591:
234:
charge by attributing it to the cost of producing print material when in reality they publish digital-only issues. Under the traditional model, the prohibitive costs of some non-open access journal subscriptions already place a heavy burden on the research community. Many open access publishers do offer discounts or publishing fee waivers to authors from developing countries or those suffering financial hardship.
260:, but published only 35% of the articles. In 2021, it was estimated that 17,000 to 29,000 diamond OA journals published 8–9% of all scholarly journal articles and 45% of open access articles. Nearly all Latin American OA journals use the diamond model, whereas a little over half of African and Western European OA journals are diamond OA. However, the percentage of diamond OA articles covered in
61:
196:
articles based on quality. This could be remedied, however, by charging for the peer-review rather than acceptance. Another concern is that institutional budgets may need to be adjusted in order to provide funding for the article processing charges required to publish in many open access journals (e.g. those published by
233:
Unless discounts are available to authors from countries with low incomes, or external funding is provided to cover the cost, article processing charges can exclude authors from developing countries or less-funded research fields from publishing. Some publishers justify part of the article processing
268:
for the same year was below 1%, suggesting that "Scopus- or Web of
Science-based (data) are skewed towards toll access and article processing charges-based publishing, as Diamond journals are underrepresented in (these databases)". The same study also found that diamond OA articles comprised 81% of
216:
estimates the annual turnovers of academic publishers amount to approximately €7.6 billion. It is argued that this money comes predominantly from publicly funded scientific libraries as they purchase subscriptions or licenses in order to provide access to scientific journals for their members. The
195:
Article processing charges shift the burden of payment from readers to authors (or their funders), which creates a new set of concerns. One concern is that if a publisher makes a profit from accepting papers, it has an incentive to accept anything submitted, rather than selecting and rejecting
217:
study was presented by the Max Planck
Digital Library and found that subscription budgets would be sufficient to fund the open access publication charges, but does not address how unaffiliated authors or authors from institutions without funds will contribute to the scholarly record.
224:
have subjected them to criticism by researchers. For example, a
Guardian article informed that in 2010, Elsevier's scientific publishing arm reported profits of £724m on just over £2bn in revenue. It was a 36% margin – higher than Apple, Google, or Amazon posted that year.
207:
from the direct support of research to the support of open access publication. Robert Terry, Senior Policy
Advisor at the Wellcome Trust, has said that he feels that 1–2% of their research budget will change from the creation of knowledge to the dissemination of knowledge.
211:
Research institutions could cover the cost of open access by converting to an open access journal cost-recovery model, with the institutions' annual tool access subscription savings being available to cover annual open access publication costs. A 2017 study by the
47:
content. Some publishers waive the fee in cases of hardship or geographic location, but this is not a widespread practice. An article processing charge does not guarantee that the author retains copyright to the work, or that it will be made available under a
124:. Meanwhile, an independent study indicated that the actual costs of efficiently publishing a scholarly article should be in the region of €200–€1000. High fees are sometimes charged by traditional publishers in order to publish in a
117:
Author fees or page charges have existed since at least the 1930s. Different academic publishers have widely varying levels of fees, from under $ 100 to over $ 5000, and even sometimes as high as €9500 ($ 10851) for the journal
73:. A majority of open access journals do not charge article processing charges, but a significant and growing number of them do. They are the most common funding method for professionally published open access articles.
128:, which make an individual article in a subscription journal open access. The average APC for hybrid journals has been calculated to be almost twice as high as APCs from full open access publishers. Journals with high
1739:
137:
68:
Journals use a variety of ways to generate the income required to cover publishing costs (including editorial costs, any costs of administering the peer review system), such as subsidies from institutions and
1719:
256:
is a term used to describe journals that have no article processing charges, and make articles available to read without restrictions. In 2020, diamond OA journals comprised 69% of the journals in the
1493:
1481:
200:). It has been argued that this may reduce the ability to publish research results due to lack of sufficient funds, leading to some research not becoming a part of the public record.
43:. This fee may be paid by the author, the author's institution, or their research funder. Sometimes, publication fees are also involved in traditional journals or for
364:
693:
141:
charges $ 1590–$ 4215 per article (depending on length) for closed-access, with a surcharge of $ 1700–$ 2200 for open-access (depending on licence). Similarly,
920:
1882:
76:
APC fees applied to academic research are usually expensive, effectively limiting open access publishing to wealthier institutions, scholars, and students.
1734:
963:
1157:
237:
For these reasons, some funding bodies simply will not pay the extra fees for open access publishing: the
European Union scientific research initiative
1002:
1729:
1545:
1322:
717:
1500:
1477:
772:
1239:
1837:
1724:
1596:
1478:
Pay It
Forward: Investigating a Sustainable Model of Open Access Article Processing Charges for Large North American Research Institutions
1141:
464:
1218:
668:
79:
The APC model of open access, among other controversies, is part of the wider and increasingly global Open Access OA's ethics debate.
1060:
519:
Kozak, Marcin; Hartley, James (December 2013). "Publication fees for open access journals: Different disciplines—different methods".
221:
1818:
1108:
836:
1429:
Crawford, W. Gold Open Access 2015–2020 Articles in
Journals (GOA6); Cites & Insights Books: Livermore, CA, USA, 2021; p. 245
1189:
1953:
1087:
994:
1406:
1877:
1621:
731:
Scheiding, Tom (2009). "Paying for
Knowledge One Page at a Time: The Author Fee in Physics in Twentieth-Century America".
1388:
327:
Solomon, David J.; Björk, Bo-Christer (August 2012). "A study of open access journals using article processing charges".
375:
203:
Another concern is the redirection of money by major funding agencies such as the
National Institutes of Health and the
31:, is a fee which is sometimes charged to authors. Most commonly, it is involved in making an academic work available as
1033:
298:
2103:
1827:
503:
424:
404:
257:
1589:
1714:
147:
1211:"Area-wide transition to open access is possible: A new study calculates a redeployment of funds in Open Access"
365:"The Potential Role for Intermediaries in Managing the Payment of Open Access Article Processing Charges (APCs)"
1963:
1813:
1161:
970:
638:
2082:
1832:
1438:
Ancion, Z., Borrell-Damián, L., Mounier, P. et al., ACTION PLAN FOR DIAMOND OPEN ACCESS MARCH 2022, (2022).
135:
Open access articles often have a surcharge compared to closed-access or paywalled content; for example, the
1351:"Gold Open Access Publishing Must Not Be Allowed to Retard the Progress of Green Open Access Self-Archiving"
767:
2108:
2034:
2024:
1663:
278:
1993:
1785:
1648:
1582:
440:
89:
A 2019 analysis has shown 75% of
European spending on scientific journals goes to "big five" publishers (
70:
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1780:
242:
142:
125:
40:
1867:
1852:
106:
590:
341:
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1872:
1857:
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86:
1,626, its recent increase indicating "that authors choose to publish in more expensive journals".
49:
1983:
1678:
1518:
Curb, L. A.; Abramson, C.I. (2012). "An examination of author-paid charges in science journals".
796:"Las revistas de GeografĂa en el Journal Citation Reports: lucro econĂłmico versus acceso abierto"
2008:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1775:
1616:
1133:
548:"Anatomy of open access publishing: a study of longitudinal development and internal structure"
472:
336:
158:
might still apply after a certain number of pages or publication units is exceeded; additional
1210:
220:
Publishers' high operating profit margins, often on publicly funded research works, and their
2003:
1988:
1978:
1973:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1803:
1539:
170:
64:
Article processing fees for journals indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (2019).
2067:
1998:
1958:
1948:
1698:
1085:
No-Fault Peer Review Charges: The Price of Selectivity Need Not Be Access Denied or Delayed
293:
83:
8:
2113:
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1637:
253:
102:
36:
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901:
883:
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748:
711:
579:
499:
420:
98:
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1668:
1527:
1458:
1365:
1293:
1277:
1240:"Is the staggeringly profitable business of scientific publishing bad for science?"
1008:
891:
878:
873:
807:
740:
639:"Opening Out from Open Access: Writing and Publishing in Response to Neoliberalism"
617:
569:
559:
528:
346:
120:
2062:
2029:
1485:
1462:
1392:
1193:
1145:
1091:
288:
94:
162:
might apply for figures, primarily for print journals that are not online-only.
2072:
2057:
1765:
1281:
744:
694:"75% of European spending on scientific journals goes to 'big five' publishers"
265:
238:
204:
197:
129:
1385:
173:; they are common among journals in some fields, e.g., finance and economics.
2097:
1370:
1346:
1289:
1182:
1080:
887:
821:
812:
795:
752:
564:
1386:
The importance of Open Access, Open Source, and Open Standards for libraries
1037:
2077:
2047:
1407:"Horizon Europe will not reimburse publication fees for hybrid open-access"
1307:
905:
583:
283:
1553:
1605:
1531:
1439:
1264:
Jain, Vijay Kumar; Iyengar, Karthikeyan. P.; Vaishya, Raju (2021-03-01).
948:
921:
Developing an Effective Market for Open Access Article Processing Charges
399:
Richard Van Noorden, "Open access: The true cost of science publishing",
32:
82:
Most journals do not charge APCs. The global average per-journal APC is
532:
521:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
350:
329:
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
269:
all OA articles in Humanities, but only 30% in Medicine and Sciences.
2052:
1688:
1198:
The Culture of Periodicals from the Perspective of the Electronic Age
622:
605:
1842:
1683:
90:
837:"For €9500, Nature journals will now make your paper free to read"
646:
1887:
1658:
165:
While publication charges occur upon article acceptance, article
44:
1862:
673:
Sustaining the Knowledge Commons / Soutenir les savoirs communs
303:
261:
1574:
1323:"Sarahanne Field Wants To Put the Open Back Into Open Science"
606:"Pricing principles used by Scholarly Open Access Publishers"
151:
charges $ 1000 for closed-access and $ 3500 for open-access.
154:
Even when publishers do not charge standard fees, excess or
60:
995:"(IEEE) 2014 Voluntary Page and Overlength Article Charges"
1569:
1453:
Frantsvåg, J.E., Diamond Open Access in Norway 2017–2020,
1266:"Article processing charge may be a barrier to publishing"
691:
109:). Together they accounted for 56% of articles published.
326:
862:"Current market rates for scholarly publishing services"
545:
190:
1203:
1187:"The Green Road to Open Access: A Leveraged Transition"
1883:
Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition
132:
from major publishers tend to have the highest APCs.
1494:"Colour and page charges: results of a brief survey"
1061:"How Much Do Top Publishers Charge for Open Access?"
768:"How Much Do Top Publishers Charge for Open Access?"
669:"Open access article processing charges 2011 – 2021"
177:
may refer to either publication or submission fees.
1263:
964:"American Geophysical Union publication fee table"
860:Grossmann, Alexander; Brembs, Björn (2021-01-12).
16:Fee charged by some scholarly publication services
1395:. Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship.
1003:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
919:Björk, Bo-Christer; Solomon, David (March 2014).
403:495, 426–429 (28 March 2013) doi:10.1038/495426a
2095:
859:
441:"Understanding Submission and Publication Fees"
228:
138:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1158:"Interview – Wellcome support for Open Access"
739:(2). University of California Press: 219–247.
1590:
1411:Institut de ciència de materials de Barcelona
793:
724:
1838:Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association
1544:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
1517:
1491:
1449:
1447:
1200:. L'Harmattan. 99–106. Retrieved 2012-11-19.
1111:. BioMed Central. 1970-01-01. Archived from
918:
800:Revista Española de DocumentaciĂłn CientĂfica
603:
518:
248:
185:
1270:Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma
716:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
604:Björk, Bo-Christer; Solomon, David (2012).
546:Laakso, Mikael; Björk, Bo-Christer (2012).
1597:
1583:
1476:University of California Libraries (2016)
1217:. Max Planck Gesellschaft. 27 April 2015.
733:Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences
1444:
1369:
1297:
895:
877:
811:
730:
621:
573:
563:
340:
322:
320:
318:
1034:"Journals with Fees for Submitted Paper"
834:
692:Mehta2019-11-06T15:03:00+00:00, Angeli.
666:
241:does not cover the APCs for articles in
112:
59:
943:
941:
2096:
1440:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6282402
1404:
1345:
1320:
958:
956:
636:
315:
1578:
1058:
1052:
765:
493:
414:
191:Cost to scientists and funding bodies
1878:Registry of Open Access Repositories
987:
938:
794:GarcĂa MartĂn, Miguel (2015-12-30).
953:
457:
13:
1558:Briefing Paper, PASTEUR4OA project
1470:
433:
299:Academic journal publishing reform
169:are charged prior to the start of
14:
2125:
1828:Directory of Open Access Journals
1563:
1221:from the original on 16 June 2017
258:Directory of Open Access Journals
1321:Angler, Martin W. (2023-07-10).
1109:"Article-processing charges FAQ"
835:Brainard, Jeffrey (2020-11-24).
667:Morrison, Heather (2021-06-24).
589:
1715:Budapest Open Access Initiative
1604:
1432:
1423:
1405:Masnou, Anna May (2018-06-28).
1398:
1378:
1339:
1314:
1257:
1232:
1176:
1150:
1126:
1101:
1074:
1026:
912:
853:
828:
787:
759:
685:
660:
637:Kember, Sarah (21 April 2014).
630:
597:
419:. MIT Press. pp. 138–139.
148:Journal of Geophysical Research
107:American Chemical Society (ACS)
1814:Directory of Open Access Books
1059:Socha, Beata (20 April 2017).
879:10.12688/f1000research.27468.1
766:Socha, Beata (20 April 2017).
539:
512:
487:
408:
393:
374:. October 2012. Archived from
357:
1:
1833:Initiative for Open Citations
1570:OpenAPC: open database of APC
309:
55:
2035:List of open-access journals
2025:Access to Knowledge movement
1664:Copyright transfer agreement
1463:10.3390/publications10010013
1327:Eurac Research Science Blogs
372:Research Information Network
279:Copyright transfer agreement
229:Unequal access to publishing
180:
7:
1786:Delayed open-access journal
1649:Subscription business model
1384:Corrado, E. (Spring 2005).
272:
243:hybrid open-access journals
10:
2130:
1781:Hybrid open-access journal
1554:Article Processing Charges
1282:10.1016/j.jcot.2020.10.039
745:10.1525/hsns.2009.39.2.219
498:. MIT Press. p. 136.
126:hybrid open access journal
2043:
2017:
1896:
1868:Public Library of Science
1853:Open Knowledge Foundation
1794:
1758:
1707:
1694:Article processing charge
1630:
1612:
1552:Guy, M., Holl, A. (2015)
249:Diamond open access model
186:Cost of research articles
21:article processing charge
2104:Open access (publishing)
1873:Public Knowledge Project
1858:Open Society Foundations
1848:Open Archives Initiative
1745:NIH Public Access Policy
1520:Comprehensive Psychology
1371:10.1163/095796511x559972
813:10.3989/redc.2015.4.1248
565:10.1186/1741-7015-10-124
50:Creative Commons license
35:(OA), in either a full
1776:Open-access repository
1534:(inactive 2024-06-26).
65:
1804:The Cost of Knowledge
1492:Robert Kiley (2013).
1480:. Mellon Foundation.
494:Suber, Peter (2012).
415:Suber, Peter (2012).
113:Other publishing fees
63:
1699:Predatory publishing
1532:10.2466/01.17.CP.1.4
1144:May 5, 2013, at the
1132:Eftekhari, A (2012)
294:Predatory publishing
103:Taylor & Francis
2109:Academic publishing
1954:Republic of Ireland
1771:Open-access mandate
1014:on 28 December 2014
475:on 8 September 2012
254:Diamond open access
222:copyright practices
27:), also known as a
1750:Research Works Act
1740:Geneva Declaration
1725:Bethesda Statement
1720:Berlin Declaration
1674:Scientific journal
1484:2019-04-08 at the
1457:10 (2022), no. 1.
1391:2011-12-16 at the
1192:2017-01-23 at the
1164:on August 21, 2009
1090:2011-05-01 at the
610:Learned Publishing
465:"Publication fees"
214:Max Planck Society
66:
2091:
2090:
1654:Subscribe to Open
1196:. In: Anna Gacs.
1134:Open Access Dream
533:10.1002/asi.22972
527:(12): 2591–2594.
351:10.1002/asi.22673
2121:
1824:
1821:
1809:Creative Commons
1735:Durham Statement
1669:Academic journal
1599:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1499:. Archived from
1498:
1465:
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1230:
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1180:
1174:
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1171:
1169:
1160:. Archived from
1154:
1148:
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1121:
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1105:
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1078:
1072:
1071:
1065:
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1047:
1045:
1036:. Archived from
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1007:. Archived from
999:
991:
985:
984:
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981:
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969:. Archived from
968:
960:
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949:Publication Fees
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933:
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925:
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909:
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715:
707:
705:
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689:
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682:
680:
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664:
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655:
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645:. Archived from
634:
628:
627:
625:
623:10.1087/20120207
601:
595:
594:
593:
587:
577:
567:
543:
537:
536:
516:
510:
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491:
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482:
480:
471:. Archived from
461:
455:
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452:
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412:
406:
397:
391:
390:
388:
386:
381:on 23 April 2016
380:
369:
361:
355:
354:
344:
335:(8): 1485–1495.
324:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2063:Open government
2039:
2030:Access2Research
2013:
1892:
1816:
1796:
1790:
1754:
1703:
1626:
1608:
1603:
1566:
1537:
1536:
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1496:
1486:Wayback Machine
1473:
1471:Further reading
1468:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
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1413:
1403:
1399:
1393:Wayback Machine
1383:
1379:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1319:
1315:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1238:
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1233:
1224:
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1208:
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1194:Wayback Machine
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1146:Wayback Machine
1131:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1092:Wayback Machine
1079:
1075:
1068:openscience.com
1063:
1057:
1053:
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1041:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1017:
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997:
993:
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979:
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843:
833:
829:
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764:
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729:
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709:
708:
702:
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698:Chemistry World
690:
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342:10.1.1.414.6299
325:
316:
312:
289:Royalty payment
275:
251:
231:
193:
188:
183:
167:submission fees
156:overlength fees
115:
95:Springer Nature
58:
29:publication fee
17:
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2127:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2089:
2088:
2086:
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2080:
2075:
2073:Open knowledge
2070:
2065:
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2058:Open education
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1806:
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1768:
1766:Self-archiving
1762:
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1753:
1752:
1747:
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1737:
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