 3016:Other countries 3011: 3010: 3009: 2997: 2984: 2983: 2966: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2927: 2905: 2890: 2860: 2825: 2655: 2620: 2608: 2589: 2579: 2578: 2550: 2532: 2531: 2519: 2518: 2509: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2476: 2465: 2454: 2448: 2437: 2425: 2420: 2410: 2409: 2395:British Islands 2391: 2390: 2381: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2362: 2345: 2338: 2328: 2327: 2308:Principal areas 2294: 2287: 2250: 2243: 2221: 2214: 2113: 2105: 2095: 2094: 2038: 2027: 2025:1997 referendum 2016: 2009: 1958: 1951:1997 referendum 1942: 1935: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1840:London Assembly 1835:Mayoral cabinet 1822:Mayor of London 1810: 1803:1998 referendum 1784: 1777: 1758: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1718: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1670: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1511: 1212: 1211: 1203: 1163: 1149: 1148: 1130: 1100: 1098:Bank of England 1090: 1089: 1066: 1012: 1004: 999: 989: 988: 967:59th Parliament 963: 960: 951: 938: 914: 908: 884: 876: 853: 843: 842: 824: 822: 810: 801: 789: 775: 763: 734: 729:King-in-Council 725: 703: 693: 692: 664: 617: 607: 606: 575:Treaty of Union 560: 497: 484: 456: 451: 426: 421: 394: 389: 383:Bank of England 375: 365: 338: 336: 333: 251: 220: 203: 186: 167: 163: 162: 160: 136: 101: 88: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22551: 22541: 22540: 22535: 22530: 22525: 22520: 22515: 22510: 22505: 22500: 22495: 22490: 22485: 22480: 22475: 22473:Pound sterling 22470: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22428: 22427: 22425: 22424: 22419: 22412: 22411: 22404: 22396: 22395: 22392: 22391: 22388: 22387: 22384: 22383: 22380: 22379: 22377: 22376: 22371: 22366: 22361: 22356: 22351: 22350: 22349: 22339: 22334: 22333: 22332: 22330:First Minister 22327: 22322: 22312: 22307: 22301: 22299: 22293: 22292: 22290: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22258: 22257: 22247: 22242: 22241: 22240: 22238:First Minister 22235: 22230: 22220: 22215: 22214: 22213: 22202: 22200: 22194: 22193: 22191: 22190: 22185: 22180: 22175: 22170: 22165: 22164: 22163: 22153: 22148: 22147: 22146: 22141: 22136: 22126: 22121: 22115: 22113: 22107: 22106: 22104: 22103: 22098: 22093: 22088: 22083: 22078: 22073: 22072: 22071: 22061: 22056: 22051: 22046: 22045: 22044: 22039: 22028: 22026: 22016: 22015: 21999: 21998: 21995: 21994: 21992: 21991: 21986: 21981: 21976: 21971: 21966: 21961: 21956: 21951: 21946: 21941: 21936: 21935: 21934: 21924: 21919: 21914: 21908: 21906: 21900: 21899: 21897: 21896: 21891: 21886: 21881: 21876: 21871: 21866: 21861: 21856: 21851: 21846: 21841: 21836: 21831: 21826: 21821: 21816: 21811: 21806: 21805: 21804: 21799: 21789: 21784: 21779: 21774: 21769: 21764: 21759: 21754: 21749: 21743: 21737: 21731: 21730: 21727: 21726: 21724: 21723: 21721:Rail transport 21718: 21713: 21708: 21703: 21697: 21695: 21689: 21688: 21686: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21660: 21655: 21647: 21642: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21622: 21621: 21620: 21609: 21603: 21597: 21596: 21593: 21592: 21589: 21588: 21586: 21585: 21580: 21575: 21570: 21564: 21562: 21556: 21555: 21553: 21552: 21551: 21550: 21543:Prime Minister 21540: 21539: 21538: 21528: 21523: 21518: 21517: 21516: 21505: 21503: 21497: 21496: 21494: 21493: 21491:Shadow Cabinet 21488: 21483: 21478: 21473: 21472: 21471: 21469:House of Lords 21466: 21456: 21451: 21450: 21449: 21444: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21419: 21414: 21413: 21412: 21402: 21397: 21396: 21395: 21385: 21380: 21375: 21369: 21359: 21353: 21352: 21349: 21348: 21345: 21344: 21342: 21341: 21340: 21339: 21334: 21326: 21325: 21324: 21319: 21311: 21306: 21305: 21304: 21299: 21294: 21286: 21285: 21284: 21279: 21274: 21269: 21264: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21239: 21229: 21223: 21221: 21215: 21214: 21212: 21211: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21181: 21180: 21179: 21169: 21168: 21167: 21162: 21151: 21149: 21143: 21142: 21140: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21103: 21101: 21099:Administrative 21088: 21082: 21081: 21078: 21077: 21075: 21074: 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21043: 21042: 21032: 21027: 21021: 21019: 21015: 21014: 21012: 21011: 21010: 21009: 21004: 20996: 20995: 20994: 20989: 20981: 20980: 20979: 20974: 20966: 20961: 20956: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20935: 20933: 20924: 20918: 20917: 20915: articles 20913:United Kingdom 20909: 20908: 20901: 20894: 20886: 20877: 20876: 20871: 20870: 20868: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20855:Roman currency 20852: 20846: 20841: 20834: 20832: 20828: 20827: 20825: 20824: 20814: 20808: 20797: 20795: 20791: 20790: 20788: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20775:Virginia pound 20772: 20767: 20762: 20757: 20752: 20747: 20742: 20737: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20720:Sardinian lira 20717: 20712: 20707: 20702: 20697: 20692: 20687: 20682: 20680:Peruvian libra 20677: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20640:Nigerian pound 20637: 20632: 20627: 20625:New York pound 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20595:Maryland pound 20592: 20587: 20585:Malawian pound 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20550:Jamaican pound 20547: 20542: 20541: 20540: 20535: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20513:Ghanaian pound 20510: 20505: 20500: 20499: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20473: 20472: 20471: 20469:Livre tournois 20466: 20456: 20451: 20449:Delaware pound 20446: 20441: 20436: 20434:Canadian pound 20431: 20426: 20421: 20416: 20411: 20409:Bahamian pound 20406: 20401: 20396: 20391: 20386: 20384:Aeginetan mina 20380: 20378: 20374: 20373: 20371: 20370: 20365: 20360: 20355: 20350: 20345: 20340: 20334: 20332: 20328: 20327: 20325: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20307:Sudanese pound 20304: 20299: 20298: 20297: 20292: 20287: 20282: 20280:Guernsey pound 20277: 20272: 20267: 20265:Alderney pound 20260:Pound sterling 20257: 20255:Lebanese pound 20252: 20250:Egyptian pound 20246: 20244: 20240: 20239: 20222: 20221: 20214: 20207: 20199: 20190: 20189: 20187: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20137: 20135: 20131: 20130: 20127: 20126: 20124: 20123: 20118: 20113: 20108: 20103: 20098: 20093: 20091:Half sovereign 20088: 20083: 20077: 20075: 20071: 20070: 20068: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20036: 20034: 20027: 20026: 20021: 20016: 20011: 20006: 20001: 19999:Sovereign (£1) 19996: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19968: 19963: 19958: 19949: 19944: 19930: 19928:Shilling (1/–) 19925: 19916: 19907: 19898: 19889: 19884:(Ceylon & 19857: 19848: 19824: 19800: 19776: 19747: 19717: 19715: 19709: 19708: 19706: 19705: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19644: 19642: 19641:Decimal system 19638: 19637: 19630: 19629: 19622: 19615: 19607: 19598: 19597: 19595: 19594: 19589: 19584: 19582:Sterling coins 19579: 19570: 19568: 19564: 19563: 19561: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19544: 19542: 19530: 19529: 19527: 19526: 19521: 19516: 19514:Guernsey pound 19510: 19508: 19502: 19501: 19498: 19497: 19495: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19463: 19461: 19452: 19445: 19444: 19441: 19440: 19438: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19422: 19417: 19411: 19409: 19403: 19402: 19399: 19398: 19395: 19394: 19392: 19391: 19386: 19381: 19375: 19373: 19369: 19368: 19366: 19365: 19360: 19354: 19352: 19341: 19335: 19334: 19332: 19331: 19326: 19321: 19316: 19311: 19305: 19303: 19294: 19287: 19286: 19283: 19282: 19279: 19278: 19276: 19275: 19269: 19267: 19263: 19262: 19260: 19259: 19254: 19249: 19244: 19238: 19236: 19229: 19223: 19222: 19220: 19219: 19214: 19209: 19204: 19199: 19194: 19188: 19186: 19180: 19179: 19177: 19176: 19171: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19150: 19148: 19139: 19133: 19132: 19129: 19128: 19125: 19124: 19122: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19105: 19103: 19099: 19098: 19096: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19064: 19062: 19058: 19057: 19055: 19054: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19033: 19031: 19022: 19013: 19007: 19006: 18999: 18998: 18991: 18984: 18976: 18967: 18966: 18964: 18963: 18953: 18942: 18939: 18938: 18936: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18884: 18882: 18874: 18873: 18870: 18869: 18867: 18866: 18865: 18864: 18863: 18862: 18857: 18847: 18837: 18832: 18827: 18826: 18825: 18820: 18810: 18809: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18793: 18785: 18784: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18758: 18756:Legal services 18753: 18748: 18747: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18710: 18709: 18708: 18697: 18695: 18691: 18690: 18688: 18687: 18686: 18685: 18675: 18670: 18665: 18660: 18655: 18654: 18653: 18643: 18638: 18636:Euronext.liffe 18633: 18628: 18623: 18622: 18621: 18616: 18606: 18600: 18598: 18590: 18589: 18587: 18586: 18585: 18584: 18579: 18571: 18570: 18569: 18568: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18549: 18548: 18547: 18542: 18537: 18522: 18521: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18485: 18480: 18465: 18463: 18452: 18448: 18447: 18445: 18444: 18439: 18438: 18437: 18427: 18422: 18421: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18400: 18399: 18398: 18388: 18383: 18381:Businesspeople 18378: 18372: 18370: 18364: 18363: 18360: 18359: 18357: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18308: 18302: 18300: 18294: 18293: 18291: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18229: 18227: 18221: 18220: 18218: 18217: 18212: 18206: 18204: 18196: 18195: 18193: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18175:Thames Gateway 18172: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18136: 18135: 18130: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18069: 18068: 18058: 18052: 18050: 18041: 18033: 18032: 18029: 18028: 18026: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17984: 17982: 17978: 17977: 17975: 17974: 17969: 17968: 17967: 17957: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17851: 17849: 17842: 17836: 17835: 17833: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17816: 17815: 17810: 17803:Pound sterling 17800: 17795: 17794: 17793: 17788: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17763: 17758: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17742: 17741: 17736: 17725: 17723: 17715: 17714: 17712: 17711: 17706: 17701: 17696: 17694:FTSE 250 Index 17691: 17689:FTSE 100 Index 17686: 17681: 17675: 17673: 17669: 17668: 17661: 17660: 17653: 17646: 17638: 17629: 17628: 17626: 17625: 17620: 17608:Guernsey pound 17596: 17591: 17585: 17583: 17579: 17578: 17576: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17549: 17547: 17543: 17542: 17540: 17539: 17534: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17509: 17504: 17499: 17494: 17489: 17478: 17476: 17472: 17471: 17469: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17443: 17431: 17426: 17420: 17418: 17417:European Union 17414: 17413: 17405: 17404: 17397: 17390: 17382: 17373: 17372: 17370: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17337:Lebanese pound 17334: 17329: 17328: 17327: 17309: 17308: 17307: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17269: 17268: 17256: 17254:Emirati dirham 17251: 17250: 17249: 17234:Egyptian pound 17231: 17229:Bahraini dinar 17226: 17221: 17215: 17213: 17209: 17208: 17206: 17205: 17200: 17199: 17198: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17139:Cambodian riel 17136: 17131: 17130: 17129: 17120: 17105: 17103: 17099: 17098: 17096: 17095: 17094: 17093: 17079: 17074: 17073: 17072: 17061:Pound sterling 17058: 17053: 17051:Nepalese rupee 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17026:Afghan afghani 17022: 17020: 17016: 17015: 17013: 17012: 17006: 17004: 17000: 16999: 16997: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16954: 16952: 16948: 16947: 16945: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16918: 16916: 16912: 16911: 16906: 16905: 16898: 16891: 16883: 16874: 16873: 16871: 16870: 16869: 16868: 16855: 16853: 16849: 16848: 16846: 16845: 16840: 16839: 16838: 16820: 16818:Uruguayan peso 16815: 16810: 16809: 16808: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16772: 16771: 16770: 16756: 16754:Colombian peso 16751: 16746: 16744:Brazilian real 16741: 16736: 16734:Argentine peso 16730: 16728: 16724: 16723: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16718: 16711: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16668: 16667: 16654: 16652: 16648: 16647: 16645: 16644: 16643: 16642: 16633: 16624: 16615: 16606: 16592: 16587: 16586: 16585: 16576: 16562: 16557: 16555:Haitian gourde 16552: 16551: 16550: 16541: 16532: 16523: 16514: 16500: 16499: 16498: 16491: 16484: 16477: 16468: 16461: 16454: 16447: 16433: 16431:Dominican peso 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16402: 16400: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16381: 16380: 16366: 16365: 16364: 16350: 16345: 16339: 16337: 16333: 16332: 16324: 16323: 16316: 16309: 16301: 16292: 16291: 16289: 16288: 16287: 16286: 16277: 16268: 16259: 16250: 16241: 16232: 16223: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16197:Nigerian naira 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16177:Gambian dalasi 16174: 16173: 16172: 16159: 16151:Canary Islands 16141: 16135: 16133: 16129: 16128: 16126: 16125: 16123:Zambian kwacha 16120: 16115: 16114: 16113: 16104: 16095: 16081: 16074: 16073: 16072: 16065: 16054:Zimbabwean ZiG 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16020: 16019: 16010: 16001: 15987: 15986: 15985: 15976: 15962: 15956: 15954: 15950: 15949: 15947: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15931: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15902:Ethiopian birr 15899: 15897:Eritrean nakfa 15894: 15889: 15887:Comorian franc 15883: 15881: 15877: 15876: 15874: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15862: 15861: 15852: 15843: 15834: 15825: 15816: 15802: 15797: 15795:Angolan kwanza 15791: 15789: 15785: 15784: 15782: 15781: 15779:Tunisian dinar 15776: 15774:Sudanese pound 15771: 15763:Sahrawi peseta 15759: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15743: 15742: 15728: 15726:Egyptian pound 15723: 15721:Algerian dinar 15717: 15715: 15711: 15710: 15702: 15701: 15694: 15687: 15679: 15670: 15669: 15667: 15666: 15654: 15642: 15629: 15626: 15625: 15622: 15621: 15619: 15618: 15613: 15607: 15605: 15601: 15600: 15598: 15597: 15592: 15590:Spanish peseta 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15515:Finnish markka 15512: 15510:Estonian kroon 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15476: 15474: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15466: 15464:United Kingdom 15460: 15458: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15410: 15409: 15398: 15387: 15371: 15363: 15361: 15354: 15348: 15347: 15344: 15343: 15341: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15314: 15312: 15308: 15307: 15305: 15304: 15299: 15293: 15291: 15281: 15276: 15273: 15272: 15270: 15269: 15264: 15258: 15256: 15249: 15246: 15245: 15243: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15215:Czech Republic 15212: 15206: 15204: 15199: 15196: 15195: 15193: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15171: 15169: 15160: 15157: 15156: 15153: 15152: 15150: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15128: 15126: 15120: 15119: 15117: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15015: 15013: 15004: 15000: 14999: 14996: 14995: 14993: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14956: 14954: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14873: 14871: 14862: 14858: 14857: 14855: 14854: 14852:World currency 14849: 14844: 14839: 14833: 14831: 14825: 14824: 14822: 14821: 14816: 14815: 14814: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14778: 14776: 14772: 14771: 14769: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14756:Euro Plus Pact 14753: 14748: 14742: 14740: 14736: 14735: 14733: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14696: 14694: 14693:Administration 14690: 14689: 14687: 14686: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14648: 14646: 14642: 14641: 14633: 14632: 14625: 14618: 14610: 14604: 14601: 14600: 14591: 14590: 14579:Pound Sterling 14576: 14561: 14560:External links 14558: 14556: 14555: 14532: 14507: 14492: 14477: 14471: 14455: 14449: 14433: 14414: 14408: 14392: 14385: 14366: 14348: 14333: 14311: 14291: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14260: 14259: 14233: 14203: 14174: 14140: 14114: 14088: 14062: 14045:Liverpool Echo 14031: 14005: 13979: 13953: 13923: 13892: 13862: 13827: 13801: 13775: 13745: 13713: 13682: 13651: 13625: 13614:on 8 July 2017 13608:The Royal Mint 13591: 13561: 13528: 13502: 13476: 13446: 13416: 13385: 13358: 13322: 13289: 13256: 13230: 13200: 13174: 13148: 13129: 13099: 13073: 13047: 13017: 12985: 12949: 12911: 12881: 12839: 12826: 12819: 12799: 12792: 12772: 12739: 12712: 12693: 12675:Burk, Kathleen 12666: 12630: 12600: 12559: 12528: 12519: 12506: 12490: 12484:Luca Einaudi, 12477: 12468: 12459: 12450: 12441: 12432: 12423: 12414: 12384: 12348: 12327: 12315: 12298: 12271: 12251: 12217: 12204:MeasuringWorth 12184: 12158: 12124: 12098: 12068: 12033: 12000: 11986: 11965: 11928: 11901:(2): 391–427. 11885: 11848: 11841: 11823: 11796: 11776: 11743: 11710: 11683: 11657: 11621: 11591: 11589:at 1.8 g. 11564:. p. 33. 11549: 11519: 11483: 11462:. p. 10. 11443: 11410: 11381: 11351: 11308: 11274: 11267: 11249: 11232:British Museum 11219: 11187: 11147: 11117: 11087: 11057: 11043: 11017: 10991: 10982: 10952: 10923: 10893: 10875:New York Times 10861: 10825: 10798: 10777: 10758: 10736: 10732:currency name. 10705: 10690: 10654: 10618: 10582: 10556: 10531: 10519: 10483: 10452: 10422: 10388: 10362: 10339: 10316: 10279: 10251: 10232: 10212: 10186: 10162:"Entry 189985" 10150: 10124: 10099: 10068: 10058:Sterling (UK). 10051: 10031: 10021:pound sterling 10010: 9989: 9976: 9956: 9930: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9888: 9876: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9816: 9802: 9788: 9772: 9769: 9765: 9764: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9746: 9743: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9722: 9719: 9716: 9713: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9701: 9698: 9695: 9692: 9689: 9686: 9683: 9680: 9677: 9674: 9671: 9668: 9665: 9662: 9659: 9656: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9639: 9636: 9633: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9564: 9561: 9558: 9555: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9493: 9492: 9489: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9406: 9403: 9400: 9397: 9394: 9391: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9370: 9367: 9364: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9340: 9337: 9334: 9331: 9328: 9325: 9322: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9269: 9266: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9163: 9160: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9083: 9080: 9077: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9050: 9047: 9044: 9041: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9017: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8972:Pound sterling 8967: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8878: 8875: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8854: 8851: 8848: 8845: 8842: 8839: 8836: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8824: 8821: 8818: 8815: 8812: 8809: 8806: 8803: 8800: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8788: 8785: 8782: 8779: 8776: 8759: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8719: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8677: 8674: 8671: 8668: 8665: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8538: 8526: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8453: 8445: 8444: 8418: 8415:Yahoo! Finance 8410: 8409: 8383: 8380:Google Finance 8375: 8374: 8360: 8357: 8350: 8349: 8348: £0.0695 8346: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8331: 8328: 8325: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8316: £0.0707 8314: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8285: 8284: £0.0726 8282: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8254: 8253: 8252: £0.0744 8250: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8221: 8220: £0.0777 8218: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8189: 8188: £0.0780 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8156: £0.0800 8154: 8151: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8125: 8124: £0.0560 8122: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8087: 8086: £0.0612 8084: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8048: £0.0678 8046: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8031: 8028: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7923: 7920: 7894:currency union 7886:Guernsey pound 7869: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7709:Commemorative 7656: 7653: 7620: 7617: 7595: 7592: 7588:banking system 7482:Main article: 7479: 7476: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7440: 7408: 7389: 7379: 7372: 7367:(the original 7350: 7339: 7336:shilling coins 7328: 7321: 7308: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7256: 7219:half new penny 7215: 7200: 7185: 7153: 7152: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7114: 7113: 7103: 7100: 7095:Maundy coinage 7075:half-sovereign 7031:. The silver 4 6684: 6681: 6676:Main article: 6673: 6670: 6647:interest rates 6630:Owner occupied 6624: 6618: 6609: 6601: 6598: 6528:Following the 6494:Main article: 6491: 6488: 6468:European Union 6402:Main article: 6399: 6396: 6366: 6363: 6335: 6332: 6303: 6300: 6275: 6272: 6217:Prime Minister 6190:Main article: 6187: 6184: 6151: 6148: 6122:Queen's Speech 6087:Lord Overstone 5994:Main article: 5991: 5990:Decimalisation 5988: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5924: 5921: 5904: 5901: 5856: 5853: 5827: 9.46 in 5728: 5725: 5657:British Empire 5649:Main article: 5646: 5643: 5637:established a 5585:Scots currency 5580: 5577: 5560: 5557: 5471:Ashanti Empire 5445: 5444: 5359: 5357: 5350: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5332:half sovereign 5328: 5278: 5237: 5236: 5191: 5058: 5055: 5051:Guldengroschen 4965: 4962: 4907: 4906:Henry IV, 1412 4904: 4900: 4899: 4874: 4862: 4861: 4854:double florins 4850: 4808: 4805: 4764:(known as the 4745: 4744:Medieval, 1158 4742: 4597: 4596: 4511: 4509: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4364:10.41 ozt 4362: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4347:11.25 ozt 4345: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4290:silver pennies 4275: 4272: 4260:Queen Victoria 4252:George IV 4119:Main article: 4115: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4061: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3944: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3770: 3760: 3759: 3752: 3730: 3727: 3686:decimalisation 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3601: 3598: 3558: 3555: 3539:Main article: 3536: 3533: 3512: 3509: 3403: 3366:Main article: 3363: 3360: 3323:pound sterling 3246:Norman England 3206: 3203: 3171: 3168: 3164:British Empire 3098:pound sterling 3082:) is the main 3072:United Kingdom 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3007: 2995: 2981: 2976: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2864:European Union 2859: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2619: 2618: 2607: 2606: 2599:Foreign policy 2596: 2590: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2516: 2507: 2500: 2485: 2480: 2474: 2469: 2463: 2461:Cayman Islands 2458: 2452: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2430: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2389: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2278:Civil parishes 2275: 2270: 2265: 2256: 2244: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2227: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2200:Civil parishes 2197: 2196: 2195: 2193:London Borough 2190: 2185: 2170: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2156:Greater London 2153: 2148: 2138: 2128: 2119: 2107: 2106: 2103:Administration 2101: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2056:First Minister 2052: 2049:Wales Act 2017 2045:Wales Act 2014 2033: 2022: 2010: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1972:First Minister 1968: 1953: 1948: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1889:First Minister 1885: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1805: 1795: 1790: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1728: 1724:UK referendums 1722: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1357:1910 (Jan–Feb) 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1217:1801 co-option 1213: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1164: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1124: 1123: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1070:United Kingdom 1065: 1064: 1054:The Lord Hodge 1051: 1050: 1037: 1036: 1021: 1020: 1000: 995: 994: 991: 990: 987: 986: 985: 984: 974: 969: 962: 961: 943: 942: 923: 922: 913: 912: 893: 892: 889:House of Lords 883: 882: 863: 862: 854: 849: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 835: 830: 812: 811: 791: 790: 781:Prime Minister 765: 764: 743: 742: 713: 712: 704: 699: 698: 695: 694: 691: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 658: 657: 637: 636: 618: 613: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 572: 570:Bill of Rights 567: 561: 556: 555: 552: 551: 543: 542: 536: 535: 523: 522: 516: 510: 509: 500: 494: 493: 487: 481: 480: 477: 471: 470: 466: 465: 454: 452: Website 448: 447: 442: 436: 435: 424: 422: Website 418: 417: 412: 406: 405: 398:.bankofengland 392: 390: Website 386: 385: 380: 372: 371: 367: 366: 364: 363: 356: 354:United Kingdom 350: 348: 344: 343: 327: 323: 322: 318: 317: 316: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 273: 269: 268: 267: 266: 261: 254: 248: 247: 246: 245: 240: 235: 230: 223: 217: 216: 214: 210: 209: 206: 200: 199: 197: 193: 192: 189: 183: 182: 180: 176: 175: 172: 157: 156: 154: 150: 149: 143: 142: 134: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 105: 104: 99: 93: 92: 85: 81: 80: 74: 73: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22550: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22524: 22521: 22519: 22516: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22440: 22438: 22423: 22420: 22418: 22415: 22414: 22409: 22405: 22402: 22398: 22397: 22393: 22375: 22372: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22348: 22345: 22344: 22343: 22340: 22338: 22335: 22331: 22328: 22326: 22323: 22321: 22318: 22317: 22316: 22313: 22311: 22308: 22306: 22303: 22302: 22300: 22298: 22294: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22256: 22253: 22252: 22251: 22248: 22246: 22243: 22239: 22236: 22234: 22231: 22229: 22226: 22225: 22224: 22221: 22219: 22216: 22212: 22209: 22208: 22207: 22204: 22203: 22201: 22199: 22195: 22189: 22186: 22184: 22181: 22179: 22176: 22174: 22171: 22169: 22166: 22162: 22159: 22158: 22157: 22154: 22152: 22149: 22145: 22142: 22140: 22137: 22135: 22132: 22131: 22130: 22127: 22125: 22122: 22120: 22117: 22116: 22114: 22112: 22108: 22102: 22099: 22097: 22094: 22092: 22089: 22087: 22084: 22082: 22079: 22077: 22074: 22070: 22067: 22066: 22065: 22062: 22060: 22057: 22055: 22052: 22050: 22047: 22043: 22040: 22038: 22035: 22034: 22033: 22030: 22029: 22027: 22025: 22021: 22017: 22013: 22008: 22004: 22000: 21990: 21987: 21985: 21982: 21980: 21977: 21975: 21972: 21970: 21967: 21965: 21962: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21952: 21950: 21947: 21945: 21942: 21940: 21937: 21933: 21930: 21929: 21928: 21925: 21923: 21920: 21918: 21915: 21913: 21910: 21909: 21907: 21905: 21901: 21895: 21894:Welfare state 21892: 21890: 21887: 21885: 21882: 21880: 21877: 21875: 21872: 21870: 21867: 21865: 21862: 21860: 21857: 21855: 21852: 21850: 21847: 21845: 21842: 21840: 21839:Mental health 21837: 21835: 21832: 21830: 21827: 21825: 21822: 21820: 21817: 21815: 21812: 21810: 21807: 21803: 21800: 21798: 21795: 21794: 21793: 21790: 21788: 21785: 21783: 21782:Ethnic groups 21780: 21778: 21775: 21773: 21770: 21768: 21765: 21763: 21760: 21758: 21755: 21753: 21750: 21748: 21745: 21744: 21741: 21738: 21736: 21732: 21722: 21719: 21717: 21714: 21712: 21709: 21707: 21706:Bus transport 21704: 21702: 21701:Air transport 21699: 21698: 21696: 21694: 21690: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21668: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21648: 21646: 21645:Manufacturing 21643: 21641: 21638: 21636: 21633: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21623: 21619: 21616: 21615: 21614: 21611: 21610: 21607: 21604: 21602: 21598: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21565: 21563: 21561: 21557: 21549: 21546: 21545: 21544: 21541: 21537: 21534: 21533: 21532: 21529: 21527: 21524: 21522: 21521:Civil service 21519: 21515: 21512: 21511: 21510: 21507: 21506: 21504: 21502: 21498: 21492: 21489: 21487: 21484: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21474: 21470: 21467: 21465: 21462: 21461: 21460: 21457: 21455: 21452: 21448: 21447:republicanism 21445: 21443: 21440: 21439: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21411: 21408: 21407: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21394: 21391: 21390: 21389: 21386: 21384: 21381: 21379: 21376: 21374: 21371: 21370: 21367: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21354: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21329: 21327: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21314: 21312: 21310: 21307: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21289: 21287: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21273: 21270: 21268: 21267:North Sea oil 21265: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21243: 21240: 21238: 21235: 21234: 21233: 21230: 21228: 21225: 21224: 21222: 21220: 21216: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21178: 21175: 21174: 21173: 21170: 21166: 21165:Great Britain 21163: 21161: 21158: 21157: 21156: 21155:British Isles 21153: 21152: 21150: 21148: 21144: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21104: 21102: 21100: 21096: 21092: 21089: 21087: 21083: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21041: 21038: 21037: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21022: 21020: 21016: 21008: 21005: 21003: 21000: 20999: 20997: 20993: 20990: 20988: 20985: 20984: 20982: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20969: 20967: 20965: 20962: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20954:Edwardian era 20952: 20950: 20949:Victorian era 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20936: 20934: 20932: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20919: 20914: 20907: 20902: 20900: 20895: 20893: 20888: 20887: 20884: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20839: 20836: 20835: 20833: 20831:See also 20829: 20822: 20818: 20815: 20812: 20809: 20806: 20802: 20799: 20798: 20796: 20792: 20786: 20785:Zambian pound 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20770:Venetian lira 20768: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20756: 20753: 20751: 20748: 20746: 20743: 20741: 20738: 20736: 20733: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20716: 20713: 20711: 20708: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20696: 20693: 20691: 20688: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20601: 20598: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20590:Maltese pound 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20530: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20508:Georgia pound 20506: 20504: 20503:Gambian pound 20501: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20486:Haitian livre 20484: 20482: 20479: 20478: 20477: 20474: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20464:Livre parisis 20462: 20461: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20444:Cypriot pound 20442: 20440: 20437: 20435: 20432: 20430: 20427: 20425: 20422: 20420: 20419:Biafran pound 20417: 20415: 20412: 20410: 20407: 20405: 20402: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20394:Angevin pound 20392: 20390: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20375: 20369: 20366: 20364: 20361: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20343:Brixton pound 20341: 20339: 20338:Bristol pound 20336: 20335: 20333: 20329: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20281: 20278: 20276: 20273: 20271: 20268: 20266: 20263: 20262: 20261: 20258: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20248: 20247: 20245: 20241: 20236: 20235: 20230: 20229: 20220: 20215: 20213: 20208: 20206: 20201: 20200: 20197: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20139: 20138: 20136: 20132: 20122: 20119: 20117: 20114: 20112: 20109: 20107: 20104: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20078: 20076: 20072: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20041: 20038: 20037: 20035: 20033:Commemorative 20031: 20025: 20022: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19993: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19974: 19969: 19967: 19964: 19962: 19959: 19957: 19955: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19942: 19938: 19936: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19922: 19917: 19915: 19913: 19908: 19906: 19904: 19901:Threepence (3 19899: 19897: 19895: 19890: 19887: 19883: 19881: 19858: 19856: 19854: 19849: 19847: 19845: 19825: 19823: 19821: 19801: 19799: 19797: 19777: 19774: 19770: 19768: 19748: 19745: 19741: 19739: 19719: 19718: 19716: 19714: 19710: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19646: 19645: 19643: 19639: 19635: 19628: 19623: 19621: 19616: 19614: 19609: 19608: 19605: 19593: 19592:Sterling area 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19572: 19571: 19569: 19565: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19535: 19531: 19525: 19522: 19520: 19517: 19515: 19512: 19511: 19509: 19507: 19503: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19464: 19462: 19460: 19456: 19453: 19450: 19446: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19412: 19410: 19408: 19404: 19390: 19387: 19385: 19382: 19380: 19377: 19376: 19374: 19370: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19355: 19353: 19351:Current issue 19349: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19336: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19306: 19304: 19302: 19298: 19295: 19292: 19288: 19274: 19271: 19270: 19268: 19264: 19258: 19255: 19253: 19250: 19248: 19245: 19243: 19240: 19239: 19237: 19235:Current issue 19233: 19230: 19228: 19224: 19218: 19215: 19213: 19210: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19190: 19189: 19187: 19185: 19181: 19175: 19172: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19151: 19149: 19147: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19134: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19106: 19104: 19100: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19065: 19063: 19059: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19035: 19034: 19032: 19030: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19008: 19004: 18997: 18992: 18990: 18985: 18983: 18978: 18977: 18974: 18962: 18954: 18952: 18944: 18943: 18940: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18885: 18883: 18881:organisations 18875: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18852: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18842: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18815: 18814: 18811: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18788: 18786: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18763: 18762: 18761:Manufacturing 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18716: 18715: 18711: 18707: 18704: 18703: 18702: 18699: 18698: 18696: 18692: 18684: 18681: 18680: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18652: 18649: 18648: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18614:List of banks 18612: 18611: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18601: 18599: 18597: 18591: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18574: 18572: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18552: 18550: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18532: 18531: 18528: 18527: 18526: 18523: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18508:North Sea oil 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18475: 18474: 18470: 18467: 18466: 18464: 18462: 18456: 18453: 18449: 18443: 18440: 18436: 18433: 18432: 18431: 18430:Trades unions 18428: 18426: 18423: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18405: 18404: 18401: 18397: 18394: 18393: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18373: 18371: 18365: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18318: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18303: 18301: 18299: 18295: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18230: 18228: 18226: 18222: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18207: 18205: 18203: 18197: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18125: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18067: 18066:Big City Plan 18064: 18063: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18053: 18051: 18049: 18045: 18042: 18034: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18018:Privatisation 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17998:Gold standard 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17985: 17983: 17979: 17973: 17970: 17966: 17963: 17962: 17961: 17958: 17955: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17925:1986 Big Bang 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17852: 17850: 17848:Chronological 17846: 17843: 17841: 17837: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17805: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17783: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17762: 17759: 17757: 17754: 17752: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17731: 17730: 17727: 17726: 17724: 17716: 17710: 17707: 17705: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17687: 17685: 17682: 17680: 17679:Co-operatives 17677: 17676: 17674: 17670: 17666: 17659: 17654: 17652: 17647: 17645: 17640: 17639: 17636: 17624: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17605: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17586: 17584: 17580: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17568:Serbian dinar 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17550: 17548: 17544: 17538: 17535: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17522:Russian ruble 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17507:Georgian lari 17505: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17492:Armenian dram 17490: 17483: 17480: 17479: 17477: 17473: 17467: 17466:Swedish krona 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17440: 17439:Faroese króna 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17424:Bulgarian lev 17422: 17421: 17419: 17415: 17410: 17403: 17398: 17396: 17391: 17389: 17384: 17383: 17380: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17332:Kuwaiti dinar 17330: 17326: 17324: 17320: 17315: 17314: 17313: 17310: 17306: 17304: 17300: 17296: 17291: 17290: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17273:Georgian lari 17271: 17266: 17262: 17261: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17248: 17246: 17242: 17237: 17236: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17219:Armenian dram 17217: 17216: 17214: 17210: 17204: 17201: 17196: 17192: 17191: 17186: 17185: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17167: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17134:Brunei dollar 17132: 17127: 17126: 17121: 17118: 17117: 17112: 17111: 17110: 17107: 17106: 17104: 17100: 17091: 17090: 17085: 17084: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17070: 17069: 17064: 17063: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17023: 17021: 17017: 17011: 17010:Russian ruble 17008: 17007: 17005: 17001: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16959: 16956: 16955: 16953: 16949: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16919: 16917: 16913: 16904: 16899: 16897: 16892: 16890: 16885: 16884: 16881: 16866: 16865:starting 2025 16862: 16861: 16860: 16857: 16856: 16854: 16850: 16844: 16841: 16836: 16835: 16831: 16826: 16825: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16806: 16805: 16800: 16799: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16777: 16773: 16768: 16767: 16766:French Guiana 16762: 16761: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16731: 16729: 16725: 16716: 16712: 16709: 16705: 16704: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16672:Belize dollar 16670: 16665: 16661: 16660: 16659: 16656: 16655: 16653: 16649: 16640: 16639: 16634: 16631: 16630: 16625: 16622: 16621: 16616: 16613: 16612: 16607: 16604: 16603: 16598: 16597: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16583: 16582: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16568: 16567: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16548: 16547: 16542: 16539: 16538: 16533: 16530: 16529: 16524: 16521: 16520: 16515: 16512: 16511: 16506: 16505: 16504: 16501: 16496: 16492: 16489: 16485: 16482: 16478: 16475: 16474: 16469: 16466: 16462: 16459: 16455: 16452: 16448: 16445: 16444: 16439: 16438: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16406:Aruban florin 16404: 16403: 16401: 16397: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16378: 16377: 16372: 16371: 16370: 16367: 16362: 16361: 16356: 16355: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16340: 16338: 16334: 16329: 16322: 16317: 16315: 16310: 16308: 16303: 16302: 16299: 16284: 16283: 16278: 16275: 16274: 16269: 16266: 16265: 16260: 16257: 16256: 16251: 16248: 16247: 16242: 16239: 16238: 16237:Guinea-Bissau 16233: 16230: 16229: 16224: 16221: 16220: 16215: 16214: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16187:Guinean franc 16185: 16183: 16182:Ghanaian cedi 16180: 16178: 16175: 16170: 16169: 16165: 16160: 16157: 16156: 16152: 16147: 16146: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16136: 16134: 16130: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16111: 16110: 16105: 16102: 16101: 16096: 16093: 16092: 16087: 16086: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16079: 16075: 16070: 16069:mosi-oa-Tunya 16066: 16063: 16062: 16057: 16056: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16017: 16016: 16011: 16008: 16007: 16002: 15999: 15998: 15993: 15992: 15991: 15988: 15983: 15982: 15977: 15974: 15973: 15968: 15967: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15960:Botswana pula 15958: 15957: 15955: 15951: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15929: 15925: 15924: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15878: 15872: 15871:Rwandan franc 15869: 15867: 15864: 15859: 15858: 15853: 15850: 15849: 15844: 15841: 15840: 15835: 15832: 15831: 15826: 15823: 15822: 15817: 15814: 15813: 15808: 15807: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15792: 15790: 15786: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15769: 15765: 15764: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15740: 15739: 15734: 15733: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15718: 15716: 15712: 15707: 15700: 15695: 15693: 15688: 15686: 15681: 15680: 15677: 15665: 15664: 15660: 15655: 15653: 15652: 15648: 15643: 15641: 15640: 15636: 15631: 15630: 15627: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15608: 15606: 15602: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15580:Slovak koruna 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15530:Greek drachma 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15505:Dutch guilder 15503: 15501: 15500:Cypriot pound 15498: 15496: 15495:Croatian kuna 15493: 15491: 15490:Belgian franc 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15477: 15475: 15471: 15465: 15462: 15461: 15459: 15451: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15407: 15399: 15396: 15388: 15385: 15377: 15376: 15375: 15372: 15369: 15365: 15364: 15362: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15349: 15339: 15338:Swedish krona 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15315: 15313: 15309: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15297:Bulgarian lev 15295: 15294: 15292: 15285: 15282: 15279: 15274: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15247: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15207: 15205: 15197: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15158: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15129: 15127: 15125: 15121: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15016: 15014: 15012: 15008: 15005: 15001: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14957: 14955: 14953: 14949: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14874: 14872: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14861:Denominations 14859: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14834: 14832: 14830: 14826: 14820: 14817: 14813: 14810: 14809: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14773: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14737: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14705:ECB president 14703: 14701: 14698: 14697: 14695: 14691: 14685: 14684: 14683:Euro-Skulptur 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14647: 14643: 14638: 14631: 14626: 14624: 14619: 14617: 14612: 14611: 14608: 14602: 14595: 14588: 14584: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14569: 14564: 14563: 14553: 14549: 14545: 14541: 14537: 14533: 14530: 14529:1-55775-172-2 14526: 14522: 14518: 14514: 14513: 14508: 14505: 14504:0-333-63296-6 14501: 14497: 14493: 14490: 14489:0-275-95376-9 14486: 14482: 14478: 14474: 14472:0-87341-207-9 14468: 14464: 14462: 14456: 14452: 14450:0-87341-149-8 14446: 14442: 14440: 14434: 14431: 14430:0-19-515057-0 14427: 14423: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14405: 14401: 14399: 14393: 14390: 14386: 14383: 14382:0-691-00354-8 14379: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14365: 14364:0-226-06587-1 14361: 14357: 14353: 14349: 14346: 14345:0-9508735-0-0 14342: 14338: 14334: 14331: 14330:1-84212-289-4 14327: 14323: 14320:, Vol III of 14319: 14315: 14312: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14289: 14285: 14281: 14280:0-88736-543-4 14277: 14273: 14270: 14269: 14247: 14243: 14237: 14218: 14214: 14210: 14206: 14204:0-11-621671-9 14200: 14196: 14192: 14185: 14178: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14144: 14128: 14124: 14118: 14102: 14098: 14092: 14076: 14072: 14066: 14050: 14046: 14042: 14035: 14019: 14015: 14009: 13993: 13989: 13983: 13967: 13963: 13957: 13941: 13937: 13933: 13927: 13911: 13907: 13903: 13896: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13866: 13850: 13846: 13842: 13836: 13834: 13832: 13815: 13811: 13805: 13789: 13785: 13779: 13763: 13759: 13755: 13749: 13734:on 7 May 2016 13730: 13723: 13717: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13686: 13670: 13666: 13662: 13655: 13639: 13635: 13629: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13595: 13579: 13575: 13571: 13565: 13549: 13545: 13544: 13539: 13532: 13516: 13512: 13506: 13490: 13486: 13480: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13450: 13434: 13430: 13426: 13420: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13389: 13373: 13369: 13362: 13346: 13342: 13337: 13329: 13327: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13296: 13294: 13277: 13273: 13269: 13263: 13261: 13244: 13240: 13234: 13218: 13214: 13210: 13204: 13188: 13184: 13178: 13162: 13158: 13152: 13145: 13141: 13138: 13133: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13103: 13087: 13083: 13077: 13061: 13057: 13051: 13035: 13031: 13027: 13021: 13005: 13001: 13000: 12995: 12989: 12973: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12953: 12937: 12933: 12932: 12926: 12921: 12920:Treneman, Ann 12915: 12899: 12895: 12891: 12885: 12869: 12865: 12859: 12855: 12854: 12849: 12843: 12836: 12830: 12822: 12816: 12812: 12811: 12803: 12795: 12789: 12785: 12784: 12776: 12760: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12743: 12727: 12723: 12716: 12700: 12696: 12694:0-300-05728-8 12690: 12686: 12685: 12680: 12676: 12670: 12654: 12650: 12649: 12644: 12640: 12634: 12618: 12614: 12610: 12604: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12571: 12563: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12532: 12523: 12516: 12510: 12504: 12503:962-85939-3-5 12500: 12494: 12487: 12481: 12472: 12463: 12454: 12445: 12436: 12427: 12418: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12388: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12357: 12355: 12353: 12345: 12341: 12338: 12337: 12331: 12324: 12319: 12311: 12310: 12302: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12274: 12268: 12264: 12263: 12255: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12221: 12206: 12205: 12200: 12194: 12188: 12172: 12168: 12162: 12146: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12128: 12112: 12108: 12102: 12096: 12092: 12089: 12085: 12081: 12078: 12072: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12037: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12012: 12004: 11996: 11990: 11975: 11969: 11950: 11946: 11939: 11932: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11908: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11889: 11870: 11866: 11859: 11852: 11844: 11842:9781451603736 11838: 11834: 11827: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11797:9781469611815 11793: 11789: 11788: 11780: 11773: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11747: 11728: 11721: 11714: 11708: 11704: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11687: 11671: 11667: 11661: 11642: 11635: 11628: 11626: 11617: 11605: 11601: 11595: 11588: 11584: 11579: 11567: 11563: 11562: 11553: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11523: 11516: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11488: 11480: 11465: 11461: 11454: 11451:Munro, John. 11447: 11440: 11427: 11423: 11422: 11414: 11407: 11395: 11391: 11385: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11355: 11348: 11346: 11341: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11312: 11305: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11278: 11270: 11264: 11260: 11253: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11223: 11207: 11203: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11175: 11171: 11164: 11162: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11121: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11091: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11061: 11053: 11047: 11031: 11027: 11021: 11005: 11001: 10995: 10986: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10956: 10941: 10937: 10930: 10928: 10911: 10907: 10905: 10897: 10881: 10877: 10876: 10871: 10865: 10858: 10846: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10829: 10814: 10813: 10808: 10802: 10794: 10787: 10781: 10765: 10761: 10759:9781913507190 10755: 10751: 10747: 10740: 10733: 10720: 10716: 10709: 10700: 10694: 10675: 10671: 10664: 10658: 10639: 10635: 10628: 10622: 10603: 10599: 10592: 10586: 10570: 10566: 10560: 10544: 10543: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10516: 10513: 10498: 10494: 10487: 10480: 10468: 10464: 10456: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10426: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10393: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10349:"pound (n.1)" 10343: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10320: 10313: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10286: 10284: 10267: 10263: 10262: 10255: 10239: 10235: 10233:9780521521932 10229: 10225: 10224: 10216: 10200: 10196: 10190: 10183: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10157: 10155: 10138: 10134: 10128: 10109: 10103: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10063: 10059: 10054: 10052:9780198294818 10048: 10044: 10043: 10035: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10019::2. (in full 10018: 10013: 10011:9780195418163 10007: 10003: 9996: 9994: 9986: 9984: 9979: 9977:9780198759430 9973: 9969: 9968: 9960: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9918: 9912: 9908: 9892: 9883: 9881: 9871: 9867: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9828: 9817: 9814: 9803: 9800: 9789: 9786: 9785:Europe portal 9775: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9723: 9720: 9717: 9714: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9696: 9693: 9690: 9687: 9684: 9681: 9678: 9675: 9672: 9669: 9666: 9663: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9650: 9649: 9646: 9643: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9576:Dutch guilder 9573: 9572: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9559: 9556: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9499: 9495: 9494: 9490: 9487: 9484: 9481: 9478: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9420:Deutsche Mark 9417: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9398: 9395: 9392: 9389: 9386: 9383: 9380: 9377: 9374: 9371: 9368: 9365: 9362: 9359: 9356: 9353: 9350: 9347: 9344: 9341: 9338: 9335: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9320: 9316: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9270: 9267: 9264: 9261: 9258: 9255: 9252: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9237: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9179: 9176: 9173: 9170: 9167: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9158: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9084: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9066: 9063: 9060: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8942: 8939: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8903: 8900: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8882: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8869: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8825: 8822: 8819: 8816: 8813: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8714: 8711: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8678: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8663: 8659: 8658: 8654: 8651: 8648: 8645: 8642: 8639: 8636: 8633: 8630: 8627: 8624: 8621: 8618: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8591: 8588: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8552: 8547: 8545: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8525: 8523: 8509: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8451: 8447: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8359:Exchange rate 8356: 8347: 8344: 8342: £0.0910 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8312: 8310: £0.0952 8309: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8278: £0.0943 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8251: 8248: 8246: £0.0980 8245: 8242: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8134: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8118: £0.0826 8117: 8114: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8080: £0.0850 8079: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8042: £0.0900 8041: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8023: 8020: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7935: 7931: 7929: 7926:In 2006, the 7919: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7872:In Britain's 7860: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7748:bullion coins 7746:, as are the 7745: 7727: 7726: 7721:(6p, not the 7720: 7716: 7712: 7707: 7703: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7676: 7673: 7666: 7661: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7639: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7604:Northern Bank 7601: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7557: 7553: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7538: 7535:In 1914, the 7533: 7529: 7527: 7522: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7506: 7504: 7499: 7490: 7485: 7475: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7439:to circulate. 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7401:entrepreneurs 7398: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7362:copper-plated 7359: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7309: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7237:two new pence 7234: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7210:, 12.5p) was 7209: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7195:replaced the 7194: 7191:cupro-nickel 7190: 7186: 7184:respectively. 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7163:decimal coins 7160: 7159: 7158: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7102:Decimal coins 7099: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7079:gold standard 7076: 7072: 7067: 7065: 7052: 7051:double florin 7048: 7047: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6936: 6935: 6929: 6927: 6924:. During the 6923: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6874: 6857: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6748:The reign of 6746: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6679: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6631: 6616: 6606: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6533: 6531: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6461: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6425:Cypriot pound 6422: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6316:Deutsche Mark 6313: 6309: 6306:In 1988, the 6299: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6248:US Government 6244: 6243:UK Government 6240: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6198: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6180:sterling area 6177: 6173: 6169: 6161: 6156: 6147: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6111:Cypriot pound 6108: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6075:William Brown 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6049:ten new pence 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6033:Staffordshire 6030: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5959: 5955: 5948:Bretton Woods 5940: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5917:fiat currency 5913: 5911: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5781:United States 5778: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5757:gold standard 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5733: 5727:Gold standard 5724: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5710: 5709:sterling area 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5685:British India 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5651:Sterling area 5642: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5549:gold standard 5546: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5507: 5506:Gresham's law 5503: 5502:the Continent 5484: 5479: 5472: 5468: 5467:Guinea region 5464: 5460: 5459:King James II 5456: 5451: 5441: 5438: 5430: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5388: – 5387: 5383: 5382:Find sources: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5360:This section 5358: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5327: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5259:threepence (3 5256: 5255: 5254: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5212: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5152: 5148: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5100: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5047:livre parisis 5044: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5018:double patard 5015: 5011: 5007: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4929: 4924: 4917: 4916:King Henry IV 4913: 4903: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4855: 4851: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4813: 4804: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4784:gros tournois 4779: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4593: 4590: 4582: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4540: – 4539: 4535: 4534:Find sources: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4512:This section 4510: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4465:3.58 ozt 4464: 4462:111.4 g 4461: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4449:3.58 ozt 4448: 4446:111.4 g 4445: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4435:10.31 g 4434: 4432:3.70 ozt 4431: 4429:115.1 g 4428: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4418:15.47 g 4417: 4415:5.55 ozt 4414: 4412:172.6 g 4411: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4401:20.89 g 4400: 4398:6.94 ozt 4397: 4395:215.8 g 4394: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4384:23.21 g 4383: 4381:8.32 ozt 4380: 4378:258.9 g 4377: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4361:323.7 g 4360: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4344:349.9 g 4343: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4314: 4308: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4284:A pound = 20 4282: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4074: 4062: 4060: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3824:Denominations 3821: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3737:(pre-decimal) 3726: 3724: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511:Currency code 3508: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3436: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3391: 3383: 3375: 3374:currency sign 3369: 3359: 3357: 3356:ablative case 3352: 3346: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3275: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3094:British pound 3091: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2900: 2899:member states 2897: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2816:United States 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2546:Visa policies 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2268:Council areas 2266: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2062:Eluned Morgan 2060: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2014: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1113:Andrew Bailey 1108: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1040:The Lord Reed 1035: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1019: 1018: 1017:Supreme Court 1014: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1003: 998: 993: 992: 983: 980: 979: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 964: 958: 954: 950: 949: 945: 944: 941: 937: 936: 932: 931: 930: 928: 921: 920: 916: 915: 911: 907: 906: 902: 901: 900: 898: 891: 890: 886: 885: 880: 875: 872: 871: 870: 868: 861: 860: 859:UK Parliament 856: 855: 852: 847: 846: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 825: 823: 820: 816: 815:Angela Rayner 809: 808: 804: 803: 802: 799: 795: 787: 783: 782: 778: 777: 776: 773: 769: 761: 757: 756: 752: 751: 750: 748: 741: 740: 739:HM Government 736: 735: 733: 732: 730: 724: 720: 718: 711: 710: 709:Privy Council 706: 705: 702: 697: 696: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 665: 663: 662: 656: 655: 654:Heir apparent 651: 650: 649: 647: 642: 641: 634: 630: 629: 625: 624: 622: 616: 611: 610: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 581: 580:Acts of Union 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 562: 559: 554: 553: 549: 545: 544: 541: 538: 537: 533: 529: 528: 521: 517: 515: 511: 508: 504: 501: 498: Method 495: 491: 488: 485: Source 482: 478: 476: 472: 467: 463: 455: 449: 446: 443: 441: 437: 433: 425: 419: 416: 413: 411: 407: 403: 393: 387: 384: 381: 378: 373: 368: 361: 357: 355: 352: 351: 349: 345: 328: 324: 319: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 274: 270: 265: 262: 260: 257: 256: 255: 249: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 225: 224: 218: 215: 211: 207: 201: 198: 194: 190: 184: 181: 177: 173: 158: 155: 151: 148: 147:Denominations 144: 139: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 106: 100: 98: 94: 86: 82: 79: 75: 67: 64: 63: 59: 55: 52: 48: 47: 43: 37: 33: 19: 22272:Homelessness 22086:Homelessness 21869:Social class 21849:Prostitution 21792:Homelessness 21649: 21573:British Army 21405:Human rights 21393:By-elections 21373:Constitution 20944:Georgian era 20849:Pound (mass) 20804: 20765:Vatican lira 20750:Tongan pound 20655:Ottoman lira 20565:Libyan pound 20560:Jersey livre 20528:Italian lira 20523:Israeli lira 20459:French livre 20454:Fijian pound 20368:Totnes pound 20363:Stroud pound 20348:Exeter pound 20317:Turkish lira 20312:Syrian pound 20285:Jersey pound 20259: 20237:, or similar 20232: 20226: 20140: 20065:Maundy money 19991: 19972: 19953: 19947:Florin (2/–) 19934: 19920: 19911: 19910:Fourpence (4 19902: 19893: 19879: 19852: 19843: 19819: 19795: 19766: 19737: 19573: 19538: 19519:Jersey pound 19372:Discontinued 19266:Discontinued 19119:£100,000,000 19061:Discontinued 18830:Supermarkets 18796:Construction 18791:Architecture 18626:Canary Wharf 18459:Resource and 18442:Unemployment 18413:Minimum wage 18376:Billionaires 18273:Silicon Glen 18145:M11 Corridor 17802: 17612:Jersey pound 17598: 17573:Turkish lira 17553:Albanian lek 17531:unrecognised 17517:Moldovan leu 17486:unrecognised 17461:Romanian leu 17456:Polish złoty 17434:Danish krone 17429:Czech koruna 17362:Turkish lira 17357:Syrian pound 17347:Qatari riyal 17316: 17292: 17278:Iranian rial 17238: 17188: 17165: 17159:Myanmar kyat 17123: 17114: 17087: 17066: 17060: 17041:Indian rupee 16969:Japanese yen 16864: 16828: 16802: 16796: 16792:Peruvian sol 16774: 16764: 16749:Chilean peso 16636: 16627: 16618: 16609: 16600: 16581:Sint Maarten 16579: 16570: 16546:Sint Maarten 16544: 16537:Saint Martin 16535: 16526: 16517: 16508: 16471: 16441: 16385:Mexican peso 16374: 16358: 16353:Danish krone 16280: 16271: 16262: 16253: 16244: 16235: 16228:Burkina Faso 16226: 16217: 16162: 16149: 16107: 16098: 16089: 16076: 16059: 16024:Lesotho loti 16013: 16004: 15995: 15979: 15970: 15964: 15928:unrecognized 15927: 15921: 15855: 15846: 15837: 15828: 15819: 15810: 15768:unrecognized 15767: 15761: 15747:Libyan dinar 15736: 15656: 15644: 15639:Money portal 15632: 15595:Vatican lira 15560:Maltese lira 15545:Latvian lats 15540:Italian lira 15520:French franc 15333:Romanian leu 15328:Polish złoty 15318:Czech koruna 15302:Danish krone 15147:Vatican City 14932:Starter kits 14681: 14535: 14511: 14495: 14480: 14459: 14437: 14417: 14396: 14388: 14369: 14351: 14336: 14321: 14317: 14303:. 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Retrieved 9911: 9891: 9870: 9799:Money portal 9651: 9574: 9498:French franc 9496: 9418: 9317: 9234: 9155: 9072: 8971: 8970: 8872:Japanese yen 8870: 8769:(until 1999— 8763: 8660: 8519: 8483:From OANDA: 8362: 8353: 8336: £0.119 8330: £0.161 8324: £0.303 8304: £0.123 8298: £0.176 8292: £0.358 8272: £0.125 8266: £0.190 8260: £0.407 8240: £0.123 8234: £0.199 8228: £0.439 8214: £0.102 8208: £0.133 8202: £0.207 8196: £0.510 8182: £0.106 8176: £0.136 8170: £0.214 8164: £0.592 8150: £0.109 8144: £0.141 8138: £0.227 8132: £0.735 8112: £0.112 8106: £0.144 8100: £0.239 8094: £0.855 8074: £0.115 8068: £0.146 8062: £0.250 8056: £0.935 8036: £0.117 8030: £0.152 8024: £0.271 7967: 7964: 7950:World War II 7944: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7902: 7882:Jersey pound 7871: 7744:legal tender 7724: 7708: 7704: 7688:World War II 7677: 7672:Legal tender 7670: 7642: 7625:central bank 7622: 7597: 7577: 7565:offset litho 7558: 7554: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7507: 7495: 7460: 7436:Royal Shield 7405:market value 7374:1997: A new 7263: 7252: 7244: 7207: 7167:cupro-nickel 7156: 7132:Elizabeth II 7091:cupro-nickel 7086: 7082: 7068: 7063: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7018: 7013: 7009: 6995: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6932: 6930: 6900: 6899:(30/–). 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21864:Social care 21819:Immigration 21762:Drug policy 21526:Departments 21454:Nationality 21227:Agriculture 21160:terminology 21127:City status 20998:Since 1979 20801:Roman pound 20760:Tuscan lira 20710:Roman pound 20685:Pound Scots 20670:Parman lira 20575:Luccan lira 20353:Lewes pound 20243:Circulating 19966:Crown (5/–) 19919:Sixpence (6 19892:Twopence (2 19886:West Indies 19827:Halfpenny ( 19407:Ulster Bank 19114:£10,000,000 18806:Real estate 18530:Agriculture 18317:Cardiff Bay 18306:Agriculture 18263:Oil and gas 18238:Agriculture 18165:Silicon Fen 18140:M4 corridor 18133:London Plan 17954:Growth deal 17781:HM Treasury 17751:Company law 17720:governance, 17623:Swiss franc 17367:Yemeni rial 17352:Saudi riyal 17283:Iraqi dinar 17195:local coins 17183:U.S. dollar 17082:U.S. dollar 16834:local coins 16823:U.S. dollar 16708:El Salvador 16702:U.S. dollar 16664:El Salvador 16602:Puerto Rico 16595:U.S. dollar 16488:Saint Lucia 16390:U.S. dollar 16246:Ivory Coast 15535:Irish pound 15525:German Mark 15429:Enlargement 15094:Netherlands 14730:Euro summit 14400:: 1801–1991 14226:14 February 13794:12 December 13706:14 February 13554:14 February 13010:14 February 12978:14 February 12942:14 February 12874:8 September 12765:14 February 12705:15 February 12659:14 February 12623:22 December 12177:22 December 12151:16 February 12133:Bly, Nellie 11080:14 February 10886:18 February 10851:18 February 10719:www.iso.org 10305:19 February 10205:19 February 10176:28 February 10143:31 December 10117:28 December 10092:14 February 9923:28 November 9874:Less common 9319:Swiss franc 8018: £1.00 8007: Year 8001: Year 7995: Year 7989: Year 7983: Year 7977: Year 7638:HM Treasury 7608:Danske Bank 7573:letterpress 7514:pound Scots 7383:bi-metallic 7241:(old) penny 7212:demonetised 7069:During the 6843:Elizabeth I 6800:two and six 6719:gold florin 6643:Mervyn King 6556:Mervyn King 6508:(from 1990) 6260:US Treasury 6225:Barber Boom 6176:appreciated 6170:, sterling 5996:Decimal Day 5751:notes were 5739:During the 5697:New Zealand 5627:Irish pound 5612:pound Scots 5455:guinea coin 5427:August 2022 5334:(10/–) and 5324:angel of 20 5298:angel of 40 5267:sixpence (6 5057:Tudor, 1551 5006:sol Parisis 4878:gold nobles 4860:pure gold). 4793:half groats 4776:fine silver 4714:Halfpennies 4704:Tower pound 4647:Charlemagne 4495:Anglo-Saxon 4330:Troy ounces 4300:in England 4148:half guinea 3838: 1.05 3729:Pre-decimal 3690:Decimal Day 3657:U.S. dollar 3618:Isle of Man 3460:tower pound 3452:Roman pound 3342:, in which 3339:lībra pondō 3336:expression 3282:Easterlings 3223:Old English 2761:New Zealand 2756:Netherlands 2646:Visa policy 2624:UK passport 2386:Isle of Man 2313:Communities 2263:Sheriffdoms 2081:(1999–2011) 1845:London Plan 1161:referendums 1002:Charles III 982:List of MPs 953:Rishi Sunak 874:Charles III 851:Legislature 828:Departments 723:Charles III 678:Prerogative 640:Charles III 628:The Monarch 592:Rule of law 565:Magna Carta 22437:Categories 22325:Government 22233:Government 22228:Parliament 21944:Literature 21824:Innovation 21757:Demography 21652:(currency) 21501:Government 21459:Parliament 21383:Devolution 21378:Corruption 21313:Materials 21247:geothermal 20931:Chronology 20838:Pound sign 20665:Papal lira 20545:Jaca pound 20518:Irish punt 20399:Attic mina 20290:Manx pound 20143:(currency) 19803:Farthing ( 19713:£sd system 19576:(currency) 19524:Manx pound 19109:£1,000,000 18860:High-speed 18855:Inter-city 18771:Automotive 18751:Healthcare 18739:Television 18729:Newspapers 18573:Materials 18488:Geothermal 18461:production 18403:Labour law 18386:Demography 18369:and labour 18150:Manchester 18061:Birmingham 17993:Free trade 17722:regulation 17616:Manx pound 17409:Currencies 17342:Omani rial 17303:Gaza Strip 17245:Gaza Strip 17190:East Timor 16927:Kyrgyz som 16519:Martinique 16510:Guadeloupe 16473:Montserrat 16426:Cuban peso 16328:Currencies 15706:Currencies 15444:Withdrawal 15267:Montenegro 15142:San Marino 15084:Luxembourg 14990:500 € 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Putnam. 11096:"Shilling" 10945:18 January 10818:8 December 10575:14 January 10445:8 November 10166:OED Online 9903:References 7878:Manx pound 7805:unlimited 7797:unlimited 7789:unlimited 7779:unlimited 7769:unlimited 7690:under the 7645:Royal Mint 7442:2012: The 7381:1998: The 7323:1990: The 7310:1984: The 7297:1983: The 7235:(1p), and 7204:half crown 7202:1970: The 7189:heptagonal 7142:Welsh leek 7023:, 1/–, 2/6 6967:, 1/–, 2/6 6837:, 1/–, 2/6 6808:debasement 6804:Henry VIII 6787:half crown 6705:gold penny 6628: OOH 6569:, secured 6506:US dollars 6440:Tony Blair 6321:Following 6288:monetarist 6063:Parliament 5952:See also: 5893:troy pound 5773:Nellie Bly 5397:newspapers 5304:half crown 5302:; and the 5193:Gold; see 5176:half-groat 5083:Henry VIII 5043:Troy Ounce 4926:After the 4797:gold penny 4601:See also: 4549:newspapers 4305: 800 4292:(formerly) 4212:half crown 4140:The Hatter 3468:duodecimal 3424:Royal Mint 3392:typeface, 3368:Pound sign 3274:Osterlings 3232:diminutive 3115:, and the 2478:Montserrat 2069:Government 1985:Government 1828:Sadiq Khan 1756:Devolution 1447:1974 (Oct) 1442:1974 (Feb) 1362:1910 (Dec) 1134:Currencies 972:Opposition 673:Succession 460:.royalmint 445:Royal Mint 22354:Education 22310:Geography 22262:Education 22218:Geography 22168:Education 22139:Executive 22124:Geography 22076:Education 22049:Geography 21829:Languages 21767:Education 21693:Transport 21531:Ministers 21417:Judiciary 21388:Elections 21328:Wildlife 21237:biodiesel 21219:Resources 21209:Volcanoes 21199:Mountains 21184:Coastline 21086:Geography 21040:1814–1919 21002:political 20987:political 20939:Formation 20813:(England) 20141:Sterling 20096:Sovereign 20081:Britannia 19941:Australia 19574:Sterling 18877:Trade and 18840:Transport 18787:Property 18766:Aerospace 18701:Education 18646:Insurance 18594:Financial 18478:Biodiesel 18354:Transport 18283:Transport 18243:Edinburgh 18215:Transport 18190:Wiltshire 18185:Transport 18160:Sheffield 18118:Liverpool 17981:Recurrent 17808:Banknotes 17718:Currency, 17672:Companies 17411:of Europe 17323:West Bank 17299:West Bank 17178:Thai baht 17102:Southeast 16399:Caribbean 16360:Greenland 15708:of Africa 15079:Lithuania 14975:50 € 14970:20 € 14965:10 € 14952:Banknotes 14942:Euro mint 14847:Petroeuro 14725:Eurogroup 14667:Euro sign 14213:0013-0400 14197:: 38–46. 13998:10 August 13768:14 August 13667:. Wired. 13341:The Times 13146:OANDA.COM 12968:The Times 12931:The Times 12595:152522190 12291:9 October 11923:145805906 11806:879306121 11345:shillings 11340:King Offa 9949:15 August 9862:Footnotes 8662:US dollar 7946:Inflation 7631:sets the 7478:Banknotes 7233:new penny 7174:10p coins 7029:sovereign 6922:Charles I 6918:halfpenny 6916:. 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1139:Banknotes 1033:President 997:Judiciary 833:Ministers 701:Executive 615:The Crown 514:Pegged by 475:Inflation 469:Valuation 415:De La Rue 213:Banknotes 22417:Category 22369:Religion 22315:Politics 22282:Religion 22223:Politics 22211:timeline 22198:Scotland 22183:Religion 22134:Assembly 22129:Politics 22096:Religion 22054:Politics 22042:timeline 21959:Religion 21939:Identity 21802:Scotland 21747:Cannabis 21673:Taxation 21560:Military 21442:monarchs 21437:Monarchy 21357:Politics 21317:forestry 21297:Scottish 21288:Fishing 21147:Physical 21067:Taxation 21062:Military 21052:Maritime 21025:Economic 21018:By topic 20983:Postwar 20977:military 20972:civilian 20964:Interwar 20134:See also 19862:⁠1 19851:Penny (1 19567:See also 19137:Scotland 18951:Category 18879:business 18845:Aviation 18818:Internet 18724:Gambling 18631:The City 18596:services 18577:Forestry 18560:Scottish 18551:Fishing 18493:Fracking 18425:Pensions 18233:Aberdeen 18225:Scotland 18200:Northern 18170:Somerset 18078:Cornwall 18038:regions, 18036:Nations, 17820:Taxation 17599:Sterling 17546:Southern 16958:Renminbi 16852:Proposed 16797:Sterling 16458:Dominica 16443:Anguilla 16168:Portugal 16091:Eswatini 16061:Zimbabwe 15981:Zimbabwe 15965:Sterling 15812:Cameroon 15456:and euro 15210:Bulgaria 15109:Slovenia 15104:Slovakia 15099:Portugal 15011:Eurozone 14960:5 € 14912:2 € 14907:1 € 14761:Six pack 14677:Language 14672:Eurozone 14583:BBC News 14316:, 1984. 14252:22 April 14217:Archived 14081:10 March 14049:Archived 14024:24 March 14018:Archived 13992:Archived 13972:23 March 13966:Archived 13940:Archived 13910:Archived 13879:Archived 13849:Archived 13814:Archived 13788:Archived 13762:Archived 13700:Archived 13696:BBC News 13669:Archived 13665:Wired UK 13584:14 March 13578:Archived 13548:Archived 13515:BBC News 13489:BBC News 13463:Archived 13433:Archived 13403:Archived 13372:Archived 13345:Archived 13309:Archived 13276:Archived 13272:BBC News 13243:Archived 13223:17 April 13217:Archived 13213:BBC 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11174:Archived 11126:"Florin" 11104:Archived 11074:Archived 11072:. 2008. 11070:BBC News 11036:17 April 11004:Archived 10916:12 March 10910:Archived 10880:Archived 10845:Archived 10764:Archived 10674:Archived 10638:Archived 10602:Archived 10569:Archived 10497:Archived 10467:Archived 10439:Archived 10408:Archived 10381:13 April 10375:Archived 10357:Archived 10334:Archived 10299:Archived 10266:Archived 10238:Archived 10086:Archived 10082:BBC News 9983:Sterling 9771:See also 9755:Source: 7898:ISO 4217 7649:Treasury 7569:intaglio 7561:UV lamps 7537:Treasury 7343:10p coin 7285:20p coin 7260:sixpence 7255:) coins. 7193:50p coin 7180:and the 7150:shamrock 7136:English 6881:James VI 6756:(abbr.: 6754:shilling 6697:farthing 6565:such as 6553:Governor 6254:and the 6227:and the 6016:. 6 6008:. 6 5815: 43 5787:4.87 in 5743:and the 5669:Barbados 5600:Scotland 5275:shilling 5134:farthing 4972:and the 4825:Flanders 4762:Henry II 4656:denarius 4453:variable 4220:farthing 4187:denarius 3941:Shilling 3908:Shilling 3871:Shilling 3734:Sterling 3610:Guernsey 3567:shilling 3563:sixpence 3517:ISO 4217 3505:ISO 4217 3497:denarius 3266:East Sea 3244:used in 3188:renminbi 3175:Sterling 3121:renminbi 3068:currency 3060:ISO code 3056:Sterling 2992:Scotland 2821:Zimbabwe 2811:Portugal 2801:Pakistan 2746:Malaysia 2664:Barbados 2433:Anguilla 2358:Alderney 2353:Guernsey 2247:Scotland 2234:Counties 2041:2006 Act 1965:2016 Act 1961:2012 Act 1939:Scotland 1921:Assembly 1882:2006 Act 1813:2007 Act 1106:Governor 1080:Scotland 838:Agencies 532:a series 430:.delarue 370:Issuance 78:ISO 4217 40:Sterling 22401:Outline 22374:Symbols 22364:Culture 22347:tourism 22342:Economy 22305:History 22287:Symbols 22277:Culture 22255:tourism 22250:Economy 22206:History 22188:Symbols 22178:Culture 22161:tourism 22156:Economy 22119:History 22101:Symbols 22091:Culture 22069:tourism 22064:Economy 22032:History 22024:England 21974:Theatre 21969:Symbols 21927:Cuisine 21904:Culture 21874:Suicide 21844:Poverty 21809:Housing 21797:England 21735:Society 21711:Driving 21683:Tourism 21601:Economy 21509:Cabinet 21309:Hunting 21292:English 21189:Geology 21172:Climate 20922:History 20817:Grzywna 20389:AM-Lira 20377:Defunct 20074:Bullion 19877:⁠ 19841:⁠ 19829:⁠ 19817:⁠ 19805:⁠ 19793:⁠ 19781:⁠ 19764:⁠ 19752:⁠ 19735:⁠ 19723:⁠ 19661:⁠ 19649:⁠ 19029:Current 18961:Commons 18928:Make UK 18835:Tourism 18801:Housing 18781:Exports 18744:Theatre 18609:Banking 18555:English 18451:Sectors 18396:Poverty 18349:Tourism 18344:Swansea 18329:History 18324:Fishing 18311:Cardiff 18278:Tourism 18258:History 18253:Fishing 18210:Belfast 18202:Ireland 18180:Tourism 18155:Reading 18103:Fishing 18083:Croydon 18073:Bristol 18048:England 17840:History 17813:Coinage 17582:Western 17475:Eastern 17193:, with 17149:Lao kip 16915:Central 16832:, with 16830:Ecuador 16658:Bitcoin 16651:Central 16572:Curaçao 16465:Grenada 16273:Senegal 16164:Madeira 16109:Namibia 16100:Lesotho 16015:Réunion 16006:Mayotte 15788:Central 15360:General 15352:History 15235:Romania 15225:Hungary 15220:Denmark 15132:Andorra 15064:Ireland 15054:Germany 15044:Finland 15039:Estonia 15029:Croatia 15024:Belgium 15019:Austria 14775:Economy 14645:General 14572:of the 14552:1057113 14193:(604). 14167:21 July 14133:28 July 14107:28 July 13916:28 July 13675:28 July 13644:31 July 13378:6 April 13351:5 March 13315:6 March 13282:5 March 13092:29 June 13066:29 June 12028:4052591 11816:20 June 11696:soldino 11432:19 July 11332:22 July 11324:. 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