United States Army Air Service

506:. (The term "Air Service" had been in use in France since June 13, 1917, to describe the function of aviation units attached to the American Expeditionary Force.) It delayed the appointment of a director as long as the BAP operated as a separate executive bureau. In August, the Senate completed its investigation of the Aircraft Board, and while it found no criminal culpability, it reported that massive waste and delay in production had occurred. As a result, the Director of Aircraft Production (who was also chairman of the Aircraft Board), John D. Ryan, was appointed to the vacant position of Second Assistant Secretary of War and designated as Director of Air Service, nominally in charge of the DMA. The Department of Justice report followed two months later and also blamed the delays on administrative and organizational deficiencies in the Aviation Section. Ryan's appointment came too late for any effective consolidation of both agencies, continuing an obstructive division of authority that was never resolved during the war. 686: 799:, each regiment consisting of four battalions of five companies totaling more than 3,600 men. The key innovative element was the use of junior officers recruited from the automobile industry as "technical officers" to supervise maintenance. In February 1918, Colonel S.D. Waldon of the Signal Corps returned from observing British factory and field methods in aviation operations, just as the Bureau of Aircraft Production concluded that the French were unable to meet their aircraft production goals. Waldon recommended that the regiments be reorganized for aircraft instead of automobile mechanics. The change came too late to affect the 1st and 2nd Regiments, which landed in France in March 1918, but both the 3rd and 4th Regiments reorganized, delaying their deployment until the end of July. By the Armistice all four regiments were configured as aircraft repair and maintenance units, and designated 1540: 528: 1536:. Each army would have an Air Service attack wing (one attack and two pursuit groups) and an observation group, each corps and division would have an observation squadron, and a seventh attack wing-observation group would be reserved for the Expeditionary Force's general headquarters. A single bombardment group was planned, relegating bombardment to the most minor of roles. All aviation units would be under the command of ground officers at all levels. While promoting unity of command within the service as its most important principle, the plan obviated concentration of forces by its air units. This structure provided the principles by which the Air Service and Air Corps operated until 1935. 3524:

destroyed. A preliminary assessment by the USAF (Historical Study 73) identified 69 Air Service aces using later accounting methods (the British practice of dividing kills into "partial credit" fractions for multiple shooters). Its final product, USAF Historical Study 133, placed the total at 71 aces. The studies did not change the original credits awarded, however, and official credits remain as published in World War I. The review distinguished between 491 kills made by one pilot against one aircraft, and an additional 342 kills that resulted in 1022 partial credits. None of the figures, however, includes kills made by members while they previously served in a foreign air service.

842: 200: 192: 2564: 1042: 2220:, former military officers now in industry, and the wartime head of the Board of Aircraft Production. The actual purpose of the Morrow Board was to minimize the political impact of the Mitchell trial, and Coolidge directed that it issue its findings by the end of November, to pre-empt the findings of not only the military court but also of the Lampert Committee that might be contrary to the Morrow Board. Its report was released on December 3. The major result of the Morrow Board was to maintain the status quo. It also made the recommendation, adopted in 1926, that the Air Service be renamed the 86: 1207: 5871: 1434: 1425:. In 1921, the three groups based within the United States were sequentially numbered one through three and assigned different combat roles. The fourth was inactivated. The next year the groups overseas were numbered four through six as "composite" groups. In 1922 plans were formulated for three more groups to flesh out the anticipated GHQ Air Force, but only one, the 9th Observation, was formed. The 7th Bombardment and 8th Fighter Groups were designated but not activated until the end of the decade. 737: 770:. Air Service staff planning had been inefficient, with considerable internal dissension as well as conflict between its members and those of Pershing's General Staff. Aircraft and unit totals lagged far behind those promised in 1917. Officers in the combat units balked at taking orders from Foulois' non-flying staff. Considerable house-cleaning of the existing staff resulted from Patrick's appointment, bringing in experienced staff officers to administrate, and tightening up lines of communication. 2247: 1282: 381: 944: 3140: 2089:

Mitchell received the vacant position of Director of Military Aeronautics, but its responsibilities had been transferred to Menoher by Executive Order 3066 to end the dual status mess of the DMA and BAP, and his position was titular only. Instead he became Third Assistant Executive (in effect, S-3), chief of the new Training and Operations Group, where he installed like-minded airmen who had served with him France as division heads and used the position to expound his theories.

1871: 2273: 6447: 1360: 587:. In December 1917, after receiving 1,400 of the cadets, the French requested that further movement of cadets be halted because of training backlogs of as much as six months, and no further student pilots were sent to France until they had completed their primary training and been commissioned. During the backlog, more than 1,000 cadets were used as cooks, guards, laborers and other menial jobs, while paid at cadet salary (in the grade and rank of 724:

school to gain administrative experience in aviation matters. Mitchell, Bolling and Dodd were promoted to colonel and given senior positions in the Air Service hierarchy. Bolling was made Director of Air Service Supply (DASS) to administer the "Zone of the Line of Communications" (sic), later called the Service of Supply, and Dodd was named Director of Air Service Instruction (DAI). Kenley proved to be only an interim commander, as Brig. Gen.

623:(3,400) was the most numerous, although only 1,213 were shipped overseas, and only 1,087 of those assembled, most used in observation units. The facilities of the Air Service in the United States totaled 40 flying fields, 8 balloon fields, 5 schools of military aeronautics, 6 technical schools, and 14 aircraft depots. 16 additional training schools were located in France, and officers also trained at three schools operated by the Allies. 2259: 2239: 54: 2481: 451:, which used considerable amounts of metallic materials instead, and the priority of mass-producing spare parts was neglected. Though individual areas within the aviation industry responded well, the industry as a whole failed. Efforts to mass-produce European aircraft under license largely failed because the aircraft, made by hand, were not amenable to the more precise American manufacturing methods. At the same time the 443:

control. Established by the Office of the Chief Signal Officer (OCSO) as one of the operating components of the Aviation Section, its task was to unify and coordinate the various agencies involved but its head was a commissioned former member of the APB who did nothing to create any effective coordination. Moreover, the largely wood and fabric airframe designs of World War I did not lend themselves to being made with the

2072: 3126: 1648: 2369:, which carried enough fuel for 14 hours of flight. However he had left Rockwell on February 21 intending to complete the flight within 24 hours, making just one stop in Dallas, Texas, but was thwarted by bad weather and engine problems. One month later, taking off at 1:00 a.m. of March 25, he repeated the attempt going in the opposite direction, but developed engine problems while flying low in a fog near 2162: 411:, a lawyer and military aviation pioneer, together with a commission of over 100 members, to Europe in the summer of 1917 to determine American aircraft needs, recommend priorities for acquisition and production, and negotiate prices and royalties. Congress passed a series of legislation in the next three months that appropriated huge sums for development of military aviation, including the largest single 3112: 712:, first used the term "Air Service" in a memo to the chief of staff of the AEF on 20 June 1917. The term also appeared on July 5, 1917, in AEF General Order (G.O.) No. 8, in tables detailing staff organization and duties. Mitchell replaced Dodd on 30 June 1917, with the position renamed "Chief of Air Service" and its duties described. After Mitchell was superseded in September by Kenly, he remained as 3812:

opponents of an independent air force over the next two decades. Foulois, a firebrand who later learned to work within the system, had been reduced in rank from brigadier general to captain by the armistice and was stung by the comments. In a solicited statement following Menoher's, he acidly defied the General Staff to name one instance in which it had done anything constructive towards aviation.

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former infantry division commanders, appointed to report back to Congress on the proposed legislation. In October it predictably argued that unity of command and conformity to Army discipline overrode all other considerations. Support for the New and Curry bills evaporated and resulted in the passage of the less radical National Defense Act of 1920 conforming to the desires of the General Staff.

392: 748: 3411:, on February 20. The squadron had just received its Nieuport 28 aircraft but without guns mounted. To gain experience, Miller accompanied two other American officers on a voluntary patrol over the lines in SPADs borrowed from the French. They encountered a German patrol and Miller was killed when his German opponent gained the advantage on him. He was two weeks short of his 35th birthday. 3096:* The Air Corps became a subordinate component of the Army Air Forces on 20 June 1941, and was abolished as an administrative organization on 9 March 1942. It continued to exist as one of the combat arms of the Army (along with Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Corps of Engineers, and Signal Corps) until abolished by reorganization provisions of the National Security Act of 1947 (61 1223:

conducting and supporting the dangerous duty of spotting for the artillery at the front. In all, 211 squadrons of all types trained in Great Britain, with 71 arriving in France before the Armistice. At its peak establishment in November 1918, the Air Service was based at 31 stations in the Services of Supply (rear areas) and 78 aerodromes in the Zone of Advance (combat area).

1278:, while those shipped from the United States for assembly in France were delivered to Air Service Production Center No. 2, built on the site of a former pine forest at Romorantin. Ferry operations of over 6,300 new aircraft to the air depots in "often...far from perfect" weather conditions resulted in the successful delivery of 95% and the loss of only eight pilots. 1412:. In addition, the 1st Day Bombardment Group was formed to control four bombardment squadrons at Kelly, while the 1st Pursuit Group of four pursuit squadrons relocated from Selfridge Field, Michigan, to add their weight to the effort. Collectively the three groups (the entire combat strength of the Air Service in the continental United States) comprised the 1239:. Rickenbacker finished the war as the leading American ace, with 26 aircraft destroyed. 35 balloon companies also deployed in France, 17 at the front and six en route to the Second Army, and made 1,642 combat ascensions totaling 3,111 hours of observation. 13 photographic sections were assigned to observation squadrons and made 18,000 aerial photographs. 3897:

backup oxygen supply just before losing consciousness. Schroeder began his aviation career as a civilian mechanic in 1910, an exhibition flyer in 1913, and joined the Aviation Section in 1916, becoming the Army's chief test pilot at McCook in 1918. He left the service in 1925, joined Curtiss-Wright in 1928, and became vice president of safety for

1215:"Though the casualties in the air force were small compared with the total strength, the casualty rate of the flying personnel at the front was somewhat above the Artillery and Infantry rates... The results of allied and American experience at the front indicate that two aviators lose their lives in accidents for each aviator killed in battle." — 2749: 774:

conduct observation of enemy movements. The heart of the proposed force would be its 101 observation squadrons (52 corps observation and 49 army observation), to be distributed to three armies and 16 corps. In addition, 60 pursuit squadrons, 27 night-bombardment squadrons, and 14 day-bombardment squadrons were to conduct supporting operations.

1006:. However the tendency was toward formation flying, for pursuit as well as for bombardment operations, as a defensive tactic. The dispersal of squadrons among the army ground units (each corps and division had an observation squadron attached) made coordination of air activities difficult, so that squadrons were organized by functions into 2153:), which outlined strategy and tactics for the air arm. Patrick was also critical of the policy that placed air units under the command of corps commanders and proposed that only observation squadrons should be part of the ground forces, with all combat forces centralized under the control of an air force attached to General Headquarters. 377:) to solve emerging engineering and production problems. The reorganization of the Aviation Section had been inadequate in resolving problems in training, leaving the United States totally unprepared to fight an air war in Europe. The Aviation Section consisted of 131 officers, 1087 enlisted men, and approximately 280 airplanes. 2141:

by budget cuts to the degree that it could no longer meet its peacetime obligations, much less mobilize for war. In one of the Air Service's first inclusions in the army's promotion system after becoming a combatant arm, among the 669 lieutenant colonels on the 1922 candidate list for colonel, the first Air Service member (

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pilots and 769 observers serving at the front. The observers trained in France included 825 artillery officers from the infantry divisions who volunteered to fill a critical shortage in 1918. After the Armistice, the schools graduated 675 additional pilots and 357 observers to serve with the Third Army Air Service in the

2201:. Mitchell's conviction on December 17, 1925, followed by three days the Lampert Committee's recommendations for creation of a unified air force independent of the Army and Navy; creation of "assistant secretaries for air" in the War, Navy, and Commerce Departments; and establishment of a Department of National Defense. 298:. 71 pursuit pilots were credited with shooting down five or more German aircraft while in American service. Overall the Air Service destroyed 756 enemy aircraft and 76 balloons in combat. 17 balloon companies also operated at the front, making 1,642 combat ascensions. 289 airplanes and 48 balloons were lost in battle. 895:, achieved the first aerial victory by the U.S. military while flying as a gunner-observer with a French day bombing squadron on February 5, 1918. As other squadrons were organized, they were sent overseas, where they continued their training. The first U.S. squadron to see combat, on February 19, 1918, was the 542:, and some who were still in training. None were familiar with the control systems being used in Europe. Like the rest of the Army, the Aviation Section concluded that training Reserve officers was the solution to its manpower needs and sent a panel of three representatives from each of six U.S. universities to 2193:

already antagonized the flag and general officers of both services with speeches and articles delivered in 1923 and 1924, and the Army refused to retain him as Assistant Chief of the Air Service when his term expired in March 1925. He was reduced in rank to colonel by Secretary Weeks and exiled to the Eighth

1235:. They flew more than 35,000 hours over the front lines. The Air Service conducted 150 bombing missions, the longest 160 miles behind German lines, and dropped 138 tons (125 kg) of bombs. Its squadrons had confirmed destruction of 756 German aircraft and 76 German balloons, creating 71 Air Service 1488:, and given a permanent organization with a fixed complement of personnel. However this also legislated the form of the Air Service to that desired by the General Staff to maintain the aviation arm as an auxiliary component controlled by ground commanders in furtherance of the mission of the infantry. 3850:

Under the terminology of the day, in TR 440-15, "air service aviation" denoted an auxiliary force (primarily observation units) supporting the ground forces, while "air force aviation" described a combat force whose primary mission was to gain control of the air, then destroy the most important enemy

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The situation at Air Service headquarters was described as "a tangled mess" before Patrick brought order. Pershing acknowledges that Foulois requested relief before he was replaced, but the request came only after Foulois became aware of the severity of Pershing's displeasure and attempts in April to

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Mitchell's first project, undertaken at McCook Field, in Dayton, Ohio, was for the creation of a heavily armored attack plane for supporting ground forces. Although the designs that resulted were not practical and did not meet Mitchell's specifications for aircraft that could land troops behind enemy

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The Air Service replaced its wartime structure with the formation of six permanent groups in 1919, four of which were based in the United States and two overseas. The first of the new groups, the Army Surveillance Group, was organized in July to direct the operations of three squadrons patrolling the

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As with the ground forces, the most veteran units of the Air Service were selected to form the new Air Service. A pursuit unit, the 94th "Hat in the Ring" Aero Squadron; a day bombardment squadron, the 166th; and four observation squadrons (1st, 12th, 88th, and 9th Night) were initially assigned. The

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The United States adopted a national insignia for all military aircraft in May 1917 using the colors specified for the U.S. flag, consisting of a white five-pointed star inside of a blue circumscribed circle, with a red circle in the center of the star having a diameter tangent to the pentagon of the

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was formally created on 3 September 1917 by the publication of AEF G.O. No. 31 and remained in being until demobilized in 1919. Kenly, an artillery officer, had been a student the previous winter in the Field Officers Course at the Aviation School in San Diego, then served as executive officer of the

301:

The Air Service was the first form of the air force to have an independent organizational structure and identity. Although officers concurrently held rank in various branches, after May 1918 their branch designation in official correspondence while on aviation assignment changed from "ASSC" (Aviation

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This source is four volumes on Air Service activities in World War I, reproduced from summary reports of the 30-volume "Gorrell's History" of the Air Service, AEF. Compiled and written in 1919 by Col. Edgar S. Gorrell, AS, USA, and a staff of several hundred at Tours, it has been updated by research

3567:

U.S. balloon losses were 35 destroyed by German fighters, 12 by antiaircraft guns, and 1 that broke its cable and came down behind the lines. Balloons were attacked 89 times, resulting in 125 parachute jumps by balloon observers, but only one death occurred, that of 1st Lt. Cleo J. Ross, 8th Balloon

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Baer was also the first Air Service ace, not Campbell, his achievements preceding each of Campbell's by more than a month, fully credited by the USAF Historical Research Agency (AFHRA). The omission of these from so many accounts is almost certainly due to the attachment of the 103rd to French units

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in France, to be Director of the Air Service to replace Secretary Ryan, signaling to the nation and the airpower proponents its intent to keep the air arm under the direction of the ground forces. Foulois was reduced to his permanent establishment rank of captain and assigned to head a minor agency.

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By November 11, 1918, the Air Service both overseas and domestically had 195,024 personnel (20,568 officers; 174,456 enlisted men) and 7,900 aircraft, constituting five per cent of the United States Army. 32,520 personnel served in the Bureau of Aircraft Production and the remainder in the Division

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in 1923, composed of general staff officers who fully endorsed Patrick's views, and adopted the policy in regulations. The War Department acknowledged the necessity of improving its Air Service and desired to implement the Lassiter Board's recommendations, which it termed "Major Project No. 4", but

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Patrick was not hostile to aviation, however. He underwent flight training and obtained his wings, then issued a series of reports to the War Department emphasizing the need to expand and modernize the Air Service. In his first annual report in 1922, he warned that the Air Service had been degraded

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seemed sympathetic to the airpower advocates, but legislators consistently voted against them, to conserve the status quo. The doctrinal differences between the military services were both defined and intensified by struggles for funds caused by the skimpy budgets authorized for the War Department,

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There is hereby created an Air Service. The Air Service shall consist of one Chief of Air Service with the rank of major-general, one assistant with the rank of brigadier-general, 1,514 officers in grades from colonel to second lieutenant, inclusive, and 16,000 enlisted men, including not to exceed

1351:" of the AEF as a model. Menoher created an advisory board representing the key branches of the Army, and appointed an Executive to coordinate policy between four groups, each headed by an Assistant Executive: Supply, Information, Training and Operations, and Administrative. With the signing of the 869:

On May 6, 1918 Foulois established a policy authorizing creation of emblems for aviation units, and ordered all squadrons to create an official insignia to be painted on each side of an airplane fuselage: "The squadron will design their own insignia during the period of organizational training. The

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In contrast, the United States Navy operated ten anti-submarine/convoy patrol stations in France, five in Ireland, one in England, and four bombing bases: three in France and one in Italy. Four of the bases operated balloons and dirigibles. In addition it had reception bases in France and England,

2137:. Although an engineer and not an aviator, Patrick had been Pershing's Chief of Air Service in France, where his primary duty had been to coordinate the activities of Foulois and Mitchell, then rivals. Patrick had also testified before Congress against Mitchell's plan for an independent air force. 2124:

of California, and initially garnered strong support, the opposition of the Army's wartime leaders (especially General Pershing) frustrated the effort at the start. In August 1919 Gen. Menoher was assigned to chair a board consisting of himself and three other generals, all artillery officers and

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received all newly arrived Air Service troops, distributing them to 26 training fields and schools throughout the central and western regions of the country. Flying training schools, equipped with 2,948 airplanes, supplied 1,674 fully trained pilots and 851 observers to the Air Service, with 1,402

610:

in the United States and were assigned to newly created squadrons or as instructors. 1,609 more were commissioned in Europe, with their commissions backdated in February and March 1918 to those of their peers trained in the United States. Pilots in Europe completed an advanced phase in which they

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as the primary trainer. Primary flying training school usually produced a candidate for commissioning in 15 to 25 hours of flight. At the assurance of the French that they could be rapidly trained in all phases, 1,700 cadets who had graduated from ground school were sent to Europe to undertake the

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of May 20, 1918, to issue Executive Order No. 2862 that suspended for the duration of the war plus six months the statutory responsibilities of the Aviation Section and removed the DMA entirely from the Signal Corps (reporting directly to the Secretary of War). The DMA was assigned the function of

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to the secretaries of War and the Navy. Even so, the Aircraft Board in practice had little control over procurement contracts and functioned mostly as an information provider between industrial, governmental, and military entities. Nor did the "Equipment Division" of the Signal Corps exercise such

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from the engine exhaust. On this second attempt, the Le Peré fell more than 30,000 feet in three minutes (the climb to altitude had taken 107 minutes). When he regained consciousness at 3,000 feet, Schroeder was nearly blind from frozen eyes because he had raised his frosted goggles to locate his

951:

The first American balloon group arrived in France on December 28, 1917. It separated into four companies that were assigned individually to training centers and instructed in French balloon procedures, then equipped with Caquot balloons, winches, and parachutes. The 2d Balloon Company joined the

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The United States recognized that French skilled labor was severely limited by war casualties, and promised to train and deploy 7,000 automobile mechanics to aid the French Motor Transport Corps. In December 1917 the Aviation Section developed a maintenance organization of four large units termed

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Pershing had in September 1917 called for creation of 260 U.S. air combat squadrons by December 1918, but slowness of the buildup reduced that on August 17, 1918, to a final plan for 202 by June 1919. In Pershing's view, the two functions of the AEF's Air Service were to repel German aircraft and

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The overwhelming bulk of the appropriation, $ 525M, was allotted for equipment including 22,600 aircraft, with the next highest amount, $ 41M, for construction. Training received only $ 1M. The figures had been hastily assembled as a response to a telegram to President Wilson from French premier

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in October 1924 to investigate Patrick's criticisms. Mitchell testified before the committee and, upset by the failure of the War Department to even negotiate with the Navy in order to save the reforms of the Lassiter Board, harshly criticized Army leadership and attacked other witnesses. He had

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The first phase was an eight-week ground school course conducted by the Schools of Military Aeronautics Division, organized at the six (later eight) American universities, and commanded by Bingham. The first class at the ground schools began 21 May 1917 and concluded 14 July 1917, graduating 147

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High altitude testing was extremely dangerous. "Shorty" Schroeder conducted a number of tests in February 1920 and twice lost consciousness when exceeding 30,000 feet, once when his oxygen regulator failed, and the second (the record setter) when the supply was exhausted and he was subjected to

3513:

In October 1919 Col. Edgar S. Gorrell appeared before the Frear subcommittee on aviation expenditures and presented a table showing that the Allies had a total of 6,748 combat ("service") aircraft of all types on the day of the armistice. The French had the most (3,321), followed by the British

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itemizes the total number sent overseas as 1,710, of which 300 were diverted in England, so his figure likely includes those who did receive their training. Bingham stated that the cadets sent to France had been Honor Graduates of the ground course. The failure of the French to train these best

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To further promote the air service, and to recruit pilots, in 1919 General Mitchell ordered a mission to fly around the border of the continental United States. Commanded by Col. Rutherford Hartz, and piloted by Lt. Ernest Emery Harmon, "The Around The Rim Flight" took off from Bolling Field in

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Complete demobilization of the Air Service was accomplished within a year. By November 22, 1919, the Air Service had been reduced to one construction, one replacement, and 22 flying squadrons; 32 balloon companies; 15 photographic sections; and 1,168 officers and 8,428 enlisted men. The combat

1355:

on June 28, 1919, President Wilson relinquished his war powers under the Overman Act, and on July 11 Congress granted legislative authority to continue the Air Service as a temporary independent branch of the War Department for another year, easing fears of airmen that the Air Service would be

1226:

The 740 combat airplanes equipping the units at the front on November 11, 1918, were approximately 11% of the total combat aircraft strength of the Allied forces. The 45 squadrons in the Zone of Advance had 767 pilots, 481 observers, and 23 aerial gunners, covering 137 kilometers of front from

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as the nation's air force; and March 19, 1919, establishing a military Director of Air Service to control all aviation activities. Its life was extended for another year in July 1919, during which time Congress passed the legislation necessary to make it a permanent establishment. The National

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Foulois and Menoher testified together at subcommittee hearings on the bill, at which time Menoher characterized aviators as "temperamental" and suggested that their enthusiasm for an independent air service was the result of a desire for personal promotion, a theme often repeated by numerous

1222:

The Air Service, American Expeditionary Force, totaled 78,507 personnel (7,738 officers and 70,769 enlisted men) at the armistice. Of this total, 58,090 served in France; 20,075 in England; and 342 in Italy. Balloon troops made up approximately 17,000 of the Air Service, with 6,811 in France,

3523:

The actual number of American aces is disputed. Gorrell's History reported 118 aces, when the Air Service followed the French practice of crediting each aviator participating in a kill with a whole victory, prompting a review by USAF from 1965–1969 to identify the actual number of aircraft

777:

Without the time or infrastructure in the United States to equip units to send overseas using aircraft designed and built in the U.S., the AEF Air Service acquired Allied aircraft designs already in service with the French and British air services. On August 30, 1917, the American and French

1520:

The Air Service of 1925 numbered five airship companies, an airship service company, 32 tactical squadrons (eight pursuit, eight bombardment, two attack, and 14 observation), six school squadrons, and 11 service squadrons. Half of the pursuit and bombardment squadrons and three each of the

326:, and the majority of the nation's political leadership favored integration of all military aviation into the Army and Navy. Aided by a wave of pacifism following the war that drastically cut military budgets, opponents of an independent air force prevailed. The Air Service was renamed the 2333:

Air Service pilots established world records in altitude, distance, and speed. Speed in particular attracted public attention and, although a number of speed records were set in cross-country flying, records were also set on measured courses. Mitchell himself set a world speed record of

972:

the Air Service AEF consisted of 32 squadrons (15 pursuit, 13 observation, and 4 bombing) at the front, while by November 11, 1918, 45 squadrons (20 pursuit, 18 observation, and 7 bombardment) had been assembled for combat. During the war, these squadrons played important roles in the

569:

Out of more than 40,000 applicants, 22,689 were accepted and 17,540 completed ground school training. Approximately 15,000 advanced to primary (preliminary) flying training, a six-to-eight week course conducted by both military and civilian flying instructors, using variants of the

1511:

and three overseas departments created by the Act, primarily in support of the ground forces. The Chief of the Air Service retained command of training schools, depots, and support activities exempted from corps area control. The headquarters of the Air Service was housed in the

1082:

Despite their fractious relationship, Mitchell and Foulois were of one mind on the necessity of forming an "air force" to centralize control over tactical aviation. In the St-Mihiel Offensive, commencing September 12, 1918, the American and French offensive against the German

518:

was appointed to the vacancy on January 2, 1919, but the patchwork nature of laws and executive orders that had created the various parts of the Air Service prevented him from exercising all their legal powers and ending the unity of command problems caused by dual authority.

2128:

Mitchell was not discouraged by the failure of his first proposal. He recognized the value of public opinion in the debate and changed tactics, embarking on a publicity campaign on behalf of military aviation. General Menoher, when he was unable to persuade Secretary of War

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production squadrons; 86 balloon companies; six balloon group headquarters; 15 construction companies; 55 photographic sections; and a few miscellaneous units. Its personnel strength was 19,189 officers and 178,149 enlisted men. Its aircraft inventory consisted primarily of

790:

pursuits for delivery by July 1, 1918. By the armistice, the AEF actually received 4,874 aircraft from the French, in addition to 258 from Great Britain, 19 from Italy, and 1,213 of American manufacture, for a total of 6,364 airplanes. 1,664 were classed as training craft.

302:

Section, Signal Corps) to "AS, USA" (Air Service, United States Army). After July 1, 1920, its personnel became members of the Air Service branch, receiving new commissions. During the war its responsibilities and functions were split between two coordinate agencies, the

2104:, and commercial operations. His goal was not only independent and centralized control of airpower, but also encouragement of the peacetime U.S. aviation industry. Mitchell insisted that the debate be both "broad and civil". Foulois, however, complained bitterly to the 1313:

Air Service combat losses were 289 airplanes and 48 balloons with 235 airmen killed in action, 130 wounded, 145 captured, and 654 Air Service members of all ranks dead of illness or accidents. Air Service personnel were awarded 611 decorations in combat, including 4

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Washington, D.C., on July 24, 1919. The crew of five also included Lotha Smith, Jack Harding, and Gerosala Dobias. The first circumnavigation of the country by air was successfully completed with the landing of their Martin MB1 back at Bolling Field on Nov 9, 1919.

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to California. While using public pronouncements for propaganda purposes, Mitchell also fostered within the Air Service advances in aeronautical science that would not only increase its effectiveness as a military service, but would also generate public support.

1516:

in Washington, D.C., and consisted of an executive staff including the chiefs of the Finance and Medical Sections, and four divisions, each administered by a chief: Personnel Group, Information Group (Intelligence), Training and War Plans Group, and Supply Group.

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strength of the Air Service was only four pursuit and four bombardment squadrons. Although the leaders of the reorganized Air Service persuaded the General Staff to increase the combat strength to 20 squadrons by 1923, the balloon force was demobilized, including

728:

replaced him on 27 November 1917, arriving in France with a large but untrained staff of non-aviators. This resulted in considerable resentment from Mitchell's smaller staff already in place, many of whom in key positions, including Bolling, Dodd and Lt. Col.

3484:

The 1st, 2nd, and 32nd Divisions formed the III Corps; the 3rd, 4th, and 42nd Divisions the IV Corps; and the 89th and 90th Divisions the VII Corps. Five other divisions (5th, 7th, 28th, 33rd, and 79th) guarded the line of communications through Belgium and

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and back, a distance of 8,690 miles (14,000 km), between July 15 and October 20, 1920. Flying across the northern United States and southern Canada in 15 legs, the flight reached Nome on August 23 in 56 hours of flying time, but was prohibited by the

854:

interior points of the star. The insignia was ordered painted on both wingtips of the upper surface of the top wing, the lower surface of bottom wings, and the fuselage of all Army aircraft on 17 May 1917. However due to concerns about confusion with

1139:

On April 15, 1919, the Second Army Air Service in France also closed down. Its former air units were transferred to the Third Army Air Service in Germany. The Third Army and its air service were inactivated in July 1919 after the signing of the

459:

with continued responsibility for training and operations but with no influence on acquisition or doctrine. In the end the decision-making process in aircraft procurement was badly fragmented and production on a large scale proved impossible.

1507:(from 1920 to 1925 this position was held by Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell). The primary missions of the Air Service were observation and pursuit aviation, and its tactical squadrons in the United States were controlled by the commanders of nine 2079:

While this debate focused largely on the controversial Mitchell, its early star was Foulois. Both returned from France with combat leadership experience in aviation, expecting to become the peacetime leaders of the Air Service. Instead, the

313:

The seven-year history of the post-war Air Service was marked by a prolonged debate between adherents of airpower and the supporters of the traditional military services about the value of an independent Air Force. Airmen such as Brig. Gen.

2174:

the Coolidge administration proved a major obstacle, choosing to economize by radically cutting military budgets, particularly the Army's. Patrick's proposal that appropriations for the Air Service be coordinated with the larger budget of

1123:

area, and be prepared to resume combat if peace treaty negotiations failed. Three corps were formed from eight of the Army's most experienced divisions, and Mitchell was appointed Chief of Air Service, Third Army, on November 14, 1918.

2285:

To positively influence U.S. public opinion and thereby enlist political support in Congress in his crusade for an independent air force, General Mitchell conducted a publicity campaign on behalf of airpower. On August 14, 1919, the

472:, a harshly vocal critic of the board. Borglum had exchanged letters with President Wilson, a personal friend, from which he assumed an appointment to investigate had been authorized, which the administration soon denied. Both the 3802:, a former infantryman and advocate of submission to "proper authority," was Menoher's deputy executive officer and urged him to relieve Mitchell and his followers if they did not cease their advocacy of an independent air force. 1053:

was activated August 26, 1918, marking the commencement of large scale coordinated U.S. air operations. Foulois was named chief of the First Army Air Service over Mitchell, who had been directing air operations as chief of the

3821:

In all, 12 bills and resolutions for a separate air force/department were proposed in Congress between the end of World War I and June 1920, of which only Sen. New's S. 3348 ever emerged from committee. (Mooney and Layman, p.

1559:(130 ordered 1920–1922), the mass-produced version of the MB-2 bomber developed in 1920. Mitchell used the NBS-1 as the primary striking weapon during his demonstration in July 1921 off the Virginia coast that resulted in the 509:

Following the Armistice, Ryan resigned on November 27, leaving both the BAP and DMA, as well as the original Aircraft Board, leaderless. In addition certain powers, primarily those of dealing legally with the government-owned

1569:

Aeronautical development became the responsibility of the Technical Section, Air Service, created January 1, 1919, consolidating the Aircraft Engineering Department BAP, the Technical Section DMA, and the Testing Squadron at

1400:, and personnel shrank even further, to just 880 officers. By July 1924, the Air Service inventory was 457 observation planes, 55 bombers, 78 pursuit planes, and 8 attack aircraft, with trainers to make the total number 754. 2384:

On September 4, 1922, Doolittle completed the first transcontinental crossing in a single day, from Pablo Beach to Rockwell Field, in 21 hours, 20 minutes, a distance of 2,163 mi (3,481 km) flying a DH-4 of the

1058:

Air Service since March, but Foulois voluntarily relinquished his post to Mitchell and became the Assistant Chief of Air Service, Tours, to unsnarl delays in personnel, supply, and training. Mitchell went on to become a

5303:

WEATHER DELAYS FLIGHT TO COAST – Squadron of Pathfinders Will Start on Transcontinental Trip Today. PLANE BIDS CITY GOOD-BYE Dance to Tunes from Radio Telephone as Craft Circles OverTimes Building. – View Article –

1128:

demobilization of the AEF accelerated in December and January, and all but two of these squadrons returned to the United States. Mitchell was replaced in January as commander of the Third Army Air Service by Col.

289:

that conducted the combat operations of U.S. military aviation, began field service in the spring of 1918. By the end of the war, the Air Service used 45 squadrons to cover 137 kilometers (85 miles) of front from

923:

of the 103rd Aero Squadron, and formerly a member of the Lafayette Flying Corps, on March 11. The first victories credited to American-trained pilots came on April 14, 1918, when Lieutenants Alan F. Winslow and

2303:

lines, the project led Mitchell to closely supervise aircraft development, not only at McCook but in Europe as well. On October 30, 1919, the McCook Field engineers tested the first reversible-pitch propeller.

5836: 501:

This arrangement lasted only until the War Department implemented the executive order on May 24 by issuing General Order No. 51 to coordinate the two independent agencies, with an eventual goal of creating a

480:

began investigations into possible fraudulent dealings. President Wilson also acted by appointing a Director of Aircraft Production on April 28, 1918, and abolished the Air Division of the OCSO, creating a

2404:

biplane set world altitude records over McCook Field of 33,114 ft (10,093 m) on February 27, 1920, by Maj. Rudolph W. Schroeder; and 34,507 ft (10,518 m) on September 28, 1921, by Lt.

619:

of Military Aeronautics. The Air Service commissioned over 17,000 reserve officers. More than 10,000 mechanics were trained to service the American aircraft fleet. Of aircraft manufactured in America, the

3749:

The National Defense Act of 1920 was a modification of the National Defense Act of 1916. It had its origins in and is often referred to by contemporary writings as the "Army Reorganization Act of May 18,

3348:

999 were commissioned in France, 406 in Italy, and 204 in Britain. In addition, 178 graduated from RAF schools in Canada, and 975 graduated from schools in France between the armistice and January 1919.

1629:, to train officers for higher command and to instruct in doctrine and the employment of military aviation. The Engineering Division created an air engineering school at McCook Field and moved it to 1097:

squadrons in coordinated operations. Observation and pursuit planes supported ground forces, while the other two-thirds of the aerial force bombed and strafed behind enemy lines. Later, during the

407:

in May 1917, consisting of members of the Army, Navy and industry, to study the Europeans' experience in aircraft production and the standardization of aircraft parts. The Board dispatched Major

1585:

A formal training establishment was also created by the Air Service on February 25, 1920, when the War Department authorized the establishment of service schools. Flying training, originally at

558:, to organize a training program on the Canadian model. A three-phase Flying Cadet program came into being, and although systematic, pressing needs for manpower saw many overlaps of the phases. 6292: 2322:. Economy measures by the Air Service prevented the project from being fully completed, but contributed to a growing determination within the Air Service to set new aviation records for speed, 5809: 6150: 6216: 5819: 5814: 3153: 489:

brought back from France to be its head, to separate supervision of aviation from the duties of the Chief Signal Officer. Less than a month later, Wilson used a war powers provision of the

5858: 5841: 3168: 1110: 675: 6759: 2869: 6126: 6114: 3542:

The Air Service AEF established eight Aviation Instruction Centers in Europe: 1st (Paris, aviation mechanics), 2nd (Tours, primary flying), 3rd (Issoudun, advanced flying), 4th (

5824: 3044: 6769: 2390: 1079:

was created immediately after the armistice to provide aviation support to the army of occupation, primarily from veteran units transferred from the First Army Air Service.

468:

The Aircraft Board came under severe criticism for failure to meet goals or its own claims of aircraft production, followed by a highly publicized personal investigation by

6749: 3504:

Quoting Mitchell, there were 196 American-made, 16 British-made, and 528 French-made aircraft. By function these were 330 pursuit, 293 observation and 117 day bombardment.

5853: 3759:

The chiefs of these four divisions correlate to the modern general staff positions G-1, −2, −3, and −4. The Engineering Division remained located at McCook Field, Ohio.

700:

arrived in Paris just four days after the United States declared war and established an office for the American "air service." Upon his arrival in France in June 1917,

6764: 5993: 3210:, Alfred Goldberg, editor; USAF Historical Study 138) to 280 by Hennessy. In any case, the Aviation Section had more than twice as many aircraft as pilots to fly them. 6211: 6143: 3475:

Day bombardment squadrons had 25 aircraft including spares, and 18 pilots. Night bombardment squadrons had 14 aircraft including spares, 10 pilots, and 10 observers.

514:, had been delegated to Ryan by name, not to his position as Director of Aircraft Production, and as such could not be legally conferred on any successor. Maj. Gen. 3533:

Colombey-les-Belles was located behind the lines near the front but its excellent camouflage kept it "remarkably free" from air attack. Maurer 1978, Vol. I, p. 119.

5904: 2108:

about the historical neglect and indifference of the Army to its air service. Although two bills to create Mitchell's proposed department were introduced, in the

1274:; and 12 air park squadrons maintained the combat and training forces. Aircraft acquired from European sources were accepted at Aircraft Acceptance Park No. 1 at 306:(DMA) and the Bureau of Aircraft Production (BAP), each reporting directly to the Secretary of War, creating a dual authority over military aviation that caused 498:

created a Bureau of Aircraft Production (BAP), a military organization with a civilian director, as a separate executive bureau to provide the aircraft needed.

4567: 759:

Pershing restated the responsibilities of the Air Service AEF with G.O. No. 81, May 29, 1918, in which he replaced Foulois as Chief of Air Service AEF with a

6587: 5945: 3833: 3321:

The course of study could not "be predetermined as to length", dependent "in large measure on the weather, the supply of 'spares', and a man's own ability".

2507: 607: 384: 6779: 1310:

provided 766 pursuit pilots. 169 students and 49 instructors died in training accidents. Balloon candidates made 4,224 practice ascensions while training.

2426:. The first nonstop endurance flight across the U.S., made in 26 hours and 50 minutes at an average speed of 98.76 mph, was made May 2–3, 1923, from 708:

met with Mitchell, who advised Pershing that his office was ready to proceed with any project Pershing might require. Pershing's aviation officer, Major

6635: 1089: 6138: 5801: 5784: 2389:. Mitchell concluded that accomplishing the same feat by "daylight only", making only a single stop at Kelly Field, had tremendous value, and staged a 6774: 6484: 6231: 5734: 3398:

The first two squadrons so authorized were the 1st and 103rd Aero Squadrons in recognition of their prior service in Mexico and France, respectively.

3173: 1642: 1242:

43 flying training, air park (supply), depot (maintenance), and construction squadrons were located in the Services of Supply. A major air depot at

591:), for which they became derisively known as the "Million-Dollar Guard". The backlog was finally cleared by opening an Air Service primary school at 185: 2197:

in San Antonio as air officer, where his continuing, reckless, and increasingly strident criticisms prompted President Calvin Coolidge to order his

6302: 5930: 5848: 5789: 5518: 4072: 3245:

Nearly all of Ryan's time between his appointment and the armistice was spent in Europe familiarizing himself with the Air Service. (Holley, p. 69)

6259: 5831: 870:

design must be submitted to the Chief of Air Service, AEF, for approval. The design should be simple enough to be recognizable from a distance."

6397: 6236: 6194: 6189: 5767: 3183: 2290:, a provisional squadron, began a cross-country educational tour that supported the "1919 Air Service Transcontinental Recruiting Convoy" from 932:

scored. The first mission by an American squadron across the lines occurred April 11, when the 1st Aero Squadron, led by its commander, Major

685: 5482: 5421: 4602: 4036: 3940: 6184: 5909: 5779: 3568:

Company. Allowing a new observer to jump first, Ross parachuted on the afternoon of September 26, 1918 when his balloon was set on fire by a

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The Aviation Section of the Signal Corps was a statutory entity and would have legally resumed its functions without the action by Congress.

3581:

Col. Bolling was the highest-ranked casualty, killed in action in ground combat on March 26, 1918, while on a tour of the Somme battlefield.

6109: 5290:

Grower, 1st Lt. R. W., to Hazelhurst Field, to accompany the Air Service Transcontinental Recruiting Convoys, then to station in this city.

2326:, distance, and endurance, which in turn contributed not only to technical improvements (and favorable publicity) but also advancements in 1418:. In January 1920 only the surveillance group continued the patrols, which gradually diminished until June 1921 when they ceased entirely. 6522: 2217: 1319: 3882:"The Select Committee of Inquiry into the Operations of the U.S. Air Services", chaired by Rep. Florian Lampert (Republican, Wisconsin). 2400:

Despite the emphasis in the press on speed, the Air Service also established a number of altitude, distance, and endurance records. The

1539: 6274: 3442: 3163: 2511: 2230:

within the Navy Department, and thus the change was only cosmetic and the Air Corps remained as an auxiliary arm to the ground forces.

6176: 6133: 5757: 5471: 4814: 2208:, a "blue ribbon" panel convened by President Coolidge in September 1925 to make a general inquiry into U.S. aviation. Headed by an 2035:

and the supporters of the traditional military services about the value of an independent Air Force, spurred by the creation of the

426:

Although it considered creation of a separate aviation department to act as the centralized authority for decision-making, both the

6550: 6426: 6335: 6269: 6254: 5879: 5762: 3056: 1030:

the AEF had 14 heavier-than-air groups (7 observation, 5 pursuit, and 2 bombardment). Of these 14 groups, only the 1st Pursuit and

452: 2353:

The practical and military applications of speed were not ignored, however. On February 24, 1921, 1st Lt. William D. Coney of the

2047:

officers who made up the overwhelming majority of Army pilots, and a few like-minded politicians and newspapers. Opposed were the

1101:, Mitchell employed a smaller concentration of airpower, nearly all American this time, to keep the German army on the defensive. 6739: 6312: 6226: 6221: 3357:

The five "schools of military aeronautics" still operating at the armistice were at Cornell, Princeton, Texas, Cal, and Illinois.

2453:. The Air Service set up support facilities along the proposed route and in April 1924 sent a flight of four aircraft west from 6330: 6121: 5794: 2767: 2182: 2117: 2085: 1473: 1019: 611:

received specialized training in pursuit, bombing, or observation at Air Service schools acquired from the French at Issoudun,

3740:

The surveillance group and all of its surveillance squadrons, flying the DH-4B, were re-designated "attack" in September 1921.

6477: 6297: 5727: 5088: 4952: 4209: 4181: 3280: 1481: 957: 3376:

Pershing requested 125 balloon companies, and the United States manufactured nearly a thousand Caquot balloons in 1918–1919.

6744: 6567: 6545: 6517: 6421: 5978: 5104:

U.S. Army Recruiting News, A Bulletin of Recruiting Information Issued by the Direction of the Adjutant General of the Army

2097: 1367:

At the end of November 1918, the Air Service consisted of 185 flying, 44 construction, 114 supply, 11 replacement, and 150

806:

The primary aircraft used by the AEF at the front (the "Zone of Advance") were the SPAD XIII (877), Nieuport 28 (181), and

431: 5555: 1560: 733:, were immediately displaced. Mitchell, however, was not replaced and became a source of persistent discord with Foulois. 6416: 6382: 6339: 5634: 4499: 3062: 2354: 2064:

first by the penurious policies of the Republican administrations in the 1920s, and then by the fiscal realities of the

477: 339: 262: 974: 6683: 6678: 6630: 6206: 6066: 5958: 4652: 3268: 563: 6431: 6249: 5548: 5534: 5448: 5407: 5386: 5057: 5008: 4974: 4913: 4724: 4244: 4000: 3703: 3665:) Surveillance Squadrons. In January 1920 the group, now re-designated the 1st Surveillance Group, was joined by the 3236:

at the end of May urging the U.S. to contribute 4,500 aircraft; 5,000 pilots; and 50,000 mechanics to the war effort.

2653: 2419: 1721: 1513: 1485: 434:

opposed it, and on October 1, 1917, Congress instead legalized the existence of the APB and changed its name to the "

141: 6307: 1002:

Observation planes often operated individually, as did pursuit pilots to attack a balloon or to meet the enemy in a

6754: 6708: 6512: 6470: 6450: 6392: 6343: 5925: 5720: 5689: 4579: 3572:. The burning balloon descended at twice the rate of the parachute and enveloped Ross, who fell nearly 1000 meters. 3068: 2960: 1339:

Executive Order 3066, issued by President Wilson on March 19, 1919, formally consolidated the BAP and DMA into the

823: 482: 343: 303: 17: 960:, becoming the "first complete American Air Service unit in history to operate against an enemy on foreign soil." 6718: 6244: 5963: 5935: 3630: 3296: 3158: 2081: 1630: 1571: 1049:

Each army and corps echelon of the ground forces had a chief of air service designated to direct operations. The

490: 427: 358: 246: 999:

as one of its pilots, achieved distinguished records in combat and remained a permanent part of the air forces.

6562: 6387: 6377: 5572: 3551: 3431: 3408: 760: 634:, Assistant Director of the DMA, was ordered to put together a daily route for moving mail by airplane between 4121:

The American Air Service: A Record of its Problems, Its Difficulties, Its Failures, and Its Final Achievements

2438:. The feat was followed in August by a flight in which a DH-4 stayed aloft for more than 37 hours by means of 6507: 6402: 6355: 3288: 3083: 2931: 2493: 2450: 2443: 764: 743:

in livery of Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker, 94th Aero Squadron. Note U.S. national insignia painted on wheel hubs.

701: 627: 527: 282: 5608: 3339:

candidates came as a bitter disappointment to the Air Service and was extremely detrimental to their morale.

1647: 6640: 6367: 6351: 5704: 3728: 3666: 3386: 2711: 2221: 2093: 2031:

The seven-year history of the post-war Air Service was essentially a prolonged debate between adherents of

1859: 1381: 912: 863: 819: 752: 663: 327: 1524:

The General Staff produced a mobilization plan that in the event of war would create a field force of six

5302: 2946: 2362: 2262: 1129: 1098: 1038:

formation, the 1st Pursuit Wing, made up of the 2d Pursuit, 3rd Pursuit, and 1st Day Bombardment Groups.

969: 884: 439: 5268: 3608: 3258:

only for the duration of pilot training. Those that washed out were discharged and subject to the draft.

2401: 866:, was instead ordered painted on all U.S. aircraft operating in Europe, remaining in effect until 1919. 6713: 6668: 6645: 5968: 3777:

Other service schools established were the Pursuit School at Rockwell Field, the Bombardment School at

2983: 2578: 2227: 2044: 1303: 1290: 1116: 925: 511: 5393:

The American Army in the World War, A Divisional Record Of The American Expeditionary Forces in Europe

5353: 2268:, and Lts. John Richter, Virgil Hine, and Frank Seifert conduct first mid-air refueling, June 27, 1923 562:

cadets and enrolling another 1,430. By mid-November, 3,140 had graduated and more than 500 had become

6361: 5973: 5894: 5774: 5620:

United States Air Service overview, history and 90th Anniversary celebration photos at www.usaww1.com

3590:

The large number of DSC awards is due to it being the only other combat valor award at the time. The

3040: 2594: 2427: 2291: 1618: 1326:). 210 decorations were awarded to aviators by France, 22 by Great Britain, and 69 by other nations. 1011: 391: 5024: 4527:, Manufacturers Aircraft Association, Inc. (1920), Doubleday, Page, and Company. Appendix I, p. 276. 3607:

The issue was so important that Wilson took the draft of the order with him to France to attend the

1464:. 759-88), the Air Service was statutorily recognized as a combatant arm of the line along with the 1297:

A large training establishment was also set up. In France the Air Service Concentration Barracks at

1041: 1034:

had their lineage continued into the post-war Air Service. In July 1918 the AEF organized its first

907:. The first U.S. aviator killed in action during aerial combat occurred March 8, 1918, when Captain 6264: 6201: 5493: 5463: 5416: 4613: 4047: 3953: 3782: 2877: 2526: 2287: 841: 199: 191: 5639: 5328: 2563: 981:, and the Meuse-Argonne. Several units, including the 94th Pursuit Squadron under the command of 654:

trainers modified to carry mail, began the mail service on May 15. It later extended the route to

6625: 6613: 6493: 6096: 5743: 3089: 2315: 1251: 1068: 1055: 822:

operated as the main trainer for the Air Service. Balloon companies operated the French-designed

539: 532: 374: 242: 38: 3457:

Each pursuit squadron was authorized 25 aircraft, including seven reserve spares, and 18 pilots.

3430:

Until June 1918, designated Company B, 2nd Balloon Squadron. The 2nd Balloon Company is now the

2178:(in effect, shared), was rejected by the Navy, and the reorganization could not be implemented. 2169:

The response to the proposal was three boards and committees. The Secretary of War convened the

956:

on February 26, 1918. On March 5 it took over the line and began operations supporting the U.S.

5564: 3949: 3654: 3276: 2771: 2677: 2105: 2060: 1833: 1784: 1622: 1610: 1590: 1259: 1076: 1050: 982: 978: 904: 354: 5392: 2377:. He crashed into a tree trying to land and was severely injured, dying five days later in a 5624: 5048:

Shiner, Lt. Col. John F. (1997). "From Air Service to Air Corps: The Era of Billy Mitchell,"

4682: 4350: 4151: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3642: 3284: 3021: 2971: 2965: 2666: 2628: 2600: 2556: 2386: 2276: 1598: 1063:

and chief of the Army Group Air Service in mid-October 1918, succeeded at First Army by Col.

1007: 989: 929: 423:

was in widespread if unofficial usage to collectively describe all aspects of Army aviation.

3439: 2133:

to silence Mitchell, resigned his position on October 4, 1921, and was replaced by Maj.Gen.

6086: 6081: 5983: 5440: 3407:

Miller had assumed command of the 95th upon its arrival at its first station at the front,

3292: 3145: 2993: 2802: 2757: 2695: 2520: 2502: 2378: 2370: 2109: 1827: 1796: 1773: 1750: 1733: 1710: 1687: 1414: 1352: 1263: 1141: 1035: 1031: 1023: 900: 862:

similar to those used by the Allied Powers, in the former color arrangement of the defunct

650:. The Air Service, using six pilots (four instructor pilots and two new graduates) and six 473: 1087:

was supported by 1,481 airplanes directed by Mitchell, totaling 24 Air Service, 58 French

538:

The United States began the World War with 65 pilots, a few of which were veterans of the

8: 6091: 6076: 6071: 5594: 3255: 3036: 3002: 2997: 2977: 2836: 2763: 2723: 2691: 2584: 2461:. Six months later, two aircraft completed the flight. Even if considered as primarily a 2319: 1819: 1533: 1243: 1206: 899:, a pursuit unit flying with French forces and composed largely of former members of the 896: 892: 835: 588: 448: 412: 31: 6703: 3942:

USAF Historical Study 89, The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941

2468:

Kelly and Macready, Doolittle, and the crews of the circumnavigation flight all won the

855: 357:

to vastly increase the appropriations for the Aviation Section in 1916, it nevertheless

6663: 6650: 6608: 6577: 6056: 6003: 5988: 5953: 5899: 5276: 4138:

Ideas, Concepts, and Doctrines: Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force 1907–1960

3786: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3466:

Observation squadrons had 24 airplanes including 6 spares, 18 pilots, and 18 observers.

3272: 3025: 3012: 2989: 2921: 2916: 2902: 2780: 2458: 2339: 2209: 2056: 2007: 1993: 1405: 1373: 1344: 1286: 1133: 1084: 985: 937: 651: 571: 515: 362: 323: 271: 238: 101: 6527: 5539:

Shiner, Lt. Col. John F., "From Air Service to Air Corps: The Era of Billy Mitchell,"

5460:

The U.S. Air Service in World War I, Volume I: The Final Report and A Tactical History

3254:

All cadets were enlisted into the Signal Corps or Reserve Signal Corps in the rank of

2465:, the flight was a brilliant accomplishment in which five nations had already failed. 6372: 6061: 6036: 5658: 5645: 5544: 5530: 5512: 5444: 5403: 5382: 5053: 5004: 4970: 4909: 4720: 4240: 4066: 3996: 3650: 3178: 3030: 2912: 2830: 2792: 2706: 2536: 2516: 2410: 2374: 2327: 2113: 1761: 1602: 1594: 1548: 1547:

The principal pursuit planes of the Air Service were the MB-3 (50 in inventory), the

1504: 1477: 1064: 1060: 838:

of 32,200 cubic-foot (912 cubic meters) capacity, deploying one balloon per company.

551: 361:

proposing an aviation department incorporating all aspects of military aviation. The

5629: 2748: 2624: 1521:

observation and service squadrons were based outside the continental United States.

1228: 291: 6555: 6154: 6041: 6026: 6016: 5677: 5664: 5651: 5635:

50th Aero Squadron Harold Goettler and Erwin Bleckley to be Honored October 7, 2009

5614: 4538: 4429:

The U.S. Air Service in World War I; Volume II: Early Concepts of Military Aviation

3898: 3674: 3670: 3646: 2952: 2858: 2825: 2818: 2687: 2671: 2649: 2643: 2610: 2590: 2439: 2406: 2394: 2347: 2121: 2065: 2048: 2040: 1837: 1552: 1409: 1348: 1323: 1187: 1180: 1159: 993: 730: 725: 709: 705: 643: 612: 603: 486: 307: 286: 145: 5671: 5434: 3873:

The Coolidge administration boasted of cutting the War Department's budget by 75%.

2145:) was 354th. Patrick supported and issued the first air doctrine for the service, 1460:

With the passage of the National Defense Act, June 4, 1920 (Public Law 66-242, 41

1433: 716:

chief through his influence on Kenly as Air Commander, Zone of the Advance (ACA).

6618: 6051: 6046: 6031: 6021: 6011: 5625:

United States Air Service interactive Google Map of bases, etc. at www.usaww1.com

5457: 5425: 3893: 3778: 3446: 3233: 3131: 2956: 2786: 2658: 2615: 2530: 2489: 2462: 2435: 2343: 2342:. A later world speed record of 232 mph (373 km/h) was made by 1st Lt. 2187: 2036: 1586: 1232: 1094: 920: 908: 690: 659: 647: 631: 555: 495: 444: 295: 254: 6572: 3799: 3634: 2906: 2883: 2846: 2812: 2776: 2681: 2619: 2546: 2540: 2358: 2175: 1807: 1315: 1173: 1075:

as chief but was not ready for operations until just before the armistice. The

736: 697: 469: 435: 408: 400: 315: 258: 234: 121: 4503: 2246: 1421:

Another group was organized overseas in 1920 to administrate squadrons in the

1281: 380: 6733: 6411: 6407: 4089:, July 12, 1917, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 1; July 26, 1917, Vol. I, No. 3, p. 84-85. 3638: 3016: 2840: 2798: 2729: 2606: 2469: 2423: 2213: 2198: 2134: 2130: 2014: 1496: 1298: 1194: 1072: 943: 831: 767: 635: 576: 275: 173: 91: 5050:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force Vol. I

779: 6582: 5585: 5492:. Maxwell AFB: Historical Research Division, Air University. Archived from 4046:. Maxwell AFB: Historical Research Division, Air University. Archived from 3662: 3569: 3117: 2927: 2735: 2639: 2572: 2414: 2311: 2265: 2251: 2142: 1870: 1579: 1575: 1556: 1271: 639: 6462: 5712: 5590:, May 2006, Vol. 89, No. 5, the Air Force Association, Arlington, Virginia 3421:

until July 1918, of which observers such as Lahm were unaware at the time.

1574:, which was renamed the Engineering Division on March 19 and relocated to 3595: 3591: 3554:, French aviation school), 7th (Clermont-Ferrand, bombardment), and 8th ( 3435: 2937: 2896: 2890: 2741: 2717: 2634: 2498: 2480: 2431: 2052: 1698: 1606: 1422: 1389: 1385: 933: 787: 783: 740: 646:

He assigned the task to the Executive Officer for Flying Training, Major

415:

for a single purpose to that time, $ 640 million in the Aviation Act (40

370: 319: 318:

supported the independent air concept. The Army's senior leadership from

267: 250: 155: 4406: 3220: 2272: 1293:, and Kenneth Marr of the 94th Aero Squadron pose next to a Nieuport 28. 5467:

from the USAF Center for Air Force History, Maxwell AFB. OCLC 564839002

4123:, Appleton and Company, pp. 215–219; and Bassett, John Spencer (1919). 3658: 2808: 2700: 2550: 2366: 2335: 2194: 1675: 1508: 1377: 1359: 1236: 996: 811: 807: 620: 3995:, "Volume II: Early Concepts of Military Aviation", Diane Publishing, 1555:(48 acquired in 1924–25). The only bomber ordered in quantity was the 5541:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force

5527:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force

4237:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force

3154:

List of Air Service American Expeditionary Force aerodromes in France

2852: 2307: 1027: 953: 815: 111: 2955:, gunnery expert, and highest ranking USAAF officer shot down and a 2338:

on October 18, 1922, at the Pulitzer Trophy competition of the 1922

2238: 2075:

Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell, Assistant Chief of Air Service, 1920–1925

419:. 243), passed July 24, 1917. By the time the bill passed, the term 5439:. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. p. 5418:

Volume One – Plans and Early Operations: January 1939 – August 1942

3969:, p. 149, Appendix 2 Redesignations of the Army Air Arm, 1907–1942. 3169:

Organization of the Air Service of the American Expeditionary Force

3006: 2449:

The greatest achievement of these projects, however, was the first

2357:

completed a transcontinental flight of 22.5 hours flying time from

2323: 2032: 1788: 1725: 1626: 1614: 1465: 1307: 1111:

Organization of the Air Service of the American Expeditionary Force

1003: 888: 827: 676:

Organization of the Air Service of the American Expeditionary Force

596: 550:'s pilot training program. The Chief Signal Officer assigned Major 245:. It was established as an independent but temporary branch of the 5557:

The Army and Its Air Corps: Army Policy toward Aviation, 1919–1941

4603:"The World War I Diary of Colonel Frank P. Lahm, Air Service, AEF" 4502:. Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center. Archived from 3681:, Appendix 2, USAF Historical Research Center (1987), pp. 455–456. 2886:, aviation pioneer, first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean 2880:, WWI flying ace, General of Mexican Air Force, commercial pioneer 2868: 2258: 662:

to its small fleet, carrying mail until August 12, 1918, when the

602:

The U.S. training program produced more than 10,000 pilots as new

5568: 4469:

The Army and its Air Corps: Army Policy Toward Aviation 1919–1941

4235:

Mortenson, Daniel R. (1997). "The Air Service in the Great War,"

3334:

Bingham (1920), p. 80, gives the number as 1,800, but a table in

2992:, aircraft designer of two Pulitzer Trophy winning aircraft, the 2662: 2472:

for the respective years in which they accomplished their feats.

2454: 2226:, but in doing so Congress denied it the autonomy enjoyed by the 2101: 2071: 1469: 1397: 1247: 1120: 859: 846: 814:(696) and Breguet 14 (87) for daylight bombing, and the DH-4 and 606:

in the Signal Officers Reserve Corps (S.O.R.C.). 8,688 received

543: 366: 53: 30:

Not to be confused with the United States Army World War II unit

5611:, listing of 567 citations for gallantry for Air Service members 2161: 2039:

in 1918. On one side were Brig. Gen. Billy Mitchell, Brig. Gen.

696:

Sent to Europe in March 1917 as an observer, Lieutenant Colonel

5640:

History of the US 22nd Aero Squadron by Arthur R. Brooks (.pdf)

3555: 3312:

stated that the number of graduates in the first class was 132.

3080:

U.S. Army Air Corps 2 July 1926 – 20 June 1941*

2413:

leading a flight of four DH-4s from Mitchel Field, New York to

1765: 1702: 1368: 1255: 1015: 655: 580: 547: 5477:, Air University Press, Maxwell AFB, Alabama (large PDF file). 4906:

A Grandstand Seat: the American Balloon Service in World War I

919:. The first aerial victory in an American unit was by 1st Lt. 4226:, "Volume I: The Final Report and a Tactical History", p. 93. 3543: 2391:

dawn-to-dusk transcontinental flight across the United States

2334:

222.97 mph (358.84 km/h) over a closed course in a

1811: 1679: 1529: 1347:

undertook a sweeping re-organization on March 15, using the "

1267: 916: 747: 592: 584: 4638:

Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p. 379, as to both date and location.

4012:

Hennessy, Juliette A. (1958). USAF Historical Study No. 98:

3982:, Center for Air Force History, March 1955 edition, pp. 4–5. 3841:(TR), which stated combat principles for each combatant arm. 2216:, the board was made up of a federal judge, the head of the 1343:. Anticipating the order, Director of Air Service Maj. Gen. 1136:

and former commander of the American 17th Pursuit Squadron.

1014:, organized in April 1918 to patrol the Toul Sector between 626:

A byproduct of the training program was the creation of the

373:, came too quickly (less than eight months after its use in 266:

Defense Act of 1920 assigned the Air Service the status of "

5398:

Craven, Wesley Frank, and Cate, James Lea, editors (1983).

4986:""Director of Army Air Service Explains the Organization", 3978:

Finney, Robert T. (1955). USAF Historical Studies No. 100:

3547: 2603:, UCLA graduate manager and Los Angeles City Council member 2084:

appointed Maj. Gen. Charles Menoher, who had commanded the

1525: 1275: 887:, which sailed from New York in August 1917 and arrived at 778:

governments agreed to a contract for the purchase of 1,500

5525:

Mortenson, Daniel R., "The Air Service in the Great War,"

2833:, aviation pioneer and first certified U.S. military pilot 1404:

border with Mexico, where revolution had broken out, from

3385:

The U.S. roundel had the same color order as that of the

3050: 936:, flew a photo reconnaissance mission to the vicinity of 883:

The first U.S. aviation squadron to reach France was the

395:

World War I recruiting poster calling for skilled workers

6760:

Military history of the United States during World War I

5619: 4014:

The United States Army Air Arm, April 1861 to April 1917

2165:

Maj. Gen. Mason Patrick, Chief of Air Service, 1921–1926

494:

procuring and training a combat force. In addition, the

348: 5306:. New York Times (1919-08-14). Retrieved on 2013-08-17. 5087:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMooney_and_Layman1944 (

4951:

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4680: 4348: 4208:

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4149: 2021: 27:

1918-1926 air warfare service of the United States Army

5859:

Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

5391:

Browne, G Waldo, and Pillsbury, Rosencrans W. (1921).

3629:

The squadrons of the Army Surveillance Group were the

3546:, a liaison detachment to the French air force), 5th ( 2156: 554:, an adventurer and reserve officer on the faculty of 229:

and before its legislative establishment in 1920, the

5842:

House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

4377: 3860:

The policy set forth by Patrick was published in the

2968:, ace with RFC and USAS, post-war pulp fiction writer 2475: 6770:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1926

5073:, USAF Historical Research Center (1987), pp. 99–101 3107: 3005:, Olympic athlete, commercial aviation pioneer, and 2422:

from completing the first flight to Asia across the

818:(557) for observation and photo reconnaissance. The 330:

in 1926 as a compromise in the continuing struggle.

6750:

20th-century history of the United States Air Force

6709:

Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops

4180:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMooney_and_Layman (

3550:, mechanics, closed soon after being opened), 6th ( 3208:

A History of the United States Air Force, 1907–1957

2795:, aviation pioneer; first trans-Atlantic solo pilot 2096:-level Department of Aviation equal to the War and 1593:in California, moved to Texas, divided between the 1334: 1201: 5837:House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces 5676:is available for free viewing and download at the 5663:is available for free viewing and download at the 5650:is available for free viewing and download at the 3086: 20 June 1941 – 18 September 1947* 2889:Leonard J. Povey, barnstormer and inventor of the 2855:, pioneer in aerial refueling and bombing doctrine 2100:to control all aviation, including sea-based air, 1989:John D. Ryan (August 28, 1918 – November 27, 1918) 1609:. A technical school for mechanics was located at 6765:Military units and formations established in 1918 5481:Mooney, Charles C. and Layman, Martha E. (1944). 5146: 5144: 5082: 4946: 4335:Manufacturers' Aircraft Association, Inc. (1920) 4203: 4035:Mooney, Charles C. and Layman, Martha E. (1944). 3174:Organization of the U.S. Army Air Service in 1925 2627:, pilot and aircraft designer, chief engineer at 2397:fighter developed from the R-6 for that purpose. 1643:Organization of the U.S. Army Air Service in 1925 1437:MB-3A of 94th Pursuit Squadron, 1st Pursuit Group 1115:Promptly after the armistice, the AEF formed the 915:, was shot down while on a voluntary patrol near 6731: 4903: 4717:The U.S. Air Service in the Great War, 1917–1919 3768:The school squadrons were created in early 1923. 2789:, first U.S. born ace, while flying with the RFC 1503:, and an assistant chief created in the rank of 689:World War I recruiting poster, 1917. Artwork by 5673:AIR FORCE STORY, THE – AFTER THE WAR, 1918–1923 5630:1st Pursuit Group history at www.1stfighter.com 5473:Combat squadrons of the Air Force, World War II 5044: 5042: 4990:, Friday, March 21, 1919, Vol. 8 No. 567, p. 5. 4789: 4787: 3206:The airplane figure is variously given as 250 ( 1428: 463: 369:on April 6, 1917, putting the United States in 5660:ACTIVITIES OF THE U.S. ARMY AIR SERVICE (1925) 5615:1st Pursuit Group history at www.acepilots.com 5395:, Overseas Book Co, Manchester, New Hampshire. 5141: 4687:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 55. 4355:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 56. 4156:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 51. 3952:: Center For Air Force History. Archived from 3184:United States Army World War I Flight Training 2905:, highest ranking U.S. ace of World War I and 2824:James Ely Miller, first U.S. military aviator 2618:, air racer, aeronautical engineer, leader of 2492:, aviation pioneer; Commanding General of the 2242:Curtiss R-6 racer, 1922 Pulitzer Trophy winner 1865: 1119:to march immediately into Germany, occupy the 952:French 91st Balloon Company at the front near 891:on September 3. A member of the squadron, Lt. 599:to preliminary training for a period of time. 333: 241:between 1918 and 1926 and a forerunner of the 6478: 5728: 5234: 4175: 3514:(1,758), the Italians (812) and then the U.S. 3325:, September 27, 1917, Vol. I, No. 12, p. 370. 2942:Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force 2306:This effort resulted in the development of a 285:, a separate entity under commanding General 5517:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5039: 4801: 4799: 4784: 4392: 4390: 4373: 4371: 4071:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3611:, and cabled its promulgation to Washington. 3219:Approximately $ 14 billion in 2015 dollars. 2553:; first high-ranking casualty of World War I 2149:(patterned on Army Training Regulation 10-5 1636: 1543:NBS-1 (MB-2) and pursuit in combat practice. 1104: 595:and devoting part of the advanced school at 6780:1926 disestablishments in the United States 6492: 5742: 5596:Army Air Forces Statistical Digest, Table 3 5483:"Origin of Military Aeronautics, 1907–1935" 4836: 4834: 4037:"Origin of Military Aeronautics, 1907–1935" 2843:and advocate of universal military training 2218:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 1978: 575:entire flying portion of their training in 37:For the current active service branch, see 6485: 6471: 5735: 5721: 5025:"THE BIRTH OF THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE" 3077: 24 May 1918 – 2 July 1926 3071: 20 May 1918 – 24 May 1918 1561:sinking of the captured German battleship 721:Air Service, American Expeditionary Forces 531:World War I recruiting poster. Artwork by 4822: 4796: 4387: 4368: 3831:In 1923 Army doctrine was organized into 2744:, barnstormer and aviation records-setter 2726:, pilot of The Around The Rim Flight 1919 1306:. The 3rd Aviation Instruction Center at 669: 6775:1918 establishments in the United States 5377:Bowman, Martin W., "Background to War", 5102:"United States Army Air Service Posts". 4831: 4676: 4674: 3980:History of the Air Corps Tactical School 2867: 2747: 2633:Lee Duncan, animal trainer and owner of 2562: 2484:2nd Lt. Charles A. Lindbergh, March 1925 2479: 2434:transport monoplane by Macready and Lt. 2271: 2257: 2245: 2237: 2160: 2070: 2051:of the Army, its senior leadership from 1874:NBS-1s of the 2nd Bomb Group, April 1926 1869: 1855:while inactive (1923), re-activated 1928 1646: 1633:when that base was established in 1924. 1538: 1432: 1358: 1280: 1205: 1040: 942: 840: 746: 735: 684: 526: 390: 379: 5402:, Air Force Historical Studies Office, 5346: 5318:, April 12, 1921, Vol. V No. 4, p. 6-7. 5019: 5017: 4650: 4646: 4644: 4561: 4559: 4536: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3851:forces on land or sea. (Futrell, p. 40) 3837:, which were general in character, and 3495:and training bases in France and Italy. 3092: 18 September 1947 – present 2690:, strategic bombing pioneer, president 2318:, and a streamlined engine design, the 2233: 1147: 858:, in early 1918 a red, blue, and white 797:Motor Mechanics Regiments, Signal Corps 438:", transferring its functions from the 58:Branch insignia of the Army Air Service 14: 6732: 5931:Operational Test and Evaluation Center 5795:Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force 5480: 5432: 5354:"Records of the Army Air Forces (AAF)" 5334:. Alaska Wing, Commemorative Air Force 5321: 5001:Billy Mitchell: Crusader for Air Power 4530: 4169: 4106: 4104: 4034: 3594:was not authorized until 1932 and the 3051:Lineage of the United States Air Force 2720:, All-American college football player 2442:. The Fokker T-2 is on display at the 2409:. A distance record was set by Capt. 1210:Air Combat – Western Front World War I 1071:was activated on October 12 with Col. 6466: 5716: 5120:, March 18, 1920, Vol. V No. 12, p. 1 4684:Annual Report of the Secretary of War 4671: 4409:, Aerofiles.com. Retrieved 2016-01-05 4352:Annual Report of the Secretary of War 4342: 4339:, Doubleday, page and Co., pp. 80–81. 4259:, July 19, 1917. Vol. I, No. 2, p. 55 4153:Annual Report of the Secretary of War 4143: 3938: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3389:but in diameters of equal proportion. 2652:, law professor and president of the 2510:, founder and first president of the 2026: 878: 782:bombers-reconnaissance planes; 2,000 349:Background of the wartime Air Service 5553: 5371: 5071:Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919–1939 5014: 4641: 4600: 4594: 4565: 4556: 4492: 4434: 4136:Futrell, Robert Frank (1971, 1991). 3927: 3679:Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919–1939 2980:, first U. S. military aerial victor 2696:Air Transport Association of America 2022:Debate over an independent Air Force 1246:; three other maintenance depots at 1217:Report of the Secretary of War, 1919 1018:and Apremont in support of the U.S. 963: 5400:The Army Air Forces In World War II 4539:"Chapter 2: Organizational Emblems" 4224:The U.S. Air Service in World War I 4101: 3993:The U.S. Air Service in World War I 3789:, and the Airship School at Brooks. 3057:Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps 2393:in the summer of 1924 in a Curtiss 2212:and personal friend of Coolidge's, 2157:Investigating committees and boards 608:ratings of Reserve Military Aviator 340:Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps 24: 6684:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 6679:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 6432:Air & Space Forces Association 5849:Senate Committee on Armed Services 5490:U.S.A.F. Historical Studies No. 25 4308:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, pp. 101–103 4044:U.S.A.F. Historical Studies No. 25 4016:, USAF Historical Division, p. 196 3913: 3164:List of American Balloon Squadrons 2476:Notable members of the Air Service 1851:¹Inactivated (1921), redesignated 281:In France, the Air Service of the 131:195,024 men, 7,900 aircraft (1918) 25: 6791: 5602: 3367:rein in his own staff had failed. 3059:1 August 1907 – 18 July 1914 2783:(RFC) and early airline executive 2654:University of Southern California 522: 261:: on May 24, 1918, replacing the 231:"Air Service, United States Army" 6719:Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section 6446: 6445: 6344:Division of Military Aeronautics 5869: 5768:Under Secretary of the Air Force 5690:Division of Military Aeronautics 5309: 5296: 5261: 5252: 5243: 5225: 5216: 5207: 5198: 5189: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5153: 5132: 5123: 5111: 5095: 5076: 5063: 4993: 4980: 4959: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4681:United States. War Dept (1919). 4365:Mortenson (1997), pp. 52 and 55. 4349:United States. War Dept (1919). 4150:United States. War Dept (1919). 3885: 3876: 3867: 3854: 3844: 3825: 3815: 3805: 3792: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3743: 3734: 3709: 3684: 3623: 3614: 3601: 3584: 3575: 3138: 3124: 3110: 3069:Division of Military Aeronautics 2930:pioneer test pilot, who led the 2529:, World War I ace, commander of 2151:Doctrines Principles and Methods 2017:(October 5, 1921 – July 2, 1926) 2010:(June 4, 1920 – October 4, 1921) 1996:(January 2, 1919 – June 4, 1920) 1551:(200 acquired 1920–23), and the 1495:was authorized with the rank of 1451:Section 13a, Public Law 242, 41 1335:Consolidation of the Air Service 1202:Statistical summary, World War I 947:Goodyear Type R "Caquot" balloon 483:Division of Military Aeronautics 399:The administration of President 353:Although war in Europe prompted 344:Division of Military Aeronautics 304:Division of Military Aeronautics 198: 190: 133:9,954 men, 1,451 aircraft (1926) 84: 52: 5696:United States Army Air Service 4967:Billy Mitchell (The Art of War) 4937:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.46-47. 4897: 4888: 4879: 4870: 4861: 4852: 4843: 4840:Maurer, Vol. I, pp.119 and 126. 4808: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4709: 4700: 4697:Maurer (1978), Vol. I., p. 171. 4691: 4632: 4518: 4483: 4480:Maurer (1978), Vol. II, p. 412. 4474: 4461: 4452: 4449:Maurer (1978), Vol. II, p. 125. 4443: 4440:Maurer (1978), Vol. II, p. 113. 4421: 4412: 4399: 4359: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4272:, Yale University Press, p. 52. 4262: 4250: 4229: 4216: 4197: 4188: 4160: 4130: 4127:, Alfred A. knopf, pp. 181–184. 4113: 4092: 4080: 3690:The 1st Day Bombardment Group: 3561: 3536: 3527: 3517: 3507: 3498: 3488: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3424: 3414: 3401: 3392: 3379: 3370: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3328: 3315: 3302: 3261: 3248: 3239: 3225: 3159:List of American Aero Squadrons 3065:18 July 1914 – 20 May 1918 1356:demobilized out of existence. 1341:Air Service, United States Army 1010:, the first of these being the 810:(103) as pursuit aircraft, the 801:Air Service Mechanics Regiments 680: 546:from 7 to 11 May 1917 to study 6740:United States Army Air Service 6656:United States Army Air Service 6631:Canadian Air Force (1918–1920) 6523:Aircraft of the Central Powers 6518:Aircraft of the Entente Powers 6255:Reserve Officer Training Corps 6212:Judge Advocate General's Corps 5854:Senate Subcommittee on Airland 5832:House Armed Services Committee 4849:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p. 119. 4754:Maurer(1978). Volume I, p. 51. 4612:. AFHRA (USAF). Archived from 4378:Thomas, Capt. Shipley (1920). 4326:Maurer (1978), Vol. I., p. 97. 4270:An Explorer in the Air Service 4140:, Air University Press, p. 21. 4028: 4019: 4006: 3985: 3972: 3432:2d Special Operations Squadron 3310:An Explorer in the Air Service 3213: 3200: 3063:Aviation Section, Signal Corps 3024:, World War II general in the 1605:(advanced flying training) at 856:the markings of enemy aircraft 263:Aviation Section, Signal Corps 215:United States Army Air Service 47:United States Army Air Service 13: 1: 6403:Women Airforce Service Pilots 4908:. Praeger. pp. 135–136. 4894:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.110. 4885:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.106. 4876:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.112. 4867:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.105. 4706:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.391. 4651:Schiver, Patricia T. (1980). 4610:USAF Historical Study No. 141 4543:A Guide to Air Force Heraldry 4500:"U.S. Naval Aircraft Marking" 4471:, Air University Press, p. 19 4458:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p. 11 4290:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p. 94. 3189: 3033:, Wisconsin State Assemblyman 2932:first aerial circumnavigation 2444:National Air and Space Museum 2183:U.S. House of Representatives 2092:In 1919, Mitchell proposed a 1651:World War I recruiting poster 1597:(primary flying training) at 1320:Distinguished Service Crosses 1045:Formation of DH-4 day bombers 992:, which had "balloon buster" 873: 512:Spruce Production Corporation 485:(DMA) with Brigadier General 6641:Imperial Russian Air Service 5705:United States Army Air Corps 5529:, Vol. I, Chapter 2 (1997), 5458:Maurer Maurer (ed.) (1978). 5003:, Indiana University Press, 4928:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.27. 4858:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.78. 4793:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.17. 4772:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.26. 4763:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.85. 4537:Russell, William M. (1985). 4489:Maurer (1978), Vol. I, p.71. 4317:Mortenson (1997), pp. 52–53. 4098:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p. 7 3991:Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1978). 3924:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p. 9 3781:, the Observation School at 3387:Imperial Russian Air Service 2915:, youngest son of President 1971: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1952: 1947: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1832: 1783: 1781:First Army Observation Group 1760: 1743: 1720: 1697: 1674: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1429:National Defense Act of 1920 864:Imperial Russian Air Service 702:American Expeditionary Force 464:Aircraft production failures 455:of the OCSO was renamed the 283:American Expeditionary Force 7: 6745:United States Army aviation 6704:Imperial German Air Service 5758:Department of the Air Force 5609:Military Times Hall of Fame 4467:Tate, Dr. James P. (1998). 4025:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p.8 3704:166th Bombardment Squadrons 3609:Versailles peace conference 3103: 2984:George Augustus Vaughn, Jr. 2512:Air Line Pilots Association 1866:Annual Air Service strength 1619:Air Service Tactical School 1329: 763:classmate and non-aviator, 615:, and Tours, respectively. 440:Council of National Defense 375:Mexico chasing Pancho Villa 334:Creation of the Air Service 10: 6796: 6714:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons 5763:Secretary of the Air Force 5543:Vol. I, Chapter 3 (1997), 5475:, USAF Historical Study 82 5329:"Remembering Our Heritage" 5258:Shiner (1997), p. 102-103. 5129:Shiner (1997), pp. 72, 74. 4988:The Official U.S. Bulletin 3667:12th Surveillance Squadron 2043:, a cadre of young former 1640: 1167:Chiefs of Air Service, AEF 1132:, a combat veteran of the 1108: 1032:1st Day Bombardment Groups 826:Type R, a winch-tethered, 673: 337: 36: 29: 6694: 6596: 6536: 6500: 6440: 6321: 6283: 6167: 6105: 6002: 5944: 5918: 5887: 5878: 5867: 5750: 5701: 5694: 5686: 5433:Holley, I.B. Jr. (1997). 5213:Futrell (1991), pp. 40–41 5138:Tate (1998), pp. 185–188. 5085:, p. 116, Appendix 4 4904:Lebow, Eileen F. (1998). 4578:(Nov–Dec). Archived from 4407:"The Airmail Takes Wings" 4119:Sweetser, Arthur (1919). 3939:Greer, Thomas H. (1985). 3834:Field Service Regulations 3558:, Italy; primary flying). 3299:were added shortly after. 3267:The initial six were the 3041:governor of New Hampshire 2924:, author and screenwriter 2899:– Hollywood choreographer 2672:Benjamin Delahauf Foulois 2661:, organizer of the first 2430:, to Rockwell Field in a 2428:Roosevelt Field, New York 1741:1st Day Bombardment Group 1637:Groups of the Air Service 1105:Army of occupation duties 1012:I Corps Observation Group 975:Battle of Château-Thierry 405:Aircraft Production Board 268:combatant arm of the line 237:service component of the 184: 179: 166: 161: 151: 137: 127: 117: 107: 97: 79: 71: 63: 51: 46: 6265:Airman Leadership School 6067:Thirteenth Expeditionary 5905:Field Operating Agencies 5379:USAAF Handbook 1939–1945 5222:Maurer (1987), pp. 72–73 4965:Cooke, James J. (2002). 4715:Cooke, James J. (1996). 4653:"The Caquot Flies Again" 4418:Mortenson (1997), p. 43. 3785:, the Balloon School at 3269:University of California 2872:Verville in January 1925 2779:, ace while flying with 2752:2d Lt. Quentin Roosevelt 2718:Charles W. "Chic" Harley 2539:, artillery officer and 2402:Packard-Le Peré LUSAC-11 2350:race at the 1925 Races. 2288:All American Pathfinders 2204:The third board was the 1984:Directors of Air Service 1979:Heads of the Air Service 1499:to replace the previous 1258:; four supply depots at 1117:Third United States Army 1069:Air Service, Second Army 968:By the beginning of the 6755:Aviation in World War I 6646:Royal Italian Air Corps 6626:Australian Flying Corps 6614:Royal Naval Air Service 6494:Aviation in World War I 6250:Officer Training School 5744:United States Air Force 5470:Maurer, Maurer (1986), 5356:. National Archives.gov 5316:Air Service News Letter 5118:Air Service News Letter 4999:Hurley, Alfred (2006). 4969:, Lynne Rienner Press, 4601:Lahm, Frank P. (1970). 4566:Frey, Royal D. (1968). 4427:Maurer, Maurer (1978). 4268:Bingham, Hiram (1920). 3729:147th Pursuit Squadrons 3221:US Inflation Calculator 3090:United States Air Force 2805:and air tactics pioneer 2709:, writer, co-author of 2703:, Hollywood stunt flyer 2665:service and founder of 2567:Lt Gen. James Doolittle 2451:flight around the world 2147:Fundamental Conceptions 1828:9th Group (Observation) 1797:7th Group (Observation) 1774:6th Group (Observation) 1672:Army Surveillance Group 1501:Director of Air Service 1099:Meuse-Argonne offensive 1077:Air Service, Third Army 1051:Air Service, First Army 1026:was formed, and by the 970:Meuse-Argonne Offensive 630:. On May 3, 1918, Col. 628:American airmail system 533:Charles Livingston Bull 504:Director of Air Service 385:Junior Military Aviator 243:United States Air Force 39:United States Air Force 6675:Japanese air services 6293:Awards and decorations 5926:District of Washington 5919:Direct Reporting Units 5565:Maxwell Air Force Base 5083:Mooney and Layman 1944 4947:Mooney and Layman 1944 4828:Thomas (1920), p. 390. 4805:Thomas (1920), p. 387. 4380:The History of the AEF 4299:Cameron (1999), p. 197 4281:Bingham (1920), p. 53. 4204:Mooney and Layman 1944 4194:Futrell (1971), p. 28. 3950:Maxwell Air Force Base 3100:. 495), 26 July 1947. 3075:Air Service, U.S. Army 2873: 2753: 2678:Harold Ernest Goettler 2568: 2549:, general counsel for 2485: 2282: 2269: 2255: 2243: 2166: 2116:of Indiana and in the 2106:United States Congress 2076: 1875: 1858:²Original 7 groups of 1751:2d Group (Bombardment) 1652: 1544: 1458: 1447:2,500 flying cadets... 1438: 1364: 1294: 1220: 1211: 1090:Aéronautique Militaire 1046: 1022:. On May 5, 1918, the 948: 905:Lafayette Flying Corps 850: 756: 744: 693: 670:Air Service of the AEF 535: 396: 388: 6605:British air services 6568:Aerial reconnaissance 6336:Aeronautical Division 5204:Shiner (1997), p. 96. 5186:Shiner (1997), p. 82. 5177:Tate(1998), pp. 9–10. 5150:Shiner (1997), p. 73. 4745:Cooke (1996), p. 216. 4736:Cooke (1996), p. 208. 4657:Air University Review 4572:Air University Review 4568:"Air Service Relived" 4396:Thomas (1920), p. 385 4382:. George H. Doran Co. 3409:Villeneuve-les-Vertus 3045:ambassador to Britain 3022:Charles A. Willoughby 2972:George E. Stratemeyer 2966:Elliott White Springs 2949:, classical violinist 2878:Ralph Ambrose O'Neill 2871: 2831:Thomas DeWitt Milling 2751: 2732:, oil pioneer, author 2667:Consolidated Aircraft 2629:Buhl Aircraft Company 2601:Stephen W. Cunningham 2566: 2557:Arthur Raymond Brooks 2521:United States Senator 2494:U. S. Army Air Forces 2483: 2420:U.S. State Department 2277:Douglas World Cruiser 2275: 2261: 2249: 2241: 2164: 2074: 2001:Chiefs of Air Service 1873: 1820:4th Group (Composite) 1804:1st Observation Group 1711:5th Group (Composite) 1695:2nd Observation Group 1667:Redesignation (date) 1650: 1641:Further information: 1553:Curtiss PW-8/P-1 Hawk 1542: 1440: 1436: 1362: 1284: 1213: 1209: 1153:Aviation Officer, AEF 1109:Further information: 1044: 990:27th Pursuit Squadron 946: 930:94th Pursuit Squadron 913:95th Pursuit Squadron 844: 750: 739: 688: 674:Further information: 652:Curtiss JN-4H "Jenny" 530: 478:Department of Justice 453:Aeronautical Division 394: 383: 221:) (also known as the 6207:Aeronautical ratings 5806:Three-star generals 5554:Tate, James (1998). 5249:Greer (1985), p. 28. 5240:Shiner (1997), p.97. 5106:. February 15, 1925. 4781:Cooke (1996), p. 198 4582:on November 16, 2007 4166:Holley (1997), p. 69 4125:Our War With Germany 4110:Holley (1997), p. 68 3839:Training Regulations 3146:United States portal 3084:U.S. Army Air Forces 2994:Verville-Packard R-1 2863:Mutiny on the Bounty 2849:, airpower visionary 2821:, Hollywood director 2803:Lafayette Escadrille 2712:Mutiny on the Bounty 2688:Edgar Staley Gorrell 2642:, commander of U.S. 2585:Clarence Chamberlain 2581:, first American ace 2575:, comic strip artist 2503:Princeton University 2446:in Washington, D.C. 2379:Natchez, Mississippi 2371:Crowville, Louisiana 2363:Pablo Beach, Florida 2234:Advances in aviation 1758:3d Observation Group 1658:Original Designation 1493:Chief of Air Service 1363:Curtiss JN-4 trainer 1353:Treaty of Versailles 1148:Chiefs, AEF Aviation 1142:Treaty of Versailles 901:Lafayette Escadrille 849:in Europe, 1918–1919 403:created an advisory 6660:Greek air services 6501:People and aircraft 6004:Numbered Air Forces 5785:Vice Chief of Staff 5647:THE CALL OF THE AIR 5499:on 27 December 2010 5195:Greer (1985), p. 16 5168:Tate(1998), pp. 8–9 5159:Greer (1985), p. 23 4619:on 5 September 2012 4506:on 15 November 2010 4405:Glines, Carroll F. 4257:Air Service Journal 4087:Air Service Journal 4053:on 27 December 2010 3862:Tenth Annual Report 3715:1st Pursuit Group: 3323:Air Service Journal 3256:private first class 3037:John Gilbert Winant 3003:Eugene Luther Vidal 2998:Verville-Sperry R-3 2978:Stephen W. Thompson 2837:John Purroy Mitchel 2777:Reed Gresham Landis 2768:U.S. Representative 2724:Ernest Emery Harmon 2692:Stutz Motor Company 2659:Reuben Hollis Fleet 2646:during World War II 2533:during World War II 2508:David Lewis Behncke 2490:Henry Harley Arnold 2185:then appointed the 1734:1st Group (Pursuit) 1572:Wilbur Wright Field 1244:Colombey-les-Belles 1190:, November 27, 1917 1188:Benjamin D. Foulois 1183:, September 3, 1917 1174:William L. Mitchell 979:St-Mihiel Offensive 897:103rd Aero Squadron 893:Stephen W. Thompson 836:observation balloon 704:commanding general 589:private first class 449:automotive industry 247:U.S. War Department 32:Air Service Command 6651:Romanian Air Corps 6636:French Air Service 6609:Royal Flying Corps 6578:Flight over Vienna 6362:The U.S. Air Force 6275:Fitness Assessment 6232:Chief of Chaplains 6151:Civilian auxiliary 5900:Air National Guard 5802:Four-star generals 5588:Air Force Magazine 5424:2016-10-18 at the 5277:The New York Times 5231:Tate (1998), p. 30 4816:AIR FORCE Magazine 4525:Aircraft Year Book 4337:Aircraft Year Book 4003:, pp. 105 and 240. 3787:Lee Hall, Virginia 3445:2011-09-14 at the 3026:United States Army 2990:Alfred V. Verville 2938:Carl Andrew Spaatz 2922:John Monk Saunders 2917:Theodore Roosevelt 2903:Eddie Rickenbacker 2874: 2781:Royal Flying Corps 2764:Fiorello LaGuardia 2754: 2742:Frank Monroe Hawks 2694:, first president 2674:, aviation pioneer 2650:Fred Dow Fagg, Jr. 2587:, aviation pioneer 2569: 2501:, star athlete at 2486: 2355:91st Aero Squadron 2344:James H. Doolittle 2340:National Air Races 2320:Verville R-3 Racer 2283: 2270: 2256: 2244: 2167: 2131:John Wingate Weeks 2077: 2027:Framing the issues 2008:Charles T. Menoher 1994:Charles T. Menoher 1876: 1770:September 30, 1919 1747:September 18, 1919 1744:Kelly Field, Texas 1653: 1545: 1514:Munitions Building 1482:Corps of Engineers 1439: 1406:Brownsville, Texas 1378:de Havilland DH-4B 1365: 1304:Army of Occupation 1295: 1287:Eddie Rickenbacker 1212: 1134:Royal Flying Corps 1047: 986:Eddie Rickenbacker 949: 851: 830:-filled, captive " 757: 753:95th Aero Squadron 745: 694: 621:de Havilland DH-4B 540:Mexican Expedition 536: 397: 389: 363:declaration of war 324:United States Navy 272:United States Army 239:United States Army 227:"U.S. Air Service" 142:Munitions Building 6727: 6726: 6669:Naval Air Service 6563:Bombing of cities 6546:Strategic bombing 6460: 6459: 6245:Air Force Academy 6163: 6162: 5790:Director of Staff 5711: 5710: 5702:Succeeded by 5436:Ideas and Weapons 5372:Reference sources 4719:. Preager Press. 4176:Mooney and Layman 3677:. Maurer Maurer, 3651:Eagle Pass, Texas 3336:Gorrell's History 3308:Bingham's memoir 3179:Philippine Scouts 3031:Albert J. Winegar 2986:, World War I Ace 2913:Quentin Roosevelt 2793:Charles Lindbergh 2772:Mayor of New York 2760:, World War I ace 2707:James Norman Hall 2593:, adventurer and 2559:, World War I ace 2537:Erwin R. Bleckley 2517:Hiram Bingham III 2411:St. Clair Streett 2361:, California, to 2336:Curtiss R-6 racer 2328:aviation medicine 2310:with retractable 2210:investment banker 1976: 1975: 1860:US Army Air Corps 1848: 1847: 1718:1st Pursuit Group 1688:3d Group (Attack) 1603:10th School Group 1595:11th School Group 1505:brigadier general 1349:divisional system 1324:oak leaf clusters 1061:brigadier general 1024:1st Pursuit Group 964:Units and tactics 911:, commanding the 885:1st Aero Squadron 604:first lieutenants 552:Hiram Bingham III 409:Raynal C. Bolling 208: 207: 16:(Redirected from 6787: 6664:Army Air Service 6487: 6480: 6473: 6464: 6463: 6449: 6448: 6348:Army Air Service 6340:Aviation Section 6155:Civil Air Patrol 5885: 5884: 5873: 5872: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5714: 5713: 5687:Preceded by 5684: 5683: 5678:Internet Archive 5665:Internet Archive 5652:Internet Archive 5586:"2006 Almanac," 5582: 5580: 5579: 5562: 5522: 5516: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5498: 5487: 5454: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5333: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5285: 5273: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5139: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5080: 5074: 5067: 5061: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5021: 5012: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4978: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4929: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4829: 4826: 4820: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4794: 4791: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4648: 4639: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4618: 4607: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4550: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4385: 4383: 4375: 4366: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4346: 4340: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4273: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4233: 4227: 4222:Maurer, (1978). 4220: 4214: 4213: 4206:, pp. 36–37 4201: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4178:, pp. 32–35 4173: 4167: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4147: 4141: 4134: 4128: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4070: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4052: 4041: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4017: 4010: 4004: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3959:on 13 March 2013 3958: 3947: 3936: 3925: 3922: 3902: 3899:United Air Lines 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3829: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3796: 3790: 3783:Henry Post Field 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3713: 3707: 3688: 3682: 3675:Douglas, Arizona 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3565: 3559: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3440:2 SOS fact sheet 3428: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3340: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3113: 2953:Delmar T. Spivey 2859:Charles Nordhoff 2826:killed in action 2819:Norman Z. McLeod 2644:Eighth Air Force 2611:Civil Air Patrol 2591:Merian C. Cooper 2579:Douglas Campbell 2523:from Connecticut 2440:aerial refueling 2407:John A. Macready 2367:DeHavilland DH-4 2348:Schneider Trophy 2292:Hazelhurst Field 2122:Charles F. Curry 2098:Navy Departments 2086:Rainbow Division 2066:Great Depression 2041:Benjamin Foulois 2015:Mason M. Patrick 1878: 1877: 1655: 1654: 1410:Nogales, Arizona 1291:Douglas Campbell 1181:William L. Kenly 1160:Townsend F. Dodd 926:Douglas Campbell 812:DeHaviland DH-4B 731:Edgar S. Gorrell 726:Benjamin Foulois 710:Townsend F. Dodd 706:John J. Pershing 664:U.S. Post Office 644:Washington, D.C. 613:Clermont-Ferrand 487:William L. Kenly 432:Navy Departments 387:wings, 1917–1918 308:unity of command 287:John J. Pershing 255:executive orders 202: 194: 174:Mason M. Patrick 146:Washington, D.C. 90: 88: 87: 56: 44: 43: 21: 18:Army Air Service 6795: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6696: 6690: 6619:Royal Air Force 6598: 6592: 6538: 6532: 6496: 6491: 6461: 6456: 6436: 6427:Service numbers 6398:National Museum 6356:Army Air Forces 6323: 6317: 6285: 6279: 6237:Chief Scientist 6227:Medical Service 6222:Security Forces 6169: 6159: 6144:Security Forces 6101: 5998: 5940: 5914: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5746: 5741: 5707: 5698: 5692: 5670:The short film 5657:The short film 5644:The short film 5605: 5577: 5575: 5560: 5510: 5509: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5485: 5451: 5426:Wayback Machine 5374: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5301: 5297: 5283: 5281: 5280:. July 23, 1919 5271: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5069:Maurer Maurer, 5068: 5064: 5047: 5040: 5030: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5015: 4998: 4994: 4985: 4981: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4679: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4605: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4564: 4557: 4548: 4546: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4347: 4343: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4234: 4230: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4148: 4144: 4135: 4131: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4064: 4063: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4011: 4007: 3990: 3986: 3977: 3973: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3945: 3937: 3928: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3894:carbon monoxide 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3793: 3779:Ellington Field 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3714: 3710: 3689: 3685: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3606: 3602: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3562: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3447:Wayback Machine 3429: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3333: 3329: 3320: 3316: 3307: 3303: 3266: 3262: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3234:Alexandre Ribot 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3201: 3192: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3132:Aviation portal 3130: 3125: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3053: 3013:William Wellman 2947:Albert Spalding 2861:, co-author of 2787:Frederick Libby 2738:, film director 2616:Jimmy Doolittle 2609:, Chief of the 2531:Tenth Air Force 2527:Clayton Bissell 2478: 2463:publicity stunt 2436:Oakley G. Kelly 2373:, southeast of 2346:in winning the 2236: 2159: 2143:James E. Fechet 2037:Royal Air Force 2029: 2024: 1981: 1868: 1808:Ft. Stotsenburg 1793:October 1, 1919 1730:August 22, 1919 1722:Selfridge Field 1707:August 15, 1919 1645: 1639: 1589:in Florida and 1587:Carlstrom Field 1478:Coast Artillery 1474:Field Artillery 1431: 1345:Charles Menoher 1337: 1332: 1316:Medals of Honor 1204: 1176:, June 30, 1917 1162:, June 13, 1917 1150: 1113: 1107: 1095:Royal Air Force 966: 909:James E. Miller 881: 876: 751:Nieuport 28 in 691:J. Paul Verrees 683: 678: 672: 648:Reuben H. Fleet 632:Henry H. Arnold 525: 516:Charles Menoher 496:executive order 466: 447:methods of the 445:mass production 351: 346: 338:Main articles: 336: 211: 203: 197: 195: 168: 132: 85: 83: 59: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6793: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6700: 6698: 6695:Central Powers 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6602: 6600: 6597:Entente Powers 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6573:Fokker Scourge 6570: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6542: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6373:Airman's Creed 6370: 6368:Air Force Band 6365: 6358: 6352:Army Air Corps 6333: 6327: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6260:Basic Training 6257: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6202:Specialty Code 6199: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6179: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5994:USAFE–AFAFRICA 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5946:Major commands 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5780:Chief of Staff 5772: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5740: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5717: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5668: 5655: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5604: 5603:External links 5601: 5600: 5599: 5592: 5583: 5573:Air University 5551: 5537: 5523: 5478: 5468: 5455: 5449: 5429: 5428: 5412: 5411: 5396: 5389: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5345: 5320: 5308: 5295: 5260: 5251: 5242: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5110: 5094: 5075: 5062: 5038: 5013: 4992: 4979: 4977:, pp. 108–109. 4958: 4939: 4930: 4921: 4914: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4830: 4821: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4670: 4640: 4631: 4593: 4555: 4529: 4517: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4433: 4420: 4411: 4398: 4386: 4367: 4358: 4341: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4261: 4249: 4228: 4215: 4196: 4187: 4168: 4159: 4142: 4129: 4112: 4100: 4091: 4079: 4027: 4018: 4005: 3984: 3971: 3926: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3853: 3843: 3824: 3814: 3804: 3800:Oscar Westover 3791: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3742: 3733: 3708: 3683: 3622: 3613: 3600: 3583: 3574: 3560: 3535: 3526: 3516: 3506: 3497: 3487: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3423: 3413: 3400: 3391: 3378: 3369: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3327: 3314: 3301: 3260: 3247: 3238: 3224: 3212: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3135: 3121: 3105: 3102: 3094: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3034: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3000: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2974:, USAF General 2969: 2963: 2950: 2944: 2935: 2925: 2919: 2910: 2907:Medal of Honor 2900: 2894: 2887: 2884:Clyde Pangborn 2881: 2866: 2865: 2856: 2850: 2847:Billy Mitchell 2844: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2813:Medal of Honor 2806: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2774: 2761: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2704: 2698: 2685: 2682:Medal of Honor 2675: 2669: 2656: 2647: 2637: 2631: 2625:Etienne Dormoy 2622: 2620:Doolittle Raid 2613: 2604: 2598: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2547:Raynal Bolling 2544: 2541:Medal of Honor 2534: 2524: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2477: 2474: 2359:Rockwell Field 2250:LUSAC-11 over 2235: 2232: 2176:Naval aviation 2171:Lassiter Board 2158: 2155: 2082:War Department 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2011: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1842:August 1, 1922 1840: 1831: 1824: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1638: 1635: 1621:was set up at 1430: 1427: 1388:fighters, and 1380:scout planes, 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1229:Pont-à-Mousson 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1197:, May 29, 1918 1191: 1184: 1177: 1164: 1163: 1149: 1146: 1106: 1103: 1065:Thomas Milling 965: 962: 880: 877: 875: 872: 845:U.S. aircraft 780:Breguet 14 B.2 698:Billy Mitchell 682: 679: 671: 668: 660:Curtiss R-4LMs 564:rated officers 524: 523:Pilot training 521: 470:Gutzon Borglum 465: 462: 436:Aircraft Board 401:Woodrow Wilson 350: 347: 335: 332: 328:Army Air Corps 316:Billy Mitchell 310:difficulties. 292:Pont-à-Mousson 259:Woodrow Wilson 235:aerial warfare 209: 206: 205: 188: 182: 181: 177: 176: 172:Major General 170: 164: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 122:Aerial warfare 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 57: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6792: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6693: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6453: 6452: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6412:Air Force Two 6409: 6408:Air Force One 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6168:Personnel and 6166: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6098: 6097:Twenty-Second 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5910:Installations 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5706: 5697: 5691: 5685: 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3906: 3900: 3895: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3863: 3857: 3847: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3818: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3746: 3737: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639:Laredo, Texas 3636: 3632: 3626: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3530: 3520: 3510: 3501: 3491: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3417: 3410: 3404: 3395: 3388: 3382: 3373: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3337: 3331: 3324: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3257: 3251: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3136: 3133: 3122: 3119: 3108: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3017:film director 3014: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2841:New York City 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2799:Raoul Lufbery 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2758:Field Kindley 2756: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2730:Arthur Harvey 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2607:John F. Curry 2605: 2602: 2599: 2597:film producer 2596: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2473: 2471: 2470:Mackay Trophy 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424:Bering Strait 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2387:90th Squadron 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2240: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2214:Dwight Morrow 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2199:court-martial 2196: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2136: 2135:Mason Patrick 2132: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2049:General Staff 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1966: 1958: 1951: 1942: 1934: 1927: 1918: 1910: 1903: 1894: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1834:Mitchel Field 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1816:March 3, 1920 1815: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1785:Langley Field 1780: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623:Langley Field 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611:Chanute Field 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497:major general 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1435: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1299:Saint-Maixent 1292: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1208: 1196: 1195:Mason Patrick 1192: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1145: 1143: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1130:Harold Fowler 1125: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1073:Frank P. Lahm 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020:26th Division 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 995: 991: 987: 984: 980: 976: 971: 961: 959: 955: 945: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 871: 867: 865: 861: 857: 848: 843: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 816:Salmson 2 A.2 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 792: 789: 785: 781: 775: 771: 769: 768:Mason Patrick 766: 765:Major General 762: 754: 749: 742: 738: 734: 732: 727: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 692: 687: 677: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 636:New York City 633: 629: 624: 622: 616: 614: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 577:Great Britain 573: 572:Curtiss Jenny 567: 565: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 534: 529: 520: 517: 513: 507: 505: 499: 497: 492: 488: 484: 479: 475: 471: 461: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 413:appropriation 410: 406: 402: 393: 386: 382: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 359:tabled a bill 356: 345: 341: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 311: 309: 305: 299: 297: 293: 288: 284: 279: 277: 276:major general 273: 269: 264: 260: 257:of President 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 223:"Air Service" 220: 216: 210:Military unit 201: 193: 189: 187: 183: 178: 175: 171: 165: 160: 157: 154: 150: 147: 143: 140: 136: 130: 126: 123: 120: 116: 113: 110: 106: 103: 100: 96: 93: 92:United States 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 55: 50: 45: 40: 33: 19: 6697:air services 6655: 6599:air services 6583:Bloody April 6444: 6422:Thunderbirds 6347: 6284:Uniforms and 5936:USAF Academy 5825:2020–present 5695: 5672: 5659: 5646: 5595: 5587: 5576:. 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