55:) and other European universities with larger groups of Polish students. Its aim was to bring together talented young men and further educate them as community leaders, pro-Polish agitators and possibly for a role in the civil service of a future Polish state. Universities where Zet was active included
141:
Its activities included conspirative meetings in which the members studied and discussed issues from Polish history that were not part of the regular curricula at the universities of the partitioning powers. It also organized Polish-language instruction for interested students of Polish origin with a
161:
Zet selected its members with great care in order to avoid infiltration by the authorities. Usually, only such university students were accepted that had previously been involved with Polish groups at secondary school. The organization was strictly hierarchical and the hierarchy was kept secret even
157:
In
Germany, Zet members were required to undergo voluntary military service. This allowed them to avoid being surveilled by the regular police, improved their physical condition and knowledge of military topics. Most importantly, it allowed them to keep their personal weapon and equipment in their
204:
In 1894, a pro-Polish demonstration in Warsaw provoked a massive police action and led to the arrest of many Polish students including key Zet members. After this, the entire organization remained disbanded until 1898, when it was re-established under the auspices of the
260:
to its own political representatives, and which
Korfanty published in 1901, was originally drafted in the Breslau Zet group, which comprised roughly a third of all Polish students enrolled at this university.
162:
among members, as far as possible. There existed a three-level hierarchy, in which the lower levels did not know about the members on the higher level(s), or even their existence:
295:
130:-born national activist who had escaped from the Russian partition, in 1887. In the following year, it became a formal part of the larger conspirative organization
328:
131:
313:
256:("Away with the Centre Party"), which appealed to the Polish minority in Germany to shift their loyalty from the Catholic German
16:
This article is about a pre-World War I Polish youth organization. It is not to be confused with the post-World War II communist
323:
318:
189:, "senior colleague" etc.) who kept in touch with a representative of the superior level. The supreme leadership, called
17:
206:
234:
158:
accommodation outside the barracks. The equipment was then used in conspirative military training sessions.
238:
257:
40:
252:
was an active Zet member during his time at the university there (1889-1901). The article
135:
8:
249:
123:
270:
56:
307:
214:
142:
deficient command of the (standard) language. Zet published the magazines
230:
154:("The Web"), which Polish students secretly circulated among themselves.
112:
245:
194:
138:(pseudonym Teodor Tomaż Jeż) from his exile in Switzerland in 1887.
119:
104:
88:
222:
76:
52:
48:
198:
127:
108:
100:
84:
80:
72:
68:
60:
44:
36:
27:("Union or Association of the Polish Youth "Zet"", abbreviated
96:
241:
was a member of the three man central committee in Warsaw.
92:
64:
209:, an organization established by former members of
296:Encyklopedia Internautica (automatic translation)
305:
95:(Polish Lwów, then in the Austrian partition),
185:Each cell on any level was led by a "senior" (
221:. A part of its members started a new group,
193:("centralization"), was initially located in
329:Student organizations established in 1897
306:
246:Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland)
39:students at universities of the three
35:) was a clandestine organization of
225:, another, in 1911, the "New Zet" (
13:
14:
340:
314:Polish independence organisations
71:(then in the Russian partition),
25:Związek Młodzieży Polskiej "Zet"
18:Association of the Polish Youth
289:
213:including Balicki, and led by
1:
324:1897 establishments in Poland
276:
233:, many Zet members fought in
134:("Polish League") formed by
7:
264:
10:
345:
319:Secret societies in Poland
15:
217:. In 1909, Zet left the
122:, then in Austria, by
41:partitioning powers
118:Zet was formed in
250:Wojciech Korfanty
136:Zygmunt Miłkowski
31:or more commonly
336:
298:
293:
150:("For Poland"),
344:
343:
339:
338:
337:
335:
334:
333:
304:
303:
302:
301:
294:
290:
284:
279:
267:
254:Precz z Centrum
169:("colleagues"):
146:("Portfolio"),
126:(1858-1916), a
124:Zygmunt Balicki
21:
12:
11:
5:
342:
332:
331:
326:
321:
316:
300:
299:
287:
286:
278:
275:
274:
273:
271:Secret society
266:
263:
235:Polish Legions
187:starszy kolega
183:
182:
176:
170:
57:St. Petersburg
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
341:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
309:
297:
292:
288:
285:
283:
272:
269:
268:
262:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
239:SL Janikowski
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Liga Narodowa
216:
215:Roman Dmowski
212:
208:
207:Liga Narodowa
202:
200:
196:
192:
191:centralizacja
188:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
19:
291:
281:
280:
258:Centre Party
253:
243:
226:
218:
210:
203:
190:
186:
184:
181:("brothers")
178:
175:("comrades")
172:
166:
160:
156:
151:
147:
143:
140:
117:
32:
28:
24:
22:
237:. In 1914,
231:World War I
211:Liga Polska
197:, later in
132:Liga Polska
113:Switzerland
87:(Austria),
83:(Germany),
308:Categories
277:References
173:towarzysze
148:Dla Polski
67:(Russia),
282:Footnotes
265:See also
227:Nowy Zet
223:Zarzewie
167:koledzy
93:Lemberg
77:Breslau
53:Austria
49:Germany
229:). In
199:Warsaw
195:Zürich
179:bracia
128:Lublin
120:Kraków
109:Geneva
107:, and
105:Zürich
101:France
89:Kraków
85:Vienna
81:Munich
73:Berlin
69:Warsaw
61:Moscow
45:Russia
37:Polish
97:Paris
152:Wici
144:Teka
65:Kiev
23:The
244:In
115:).
103:),
33:Zet
29:ZMP
310::
248:,
201:.
91:,
79:,
75:,
63:,
59:,
51:,
47:,
111:(
99:(
43:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.