4792:
120:
2611:
4797:
143:
1836:
423:
1804:
4039:
1857:
4027:
4013:
4020:
4787:
4033:
1823:
395:-shaped) during the Devonian period, save for increasing in size. However, during their reign, the arthrodires were one of the most diverse and numerically successful, if not the most successful, vertebrate orders of the Devonian, occupying a vast spectrum of roles from
382:
A common misconception is the arthrodires (along with all other placoderms) were sluggish bottom-dwellers that were outcompeted by more advanced fish. Leading to this misconception is that the arthrodire
2734:
You-An Zhu; Min Zhu (2013). "A redescription of
Kiangyousteus yohii (Arthrodira: Eubrachythoraci) from the Middle Devonian of China, with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci".
2519:
Dennis, Kim, and R. S. Miles. "Eubrachythoracid arthrodires with tubular rostral plates from Gogo, Western
Australia." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 67.4 (1979): 297–328.
2683:
Zhu, Min; Ahlberg, Per E.; Pan, Zhaohui; Zhu, Youan; Qiao, Tuo; Zhao, Wenjin; Jia, Liantao; Lu, Jing (21 October 2016). "A Silurian maxillate placoderm illuminates jaw evolution".
1249:
2547:
Long, John A.; Trinajstic, Kate; Johanson, Zerina (26 February 2009). "Devonian arthrodire embryos and the origin of internal fertilization in vertebrates".
3604:
1915:
241:
4178:
2865:
2454:
2039:
4569:
2256:
4576:
3735:
3665:
2436:
4899:
4527:
4261:
3830:
3620:
3376:
2336:
2311:
2106:
2046:
4102:
3951:
3481:
3301:
2301:
2231:
2096:
493:
4095:
3823:
3816:
3551:
3411:
2421:
2411:
497:
2479:"Redescription of Yinostius major (Arthrodira: Heterostiidae) from the Lower Devonian of China, and the interrelationships of Brachythoraci"
4415:
4363:
4237:
3965:
3749:
3721:
3700:
2166:
2156:
4562:
4222:
4130:
3770:
3728:
3714:
3579:
3122:
2401:
2276:
3613:
3308:
3108:
2216:
2736:
2483:
4886:
339:; instead, they used the sharpened edges of a bony plate on their jawbone as a biting surface. The eye sockets are covered by a
2844:
454:, the large group of extinct prehistoric armored fish that is thought to have diverged over 400 million years ago from all
4791:
367:, was a true superpredator of the latest Devonian period, reaching as much as 6 m in length. In contrast, the long-nosed
2816:
1644:
407:. Despite their success, the arthrodires were one of many groups eliminated by the environmental catastrophes of the
4945:
4796:
842:
1365:
319:
period before their sudden extinction, surviving for about 50 million years and penetrating most marine
582:
142:
17:
2769:(Placodermi, Arthrodira) from the Pragian of Guangxi (south China) and its phylogenetic significance"
1469:
1040:
606:
2610:
2837:
1841:
1143:
1023:
754:
640:
408:
4038:
3287:
2529:
1314:
859:
379:
have been found containing unborn fetuses, indicating that arthrodires gave birth to live young.
4917:
4816:
4026:
4019:
2927:
1522:
990:
2599:
Benton, M. J. (2005) Vertebrate
Palaeontology, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Figure 3.25 on page 73.
4912:
4786:
1828:
1661:
1419:
1109:
1067:
215:
129:
4904:
119:
4940:
4873:
4854:
2692:
2631:
2558:
1620:
1549:
1402:
973:
916:
802:
538:
8:
2954:
2830:
1566:
1273:
785:
714:
4012:
2696:
2635:
2562:
3535:
2716:
2660:
2617:
2582:
2291:
1923:
1861:
1126:
949:
475:
246:
137:
361:, were well-armoured fishes with flattened bodies. The largest member of this group,
3228:
3094:
2812:
2785:
2764:
2708:
2665:
2647:
2586:
2574:
2502:
2176:
1486:
1297:
1091:
657:
4032:
2720:
4350:
3944:
3168:
2780:
2745:
2700:
2655:
2639:
2622:
2566:
2549:
2492:
2116:
1965:
1455:
626:
555:
320:
273:
4555:
4486:
4436:
4381:
4209:
4144:
4068:
4056:
3976:
3909:
3679:
3453:
3324:
3219:
1886:
1866:
1846:
1378:
899:
697:
479:
448:
444:
304:
231:
4693:
4601:
4499:
4429:
4408:
4287:
3930:
3886:
3857:
3841:
3801:
3707:
3565:
3492:
3353:
3235:
3177:
3101:
2201:
1975:
1939:
1931:
1388:
431:
404:
340:
280:
256:
251:
508:
studies have since found two of those groups as paraphyletic, as shown in the
335:
surrounding their heads and bodies. Like all placoderms, they lacked distinct
4934:
4839:
4728:
4700:
4686:
4672:
4644:
4635:
4534:
4506:
4448:
4422:
4401:
4245:
4230:
4162:
4077:
3937:
3691:
3636:
3523:
3474:
3439:
3342:
3278:
3157:
2912:
2889:
2651:
2533:
2506:
2446:
2394:
2379:
2354:
2329:
2284:
2249:
2224:
2209:
2191:
2184:
2089:
2074:
2024:
2009:
1990:
1949:
1894:
1811:
1606:
1235:
501:
416:
396:
323:. Arthrodires were the largest and most diverse of all groups of placoderms.
263:
236:
184:
77:
2704:
2618:"Osteichthyan-like cranial conditions in an Early Devonian stem gnathostome"
4763:
4658:
4610:
4590:
4394:
4370:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4276:
4253:
4193:
4151:
4137:
4086:
3958:
3902:
3850:
3794:
3763:
3650:
3558:
3544:
3508:
3467:
3418:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3294:
3195:
3129:
3115:
3073:
3059:
3052:
2712:
2669:
2578:
2429:
2346:
2241:
2126:
2081:
2056:
2031:
2016:
1957:
1902:
1835:
1808:
1535:
1053:
505:
490:
471:
467:
375:
363:
352:
268:
422:
4891:
4865:
4848:
4749:
4721:
4707:
4665:
4651:
4624:
4583:
4464:
4317:
4186:
3916:
3895:
3781:
3593:
3572:
3460:
3249:
3066:
2321:
2066:
1815:
1515:
459:
387:
remained relatively conserved (that is, the majority of arthrodires were
52:
2643:
2570:
4756:
4742:
4735:
4714:
4679:
4541:
4520:
4513:
4324:
4171:
4123:
4116:
4109:
3871:
3515:
3501:
3446:
3425:
3404:
3362:
3256:
3242:
3208:
3184:
3150:
3136:
3087:
2883:
2386:
2361:
2146:
1908:
451:
427:
369:
357:
312:
97:
62:
2497:
2478:
466:, including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians). However, recent
4617:
4548:
4471:
4457:
4331:
4269:
3923:
3864:
3808:
3756:
3657:
3586:
3432:
3369:
3080:
3045:
3038:
2939:
2895:
2749:
2136:
1997:
1982:
1856:
1850:
509:
463:
384:
197:
154:
102:
46:
4810:
4833:
3742:
3672:
3263:
3143:
2877:
2371:
2266:
400:
316:
174:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
39:
1870:
392:
308:
107:
82:
4878:
331:
Arthrodire placoderms are notable for the movable joint between
2871:
1822:
455:
388:
164:
1803:
2822:
2616:
Giles, Sam; Friedman, Matt; Brazeau, Martin D. (2015-01-12).
486:
grouping that contains sharks, bony fish, and all tetrapods.
483:
412:
336:
332:
415:
to diversify into the vacated ecological niches during the
348:
2593:
344:
2546:
2477:
Zhu, You-An; Zhu, Min; Wang, Jun-Qing (1 April 2016).
2530:"Fish 380 Million Years Old Found With Unborn Embryo"
2615:
1826:
Artist's reconstruction of the arthrodire placoderm
2808:The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution
2763:Dupret, V.; Zhu, M. I. N.; Wang, J. N. Q. (2009).
127:Modern reconstruction of the arthrodire placoderm
2733:
4932:
2682:
2602:
489:Arthrodira was traditionally divided into the
2838:
2810:. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
2762:
2911:
2845:
2831:
2476:
118:
3018:
2784:
2773:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2737:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2659:
2496:
2484:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2513:
1855:
1834:
1821:
1802:
421:
2676:
2540:
355:. Early arthrodires, such as the genus
14:
4933:
2727:
2470:
2141:Dupret, Goujet, & Mark-Kurik, 2007
4815:
4814:
4054:
3005:
2864:
2826:
373:measured just 15 cm. Fossils of
2756:
470:studies have found Placodermi to be
4055:
311:armored, jawed fishes of the class
287:
24:
2797:
25:
4957:
1798:
1645:Buchanosteus confertituberculatus
500:(now also paraphyletic), and the
303:(Greek for "jointed neck") is an
4795:
4790:
4785:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4018:
4011:
2786:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00519.x
2609:
141:
50:
3006:
2852:
2522:
462:(and thus also all subsequent
411:, allowing other fish such as
326:
13:
1:
2463:
2121:Mark-Kurik & Carls, 2002
843:Kujdanowiaspis buczacziensis
438:
426:Evolution and extinction of
7:
2261:Hussakof & Bryant, 1919
2111:Hussakof & Bryant, 1920
1366:Bryantolepis brachycephalus
518:
10:
4962:
2767:Yujiangolepis liujingensis
583:Yujiangolepis liujingensis
447:Arthrodira belongs to the
430:. The diagram is based on
4823:
4783:
4634:
4600:
4494:
4485:
4447:
4389:
4380:
4358:
4349:
4286:
4217:
4208:
4161:
4085:
4076:
4067:
4063:
4050:
4009:
3975:
3885:
3840:
3789:
3780:
3690:
3645:
3634:
3603:
3534:
3491:
3352:
3337:
3333:
3322:
3277:
3218:
3203:
3194:
3167:
3033:
3029:
3014:
3001:
2965:
2947:
2938:
2920:
2907:
2860:
2151:Dineley & Yuhai, 1984
1900:(includes the well-known
1658:
1641:
1634:
1617:
1610:
1563:
1546:
1539:
1519:
1509:
1483:
1470:Groenlandaspis antarctica
1466:
1459:
1449:
1442:
1416:
1399:
1392:
1382:
1362:
1355:
1311:
1294:
1287:
1270:
1263:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1140:
1123:
1106:
1088:
1081:
1064:
1057:
1041:Heightingtonaspis anglica
1037:
1020:
1013:
987:
970:
963:
946:
939:
913:
896:
889:
882:
856:
839:
832:
825:
799:
782:
775:
768:
751:
744:
737:
711:
694:
687:
680:
654:
637:
630:
620:
607:Antarctaspis mcmurdoensis
603:
596:
579:
572:
552:
535:
528:
228:
223:
138:Scientific classification
136:
126:
117:
34:
1842:Eastmanosteus pustulosus
1816:Amazichthys trinajsticae
1144:Placolepis budawangensis
1024:Anarthraspis chamberlini
755:Lehmanosteus hyperboreus
641:Wuttagoonaspis fletcheri
409:Late Devonian extinction
4946:Prehistoric fish orders
2705:10.1126/science.aah3764
2451:Wang & Dupret, 2009
1315:Actinolepis tuberculata
1250:Bollandaspis woschmidti
860:Kujdanowiaspis podolica
315:that flourished in the
27:Extinct order of fishes
1873:
1853:
1832:
1819:
1523:Dicksonosteus arcticus
991:Proaethaspis ohioensis
435:
347:, a feature shared by
4913:Paleobiology Database
1859:
1838:
1829:Coccosteus cuspidatus
1825:
1806:
1662:Coccosteus cuspidatus
1420:Phlyctaenius acadicus
1110:Cowralepis mclachlani
1068:Gavinaspis convergens
425:
343:, which supports the
130:Dunkleosteus terrelli
1621:Antineosteus lehmani
1550:Arctolepis decipiens
1403:Pageauaspis russelli
974:Baringaspis dineleyi
917:Sigaspis lepidophora
803:Simblaspis cachensis
539:Eurycaraspis incilis
2765:"The morphology of
2697:2016Sci...354..334Z
2644:10.1038/nature14065
2636:2015Natur.520...82G
2571:10.1038/nature07732
2563:2009Natur.457.1124L
2557:(7233): 1124–1127.
2453:(previously within
2038:(previously within
1839:Lower jaw plate of
1567:Heintzosteus brevis
1274:Actinolepis spinosa
786:Aleosteus eganensis
715:Aethaspis utahensis
512:below, from Dupret
3536:Groenlandaspididae
1924:Groenlandaspididae
1874:
1862:Heterosteus ingens
1854:
1833:
1820:
1127:Phyllolepis orvini
950:Eskimaspis heintzi
476:evolutionary grade
436:
247:Groenlandaspididae
4928:
4927:
4817:Taxon identifiers
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4481:
4480:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4204:
4203:
4046:
4045:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3881:
3880:
3630:
3629:
3605:Williamsaspididae
3318:
3317:
3273:
3272:
3229:Austrophyllolepis
3095:Heightingtonaspis
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2819:
2691:(6310): 334–336.
2498:10.1111/zoj.12356
2452:
2442:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2392:
2377:
2367:
2352:
2342:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2282:
2272:
2262:
2247:
2237:
2222:
2207:
2197:
2182:
2177:Heightingtonaspis
2172:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2087:
2072:
2062:
2052:
2037:
2022:
2007:
1988:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1916:Williamsaspididae
1899:
1891:
1882:
1796:
1795:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1498:
1497:
1487:Tiaraspis subilis
1431:
1430:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1298:Actinolepis magna
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1092:Austrophyllolepis
1002:
1001:
928:
927:
871:
870:
814:
813:
726:
725:
669:
668:
658:Yiminaspis shenme
321:ecological niches
298:
297:
242:Williamsaspididae
219:
45:419.2–358.9
16:(Redirected from
4953:
4921:
4920:
4908:
4907:
4895:
4894:
4882:
4881:
4869:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4812:
4811:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4492:
4491:
4387:
4386:
4356:
4355:
4351:Pachyosteomorphi
4215:
4214:
4179:Kimberleyichthys
4083:
4082:
4074:
4073:
4065:
4064:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4015:
3945:Parabuchanosteus
3787:
3786:
3643:
3642:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3201:
3200:
3169:Wuttagoonaspidae
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3003:
3002:
2945:
2944:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2862:
2861:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2805:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2750:10.1111/zoj12089
2731:
2725:
2724:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2474:
2455:Antarctaspididae
2450:
2440:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2390:
2375:
2365:
2350:
2340:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2280:
2270:
2260:
2245:
2235:
2220:
2205:
2195:
2180:
2170:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2130:
2120:
2117:Carolowilhelmina
2110:
2100:
2085:
2070:
2060:
2050:
2040:Antarctaspididae
2035:
2020:
2001:
1986:
1968:
1966:Wuttagoonaspidae
1960:
1952:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1897:
1889:
1880:
1787:Actinolepidoidei
1637:
1636:
1613:
1612:
1542:
1541:
1512:
1511:
1462:
1461:
1456:Groenlandaspidae
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1395:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1358:
1357:
1290:
1289:
1266:
1265:
1242:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1084:
1083:
1060:
1059:
1016:
1015:
966:
965:
942:
941:
892:
891:
885:
884:
835:
834:
828:
827:
778:
777:
771:
770:
747:
746:
740:
739:
690:
689:
683:
682:
633:
632:
627:Wuttagoonaspidae
623:
622:
599:
598:
575:
574:
556:Lunaspis broilii
531:
530:
524:
523:
519:
474:, and rather an
274:Wuttagoonaspidae
214:
209:
196:
146:
145:
122:
112:
49:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4916:
4911:
4903:
4898:
4890:
4885:
4877:
4872:
4864:
4862:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4819:
4809:
4800:
4769:
4630:
4596:
4570:Squamatognathus
4556:Kendrickichthys
4487:Aspinothoracidi
4477:
4443:
4437:Xiangshuiosteus
4382:Dunkleosteoidea
4376:
4337:
4282:
4210:Incisoscutoidea
4200:
4157:
4145:Protitanichthys
4069:Coccosteomorphi
4059:
4057:Eubrachythoraci
4042:
4024:
4017:
3991:
3977:Eubrachythoraci
3971:
3910:Burrinjucosteus
3877:
3836:
3776:
3686:
3680:Xiangshuiosteus
3639:
3626:
3599:
3530:
3487:
3454:Neophlyctaenius
3348:
3327:
3325:Phlyctaenioidei
3314:
3269:
3220:Phyllolepididae
3214:
3190:
3163:
3023:
3010:
2981:
2961:
2934:
2903:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2803:
2800:
2798:Further reading
2795:
2794:
2761:
2757:
2732:
2728:
2681:
2677:
2630:(7545): 82–85.
2608:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2545:
2541:
2536:. June 6, 2008.
2528:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2428:(may be within
2426:Newberry, 18903
2416:Obrucheva, 1962
2393:(may be within
2378:(may be within
2353:(may be within
2328:(may be within
2283:(may be within
2257:Machaerognathus
2248:(may be within
2223:(may be within
2208:(may be within
2183:(may be within
2088:(may be within
2073:(may be within
2023:(may be within
2008:(may be within
1989:(may be within
1887:Phlyctaenioidei
1867:Middle Devonian
1847:Middle Devonian
1801:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1499:
1432:
1379:Phlyctaenioidei
1345:
1336:
1327:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1003:
929:
900:Erikaspis zychi
872:
815:
727:
698:Aethaspis major
670:
480:Eugnathostomata
441:
329:
232:Phlyctaenioidei
213:
207:
194:
140:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
44:
43:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4959:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4909:
4896:
4883:
4870:
4860:
4845:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4694:Gymnotrachelus
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4604:
4602:Brachydeiridae
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4577:Tafilalichthys
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4500:Bruntonichthys
4495:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4453:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4433:
4430:Westralichthys
4426:
4419:
4412:
4409:Golshanichthys
4405:
4398:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4292:
4290:
4288:Camuropiscidae
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4091:
4089:
4080:
4071:
4061:
4060:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3931:Goodradigbeeon
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3889:
3887:Buchanosteidae
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3858:Atlantidosteus
3854:
3846:
3844:
3842:Migmatocephala
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3805:
3802:Cathlesichthys
3798:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3736:Gyroplacosteus
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3708:Belemnacanthus
3704:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3676:
3669:
3666:Gemuendenaspis
3662:
3654:
3646:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3566:Groenlandaspis
3562:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3495:
3493:Arctolepididae
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3356:
3354:Phlyctaeniidae
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3338:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3236:Cobandrahlepis
3232:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3178:Wuttagoonaspis
3173:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3102:Kujdanowiaspis
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2921:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2755:
2744:(4): 798–819.
2726:
2675:
2601:
2592:
2539:
2521:
2512:
2491:(4): 806–834.
2468:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2443:
2437:Wheathillaspis
2433:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2383:
2368:
2358:
2343:
2333:
2318:
2308:
2298:
2288:
2273:
2271:Lelièvre, 1995
2263:
2253:
2238:
2228:
2213:
2202:Kujdanowiaspis
2198:
2188:
2173:
2163:
2161:Newberry, 1890
2153:
2143:
2133:
2131:Newberry, 1878
2123:
2113:
2103:
2101:Newberry, 1890
2093:
2078:
2063:
2061:Newberry, 1873
2053:
2043:
2028:
2013:
1994:
1976:incertae sedis
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:Phlyctaeniidae
1937:
1932:Arctolepididae
1929:
1927:Obruchev, 1964
1921:
1913:
1881:Woodward, 1891
1800:
1799:Classification
1797:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1389:Phlyctaeniidae
1383:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
969:
964:
962:
959:
958:
955:
954:
945:
940:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
926:
925:
922:
921:
912:
909:
908:
905:
904:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
869:
868:
865:
864:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
812:
811:
808:
807:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
781:
776:
774:
769:
767:
764:
763:
760:
759:
750:
745:
743:
738:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
724:
723:
720:
719:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
693:
688:
686:
681:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
667:
666:
663:
662:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
636:
631:
629:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
602:
597:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
578:
573:
571:
565:
564:
561:
560:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
534:
529:
527:
522:
440:
437:
432:Michael Benton
405:bottom dweller
328:
325:
296:
295:
294:
293:
292:
291:
281:incertae sedis
276:
271:
266:
261:
260:
259:
257:Phlyctaeniidae
254:
252:Arctolepididae
249:
244:
239:
226:
225:
221:
220:
205:
201:
200:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4958:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4729:Paramylostoma
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4701:Heintzichthys
4698:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4687:Gorgonichthys
4684:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4673:Draconichthys
4670:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4645:Alienacanthus
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4636:Selenosteidae
4633:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4535:Erromenosteus
4532:
4530:
4529:
4528:Dinomylostoma
4525:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4507:Bullerichthys
4504:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4449:Heterosteidae
4446:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4423:Kiangyousteus
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4402:Eastmanosteus
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:Parabelosteus
4259:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:Harrytoombsia
4243:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4231:Compagopiscis
4228:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4163:Panxiosteidae
4160:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Coccosteoidea
4075:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4028:
4021:
4014:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3938:Narrominaspis
3935:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3831:Luetkeichthys
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3692:Holonematidae
3689:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3637:Brachythoraci
3633:
3623:
3622:
3621:Williamsaspis
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3524:Kueichowlepis
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3475:Prosphymaspis
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:Kueichowlepis
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3377:Barwickosteus
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3343:Dicksonosteus
3340:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3279:Actinolepidae
3276:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3158:Yujiangolepis
3155:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2928:Gnathostomata
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Gnathostomata
2910:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:Gnathostomata
2888:Infraphylum:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2818:
2817:0-8018-5438-5
2814:
2809:
2804:Long, John A.
2802:
2801:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2534:Science Daily
2531:
2525:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2469:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2447:Yujiangolepis
2444:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:Schmidt, 1933
2404:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:Actinolepidae
2391:Denison, 1958
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:Actinolepidae
2374:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:Actinolepidae
2351:Denison, 1978
2349:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:Prescottaspis
2334:
2331:
2330:Brachythoraci
2324:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:Phylactaenium
2309:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2296:Whitley, 1951
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2285:Actinolepidae
2279:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:Actinolepidae
2244:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:Actinolepidae
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:Actinolepidae
2206:Stensiö, 1942
2204:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2192:Hollardosteus
2189:
2186:
2185:Actinolepidae
2179:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:Copanognathus
2104:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:Actinolepidae
2086:Denison, 1958
2084:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:Actinolepidae
2069:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:Antarctolepis
2044:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:Actinolepidae
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:Actinolepidae
2005:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:Actinolepidae
1987:Denison, 1958
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1950:Actinolepidae
1948:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1895:Brachythoraci
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1790:Phlyctaeniina
1784:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1607:Brachythoraci
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:Actinolepidae
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
998:
997:
994:
993:
992:
985:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
975:
968:
967:
961:
960:
957:
956:
953:
952:
951:
944:
943:
937:
936:
933:
932:
924:
923:
920:
919:
918:
911:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
901:
894:
893:
887:
886:
880:
879:
876:
875:
867:
866:
863:
862:
861:
854:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
844:
837:
836:
830:
829:
823:
822:
819:
818:
810:
809:
806:
805:
804:
797:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
787:
780:
779:
773:
772:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
756:
749:
748:
742:
741:
735:
734:
731:
730:
722:
721:
718:
717:
716:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
699:
692:
691:
685:
684:
678:
677:
674:
673:
665:
664:
661:
660:
659:
652:
651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
642:
635:
634:
628:
625:
624:
618:
617:
614:
613:
610:
609:
608:
601:
600:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
584:
577:
576:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
557:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
540:
533:
532:
526:
525:
521:
520:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:Brachythoraci
499:
495:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
433:
429:
424:
420:
418:
417:Carboniferous
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:apex predator
394:
390:
386:
380:
378:
377:
372:
371:
366:
365:
360:
359:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
289:
285:
284:
283:
282:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
264:Actinolepidae
262:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
237:Brachythoraci
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
227:
222:
217:
212:
206:
203:
202:
199:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:Gnathostomata
183:
181:Infraphylum:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
132:
131:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
41:
33:
30:
19:
4824:
4764:Walterosteus
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4659:Brachyosteus
4657:
4650:
4643:
4623:
4616:
4611:Brachydeirus
4609:
4591:Titanichthys
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4395:Dunkleosteus
4393:
4371:Rhachiosteus
4369:
4362:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4311:Incisoscutum
4309:
4304:Fallacosteus
4302:
4297:Camuropiscis
4295:
4277:Trematosteus
4275:
4268:
4260:
4254:Mcnamaraspis
4252:
4244:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4194:Plourdosteus
4192:
4185:
4177:
4170:
4152:Watsonosteus
4150:
4143:
4138:Millerosteus
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4103:Clarkeosteus
4101:
4094:
4087:Coccosteidae
4016:
3964:
3959:Taemasosteus
3957:
3952:Toombsosteus
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3903:Buchanosteus
3901:
3894:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3851:Antineosteus
3849:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3807:
3800:
3795:Angarichthys
3793:
3769:
3764:Tropidosteus
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3656:
3651:Antineosteus
3649:
3619:
3612:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3559:Cosmacanthus
3557:
3550:
3545:Africanaspis
3543:
3522:
3514:
3509:Heintzosteus
3507:
3500:
3482:Stipatosteus
3480:
3473:
3468:Phlyctaenius
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3419:Heterogaspis
3417:
3410:
3403:
3398:Elegantaspis
3396:
3391:Diadsomaspis
3389:
3384:Cartieraspis
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3341:
3307:
3302:Bollandaspis
3300:
3295:Ailuracantha
3293:
3286:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3207:
3196:Phyllolepida
3183:
3176:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3130:Proaethaspis
3128:
3121:
3116:Lehmanosteus
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3074:Bryantolepis
3072:
3065:
3060:Antarctaspis
3058:
3053:Anarthraspis
3051:
3044:
3037:
3020:
3007:
2966:
2853:
2807:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2758:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2627:
2621:
2604:
2595:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2524:
2515:
2488:
2482:
2472:
2445:
2435:
2430:Coccosteidae
2420:
2410:
2400:
2385:
2376:Goujet, 1973
2370:
2360:
2347:Proaethaspis
2345:
2335:
2320:
2316:Heintz, 1934
2310:
2302:Overtonaspis
2300:
2290:
2281:Heintz, 1929
2275:
2265:
2255:
2246:Goujet, 1984
2242:Lehmanosteus
2240:
2236:Pageau, 1969
2232:Laurentaspis
2230:
2221:Strand, 1932
2215:
2200:
2196:Lehman, 1956
2190:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2127:Diplognathus
2125:
2115:
2105:
2097:Callognathus
2095:
2082:Bryantolepis
2080:
2065:
2057:Aspidichthys
2055:
2045:
2032:Antarctaspis
2030:
2021:Bryant, 1934
2017:Anarthraspis
2015:
2003:
1996:
1981:
1974:
1969:Ritchie 1973
1961:Stensiö 1934
1958:Phyllolepida
1943:Fowler, 1947
1935:Heintz, 1937
1907:
1903:Dunkleosteus
1901:
1877:
1875:
1860:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1660:
1659:
1643:
1642:
1619:
1618:
1565:
1564:
1548:
1547:
1536:Arctolepidae
1521:
1520:
1485:
1484:
1468:
1467:
1418:
1417:
1401:
1400:
1364:
1363:
1313:
1312:
1296:
1295:
1272:
1271:
1248:
1247:
1142:
1141:
1125:
1124:
1108:
1107:
1090:
1089:
1066:
1065:
1054:Phyllolepida
1039:
1038:
1022:
1021:
989:
988:
972:
971:
948:
947:
915:
914:
898:
897:
858:
857:
841:
840:
801:
800:
784:
783:
753:
752:
713:
712:
696:
695:
656:
655:
639:
638:
605:
604:
581:
580:
568:
554:
553:
537:
536:
513:
506:Phylogenetic
494:Actinolepida
491:paraphyletic
488:
472:paraphyletic
468:phylogenetic
442:
381:
376:Incisoscutum
374:
368:
364:Dunkleosteus
362:
356:
353:ichthyosaurs
330:
300:
299:
279:
269:Phyllolepida
210:
128:
29:
4941:Arthrodires
4849:Wikispecies
4750:Selenosteus
4722:Pachyosteus
4708:Melanosteus
4666:Braunosteus
4652:Amazichthys
4625:Synauchenia
4584:Tapinosteus
4465:Heterosteus
4318:Latocamurus
4187:Panxiosteus
4096:Belgiosteus
3917:Errolosteus
3896:Arenipiscis
3824:Euleptaspis
3817:Euleptaspis
3782:Homostiidae
3594:Turrisaspis
3573:Mithakaspis
3552:Boomeraspis
3461:Pageauaspis
3412:Grifftaylor
3288:Actinolepis
3250:Phyllolepis
3067:Baringaspis
2882:Subphylum:
2441:White, 1961
2422:Trachosteus
2412:Timanosteus
2366:White, 1969
2341:White, 1961
2322:Pinguosteus
2306:White, 1961
2181:White, 1969
2171:Gross, 1958
2071:Miles, 1973
2067:Baringaspis
2051:White, 1968
2036:White, 1968
1953:Gross, 1940
1919:White, 1952
1898:Gross, 1932
1890:Miles, 1973
1812:selenosteid
1516:Arctaspidae
498:Phlyctaenii
460:bony fishes
327:Description
4935:Categories
4855:Arthrodira
4825:Arthrodira
4757:Stenosteus
4743:Rhinosteus
4736:Phymosteus
4715:Microsteus
4680:Enseosteus
4542:Hadrosteus
4521:Dinichthys
4514:Bungartius
4416:Hussakofia
4364:Leptosteus
4325:Rolfosteus
4238:Cyrtosteus
4172:Janiosteus
4124:Jiuchengia
4117:Dickosteus
4110:Coccosteus
3986:see below↓
3966:Uralosteus
3872:Tityosteus
3750:Megaloplax
3722:Deirosteus
3701:Artesonema
3516:Huginaspis
3502:Arctolepis
3447:Lyhoalepis
3426:Huginaspis
3405:Gaspeaspis
3363:Aggeraspis
3257:Placolepis
3243:Cowralepis
3209:Gavinaspis
3185:Yiminaspis
3151:Simblaspis
3137:Qataraspis
3088:Eskimaspis
3021:Arthrodira
3008:Arthrodira
2976:see below↓
2967:Arthrodira
2955:Placodermi
2940:Placodermi
2896:Placodermi
2884:Vertebrata
2854:Arthrodira
2464:References
2387:Simblaspis
2362:Qataraspis
2326:Long, 1990
2167:Grazosteus
2157:Glyptaspis
2147:Eskimaspis
1909:Dinichthys
1878:Arthrodira
569:Arthrodira
452:Placodermi
428:placoderms
403:-nibbling
370:Rolfosteus
358:Arctolepis
313:Placodermi
301:Arthrodira
224:Subgroups
211:Arthrodira
198:Placodermi
35:Arthrodira
18:Arthrodire
4892:121470957
4618:Oxyosteus
4563:Mylostoma
4549:Holdenius
4472:Yinostius
4458:Herasmius
4332:Tubonasus
4270:Torosteus
4223:Belosteus
4131:Livosteus
3924:Exutaspis
3865:Homosteus
3809:Dhanguura
3771:Tropinema
3757:Rhenonema
3729:Deveonema
3715:Bimbianga
3658:Dhanguura
3587:Tiaraspis
3580:Mulgaspis
3433:Kolpaspis
3370:Arctaspis
3123:Mediaspis
3081:Erikaspis
3046:Aleosteus
3039:Aethaspis
2870:Kingdom:
2652:1476-4687
2587:205215898
2507:0024-4082
2402:Taunaspis
2277:Mediaspis
2137:Erikaspis
1998:Aleosteus
1983:Aethaspis
1865:from the
1851:Wisconsin
1845:from the
510:cladogram
464:tetrapods
439:Phylogeny
385:body plan
351:and some
341:bony ring
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
4863:BioLib:
4834:Wikidata
3743:Holonema
3673:Maideria
3614:Elvaspis
3309:Szelepis
3264:Yurammia
3144:Sigaspis
3109:Lataspis
2894:Class: "
2878:Chordata
2876:Phylum:
2872:Animalia
2806:(1996):
2721:45922669
2713:27846567
2670:25581798
2579:19242474
2372:Sigaspis
2267:Maideria
2217:Lataspis
2002:Johnson
516:(2009).
478:towards
419:period.
401:detritus
317:Devonian
290:for list
216:Woodward
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
40:Devonian
4879:4655855
4840:Q136606
2693:Bibcode
2685:Science
2661:5536226
2632:Bibcode
2559:Bibcode
1973:Genera
1912:, etc.)
1871:Estonia
1809:pelagic
434:, 2005.
393:torpedo
309:extinct
278:Genera
204:Order:
191:Class:
2815:
2779:: 70.
2719:
2711:
2668:
2658:
2650:
2623:Nature
2585:
2577:
2550:Nature
2505:
2292:Murmur
2006:, 2000
2004:et al.
1876:Order
514:et al.
496:, the
482:, the
456:sharks
413:sharks
389:bullet
218:, 1891
4918:34302
4905:10923
4900:IRMNG
4866:15211
2717:S2CID
2583:S2CID
484:clade
449:class
445:order
391:- or
349:birds
337:teeth
333:armor
305:order
4887:GBIF
2953:see
2926:see
2813:ISBN
2709:PMID
2666:PMID
2648:ISSN
2575:PMID
2503:ISSN
1807:The
1095:sp.
458:and
443:The
288:text
286:see
53:PreꞒ
4874:EoL
2781:doi
2777:157
2746:doi
2742:169
2701:doi
2689:354
2656:PMC
2640:doi
2628:520
2567:doi
2555:457
2493:doi
2489:176
1869:of
1849:of
399:to
345:eye
307:of
4937::
4915::
4902::
4889::
4876::
4851::
4836::
2775:.
2771:.
2740:.
2715:.
2707:.
2699:.
2687:.
2664:.
2654:.
2646:.
2638:.
2626:.
2620:.
2581:.
2573:.
2565:.
2553:.
2532:.
2501:.
2487:.
2481:.
1906:,
504:.
103:Pg
47:Ma
42:,
4440:?
4265:?
4257:?
4249:?
4241:?
4226:?
4197:?
4182:?
3812:?
3683:?
3661:?
3527:?
3519:?
2898:"
2846:e
2839:t
2832:v
2789:.
2783::
2752:.
2748::
2723:.
2703::
2695::
2672:.
2642::
2634::
2589:.
2569::
2561::
2509:.
2495::
2457:)
2432:)
2397:)
2382:)
2357:)
2332:)
2287:)
2252:)
2227:)
2212:)
2187:)
2092:)
2077:)
2042:)
2027:)
2012:)
1993:)
208:†
195:†
108:N
98:K
93:J
88:T
83:P
78:C
73:D
68:S
63:O
58:Ꞓ
20:)
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