253:
leads to an increase in the arteriovenous oxygen difference in all individuals. As exercise intensities increase, the muscles increase the amount of oxygen they extract from the blood, and this therefore results in further increases in
319:
in the early stages of exercise. The bulk of the early increase in oxygen consumption after a sudden change in exercise levels results from increased cardiac output. However it has also been found that the increase in the maximal
211:
Arterial blood will generally contain an oxygen concentration of around 20 mL/100 mL. Venous blood with an oxygen concentration of 15 mL/100 mL would therefore lead to typical values of the a-vO
296:
increases. With training the muscles also improve in their ability to extract oxygen from the blood and process the oxygen, possibly due to adaptations of the
430:
Robertson, Claudia S.; et al. (February 1989). "Cerebral arteriovenous oxygen difference as an estimate of cerebral blood flow in comatose patients".
284:
mainly due to increased capillarisation. The increase in capillary beds in the muscle means that blood supply to that muscle can be greater and
174:
diff is millilitres of oxygen per 100 millilitres of blood (mL/100 mL), however, particularly in medical uses, other units may be used, such as
612:
472:"Cardiac output, oxygen consumption and arteriovenous oxygen difference following a sudden rise in exercise level in humans"
205:
63:
are the main factors that allow variation in the body's total oxygen consumption, and are important in measuring
86:
The arteriovenous oxygen difference is usually taken by comparing the difference in the oxygen concentration of
636:
390:
307:
Research has shown that following the commencement of exercise there is a delay in the increase of the a-vO
641:
324:
diff resulting from adaptations to a physical training program can account for most of the difference in
568:
281:
476:
432:
75:
559:
555:"Increased Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference After Physical Training in Coronary Heart Disease"
8:
631:
353:
498:
471:
52:
608:
582:
503:
449:
266:
250:
192:
rather than by taking direct blood samples. In order to do so oxygen consumption (VO
572:
493:
489:
485:
441:
373:
345:
273:
107:
220:
95:
242:
diff would be obtained as the oxygen content of the blood would have increased.
445:
289:
235:
234:
diff may instead be taken by comparing blood from the pulmonary artery and the
201:
200:
to detect gaseous concentrations in exhaled air compared to inhaled air, while
189:
91:
60:
40:
215:
diff at rest of around 5 mL/100 mL. During intense exercise, however, the a-vO
103:
87:
625:
340:
Arteriovenous oxygen difference is also used in other areas of study such as
297:
99:
577:
554:
44:
586:
507:
453:
372:
diff has also been used to determine the effects of physical training in
277:
178:
607:(5th ed.). South Melbourne, Victoria: Cengage Learning Australia.
293:
197:
47:. It is an indication of how much oxygen is removed from the blood in
385:
361:
301:
285:
48:
341:
365:
325:
269:
64:
223:
extracting far more oxygen from the blood than they do at rest.
219:
diff can increase to as much as 16 mL/100 mL due to the working
175:
162:= the oxygen concentration of venous blood (deoxygenated blood)
153:= the oxygen concentration of arterial blood (oxygenated blood)
32:
227:
36:
357:
315:
diff only has a marginal impact in the total change in VO
226:
Alternatively, in order to find the efficiency of the
110:(as an indicator of the typical mixed venous supply).
440:(2). American Association of Neurosurgeons: 222–230.
78:
of oxygen per 100 millilitres of blood (mL/100 mL).
540:, Chapter 11: Chronic Training Adaptations, p. 307.
524:, Chapter 11: Chronic Training Adaptations, p. 304.
332:in subjects participating in sub-maximal exercise.
272:than in untrained individuals. This is a result of
465:
463:
417:, Chapter 4: Acute Responses to Exercise, p. 106.
623:
460:
425:
423:
470:De Cort, S. C; et al. (September 1991).
230:in replenishing blood oxygen levels, the a-vO
420:
553:Detry, Jean-Marie R.; et al. (1971).
548:
546:
576:
532:
530:
497:
429:
409:
407:
405:
238:; in this case a negative value for a-vO
605:Physical Education: VCE Units 3 & 4
602:
543:
469:
624:
527:
514:
402:
245:
603:Malpeli, Robert; et al. (2010).
552:
102:and the oxygen concentration in the
106:from the mixed supply found in the
13:
14:
653:
188:diff may be determined using the
300:and an increase in the muscle's
265:diff is also usually greater in
360:patients, assisting with their
21:arteriovenous oxygen difference
490:10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018764
352:diff has been used to measure
335:
81:
1:
396:
74:diff is usually measured in
7:
379:
31:, is the difference in the
10:
658:
596:
569:American Heart Association
446:10.3171/jns.1989.70.2.0222
204:can be determined using a
196:) may be measured using a
181:per millilitre (μmol/mL).
477:The Journal of Physiology
282:slow twitch muscle fibres
578:10.1161/01.cir.44.1.109
433:Journal of Neurosurgery
348:. For example, the a-vO
170:The usual unit for a-vO
113:Put in simple terms:
55:in the body. The a-vO
637:Exercise physiology
354:cerebral blood flow
311:diff, and that a-vO
246:Impacts of exercise
16:Medical measurement
642:Sports terminology
538:Physical Education
522:Physical Education
415:Physical Education
206:Doppler ultrasound
104:deoxygenated blood
614:978-0-17-018692-6
391:Oxygen saturation
374:coronary patients
251:Physical exercise
184:In practice, a-vO
649:
618:
591:
590:
580:
550:
541:
534:
525:
518:
512:
511:
501:
467:
458:
457:
427:
418:
411:
346:medical research
274:aerobic exercise
261:The maximum a-vO
108:pulmonary artery
88:oxygenated blood
657:
656:
652:
651:
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648:
647:
646:
622:
621:
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599:
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551:
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468:
461:
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371:
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338:
329:
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264:
257:
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233:
218:
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195:
187:
173:
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151:
140:
133:
127:
84:
73:
68:
58:
35:content of the
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
655:
645:
644:
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620:
619:
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598:
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419:
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388:
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369:
349:
337:
334:
327:
321:
316:
312:
308:
290:carbon dioxide
262:
255:
247:
244:
239:
236:pulmonary vein
231:
216:
212:
202:cardiac output
193:
190:Fick Principle
185:
171:
168:
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166:
165:
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163:
158:
154:
149:
138:
131:
125:
83:
80:
71:
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61:cardiac output
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41:arterial blood
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
654:
643:
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635:
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629:
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588:
584:
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549:
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531:
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134:
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119:
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111:
109:
105:
101:
100:radial artery
97:
93:
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79:
77:
69:
62:
54:
51:as the blood
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
22:
604:
564:
558:
537:
521:
516:
481:
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414:
339:
306:
298:mitochondria
292:, and other
260:
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225:
210:
183:
169:
156:
147:
136:
129:
121:
117:
112:
85:
45:venous blood
39:between the
24:
20:
18:
571:: 109–118.
560:Circulation
484:: 501–512.
336:In medicine
294:metabolites
288:of oxygen,
278:hypertrophy
276:leading to
82:Measurement
76:millilitres
49:capillaries
632:Cardiology
626:Categories
397:References
368:. The a-vO
198:spirometer
70:. The a-vO
53:circulates
536:Malpeli,
520:Malpeli,
413:Malpeli,
386:Blood gas
366:treatment
362:diagnosis
304:content.
302:myoglobin
286:diffusion
59:diff and
380:See also
358:comatose
342:medicine
270:athletes
96:brachial
43:and the
597:Sources
587:5561413
508:1816384
499:1180211
454:2913221
280:of the
267:trained
221:muscles
144:where:
128:diff =
92:femoral
90:in the
611:
585:
506:
496:
452:
258:diff.
33:oxygen
567:(1).
228:lungs
179:moles
176:micro
98:, or
37:blood
23:, or
609:ISBN
583:PMID
504:PMID
450:PMID
364:and
344:and
320:a-vO
254:a-vO
29:diff
25:a-vO
19:The
573:doi
494:PMC
486:doi
482:441
442:doi
356:in
330:max
628::
581:.
565:44
563:.
557:.
545:^
529:^
502:.
492:.
480:.
474:.
462:^
448:.
438:70
436:.
422:^
404:^
376:.
326:VO
208:.
135:–
94:,
65:VO
617:.
589:.
575::
510:.
488::
456:.
444::
370:2
350:2
328:2
322:2
317:2
313:2
309:2
263:2
256:2
240:2
232:2
217:2
213:2
194:2
186:2
172:2
159:v
157:C
150:a
148:C
139:v
137:C
132:a
130:C
126:2
124:O
122:v
120:-
118:a
72:2
67:2
57:2
27:2
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