34:
91:
58:
51:
84:
524:
996:
972:
1028:
441:
referred to the city in the 9th century as "Azdud", echoing the pre-Hellenistic name. By the 16th century, it had lost its initial vowel to become just "Sdud", before regaining it by the 19th century as "Esdud" – a form of the settlement's name that changed little through to the 20th century "Isdud".
1043:. While the Israelis failed to capture territory, and suffered heavy casualties, Egypt changed its strategy from offensive to defensive, thus halting their northward advance. Egyptian and Israeli forces clashed in the surrounding area, with the Egyptians being unable to hold the
397:, when the then village of Isdud was depopulated when its inhabitants fled or were expelled. Today, the site is an archaeological site that is open to the public, with visible remains of Isdud and earlier historical ruins, thought to date back to the Philistine period.
1126:. The next morning Dagon was found prostrate before the Ark; on being restored to his place, he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken. The people of Ashdod were smitten with boils; a plague of mice was sent over the land (1 Samuel 6:5).
405:
The ancient
Levantine settlement of Ashdod had many names. Its first attestation comes in the form of 11th century BCE Egyptian lists, where is it transcribed as "ísdd", which scholars have determined is derived from the
1281:
Four kilometres out of town and just west of Route 4, Tel Ashdod was the centre of the village of Isdud - ancient Ashdod - and site of the
Philistine port. Get off the bus if you like old mounds, derelict Palestinian
1059:
bombed Isdud and several other locations. Fearing encirclement, Egyptian forces retreated on
October 28, 1948, and the majority of the residents fled. The 300 townspeople who remained were driven southwards by the
2286:
1483:
3240:
2037:
2018:
425:
In the
Hellenistic period, the name of the settlement became "Azotus" in Greek and sometimes specifically "Azotus Mesogaias", literally "Inland Azotus", in contrast to
1800:
2279:
650:
of Egypt (r. 664 – 610 BCE) is reported to have besieged the great city of "Azotus" for twenty-nine years (Herodotus, ii. 157); the biblical references to
899:
1720:
2272:
1998:
1500:
1614:. The Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University & Institut für Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, Universität Leipzig. 2014. Archived from
738:. Josephus also describes Ashdod as "in the inland parts". This curious contradiction may refer to Ashdod's control of a separate harbor, called "
1522:
816:(66-70), there was evidently a significant Jewish presence in Ashdod, prompting Vespasian to station a garrison in the city in the spring of 68.
145:
979:
In the late nineteenth century, Isdud was described as a village spread across the eastern slope of a low hill, covered with gardens. A ruined
1920:
2053:
495:, generally thought to have been one of the Sea Peoples, ruled the city. During their reign, the city prospered and was a member of the
2233:
M. Dothan and David Noel
Freedman, Ashdod I, The First Season of Excavations 1962, Atiqot, vol. 7, Israel Antiquities Authority, 1967
2034:
2015:
1842:
1607:
987:
brick. There were two main sources of water: a pond and a masonry well. Both were surrounded by groves of date-palm and fig-trees.
602:
to flee. Sargon's general destroyed the city and exiled its residents, including some
Israelites who were subsequently settled in
3235:
1417:
BRILL, 2010 pp.301–363, for the Neo-Assyrian sources p.312: The four city-states of the late
Philistine period (Iron Age II) are
2251:
Moshe Dothan, Ashdod VI: The
Excavations of Areas H and K (1968–1969) (Iaa Reports) (v. 6), Israel Antiquities Authority, 2005,
862:
434:
1615:
698:
1576:
1304:
1268:
1217:
1157:. It was excavated by archaeologists in nine seasons between 1962 and 1972. The effort was led during the first few years by
825:
917:
3245:
2932:
1011:
authorities, Isdud had a population of 2,566 inhabitants; 2,555 Muslims and 11 Christians, where the
Christians were all
461:
3209:
2242:
David Noel
Freedman, The Second Season at Ancient Ashdod, The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 134–139, 1963
1909:(in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 135. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
1894:(in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 143. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
1596:(in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 125. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
1571:. Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 61–62.
1551:(in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 119. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
800:
helped rebuild Ashdod and several other cities left without protective walls. In 30 BCE Ashdod came under the rule of
2256:
2079:
1794:
1784:
1763:(in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 79. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
1190:(in Hebrew). Israel: Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Ashdod branch. p. 91. ULI Sysno. 005093624.
1947:"Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE"
286:
2108:
1162:
1115:
766:
50:
2133:
1868:
595:
3260:
1359:
83:
2296:
1741:
NAVEH, JOSEPH. "Writing and Scripts in Seventh-Century B.C.E. Philistia: The New Evidence from Tell Jemmeh."
1716:
851:
1166:
2264:
1995:
1497:
3153:
2927:
2308:
1742:
1680:
Cogan, Mordechai (1993). "Judah under Assyrian Hegemony: A Reexamination of Imperialism and Religion".
813:
359:
277:
The first documented urban settlement at Ashdod dates to the 17th century BCE, when it was a fortified
1519:
655:
1329:
1065:
659:
477:
3265:
3250:
1016:
1004:
983:
stood southwest of the village. Its houses were one-storey high with walls and enclosures built of
691:
1092:
explains the use of that name by the fact that Ashdod was the nearest of the Philistine cities to
410:
Canaanite "’aṯdādu". This became "asdudu" or "asdūdu" in Assyrian records, "ašdudu" in Babylonian
2411:
2221:
1924:
584:) belonged to the kingdom of Ashdod at that time. Assyrian king Sargon II's commander-in-chief (
242:
460:
The earliest major habitation in Ashdod dates to the 17th century BCE. Ashdod was fortified in
227:
207:
1412:
1258:
828:, Azotus Paralios overshadowed its inland counterpart in size and importance. The 6th-century
2905:
2554:
1317:
Tel Ashdod... Ancient tel, 7 km S. of modern Ashdod within abandoned Arab village of Isdud...
1134:
1061:
1040:
394:
313:
2520:
3029:
3023:
2569:
2436:
1130:
888:
839:
8:
3092:
3054:
2900:
1158:
1150:
1119:
1008:
754:
625:
569:
390:
324:
309:
282:
190:
33:
1838:
3143:
1697:
1662:
1654:
1387:
1379:
770:
591:
547:
382:
263:
2461:
1296:
Carta's Official Guide to Israel: And Complete Gazetteer to All Sites in the Holy Land
1122:
from the Israelites, the Philistines took it to Ashdod and placed it in the temple of
3255:
3158:
3133:
2841:
2316:
2252:
2204:
2075:
2071:
1968:
1790:
1666:
1572:
1391:
1300:
1264:
1213:
1056:
1052:
835:
The prominence of Hellenised, then Christian Azotus continued until the 7th century.
673:
617:
378:
332:
317:
3168:
3138:
3112:
2942:
2720:
2683:
2196:
1958:
1689:
1646:
1371:
1299:. Carta Publishing for the Ministry of Defence Publishing House. 1983. p. 81.
1153:
known as "Tel Ashdod", located a few kilometers south of the modern Israel city of
1138:
1077:
746:
422:"’ašdōd", or "Ashdod", is likewise believed to be derived from the Canaanite form.
367:
305:
1408:
3270:
3230:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3123:
2483:
2374:
2041:
2022:
2002:
1526:
1504:
1294:
1111:
1012:
891:
801:
796:
coastal cities. A few years later, in 55 BCE, after more fighting, Roman general
750:
739:
685:
546:
Overall, the city remained independent of Judean and Israelite rule up until the
426:
407:
371:
347:
218:
198:
523:
266:
of Ashdod', an archaeological site located a few kilometers south of the modern
3204:
3104:
2937:
2694:
2604:
2564:
2544:
2396:
2336:
1104:
1055:, and shelled and bombed it from the air. For three nights from 18 October the
858:
797:
778:
706:
666:
532:
438:
2200:
2130:"From Isdud to Ashdod: One man's immigrant dream; another's refugee nightmare"
1963:
1946:
491:
conquered and destroyed Ashdod. By the beginning of the 12th century BCE, the
3224:
3009:
2853:
2619:
2478:
1972:
1921:"Madaba Map, numbers 96 (Azotus) and 97 (Azotus-on-the-Sea) with discussions"
1089:
1048:
1036:
936:
895:
793:
729:
484:
328:
160:
147:
2609:
1088:, which half of the children from mixed families are described as adopting.
1039:
on May 29, 1948, and became the Egyptians' northernmost position during the
543:'s conquest of the region. The city was not rebuilt until at least 815 BCE.
3108:
3100:
2821:
2815:
2689:
2672:
2648:
2579:
2515:
2326:
2294:
2208:
2104:
980:
885:
742:", or Ashdod-on-the-Sea (παράλιος - "paralios", Greek for "on the coast").
340:
297:
1233:
1210:
For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE
2972:
2883:
2873:
2729:
2658:
2589:
2584:
2416:
1450:
774:
734:
701:
through to the late medieval period, the city was known to the Greeks as
637:
577:
512:
492:
488:
343:
1985:
Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 143. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 110
1865:"Strong's Greek: 3882. παράλιος (paralios) -- by the sea, the sea coast"
3128:
3060:
3041:
2858:
2626:
2534:
2456:
2366:
2321:
1746:
1701:
1658:
1414:
The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception,
1383:
995:
971:
829:
641:
430:
293:
290:
1165:
and Moshe Dothan. The remaining seasons were headed by Dothan for the
1064:. The village was part of territory that was granted to Israel in the
483:, which indicate that the city was a center of export for dyed woolen
38:
Philistine pottery at the Museum of Philistine culture, Ashdod, Israel
3188:
3118:
3046:
2984:
2977:
2952:
2888:
2868:
2863:
2734:
2705:
2599:
2559:
2421:
2129:
1864:
1438:
1100:
1093:
941:
931:
921:
874:
647:
573:
528:
504:
496:
411:
2777:
2753:
1693:
1650:
1375:
1019:
to 3,240; 3,238 Muslims and 2 Christians, in a total of 764 houses.
669:
of Babylonia conquered it. Under Babylonian rule it was a province.
598:), regained control of Ashdod in 712/711 BCE and forced the usurper
3075:
3035:
2847:
2833:
2677:
2637:
2631:
2385:
2379:
2331:
1758:
1446:
1044:
894:
endowments and land deeds mention settlement in Azotum. During the
870:
809:
805:
565:
561:
500:
415:
355:
351:
964:
and fruit crops, as well as goats and beehives; a total of 14,000
902:, which served as a center for rural religious and economic life.
640:(r. 705–681 BCE), and Akhimilki in the reign of Sennacherib's son
3163:
2962:
2794:
2763:
2701:
2653:
2574:
2510:
2446:
2441:
2401:
2391:
725:
613:
586:
557:
465:
363:
965:
920:, the site was the location of a village, whose position on the
773:, Ashdod was part of his territory. The succession wars between
3148:
3080:
3070:
3065:
3004:
2999:
2911:
2878:
2804:
2758:
2739:
2667:
2594:
2539:
2529:
2525:
2495:
2489:
2466:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2300:
1430:
1154:
961:
957:
949:
926:
865:) referred to the inland city as "Azdud" and described it as a
789:
758:
599:
540:
480:
419:
336:
301:
278:
271:
267:
133:
123:
119:
1745:, vol. 35, no. 1, Israel Exploration Society, 1985, pp. 8–21,
331:, and was known as Azotus. It was later incorporated into the
3014:
2994:
2989:
2967:
2917:
2893:
2799:
2787:
2782:
2747:
2724:
2643:
2614:
2549:
2505:
2451:
2431:
1422:
1123:
1027:
984:
953:
911:
866:
762:
603:
508:
386:
724:
Despite its location four miles (6 km) from the coast,
2947:
2922:
2771:
2715:
2710:
2500:
2473:
2426:
2406:
2346:
1212:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 44, 281, 293.
1114:
Ashdod is mentioned among the principal Philistine cities.
1080:, referring to events in the 5th century BCE, mentions the
924:
contributed to its importance. In 1596 CE, administered by
607:
2132:. International Middle East Media Center. April 13, 2006.
381:-era, this was the site of the former and now depopulated
362:, Vespasian subdued and garrisoned the town. Ashdod was a
2809:
253:
1645:(3). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 86–102.
792:
restored the independence of Azotus, as he did with all
339:
removed the city from Judean rule and annexed it to the
1786:
The Children of Noah: Jewish Seafaring in Ancient Times
370:, but its importance diminished over the course of the
1407:
Seymour Gitin, 'Philistines in the Book of Kings,' in
487:
and garments. At the end of the 13th century BCE, the
3241:
Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC
1364:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1480:
The Towns of Palestine under Muslim Rule AD 600–1600
1103:, Ashdod is listed among the cities assigned to the
476:
Ashdod is first mentioned in written documents from
232:
212:
1637:H. Tadmor (1966). "Philistia under Assyrian Rule".
952:. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on
1759:O. Kolani; B. Raanan; M. Brosh; S. Pipano (1990).
1688:(3). The Society of Biblical Literature: 403–414.
1496:Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p.
717:(literally "inland Azotus"). It was also known as
518:
389:. There was ongoing habitation at the site in the
258:) was an ancient Levantine metropolis situated at
1608:"Introducing Ashdod-Yam: History and Excavations"
1357:
1322:
1256:
948:) numbered 75 households, about 413 persons, all
690:In 332 BCE the city was conquered in the wars of
3222:
1789:. Princeton University Press. pp. 144–145.
1518:Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p.
1263:. Music rough guide. Rough Guides. p. 113.
757:conquered it again in 147 BCE and destroyed the
665:The city absorbed another blow in 605 BCE, when
539:In 950 BCE, Ashdod was destroyed during Pharaoh
753:took the city and "laid it waste". His brother
535:in 635 BCE, illustration by Patrick Gray, 1900.
2065:
880:
721:(literally "of the horsemen"), to the Romans.
662:) are interpreted as allusions to this event.
2280:
1782:
1612:Ashdod-Yam Archaeological Project, website of
1836:
1185:
1051:. Israeli forces surrounded the town during
732:city as a maritime city, as did Josephus in
576:had installed instead of his brother Azuri.
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1453:, having been abandoned at this late phase.
1411:, Baruch Halpern, Matthew Joel Adams (eds.)
765:associated with a Biblical story about the
2287:
2273:
2187:Harris JC (2006). "The plague of Ashdod".
2027:
1944:
1889:
1752:
1358:Cross Jr., F. M.; Freedman, D. N. (1964).
1257:Jacobs, D.; Eber, S.; Silvani, F. (1998).
464:with a two-entryway city gate (similar to
32:
2245:
2186:
1962:
1904:
1636:
1591:
1546:
1514:
1512:
1482:. BAR International Series 1381. p.
1461:
1459:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1179:
1035:The village of Isdud was occupied by the
832:shows both under their respective names.
350:'s rule, who bequeathed it to his sister
1945:Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023-10-01).
1815:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1600:
1490:
1468:
1330:"Tel Ashdod, Esdûd (S); Isdud, Sdud (M)"
1026:
1022:
994:
970:
522:
1994:Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p.
1569:Historical dictionary of ancient Israel
1403:
1401:
1133:refers to Azotus as the place in which
804:, who then bequeathed it to his sister
672:In 539 BCE the city was rebuilt by the
636:) was king at the time of Sargon's son
572:after expulsion of king Ahi-Miti, whom
515:farther inland, in addition to Ashdod.
289:, it was one of the five cities of the
3223:
2136:from the original on 26 September 2007
2005:. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, pp. 110-111
1723:from the original on 30 September 2007
1585:
1567:Lemche, Niels Peter (2004). "Ashdod".
1566:
1509:
1456:
1346:
1260:Israel and the Palestinian Territories
1207:
1071:
845:
2268:
1767:
1714:
1679:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
679:
1871:from the original on 4 November 2014
1761:Events calendar in Israel and Ashdod
1747:http://www.jstor.org/stable/27925967
1398:
1287:
1250:
1188:Ashdod – Seven levels of excavations
898:, Isdud was a key village along the
429:, literally "Azotus-by-the-sea", or
281:city, before being destroyed in the
1149:Ancient Ashdod has today become an
819:
296:, and is mentioned 13 times in the
222:
202:
13:
3210:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
2295:Ancient states and regions in the
2068:Battle Sites in the Land of Israel
1892:Ashdod-Yam in the Byzantine period
1555:
1449:), with the former fifth capital,
1194:
1137:reappeared after he converted the
1015:. The population increased in the
990:
944:, the population of Ashdod (named
728:(c. 90 – c. 168 CE) described the
308:before changing hands between the
14:
3282:
1845:from the original on 13 June 2015
1717:"A brief history of Iranian Jews"
905:
400:
1803:from the original on 29 May 2021
975:Ruins of medieval Isdud, in 1900
838:The city was represented at the
499:('five cities'), which included
455:
354:, a decision later confirmed by
89:
82:
56:
49:
2236:
2227:
2215:
2180:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2122:
2111:from the original on 2018-04-28
2097:
2088:
2059:
2047:
2008:
1988:
1979:
1951:Journal of Historical Geography
1938:
1913:
1898:
1883:
1857:
1735:
1708:
1673:
1630:
1594:Yamani stronghold in Ashdod-Yam
1540:
1531:
1163:Pittsburgh Theological Seminary
784:
781:wreaked destruction on Azotus.
767:Philistine captivity of the Ark
556:led the revolt of Philistines,
519:Iron Age through Persian period
346:. In 30 BCE, Ashdod came under
3236:17th-century BC establishments
1682:Journal of Biblical Literature
1234:"Ashdod | Israel | Britannica"
1226:
1144:
1068:following the end of the war.
808:. This was later confirmed by
471:
304:, it was briefly ruled by the
90:
57:
1:
2014:Barron, 1923, Table XIII, p.
1839:"The Antiquities of the Jews"
1172:
450:
2462:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
1208:Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021).
1167:Israel Antiquities Authority
254:
7:
881:Crusader and Mamluk periods
745:Azotus prospered until the
323:Following the conquests of
233:
213:
10:
3287:
3246:Destroyed populated places
1743:Israel Exploration Journal
1639:The Biblical Archaeologist
909:
683:
445:
335:. In the 1st century BCE,
300:. After being captured by
246:
3197:
3091:
2832:
2365:
2307:
2201:10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.244
1964:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003
1066:1949 Armistice Agreements
710:
176:
139:
129:
115:
43:
31:
24:
1907:Battle of Ashdod (147BC)
1719:. Iran Chamber Society.
1715:Price, Massoume (2001).
1005:1922 census of Palestine
842:by Heraclius of Azotus.
25:
2066:Yehudah Ṿalakh (2003).
594:calls simply "Tartan" (
20:Ashdod / Azotus / Isdud
3055:Luwian-Aramaean states
2154:Morris (2004), p. 471.
1783:Raphael Patai (1999).
1032:
1000:
976:
852:came under Muslim rule
814:First Jewish–Roman War
536:
360:First Jewish–Roman War
180:Ancient Levantine city
16:Ancient Levantine city
3261:Roman sites in Israel
2906:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2490:Canaanite city-states
2189:Arch. Gen. Psychiatry
2094:Khalidi, 1992, p. 112
2070:(in Hebrew). Israel:
1465:Khalidi, 1992, p. 110
1186:Moshe Dothan (1990).
1135:Philip the Evangelist
1062:Israel Defense Forces
1041:1948 Arab-Israeli War
1030:
1023:1948 Arab-Israeli War
998:
974:
812:. By the time of the
769:. During the rule of
652:the remnant of Ashdod
526:
497:Philistine Pentapolis
395:1948 Arab-Israeli War
314:Neo-Babylonian Empire
161:31.75361°N 34.66167°E
3189:Tanukhid confederacy
3024:New Kingdom of Egypt
2176:. 1898. p. 224.
1478:A. Petersen (2005).
1360:"The Name of Ashdod"
854:in the 7th century.
840:Council of Chalcedon
2901:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2684:Paleo-Syrian states
1890:S. Piphano (1990).
1159:David Noel Freedman
1151:archaeological site
1129:The 1st century CE
1120:Ark of the covenant
1072:Biblical references
1007:, conducted by the
999:Isdud, c. 1914–1918
930:("subdistrict") of
900:Cairo—Damascus road
863:Early Muslim period
846:Early Muslim period
755:Jonathan Maccabaeus
692:Alexander the Great
435:Early Muslim period
391:early modern period
325:Alexander the Great
310:Neo-Assyrian Empire
283:Bronze Age Collapse
157: /
70:Shown within Israel
21:
3144:Herodian Tetrarchy
2174:Geschichte Israels
2040:2016-06-10 at the
2021:2017-10-20 at the
2001:2016-10-28 at the
1905:S.Shapira (1990).
1837:Josephus Flavius.
1592:J. Kaplan (1990).
1547:B.Frenkel (1990).
1525:2015-04-04 at the
1503:2015-04-08 at the
1334:antiquities.org.il
1238:www.britannica.com
1107:(Joshua 11:21-22)
1033:
1001:
977:
771:Alexander Jannaeus
699:Hellenistic period
680:Hellenistic period
644:(r. 681–669 BCE).
548:Hellenistic period
537:
433:in Hebrew. In the
327:, the city became
166:31.75361; 34.66167
106:Show map of Levant
73:Show map of Israel
19:
3218:
3217:
3159:Nabataean Kingdom
3134:Hasmonean dynasty
3129:Ghassanid Kingdom
2842:Achaemenid Empire
2678:Ib'al Confederacy
2317:Kish civilization
2105:"Zochrot - Isdud"
1578:978-0-8108-4848-1
1306:978-965-220-047-1
1270:978-1-85828-248-0
1219:978-0-300-24813-5
1141:to Christianity.
1057:Israeli Air Force
1053:Operation Pleshet
507:on the coast and
437:, the geographer
344:province of Syria
333:Hasmonean kingdom
318:Achaemenid Empire
252:
231:
211:
184:
183:
3278:
3169:Palmyrene Empire
3139:Herodian kingdom
3113:Byzantine Empire
2928:Israel (Samaria)
2289:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2033:Mills, 1932, p.
2031:
2025:
2012:
2006:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1923:. Archived from
1917:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1834:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1780:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1564:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1516:
1507:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1475:
1466:
1463:
1454:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1139:Ethiopian eunuch
1086:speech of Ashdod
1078:Book of Nehemiah
1047:bridge over the
940:("district") of
826:Byzantine period
820:Byzantine period
747:Maccabean Revolt
715:Azotus Mesogaios
712:
592:King James Bible
414:and "ášdadi" in
306:Kingdom of Judah
257:
251:romanized:
250:
248:
236:
226:
224:
216:
206:
204:
172:
171:
169:
168:
167:
162:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
107:
93:
92:
86:
74:
60:
59:
53:
36:
22:
18:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3266:Judas Maccabeus
3251:Herod the Great
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3193:
3184:Sasanian Empire
3179:Seleucid Empire
3174:Parthian Empire
3124:Emesene Dynasty
3087:
2933:Israel (united)
2848:Aramaean states
2828:
2375:Akkadian Empire
2361:
2303:
2293:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2042:Wayback Machine
2032:
2028:
2023:Wayback Machine
2013:
2009:
2003:Wayback Machine
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1903:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1835:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1797:
1781:
1768:
1757:
1753:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1709:
1694:10.2307/3267741
1678:
1674:
1651:10.2307/3211004
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1565:
1556:
1549:The Philistines
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:Wayback Machine
1517:
1510:
1505:Wayback Machine
1495:
1491:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1406:
1399:
1376:10.2307/1355824
1356:
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1338:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1323:
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1307:
1293:
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1255:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1206:
1195:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1147:
1116:After capturing
1074:
1025:
1009:British Mandate
993:
991:British Mandate
914:
908:
883:
861:(c. 820 – 912,
857:The geographer
848:
822:
787:
751:Judas Maccabeus
749:, during which
740:Azotus Paralios
688:
686:Azotus Paralios
682:
527:Egyptian ruler
521:
478:Late Bronze Age
474:
458:
453:
448:
427:Azotus Paralios
408:Late Bronze Age
403:
393:through to the
372:medieval period
270:in present-day
165:
163:
159:
156:
151:
148:
146:
144:
143:
111:
110:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:Ashdod (Levant)
101:
100:
99:
98:
94:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
66:
65:
61:
39:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3205:Amarna letters
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3105:Roman Republic
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3051:
3050:
3049:
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3026:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3018:
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3007:
3002:
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2960:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2897:
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2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2646:
2634:
2632:Hittite Empire
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
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2459:
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2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2386:Amorite states
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2214:
2179:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2121:
2096:
2087:
2080:
2074:. p. 24.
2058:
2054:New York Times
2046:
2026:
2007:
1987:
1978:
1937:
1912:
1897:
1882:
1856:
1814:
1795:
1766:
1751:
1734:
1707:
1672:
1629:
1618:on 21 May 2015
1599:
1584:
1577:
1554:
1539:
1530:
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1455:
1397:
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1286:
1269:
1249:
1225:
1218:
1193:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1146:
1143:
1105:Tribe of Judah
1073:
1070:
1024:
1021:
992:
989:
918:Ottoman period
910:Main article:
907:
906:Ottoman period
904:
882:
879:
867:postal station
859:Ibn Khordadbeh
847:
844:
821:
818:
786:
783:
779:Aristobulus II
681:
678:
667:Nebuchadnezzar
656:Jeremiah 25:20
533:fall of Ashdod
520:
517:
473:
470:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
439:Ibn Khordadbeh
402:
401:Name evolution
399:
368:Byzantine rule
316:and the later
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
117:
113:
112:
102:
96:
95:
88:
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81:
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69:
63:
62:
55:
54:
48:
47:
46:
45:
44:
41:
40:
37:
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3283:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3093:Classical Age
3090:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
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2944:
2941:
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2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Aram-Damascus
2852:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2820:
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2801:
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2796:
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2779:
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2656:
2655:
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2640:
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2412:First Babylon
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2267:
2258:
2257:965-406-178-3
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2239:
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2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2140:September 21,
2135:
2131:
2125:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2083:
2081:965-220-494-3
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1927:on 2015-03-31
1926:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1886:
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1844:
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1798:
1796:9780691009681
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1410:
1409:André Lemaire
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1125:
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1117:
1113:
1112:I Samuel 6:17
1108:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:Hugo Winckler
1087:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:Lachish River
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:Egyptian army
1029:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
997:
988:
986:
982:
973:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:
933:
929:
928:
923:
919:
913:
903:
901:
897:
896:Mamluk period
893:
890:
887:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
843:
841:
836:
833:
831:
827:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
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2195:(3): 244–5.
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2163:at 13:23,24.
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2150:
2138:. Retrieved
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2099:
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2056:June 8, 1948
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1940:
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1925:the original
1915:
1906:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1805:. Retrieved
1785:
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1616:the original
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1259:
1252:
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1237:
1228:
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1131:Book of Acts
1128:
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298:Hebrew Bible
276:
259:
238:
194:
193:: 𐤀𐤔𐤃𐤃 *
186:
185:
2874:Bit Bahiani
2659:Tell Hadidi
1727:October 11,
1537:Dothan 1971
1145:Archaeology
1017:1931 census
916:During the
824:During the
794:Hellenising
775:Hyrcanus II
735:Antiquities
697:During the
638:Sennacherib
622:mi-ti-in-ti
620:: 𒈪𒋾𒅔𒋾
596:Isaiah 20:1
531:during the
493:Philistines
489:Sea Peoples
472:Late Bronze
385:village of
383:Palestinian
243:Koinē Greek
164: /
140:Coordinates
3225:Categories
3061:Carchemish
3042:Nabataeans
2859:Aram Rehob
2627:Carchemish
2437:Third Mari
2417:Third Ebla
2367:Bronze Age
2322:Tell Halaf
2309:Copper Age
2115:2018-07-16
1931:2018-12-28
1339:2022-12-27
1312:2022-12-22
1276:2022-12-22
1243:2022-06-25
1173:References
1082:Ashdodites
1031:Isdud 1948
934:under the
886:12-century
830:Madaba Map
802:King Herod
730:Hellenized
684:See also:
642:Esarhaddon
628:: 𐤌𐤕𐤕 *
626:Philistine
451:Bronze Age
431:Ashdod-Yam
329:Hellenized
294:pentapolis
291:Philistine
260:Tel Ashdod
203:אַשְׁדּוֹד
191:Philistine
152:34°39′42″E
149:31°45′13″N
3154:Macedonia
3119:Commagene
3047:Qedarites
2985:Phoenicia
2953:Philistia
2869:Bit Agusi
2864:Bit-Adini
2706:Tall Bazi
2600:Phoenicia
2570:Jerusalem
2422:Ekallatum
2222:Acts 8:40
1973:0305-7488
1957:: 49–65.
1667:165315779
1419:Amqarrūna
1392:163848559
1101:Joshua 11
1094:Jerusalem
1013:Catholics
922:Via Maris
648:Psamtik I
529:Psamtik I
412:cuneiform
364:bishopric
279:Canaanite
228:romanized
208:romanized
3256:Salome I
3076:Palistin
3036:Itureans
2834:Iron Age
2638:Hurrians
2380:Alashiya
2332:Hamoukar
2209:16520427
2134:Archived
2109:Archived
2038:Archived
2019:Archived
1999:Archived
1869:Archived
1843:Archived
1801:Archived
1721:Archived
1523:Archived
1501:Archived
1447:Ashkelon
1443:Isqalūna
1282:homes...
1084:and the
1045:Ad Halom
889:Crusader
871:al-Ramla
869:between
810:Augustus
798:Gabinius
719:Hippinos
674:Persians
618:Akkadian
568:against
566:Moabites
562:Edomites
501:Ashkelon
416:Ugaritic
356:Augustus
352:Salome I
287:Iron Age
116:Location
3198:Sources
3164:Osroene
2963:Ascalon
2938:Jericho
2816:Nuhašše
2764:Suteans
2702:Armanum
2654:Mitanni
2649:Nuhašše
2610:Shechem
2590:Megiddo
2585:Lakisha
2575:Kenites
2565:Jericho
2545:Dimasqu
2516:Aštartu
2511:Ascalon
2447:Palmyra
2402:Andarig
2392:Alalakh
2337:Jericho
2299:of the
2297:history
1875:29 June
1849:5 April
1807:5 April
1702:3267741
1659:3211004
1441:), and
1384:1355824
1161:of the
1003:In the
950:Muslims
850:Azotus
726:Ptolemy
711:Άζωτος)
614:Mitinti
587:turtanu
570:Assyria
558:Judeans
466:Shechem
446:History
379:Ottoman
377:In the
230::
210::
3271:Pompey
3231:Ashdod
3149:Iturea
3081:Pattin
3071:Luhuti
3066:Kummuh
3005:Tartus
2958:Ashdod
2912:Canaan
2889:Sam'al
2884:Hamath
2879:Geshur
2805:Ugarit
2795:Tadmor
2778:ʿApiru
2759:Aḫlamū
2754:ʿApiru
2740:Tuttul
2695:Aleppo
2668:Naziba
2605:Qadesh
2595:Midian
2580:Kumidi
2555:Gibeon
2535:Beruta
2530:Hauran
2526:Bashan
2521:Azzati
2496:Amalek
2467:Yamhad
2457:Ṭābetu
2442:Mukish
2397:Amurru
2357:Urkesh
2352:Ugarit
2342:Byblos
2301:Levant
2255:
2207:
2078:
1971:
1793:
1700:
1665:
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1622:24 May
1575:
1431:Ashdod
1427:Asdūdu
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1382:
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1216:
1155:Ashdod
962:sesame
958:barley
927:nahiya
892:church
806:Salome
790:Pompey
759:temple
703:Αzotus
658:; cf.
600:Yamani
574:Sargon
564:, and
554:Asdûdu
541:Siamun
481:Ugarit
420:Hebrew
418:. The
366:under
337:Pompey
312:, the
302:Uzziah
272:Israel
268:Ashdod
255:azōtos
247:Ἄζωτος
239:Azotus
234:ʾasdūd
219:Arabic
214:ʾašdōḏ
199:Hebrew
195:ʾašdūd
187:Ashdod
134:Levant
130:Region
124:Israel
120:Ashdod
97:Ashdod
64:Ashdod
3030:Arabs
3015:Sidon
3000:Gebal
2995:Arwad
2990:Amrit
2968:Ekron
2943:Judah
2918:Ammon
2894:Zobah
2800:Tunip
2788:Shutu
2783:Shasu
2748:Suhum
2735:Nagar
2725:Terqa
2721:Khana
2644:Urshu
2615:Sidon
2560:Hazor
2550:Gezer
2540:Gebal
2506:Arwad
2484:Barga
2452:Qatna
2432:Kurda
2072:Carta
1698:JSTOR
1663:S2CID
1655:JSTOR
1435:Hāzat
1423:Ekron
1388:S2CID
1380:JSTOR
1124:Dagon
985:adobe
954:wheat
937:liwa'
912:Isdud
763:Dagon
707:Greek
634:Matīt
630:Mītīt
604:Media
582:Gimtu
509:Ekron
462:MBIIC
387:Isdud
348:Herod
341:Roman
264:Mound
237:) or
223:أسدود
26:اسدود
3010:Tyre
2978:Gaza
2973:Gath
2948:Moab
2923:Edom
2822:Niya
2772:Amqu
2730:Mari
2716:Emar
2711:Ebla
2690:Armi
2673:Niya
2620:Tyre
2501:Arqa
2479:Aram
2474:Amqu
2427:Emar
2407:Apum
2347:Ebla
2253:ISBN
2205:PMID
2142:2007
2076:ISBN
1969:ISSN
1877:2015
1851:2015
1809:2015
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1451:Gath
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1301:ISBN
1265:ISBN
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932:Gaza
875:Gaza
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513:Gath
511:and
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503:and
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