Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2635: 1852: 1409:"The maintenance status of equipment in the inventory has traditionally varied, depending on a unit's priority and the presence or absence of foreign advisers and technicians. A considerable portion of military equipment is not operational, primarily as a result of shortages of spare parts, poor maintenance, and theft. For example, the tanks of the 1st Armoured Brigade often have a nonoperational rate approaching 70 to 80 percent. After a visit by a Chinese technical team in 1985, most of the tanks operated, but such an improved status generally has not lasted long beyond the departure of the visiting team. Several factors complicate maintenance in Zairian units. Maintenance personnel often lack the training necessary to maintain modern military equipment. Moreover, the wide variety of military equipment and the staggering array of spare parts necessary to maintain it not only clog the logistic network but also are expensive. 570: 1165:

inept senior leadership in the FAZ. As a result, many soldiers simply deserted rather than fight. Others stayed with their units but were ineffective. During the months following the Shaba invasion, Mobutu sought solutions to the military problems that had contributed to the army's dismal performance. He implemented sweeping reforms of the command structure, including wholesale firings of high-ranking officers. He merged the military general staff with his own presidential staff and appointed himself chief of staff again, in addition to the positions of minister of defence and supreme commander that he already held. He also redeployed his forces throughout the country instead of keeping them close to Kinshasa, as had previously been the case. The

932:(PSA). The rebellion affected Kivu and Eastern (Orientale) provinces. By August they had captured Stanleyville and set up a rebel government there. As the rebel movement spread, discipline became more difficult to maintain, and acts of violence and terror increased. Thousands of Congolese were executed, including government officials, political leaders of opposition parties, provincial and local police, school teachers, and others believed to have been Westernised. Many of the executions were carried out with extreme cruelty, in front of a monument to Lumumba in Stanleyville. Tshombe decided to use foreign mercenaries as well as the ANC to suppress the rebellion. 1780: 3013: 198: 186: 174: 779: 355: 2682:"The short term, 2008–2010, will see the setting in place of a Rapid Reaction Force; the medium term, 2008–2015, with a Covering Force; and finally the long term, 2015–2020, with a Principal Defence Force." Diemu added that the reform plan rests on a programme of synergy based on the four pillars of dissuasion, production, reconstruction and excellence. "The Rapid Reaction Force is expected to focus on dissuasion, through a Rapid Reaction Force of 12 battalions, capable of aiding MONUC to secure the east of the country and to realise constitutional missions." 2675:(on the border with Burundi) in South Kivu. The process suffered severe difficulties due to construction delays, administration errors, and the amount of travel former combatants have to do, as the three stages' centres are widely separated. There were three sequential buildup stages in the 2005 plan. Following the first 18 integrated brigades, the second goal was the formation of a ready reaction force of two to three brigades, and finally, by 2010, when MONUC was hoped to have withdrawn, the creation of a Main Defence Force of three divisions. 3059:

and no internet-accessible source details the relationship of the National Service to other armed forces bodies; it is not listed in the constitution. President Kabila, in one of the few comments available, says National Service will provide a gainful activity for street children. Obligatory civil service administered through the armed forces was also proposed under the Mobutu regime during the "radicalisation" programme of December 1974 – January 1975; the FAZ was opposed to the measure and the plan "took several months to die."

367: 3128: 1445: 391: 2647:

fighters took the choice of either returning to civilian society or remaining in the armed forces. Combatants who chose demobilisation received an initial cash payment of US$ 110. Those who chose to stay within the FARDC were then transferred to one of six integration centres for a 45-day training course, which aimed to build integrated formations out of factional fighters previously heavily divided along ethnic, political and regional lines. The centres were spread out around the country at

403: 2736: 379: 3068: 810:

authorities agreed to withdraw all their forces from the Leopoldville area by 23 July. The last Belgian troops left the country by 23 July, as United Nations forces continued to deploy throughout the Congo. The build of ONUC continued, its strength increasing to over 8,000 by 25 July and to over 11,000 by 31 July 1960. A basic agreement between the United Nations and the Congolese Government on the operation of the Force was agreed by 27 July. On 9 August,

343: 822: 2953:

makes provision for the GR as a distinct unit within the national army. In February 2005 President Joseph Kabila passed a decree which appointed the GR's commanding officer and "repealed any previous provisions contrary" to that decree. The GR, more than 10,000 strong (the ICG said 10,000 to 15,000 in January 2007), has better working conditions and is paid regularly, but still commits rapes and robberies in the vicinity of its bases.

2576: 43: 1083:) had plotted the assassination of Mobutu, high treason, and disclosure of military secrets, among other offences. The alleged coup was investigated by a revolutionary commission headed by Boyenge Mosambay Singa, at that time head of the Gendarmerie. Writing in 1988, Michael Schatzberg said the full details of the coup had yet to emerge. Meitho, writing many years later, says the officers were accused of trying to raise Mobutu's 1038:). Each was about the size of a brigade, and commanded by aging generals who have had no military training, and often not much positive experience, since they were NCOs in the Belgian Force Publique.' By the late 1970s the number of groupements reached nine, one per administrative region. The parachute division (Division des Troupes Aéroportées Renforcées de Choc, DITRAC) operated semi-independently from the rest of the army. 1091: 1157: 415: 427: 1460:; one independent armoured brigade; and two independent infantry brigades (each with three infantry battalions, one support battalion). These units were deployed throughout the country, with the main concentrations in Shaba Region (approximately half the force). The Kamanyola Division, consisting of three infantry brigades operated generally in western Shaba Region; the 21st Infantry Brigade was located in 7054: 1848:

Operations; former FARDC Intelligence Chief General Didier Etumba (ex-FAC) was promoted to vice admiral and appointed Commander of Naval Forces; Maj. General Rigobert Massamba (ex-FAC), a former commander of the Kitona air base, was appointed as Air Forces Commander; and Brig. General Jean-Claude Kifwa, commander of the Republican Guard, was appointed as a regional military commander.

1492:

looting. What operational abilities the armed forces had were gradually destroyed by politicisation of the forces, tribalisation, and division of the forces, included purges of suspectedly disloyal groups, intended to allow Mobutu to divide and rule. All this occurred against the background of increasing deterioration of state structures under the kleptocratic Mobutu regime.

909: 1903:"One of the most notable schemes was known as 'Opération Retour' (Operation Return). Senior officers ordered the soldiers' pay to be sent from Kinshasa to the commanders in the field, who took their cut and returned the remainder to their commander in Kinshasa instead of paying the soldiers. To ensure that foot soldiers would be paid their due, in late 2005, 2370:

commanders. The military regions themselves were reorganised and do not correspond with the ones that existed prior to the reshuffle. New commanders of branches were also appointed: A Congolese military analyst based in Brussels, Jean-Jacques Wondo, provided an outline of the updated command structure of the FARDC following the shake up of the high command:

1985: 790:. This called upon Belgium to remove its troops and for the UN to provide military assistance to the Congolese forces to allow them "to meet fully their tasks". Lumumba demanded that Belgium remove its troops immediately, threatening to seek help from the Soviet Union if they did not leave within two days. The UN reacted quickly and established the 3097:, of which not all are operational. 1 Air Group is located at Kinshasa and consists of Liaison Wing, Training Wing and Logistical Wing and has a strength of five squadrons. 2 Tactical Air Group is located at Kaminia and consists of Pursuit and Attack Wing and Tactical Transport Wing and has a strength of four squadrons. Foreign 1626:, and former FAZ personnel. Mixing these disparate and formerly warring elements together led to mutiny. On 23 February 1998, a mostly Banyamulenge unit mutiniued at Bukavu after its officers tried to disperse the soldiers into different units spread all around the Congo. By mid-1998, formations on the outbreak of the 1800:

incorporation of a number of armed groups into the FARDC, including the former government army Forces Armées Congolaises (FAC), ex-FAZ personnel also known as former President Mobutu's 'les tigres', the RCD-Goma, RCD-ML, RCD-N, MLC, the Mai-Mai, as well as other government-determined military and paramilitary groups.

1828:. Neither government figure did anything to prevent Nkunda's march south to Bukavu with his military force. In mid-December, civilians at Kanyabayonga, Buramba, and Nyabiondo in North Kivu were killed, tortured, and raped, seemingly deliberately targeted on ethic grounds (the victims came almost exclusively from the 1736:

behind the FAC's poor performance, with soldiers frequently going unpaid and unfed while the Government purchased advanced weaponry which could not be operated or maintained. The defeats in 2000 are believed to have been the cause of President Kabila's assassination in January 2001. Following the assassination,

2810:. Thirty T-55s and 100 T-72 were listed in 2007, thus little new information has reached the IISS in the intervening seven years. In 2022 the IISS listed the 12-17 Type 59s, marking them as often unserviceable; the 32 T-55s; 100 T-72s, but marking them as T-72AVs, and, in addition, 25 T-64BV-1s (page 465). 2626:

It appears that about the same time that Presidential Decree 03/042 of 18 December 2003 established the National Commission for Demobilisation and Reinsertion (CONADER), "..all ex-combatants were officially declared as FARDC soldiers and the then FARDC brigades rest deployed until the order to leave

1907:

suggested separating the chain of command from the chain of payment. The former remained within Congolese hands, while the EU mission delivered salaries directly to the newly 'integrated' brigades. Although efficient in the short term, this solution raises the question of sustainability and ownership

1412:

The most important factor that negatively affects maintenance is the low and irregular pay that soldiers receive, resulting in the theft and sale of spare parts and even basic equipment to supplement their meager salaries. When not stealing spare parts and equipment, maintenance personnel often spend

952:

colonel, Lamouline. By August 1964, the mercenaries, with the assistance of other ANC troops, were making headway against the Simba rebellion. Fearing defeat, the rebels started taking hostages of the local white population in areas under their control. These hostages were rescued in Belgian airdrops

646:

had always only been officered by Belgian or other expatriate whites. The Belgian Government made no effort to train Congolese commissioned officers until the very end of the colonial period, and in 1958, only 23 African cadets had been admitted even to the military secondary school. The highest rank

555:

The legal standing of the FARDC was laid down in the Transitional Constitution, articles 118 and 188. This was then superseded by provisions in the 2006 Constitution, articles 187 to 192. Law 04/023 of 12 November 2004 establishes the General Organisation of Defence and the Armed Forces. In mid-2010,

3218:

As of 2012, the Navy on paper consisted of about 6,700 personnel and up to 23 patrol craft. The IISS repeated the same 6,700 figure in 2018 (p457) and the 2020 edition carried the same number, unchanged. In reality, The IISS lists the Navy only consists of around 1,000 personnel and a total of eight

3161:

described the Navy as being "in a state of near total disarray" and stated that it did not conduct any training or have operating procedures. The Navy shares the same discipline problems as the other services. It was initially placed under command of the MLC when the transition began, so the current

2952:

or GR), formerly known as the Special Presidential Security Group (GSSP). FARDC military officials state that the Garde Républicaine is not the responsibility of FARDC, but of the Head of State. Apart from Article 140 of the Law on the Army and Defence, no legal stipulation on the DRC's Armed Forces

1859:

Due to significant delays in the DDR and integration process, of the eighteen brigades, only seventeen have been declared operational, over two and a half years after the initial target date. Responding to the situation, the Congolese Minister of Defence presented a new defence reform master plan to

1743:

The December 2002 Global and All-Inclusive Agreement devoted Chapter VII to the armed forces. It stipulated that the armed forces chief of staff, and the chiefs of the army, air force, and navy were not to come from the same warring faction. The new "national, restructured and integrated" army would

1605:

what was the actual army command structure apart from himself, Kabila answered 'We are not going to expose ourselves and risk being destroyed by showing ourselves openly... . We are careful so that the true masters of the army are not known. It is strategic. Please, let us drop the matter.' Kabila's

1199:

Military Balance, the FAZ included 14 infantry battalions, seven "Guard" battalions, and seven other infantry battalions variously designated as "parachute" (or possibly "commando"; probably the units of the parachute brigade originally formed in 1968). There were also an armoured car regiment and a

1164:

The poor performance of Zaire's military during Shaba I gave evidence of chronic weaknesses. One problem was that some of the Zairian soldiers in the area had not received pay for extended periods. Senior officers often kept the money intended for the soldiers, typifying a generally disreputable and

1063:

A large number of countries supported the FAZ in the early 1970s. Three hundred Belgian personnel were serving as staff officers and advisors throughout the Ministry of Defence, Italians were supporting the Air Force, Americans were assisting with transport and communications, Israelis with airborne

893:

In early January 1961, ANC units loyal to Lumumba invaded northern Katanga to support a revolt of Baluba tribesmen against Tshombe's secessionist regime. On 23 January 1961, Kasa-Vubu promoted Mobutu to major-general; De Witte argues that this was a political move, "aimed to strengthen the army, the

829:

During the crucial period of July–August 1960, Mobutu built up "his" national army by channeling foreign aid to units loyal to him, by exiling unreliable units to remote areas, and by absorbing or dispersing rival armies. He tied individual officers to him by controlling their promotion and the flow

4217:

Thomas Turner, Chapter 14: Flying High Above the Toads: Mobutu and Stalemated Democracy, in John F. Clark, David E. Gardinier, Political Reform in Francophone Africa, Westview Press, Boulder, CO., 1997, 248, citing Diocese of Idiofa, "Le soulèvement dit Kasongo", La vie diocésaine d'Idiofa, no. 2 (

2925:

The United Nations confirmed in 2011, both from sources in the Congolese military and from officials of the Commission nationale de contrôle des armes légères et de petit calibre et de réduction de la violence armée, that the ammunition plant called Afridex in Likasi, Katanga Province, manufactures

2646:

The reform plan adopted in 2005 envisaged the formation of eighteen integrated brigades through the military integration process as its first of three stages. The process consisted firstly of regroupment, where fighters are disarmed. Then they were sent to orientation centres, run by CONADER, where

1819:

in North Kivu. In May–June 2004 Mutebusi led a revolt against his superiors from Kinshasa in South Kivu. Nkunda began his long series of revolts against central authority by helping Mutebusi in May–June 2004. In November 2004 a Rwandan government force entered North Kivu to attack the FDLR, and, it

1755:

A decision on which factions were to name chiefs of staff and military regional commanders was announced on 19 August 2003 as the first move in military reform, superimposed on top of the various groups of fighters, government and former rebels. Negotiations had been ongoing since June 2003. Kabila

988:

As a general rule, since that time, the armed forces have not intervened in politics as a body, rather being tossed and turned as ambitious men have shaken the country. In reality, the larger problem has been the misuse and sometimes abuse of the military and police by political and ethnic leaders.

798:. Because the Congolese army had been in disarray since the mutiny, Lumumba wanted to use the UN troops to subdue Katanga by force. Lumumba became extremely frustrated with the UN's unwillingness to use force against Tshombe and his secession. He cancelled a scheduled meeting with Secretary General 738:

On 8–9 July 1960, the soldiers were invited to appoint black officers, and "command of the army passed securely into the hands of former sergeants," as the soldiers in general chose the most-educated and highest-ranked Congolese army soldiers as their new officers. Most of the Belgian officers were

3058:

Finally there is a government paramilitary force, created in 1997 under President Laurent Kabila. The National Service is tasked with providing the army with food and with training the youth in a range of reconstruction and developmental activities. There is not much further information available,

2996:

The GR is also supposed to undergo the integration process, but in January 2007, only one battalion had been announced as having been integrated. Formed at a brassage centre in the Kinshasa suburb of Kibomango, the battalion included 800 men, half from the former GSSP and half from the MLC and RCD

1416:

The army's logistics corps .. to provide logistic support and conduct direct, indirect, and depot-level maintenance for the FAZ. But because of Zaire's lack of emphasis on maintenance and logistics, a lack of funding, and inadequate training, the corps is understaffed, underequipped, and generally

5050:

and is a reformation of a grouping with the same name that was active in the 1980s and potentially before. Claude Lambert, "L'Ecole de Formation d'Officiers 1969–1990", Militaria Belge 2007–08, Societe Royale des Amies du Musee de l'Armée, Brussels, 2008, pp. 267 onwards. For a brief biography of

3939: 2731:

Both formally integrated brigades and the non-integrated units continue to conduct arbitrary arrests, rapes, robbery, and other crimes and these human rights violations are "regularly" committed by both officers and members of the rank and file. Members of the Army also often strike deals to gain

1491:

This superficially impressive list of units overstates the actual capability of the armed forces at the time. Apart from privileged formations such as the Presidential Division and the 31st Airborne Brigade, most units were poorly trained, divided and so badly paid that they regularly resorted to

1231:

Thomas Turner wrote in the mid-1990s that "ajor acts of violence, such as the killings that followed the "Kasongo uprising" in Bandundu Region in 1978, the killings of diamond miners in Kasai-Oriental Region in 1979, and, more recently, the massacre of students in Lubumbashi in 1990, continued to

520:

are attempting to create a viable force with the ability to provide the Democratic Republic of Congo with stability and security. However, this process is being hampered by corruption, inadequate donor coordination, and competition between donors. The various military units now grouped under the

1735:

The Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement was not successful in ending the war, and fighting resumed in September 1999. The FAC's performance continued to be poor and both the major offensives the Government launched in 2000 ended in costly defeats. President Kabila's mismanagement was an important factor

1056:, Ingila Grima, Itambo Kambala Wa Mukina, Tshinyama Mpemba, and General de Division Yossa Yi Ayira, the last having been commander of the Kamina base, were all retired on 25 July 1972. Taking over as military commander-in-chief, now titled Captain General, was newly promoted General de Division 900:

of 21 February 1961, called for the withdrawal of Belgian officers from command positions in the ANC, and the training of new Congolese officers with UN help. ONUC made a number of attempts to retrain the ANC from August 1960 to June 1963, often been set back by political changes. By March 1963

1975:

On 10 July 2024, a military court in North Kivu sentenced 25 soldiers to death for charges including theft, fleeing the enemy, and violating orders after a one-day trial. These soldiers were accused of abandoning their posts during fights against the Rwanda-backed M23 rebels. Additionally, one

965:

airlifted by U.S. aircraft. The operation coincided with the arrival of mercenary units (seemingly including the hurriedly formed 5th Mechanised Brigade) at Stanleyville which was quickly captured. It took until the end of the year to completely put down the remaining areas of rebellion during

881:

was chosen as the new prime minister and began trying to form a new government. Lumumba and his cabinet responded by accusing Kasa-Vubu of high treason and voted to dismiss him. Parliament refused to confirm the dismissal of either Lumumba or Kasavubu and sought to bring about a reconciliation

2747:

has been described as "pretty chaotic." A 2007 disarmament and repatriation study said "army units that have not yet gone through the process of brassage are usually much smaller than what they ought to be. Some non-integrated brigades have only 500 men (and are thus nothing more than a small

1891:

in the area of Goma, the consequent food shortages, and loss of infrastructure from the years of conflict. In 2009, several United Nations officials stated that the army is a major problem, largely due to corruption that results in food and pay meant for soldiers being diverted and a military

3108:

Like the other services, the Congolese Air Force is not capable of carrying out its responsibilities. Few of the Air Force's aircraft are currently flyable or capable of being restored to service and it is unclear whether the Air Force is capable of maintaining even unsophisticated aircraft.

2369:

In September 2014, President Kabila reshuffled the command structure and in addition to military regions created three new 'defence zones' which would be subordinated directly to the general staff. The defence zones essentially created a new layer between the general staff and the provincial

809:

A total of 3,500 troops for ONUC had arrived in the Congo by 20 July 1960. The first contingent of Belgian forces had left Leopoldville on 16 July upon the arrival of the United Nations troops. Following assurances that contingents of the Force would arrive in sufficient numbers, the Belgian

1847:

retained his post as Land Forces commander. John Numbi, a trusted member of Kabila's inner circle, was shifted from air force commander to Police Inspector General. U.S. diplomats reported that the former Naval Forces Commander Maj. General Amuli Bahigua (ex-MLC) became the FARDC's Chief of

2790:

Attempting to list the equipment available to the DRC's land forces is difficult; most figures are unreliable estimates based on known items delivered in the past. The figures below are from the IISS Military Balance 2014. Much of the Army's equipment is non-operational due to insufficient

3038:

Groups of anti-Rwandan government rebels like the FDLR, and other foreign fighters remain inside the DRC. The FDLR which is the greatest concern, was some 6,000 strong, in July 2007. By late 2010 the FDLR's strength however was estimated at 2,500. The other groups are smaller: the Ugandan

1591:

broke out, and had to be quickly returned to Tanzania. Prunier said "South African aircraft carried out the evacuation after a personal conversation between President Mkapa and not-yet-president Thabo Mbeki. Command over the armed forces in the first few months of Kabila's rule was vague.

1799:

DDR element and military reform programme. The first post-Sun City military law appears to have been passed on 12 November 2004, which formally created the new national Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC). Included in this law was article 45, which recognised the

762:

mutiny at Camp Massart, in Elizabethville, on 9 July 1960; five or seven Europeans were killed. The army revolt and resulting rumours caused severe panic across the country, and Belgium despatched troops and the naval Task Group 218.2 to protect its citizens. Belgian troops intervened in

1079:; Fallu Sumbu, Military Attaché of Zaïre in Washington, Colonel Mudiayi wa Mudiayi, the military attaché of Zaïre in Paris, the military attache in Brussels, a paracommando battalion commander, and several others. The regime alleged these officers and others (including Mobutu's 2707:

between the FAC and Nkunda brigades in North Kivu, without further integration. Due to Nkunda's troops having greater cohesion, Nkunda effectively gained control of all five brigades, which was not the intention of the DRC central government. However, after Nkunda used the

2360:: Major Mbuja Mabe (PPRD). General Pacifique Masunzu, in 2010. Region included 112th Brigade on Minembwe plateuxes. This grouping was "an almost exclusively Banyamulenge brigade under the direct command of the 10th Military Region, consider General Masunzu as its leader." 1726:

would form the seventh and eighth regions, respectively. In November 1999 the Government attempted to form a 20,000-strong paramilitary force designated the People's Defence Forces. This force was intended to support the FAC and national police but never became effective.

2716:, strains arose between the FARDC and Nkunda-loyalist troops within the brigades and they fell apart in the last days of August 2007. The International Crisis Group says that "by 30 August Nkunda's troops had left the mixed brigades and controlled a large part of the 5440: 1413:

the better part of their duty day looking for other ways to profit. American maintenance teams working in Zaire found that providing a free lunch to the work force was a good, sometimes the only, technique to motivate personnel to work at least half of the duty day.

2042:, up from the previous eight, following the ten provinces of the country. There is also a training command, the Groupement des Écoles Supérieurs Militaires (GESM) or Group of Higher Military Schools, which, in January 2010, was under the command of Major General 4676:

Tutsi; military training in Rwanda; became RCD-Goma commander of North Kivu Military Region; named Brigadier General in FARDC 20 December 2003 and appointed commander of 8 MR North Kivu; moved to command 5 MR Kasai Oriental after December 2004 events. Omosombo,

1851: 2242:

Virtually all officers have now changed positions, but this list gives an outline of the structure in January 2005. Despite the planned subdivision of the country into more numerous provinces, the actual splitting of the former provinces has not taken place.

671:

Historian Louis-François Vanderstraeten says that on the morning of 8 July 1960, following a night during which all control had been lost over the soldiers, numerous ministers arrived at Camp Leopold with the aim of calming the situation. Both Prime Minister

3936: 5930: 1748:-N, RCD-ML, and the Mai-Mai would become part of the new armed forces. An intermediate mechanism for physical identification of the soldiers, and their origin, date of enrolment, and unit was also called for (VII(c)). It also provided for the creation of a 2956:

In an effort to extend his personal control across the country, Joseph Kabila has deployed the GR at key airports, ostensibly in preparation for an impending presidential visit. At the beginning of 2007 there were Guards deployed in the central prison of

1689:

which was signed in July 1999. Following the Lusaka Agreement, in mid-August 1999 President Kabila issued a decree dividing the country into eight military regions. The first military region, Congolese state television reported, would consist of the two

1528:(AFDL) in invading Zaire, aiming to stop the attacks on Rwanda in the process of toppling Mobutu's government. When the militias rebelled, backed by Rwanda, the FAZ, weakened as is noted above, proved incapable of mastering the situation and preventing 484:

The majority of FARDC members are land forces, but it also has a small air force and an even smaller navy. In 2010–2011 the three services may have numbered between 144,000 and 159,000 personnel. In addition, there is a presidential force called the

3024:(MONUSCO) on 31 March 2017 had a strength of over 18,316 peacekeepers (including 16,215 military personnel) and is tasked with assisting Congolese authorities to maintain security. The UN and foreign military aid missions, the most prominent being 1456:, the 25,000-member FAZ ground forces consisted of one infantry division (with three infantry brigades); one airborne brigade (with three parachute battalions and one support battalion); one special forces (commando/counterinsurgency) brigade; the 1653:, the FAC performed poorly throughout the Second Congo War and "demonstrated little skill or recognisable military doctrine". At the outbreak of the war in 1998 the Army was ineffective and the DRC Government was forced to rely on assistance from 865:

decided to request Soviet help. De Witte writes that "Leopoldville asked the Soviet Union for planes, lorries, arms, and equipment...Shortly afterwards, on 22 or 23 August, about 1,000 soldiers left for Kasai." On 26–27 August, the ANC seized

1173:. In addition to these changes, the army's strength was reduced by 25 percent. Also, Zaire's allies provided a large influx of military equipment, and Belgian, French, and American advisers assisted in rebuilding and retraining the force. 2686:

Amid the other difficulties in building new armed forces for the DRC, in early 2007 the integration and training process was distorted as the DRC government under Kabila attempted to use it to gain more control over the dissident general

680:

eventually arrived, and the soldiers listened to Kasa-Vubu "religiously." After his speech, Kasa-Vubu and the ministers present retired into the camp canteen to hear a delegation from the soldiers. Vanderstraeten says that, according to

1912:

In 2010, thirty FARDC officers were given scholarships to study in Russian military academies. This is part of a greater effort by Russia to help improve the FARDC. A new military attaché and other advisers from Russia visited the DRC.

767:(11 July), Leopoldville (13 July) and elsewhere. There were immediate suspicions that Belgium planned to re-seize their former colony whilst doing so. Large numbers of Belgian colonists fled the country. At the same time, on 11 July, 599:

as his private property, ordered his Secretary of the Interior to create military and police forces for the state. In 1908, under international pressure, Leopold ceded administration of the colony to the government of Belgium as the

1860:

the international community in February 2008. Essentially the three force tiers all had their readiness dates pushed back: the first, territorial forces, to 2008–12, the mobile force to 2008–10, and the main defence force to 2015.

3021: 2233:

The available information on armed forces' Chiefs of Staff is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. In addition to armed forces chiefs of staff, in 1966 Lieutenant Colonel Ferdinand Malila was listed as Army Chief of Staff.

1068:(MPR), resolved at a party congress to form activist cells in each military unit. The decision caused consternation among the officer corps, as the army had been apolitical (and even anti-political) since before independence. 8066: 5433: 3028:, are attempting to assist the Congolese in rebuilding the armed forces, with major efforts being made in trying to assure regular payment of salaries to armed forces personnel and also in military justice. Retired Canadian 1113:(FNLA). On 10 November 1975, an anti-Communist force made up of 1,500 FNLA fighters, 100 Portuguese Angolan soldiers, and two FAZ battalions passed near the city of Quifangondo, only 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of 1596:

writes that "there was no minister of defence, no known chief of staff, and no ranks; all officers were Cuban-style 'commanders' called 'Ignace', 'Bosco', Jonathan', or 'James', who occupied connecting suites at the

5927: 1551:

mercenaries and Rwandan Hutu militiamen were not enough to make up for the FAZ's lack of fighting spirit. After the war, elements of the Mobutu-loyal FAZ managed to retreat into northern Congo, and from there into

4702:

U.S. Embassy Kinshasa, 07KINSHASA655 Kabila Replaces Kisempia As Chief of Congolese Defense Forces, 13 June 2007 (UNCLAS/FOUO). See also 07KINSHASA534, Congolese Military Replaces Commander in North Kivu, 16 May

1908:

in the long term. Once soldiers' pay could no longer be siphoned off via 'Opération Retour', however, two other budgetary lines, the 'fonds de ménage' and logistical support to the brigades, were soon diverted."

7126: 2836:

armoured cars, 19 EE-9 Cascavel; 2 RAM-V-2. In 2022 the IISS listed "up to 52" reconnaissance vehicles, including the "up to 17" AML-60s; and unchanged numbers of AML-90s, the EE-9s, and the two RAM-V-2s (page

2751:

A number of outside donor countries are also carrying out separate training programmes for various parts of the Forces Terrestres (Land Forces). The People's Republic of China has trained Congolese troops at

6256: 1129:

began. The Cubans and MPLA fighters bombarded the FNLA with mortar and 122 mm rockets, destroying most of the FNLA's armoured cars and six Jeeps carrying antitank rockets in the first hour of fighting.

5205: 2921:

to the DRC for $ 4 million. The vehicles were specifically designed for reconnaissance and special operations. Two of the vehicles are a recently developed conversion to serve for medical field evacuation.

4840: 2085:

described Ntolo as a "scapegoat". Wetshi said that all key military and security questions were handled in total secrecy by the President and other civil and military personalities trusted by him, such as

655:

in Brussels in May, they were not scheduled to graduate as second lieutenants until 1963. Ill-advised actions by Belgian officers led to an enlisted ranks' rebellion on 5 July 1960, which helped spark the

5221:

Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (S/2009/335), 30 June 2009, paragraph 3. For Bahigwa, see Omosombo, 2009,

2785: 1924:. In December 2012 it was reported that members of Army units in the north east of the country are often not paid due to corruption, and these units rarely counter attacks made against villages by the 2764:

in Washington D.C., he also asked the U.S. Government to train a battalion, and as a result, a private contractor, Protection Strategies Incorporated, started training a FARDC battalion at Camp Base,

7429: 2228: 1958:

of the North Kivu province. In the process, they liberated over 20 villages and a mine from the control of two rebel groups, the Mai Mai Cheka and the Alliance for the Sovereign and Patriotic Congo.

1638:, and the 10th Brigade – one of the best and largest units in the army – stationed in Goma, as well as the 12th Brigade in Bukavu. The declaration of the 10th Brigade's commander, former DSP officer 257: 3937:

Report On The Solidarity Workshop of Defence Officers from Southern African Countries and Members of the DRC Defence Force, Grand Hotel, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 17–19 May, 2004

1836:

ethnic groups). Kabila despatched 10,000 government troops to the east in response, launching an operation 11 December that was called "Operation Bima". Its only major success was the capture of

3085:

All military aircraft in the DRC are operated by the Air Force. In 2007, Jane's World Air Forces stated that the Air Force had an estimated strength of 1,800 personnel and is organised into two

905:, and the resulting "Greene Plan", the pattern of bilaterally agreed military assistance to various Congolese military components, instead of a single unified effort, was already taking shape. 6036: 2030:

Below the Chief of Staff, the current organisation of the FARDC is not fully clear. There is known to be a Military Intelligence branch – Service du Renseignement militaire (SRM), the former

1961:

The UN published a report in October 2017 announcing that the FARDC no longer employed child soldiers but was still listed under militaries that committed sexual violations against children.

802:

on 14 August and wrote a series of angry letters instead. To Hammarskjöld, the secession of Katanga was an internal Congolese matter and the UN was forbidden to intervene by Article 2 of the

4819: 4807:

Caty Clement, "EUSEC RD Congo", in Esra Bulut & Giovanni Grevi, European Security and Defence Policy: The First Ten Years (1999–2009) (Paris: Institute for Security Studies, 2009), 247.

60: 5973: 4466:, Vol. 11, No. 1 (A), February 1999. Jane's Defence Weekly, repeating a defence ministry announcement, reported it was conducting 'special security patrols' in Kinshasa as of 24 June 1998. 7309: 7199: 4895: 5024: 5765: 5947: 4972: 3211:, a coastal city near Matadi. Various sources also refer to numbered Naval Regions. Operations of the 1st Naval Region have been reported in Kalemie, the 4th near the northern city of 540:

in the east, and to assist the government in reconstruction. Foreign rebel groups are also in the Congo, as they have been for most of the last half-century. The most important is the

4484:

Herbert Weiss, War and Peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Political Evolution in Rwanda and Burundi, 1998–1999, Nordic Africa Institute, 2000, p. 13. See web reference at

1820:

seems, reinforced and resupplied RCD-Goma (ANC) at the same time. Mutebutsi and Nkunda were seemingly supported by both the Rwandan government, the FARDC regional commander, General

7453: 7163: 3025: 7951: 2023:

hosts the defence department and the Chiefs of Staff central command headquarters of the FARDC. Jane's data from 2002 appears inaccurate; there is at least one ammunition plant in

7324: 3272: 2899:

In addition to these 2014 figures, in March 2010, it was reported that the DRC's land forces had ordered US$ 80 million worth of military equipment from Ukraine which included 20

1287: 17: 3737:

Gordon McDonald et al, U.S. Army Area Handbook for the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville) , June 1962, p. 620. For more on the separating armed units, see Jean-Claude Willame,

3000:

Up until June 2016, the GR comprised three brigades, the 10th Brigade at Camp Tshatshi and the 11th at Camp Kimbembe, both in Kinshasa, and the 13th Brigade at Camp Simi Simi in

7475: 7263: 6138: 1601:

and had presidential list cell-phone numbers. None spoke French or Lingala, but all spoke Kinyarwanda, Swahili, and, quite often, English." On being asked by Belgian journalist

1370: 1340: 668:

commander, wrote during a meeting of soldiers that 'Before independence=After Independence', pouring cold water on the soldiers' desires for an immediate raise in their status.

731:

as chief of staff; and the Belgian, Colonel Henniquiau, as chief advisor to the ANC". Thus General Janssens was dismissed. Both Lundula and Mobutu were former sergeants of the

7698: 4871: 2258:

appears to have been appointed to the position in August 2006, and retained this position during the personnel reshuffle of 12 June 2007. In November 2012 he was succeeded by

1324: 5857: 3223:

designated "102". There are five other 062s as well as two Swiftships which are not currently operational, though some may be restored to service in the future. According to

870:, Albert Kalonji's capital in South Kasai, without serious resistance and, according to de Witte, "in the next two days it temporarily put an end to the secession of Kasai." 7122: 6666: 4208:

See Ordonnance-loi No. 84-036 du 28 Aout 1984 portant creation et organisation de la Garde Civile du Zaire, Agence Zaire Presse, 29 August 1984. See also Meitho 2001, 44–49.

3101:

have reportedly been contracted to provide the DRC's aerial reconnaissance capability using small propeller aircraft fitted with sophisticated equipment. Jane's states that

4441:

Memorandum de la Communaute Banyamulenge a Son Excellence le President de la Republique Democratique du Congo, eut egard a la situation securitaire qui prevaut au Sud Kivu,

1843:

There was another major personnel reshuffle on 12 June 2007. FARDC chief General Kisempia Sungilanga Lombe was replaced with General Dieudonne Kayembe Mbandankulu. General

7189: 3004:. It was reorganised on the basis of eight fighting regiments, the 14th Security and Honor Regiment, an artillery regiment, and a command brigade/regiment from that time. 842:. Despite this, by September 1960, following the four-way division of the country, there were four separate armed forces: Mobotu's ANC itself, numbering about 12,000, the 5270: 1752:(Superior Defence Council) which would declare states of siege or war and give advice on security sector reform, disarmament/demobilization, and national defence policy. 3109:

Moreover, Jane's stated that the Air Force's Ecole de Pilotage is 'in near total disarray' though Belgium has offered to restart the Air Force's pilot training program.

5740: 7533: 7463: 7344: 7319: 4235: 2634: 525: 2191:

Military Justice is an independent institution under the judiciary, responsible for upholding the law and strengthening order and discipline within the Armed Forces.

8578: 7599: 7513: 7390: 7334: 2546: 2266: 1765: 1525: 6253: 4346: 7745: 7557: 5202: 2487: 107: 4836: 2691:. A hastily negotiated verbal agreement in Rwanda saw three government FAC brigades integrated with Nkunda's former ANC 81st and 83rd Brigades in what was called 1920:

due to an inquiry into his alleged role in the sale of arms to various rebel groups in the eastern part of the country, which may have implicated the rebel group

7672: 7528: 7419: 2346:(RCD). General Amisi, a.k.a. "Tango Fort" now appears to be Chief of Staff of the Land Forces. Brig. Gen. Vainqueur Mayala was Commander 8th MR in September 2008 79: 3326: 978: 7470: 7329: 7304: 4914: 2001: 1639: 245: 7111: 6276: 5186: 7395: 7380: 7314: 7156: 5911: 1685:

and the rebel forces south-west of Kinshasa and eventually halted the rebel and Rwandan offensive in the east of the DRC. These successes contributed to the

1575:

When Kabila took power in 1997, the country was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo and so the name of the national army changed once again, to the

1437:

and Mobutu deliberately allowed the military's condition to deteriorate so that it did not threaten his hold on power. Protesting low wages and lack of pay,

5372: 5043: 86: 7609: 7584: 7446: 7407: 7375: 7370: 5416: 5328: 4487: 1936: 1075:

Amongst those arrested were Générals Daniel Katsuva wa Katsuvira, Land Forces Chief of Staff, Utshudi Wembolenga, Commandant of the 2nd Military Region at

945: 5661: 3853:

House, 1978, 153–154, drawing upon United Nations Secretariat, 'Annual Report of the Secretary General, June 1962 to June 1963, UN document A/5501, 14–15.

7503: 7412: 5785:, "A multinational road to army reform", 24 July 2009, p. 9, and Reuters, "Factbox: International efforts at military reform in Congo", 23 December 2009. 5069: 2945: 2935: 2570: 1433:

The poor state of discipline of the Congolese forces became apparent again in 1990. Foreign military assistance to Zaire ceased following the end of the

486: 179: 6458: 7662: 7574: 7569: 7436: 7402: 2776:, raping women and young girls, looting, and carrying out arbitrary executions. The various international training programmes are not well integrated. 2294: 2043: 642:

At independence on 30 June 1960, the army suffered from a dramatic deficit of trained leaders, particularly in the officer corps. This was because the

93: 7619: 7604: 7589: 7543: 7458: 7385: 7292: 5353: 4989: 3080: 2095: 1821: 233: 191: 6104: 6044: 1117:, at dawn on 10 November. The force, supported by South African aircraft and three 140 mm artillery pieces, marched in a single line along the 1053: 532:), which currently has a strength of over 16,000 peacekeepers in the country. Its principal tasks are to provide security in key areas, such as the 7780: 7657: 7614: 7358: 7339: 7149: 6349: 5546:

Garrett, Nicholas; Sergiou, Sylvia; Koen Vlassenroot (2008). "Negotiated peace for extortion: the case of Walikale territory in eastern DR Congo".

4027:

Jean-Jacques WONDO OMANYUNDU, DE LA FORCE PUBLIQUE AUX FARDC : ANATOMIE D'UNE ARMEE VIRTUELLE INTRAVERTIE ET PERVERTIE IIIème PARTIE, pp. 3–4.

2328:: Brigadier-General Nzambe Alengbia (MLC) – 62nd, 63rd, and 67th Brigades in Katanga have committed numerous acts of sexual violence against women. 2286:, and other courses while in the FAZ. Brigade commander in the MLC, then named in August 2003 "chef d'etat-major en second" of the FARDC air force. 1904: 992:

On 16 May 1968 a parachute brigade of two regiments (each of three battalions) was formed which eventually was to grow in size to a full division.

4816: 4222:

2, no. 6 (1982):72–106; V. Digekisa Piluka, Le massacre de Lubumbashi: Zaïre 11–12 mai 1990: Dossier d'un témoin-accusé (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993.

7691: 7634: 7538: 7491: 7181: 5977: 2769: 75: 8135:

Alliances sometimes changed dramatically over the course of the wars. Some groups may be associated with multiple, ostensibly opposed factions.

6691: 4892: 1149:

in the form of regular troops who routed the MPLA and their Cuban advisors out of Katanga. Also important were Egyptian pilots who flew Zaire's

8020: 7939: 7642: 7594: 7518: 5501: 5041:

Decret 106/2002 portant création d’un groupement des écoles supérieures militaires des Forces armées congolaises. (Présidence de la République)

5031: 2760:

from at least 2004 to 2009, and the Belgian government is training at least one "rapid reaction" battalion. When Kabila visited U.S. President

1880: 897: 787: 541: 449: 5762: 2612: 7667: 7624: 7579: 7258: 6411: 5951: 4969: 3196: 1106: 1057: 8387: 6074: 5127: 2591:

integration process (see next paragraph) and a limited number of non-integrated brigades that remain solely made up of single factions (the

2163:

The General Secretariat for Defence: is headed by a General Officer (Secretary General for Defence). He oversees the following departments:

604:. It remained under the command of a Belgian officer corps through to the independence of the colony in 1960. Throughout 1916 and 1917, the 569: 8164: 7738: 7652: 5092: 4947: 3140: 1784: 715:

writes that "...the special meeting of the council of ministers took steps for the immediate Africanisation of the officer corps and named

203: 5467: 1517: 883: 8307: 7910: 7001:

Stephen Rookes, "Ripe for Rebellion: Political and Military Insurgency in the Congo, 1946-1964," Africa@War #51, Helion & Co., c2021.

6568: 5051:

Lukama, seemingly under an alternate name, 'Max Musikani Lukama', see Jean Omasombo, RDC: Biography des acteurs de troiseme republique,

3264: 7970: 7802: 6503: 6307:, 17 May 2007. The HR report stated a Goma student was shot by a soldier of the 5th Naval Region for refusing to hand over a cellphone. 5796: 6135: 711:

The "laborious" discussions which then followed were later retrospectively given the label of an "extraordinary ministerial council."

8247: 7707: 7441: 6010: 5826: 4863: 4618: 1464:; the 13th Infantry Brigade was deployed throughout eastern Shaba; and at least one battalion of the 31st Airborne Brigade stayed at 31: 6480: 4459: 2419:

Navy deputy chief of staff for operations and intelligence: Rear Adm. Jean-Marie Valentin Linguma Mata Linguma (Vice Adm. from 2018)

1500:

Much of the origins of the recent conflict in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo stems from the turmoil following the

794:(ONUC). The first UN troops arrived the next day but there was instant disagreement between Lumumba and the UN over the new force's 8004: 6494: 5256:

in 2002. Named commander of 1st Military Region in August 2003 and confirmed in the post in October 2006. Became base commander at

5167: 3648: 830:

of money for payrolls. Researchers working from the 1990s have concluded that money was directly funnelled to the army by the U.S.

6359: 4311: 4130: 100: 8462: 7731: 7712: 1623: 1134: 7228: 5950:[For the first time in the history of Georgia, Georgian armored vehicles were sold abroad]. 23 June 2015. Archived from 5601: 4498: 2432:

Air Force deputy chief of staff for operations and intelligence: Brig. Gen. Maurice René Diasuka Diakiyana (Maj. Gen. from 2018)

1583:

sent six hundred military advisors to train Kabila's new army in May 1997. (Prunier says that the instructors were still at the

1065: 8417: 7895: 7086:"Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence" 5277: 4272: 2073:, Operation Umoja Wetu; the regular chain of command was by-passed. Previously Numbi negotiated the agreement to carry out the 1642:, on 2 August 1998 that he no longer recognised Kabila as the state's president was one of the factors in the beginning of the 1035: 3676: 1133:

Mobutu's support for the FNLA policy backfired when the MPLA won in Angola. The MPLA, then, acting ostensibly at least as the

1109:(MPLA)'s drive for power, deployed FAZ armoured cars, paratroopers, and three infantry battalions to Angola in support of the 8402: 6863: 6650: 4547: 4344:

Congo-Zaire's 1996–97 Civil War in the Context of Evolving Patterns of Military Conflict in Africa in the Era of Independence

4232: 3410: 2435:

Air Force deputy chief of staff for administration and logistics: Brig. Gen. Jean-Paul Nganguele Mutali (Maj. Gen. from 2018)

1772:

and the MLC, and one region commander each by the RCD-K/ML and RCD-N. However these appointments were announced for Kabila's

1064:

forces training, and there were British advisors with the engineers. In 1972 the state-sponsored political organisation, the

791: 7022: 6787: 6394: 5302: 3832: 1153:

combat aircraft. The humiliation of this episode led to civil unrest in Zaire in early 1978, which the FAZ had to put down.

8412: 8397: 8049: 7927: 4629: 4109: 2616: 2604: 1776:(FAC), not the later FARDC. However, troop deployment on the ground did not change substantially until the year afterward. 625: 5853: 4712:

U.S. Embassy Kinshasa, 07KINSHASA671 Major Reshuffle of Military and Police Leadership, Friday 15 June 2007 (UNCLAS/FOUO).

4343: 8470: 8332: 8072: 6920:'Soldiers who rape, commanders who condone: Sexual violence and military reform in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,' 6582: 6300: 5710: 4661: 3157:. The port at N'dangi was the base for several patrol boats, helicopters and the presidential yacht. The 2002 edition of 3112:

In 2018 the IISS estimated that the Air Force numbered 2250 (p457); the 2020 edition carried the same number, unchanged.

2888: 1453: 1110: 755:(ANC), or Congolese National Armed Forces. However, in Katanga Belgian officers resisted the Africanisation of the army. 613: 5817: 5397: 4786: 4475:

See also Tom Cooper, "Great Lakes Conflagration: The Second Congo War, 1998-2003" Africa@War series, Helion Books, 2013.

8427: 8187: 7209: 6067:"MONUSCO Facts and Figures – United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo" 3405:

A. AUGÉ and P. KLAOUSEN, eds, Réformer les armées africaines. En quête d'une nouvelle stratégie Paris: Karthala, 2010.

2051: 2004:, formally Ministers of Defence and Veterans (Ancien Combattants) is Crispin Atama Tabe, who succeeded former minister 2081:. Commenting on a proposed vote of no confidence in the Minister of Defence in September 2012, Baoudin Amba Wetshi of 1976:

soldier received a 10-year prison sentence for robbery, while four civilian wives and another soldier were acquitted.

1760:, who previously served as navy chief of staff under Laurent Kabila. Kabila was able to name the air force commander ( 8262: 8014: 7046: 6995: 6978: 6844: 6781: 6760: 6558: 6532: 6388: 5241: 5040: 4103: 4076: 3920: 3826: 3631: 3318: 2069:, former Air Force chief, now inspector general of police, ran a parallel chain of command in the east to direct the 1677:

and Tanzania also provided assistance with training. During the first year of the war the Allied forces defeated the

1561: 1441:

and were only stopped after intervention by French ('Operation Baumier') and Belgian ('Operation Blue Beam') forces.

1402: 126: 6946:

Lemarchand, René, "Forecasting the Future of the Military in Former Belgian Africa," in Catherine M. Kelleher, ed.,

4911: 4598: 1169:, at the time considered the army's best formation, and considered the president's own, was assigned permanently to 861:

In August 1960, due to the rejection of requests for UN assistance to suppress the South Kasai and Katanga revolts,

8442: 8277: 8212: 8157: 7853: 7280: 7172: 7108: 6273: 5908: 5183: 4756: 3709: 2858: 1972:

on 8 December 2017. After a protracted firefight the troops suffered 5 dead along with 14 dead among the UN force.

1768:). Three military regional commanders were nominated by the former Kinshasa government, two commanders each by the 1744:

be made up from Kabila's government forces (the FAC), the RCD, and the MLC. Also stipulated in VII(b) was that the

1319:

Still forming, to be deployed to Kitona. Separate 2008 French source says the brigade was never fully established.

1014:, with one guard battalion, two infantry battalions, and a gendarmerie battalion attached, and the 2nd Groupement ( 887: 652: 474: 8362: 8297: 7194: 5369: 3115:

The IISS Military Balance 2021 said the Air Force had four Su-25s; four transport aircraft, including 2 B727s; 7

3052: 1795:(SMI, Military Integration Structure). Together with the SMI, CONADER also was designated to manage the combined 1141:, then known as Shaba, in March 1977, facing little resistance from the FAZ. This invasion is sometimes known as 6943:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009, pp. 226–228. Concise general description of the FAZ in the 1990s. 6586: 5413: 4485: 877:

Country Study for the Congo says, that on 5 September 1960: "Kasavubu also appointed Mobutu as head of the ANC.

8502: 8272: 7813: 6490: 6422: 6342: 5635: 5160: 5052: 4063:

The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair, a History of Fifty Years of Independence

3932: 3903: 2012: 1916:

On 22 November 2012, Gabriel Amisi Kumba was suspended from his position in the Forces Terrestres by president

1468:. The other main concentration of forces was in and around Kinshasa: the 31st Airborne Brigade was deployed at 1181: 215: 64: 6908:

Emizet, K. M. F., "Explaining the rise and fall of military regimes: civil-military relations in the Congo,"

5065: 5014:. Issue 11—2002, p. 314. The Group of Experts has reported in 2011 about the ammunition plant; see footnote 5. 4968:

McGuinness, Alan (8 December 2017). "Fourteen UN peacekeepers killed in Democratic Republic of Congo attack".

3243:

Willame states that 10 adjutants were nominated before shortly independence due to intense political pressure.

1892:

structure top-heavy with colonels, many of whom are former warlords. In a 2009 report itemizing FARDC abuses,

1200:

mechanised infantry battalion. Organisationally, the army was made up of the parachute division and the seven

7889: 7221: 6450: 3441:

In French, "Loi No 04/023 du 12 novembre 2004 portant Organisation Générale de defence et des forces armées."

2592: 1863:

Much of the east of the country remains insecure, however. In the far northeast this is due primarily to the

1745: 1484:, approximately 120 kilometres (75 mi) southwest of Kinshasa). Finally the 41st Commando Brigade was at 1473: 1457: 1255: 4195:

Ordonnance no.79-010 du 18 janvier 1979 portant nomination d'un Commandant de la premiere region militaire,

1707: 8227: 5665: 5662:"Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and the Reform of the Army, AI Index: AFR 62/001/2007" 3102: 2880: 2270: 2070: 1565: 226: 7007:

Disconsolate Empires: French, British and Belgian Military Involvement in Post-colonial Sub-Saharan Africa

5732: 5350: 4605:. See also Caty Clement, "SSR in the DRC: Forward to the Past", in Hans Born and Albrecht Schnabel (eds), 2276:

FARDC air force chief of staff: Brigadier General Jean Bitanihirwa Kamara (MLC). Military training at the

1429:, but only the battalion at Kamina is adequately staffed; the others are little more than skeleton" units. 8357: 8150: 7945: 7063: 6201: 6183: 6096: 3818: 3322: 2876: 2791:

maintenance—in 2002 only 20 percent of the Army's armoured vehicles were estimated as being serviceable.

2278: 1888: 1536: 1292: 831: 795: 651:, which only four soldiers achieved before independence. Though 14 Congolese cadets were enrolled in the 265: 4242:', document created 1 November 1988, accessible via Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room, 2743:

The various brigades and other formations and units number at least 100,000 troops. The status of these

1779: 1556:

while attempting to escape the AFDL. Allying themselves with the Sudanese government which was fighting

8347: 6856:

De la Force publique à l'Armée nationale congolaise : histoire d'une mutinerie : juillet 1960

6499: 5647:

International Crisis Group, Bringing Peace to North Kivu, Africa Report No.133, 31 October 2007, p. 13.

5588: 3425: 2853:: IISS reports tracked vehicles include 3 BTR-50, 6 MT-LB, wheeled vehicles including 30-70 BTR-60; 58 2850: 1686: 1521: 1505: 637: 6882:"Fearless Fighters and Submissive Wives: Negotiating Identity among Women Soldiers in the Congo (DRC)" 4246: 1896:

urged the UN to stop supporting government offensives against eastern rebels until the abuses ceased.

1046: 8302: 8222: 8207: 8043: 7508: 7069: 6886: 6661: 6037:"La Garde Républicaine : une épée de Damoclès sur l'alternance démocratique en RDC – JJ Wondo –" 5763:

Opportunities and Constraints for the Disarmament and Repatriation of Foreign Armed Groups in the DRC

5271:"Legal Submission from Human Rights Watch to Dr. Adolphe Onusumba, Minister of Defence, 21 July 2006" 5248:

in August 1998. Moved from RCD to MLC, succeeded General Alengbia as commander of the Dongo brigade (

3040: 2840: 1931:

The FARDC deployed 850 soldiers and 150 PNC police officers as part of an international force in the

1925: 1557: 974: 728: 549: 490: 5498: 1740:

assumed the presidency and was eventually successful in negotiating an end to the war in 2002–2003.

786:

On 14 July 1960, in response to requests by Prime Minister Lumumba, the UN Security Council adopted

739:

retained as advisors to the new Congolese hierarchy, and calm returned to the two main garrisons at

8037: 7085: 6737: 6318: 5521: 5253: 4750: 3167: 3098: 3044: 2884: 2748:

battalion) whereas some battalions may not even have the size of a normal company (over 100 men)."

2407:

Land Forces deputy chief of staff for operations and intelligence: Maj. Gen. Kiama Vainqueur Mayala

1969: 1932: 929: 806:. Disagreements over what the UN force could and could not do continued throughout its deployment. 556:

the Congolese Parliament was debating a new defence law, provisionally designated Organic Law 130.

7723: 6426: 6066: 2410:

Land Forces deputy chief of staff for administration and logistics: Maj. Gen. Muyumb Obed Wibatira

1764:), the RCD-Goma received the Land Force commander's position (Sylvain Buki) and the MLC the navy ( 8526: 8475: 8452: 8392: 8322: 8267: 8237: 6707:

Robinson, Colin (2012). "Army reconstruction in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2003–2009".

5124: 2699:

brought multiple factions into composite brigades, but without the 45-day retraining provided by

2533: 2384: 2065:

does not trust the military; the Republican Guard is the only component he trusts. Major General

1540: 1211: 1185: 53: 6953:

Malan, Mark, 'U.S. Civil-Military Imbalance for Global Engagement,' Refugees International, 2008

6902: 6643:

From Genocide to Continental War: The "Congolese" Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa

5184:"Le chef d’état-major de la Force terrestre en visite éclair au centre de brassage de Rumangabo" 5099: 4939: 3350:

United Nations, Final Report of the Group of Experts, 2011, S/2011/738, 2 December 2011, p. 148.

2847:(number reported unchanged since 2007). The same figure of BMP-1s was listed in 2022 (page 465). 2458:

13th Military Region (Equatuer Province): Brig. Gen. Luboya Kashama Johnny (Maj. Gen. from 2018)

778: 8367: 8352: 8337: 8202: 7847: 7818: 6478:

Democratic Republic of Congo Casualties of War: Civilians, Rule of Law, and Democratic Freedoms

5976:[Georgia delivers new Didgori armoured vehicles to Congo]. 25 June 2015. Archived from 5464: 4457:

Democratic Republic of Congo Casualties of War: Civilians, Rule of Law, and Democratic Freedoms

4342:. Page 289. A good military description of the 1996–97 war was written by William Thom: (1999) 3220: 2678:

In February 2008, then Defence Minister Chikez Diemu described the reform plan at the time as:

1598: 958: 954: 803: 308: 6437: 5800: 4837:"RDC : le président Kabila suspend le général major Amisi, le chef des forces terrestres" 4068: 2455:

12th Military Region (Bas-Congo Province): Brig Gen. Jonas Padiri Muhizi (Maj. Gen. from 2018)

712: 8480: 8447: 8437: 8432: 8422: 8377: 8317: 8282: 8257: 8252: 8217: 7807: 6930: 6003: 5656: 5203:

Sud-Kivu : le nouveau commandant des forces terrestres appelle les FARDC à la discipline

3898:

Dave Renton, David Seddon, Leo Zeilig, "The Congo: Plunder And Resistance", Zed Books, 2007,

3090: 2664: 2475:

21st Military Region (Kasai-Oriental and Kasai Occidental Provinces): Brig. Gen. Fall Jikabwe

1670: 1618:

child soldiers from various eastern tribes, such as Thierry Nindaga, Safari Rwekoze, etc...

1222: 1126: 982: 908: 592: 7141: 477:. The FARDC was rebuilt patchily as part of the peace process which followed the end of the 8554: 8550: 8546: 8518: 8514: 8382: 8312: 8192: 8102: 7835: 7790: 7049:, further details of FAZ operations in the 1980s and onwards can be found in pages 221–225. 5830: 4543: 1544: 1176:

Despite these improvements, a second invasion by the former Katangan gendarmerie, known as

318: 6007: 2422:

Navy deputy chief of staff for administration and logistics: Rear Adm. Bruno Mayanga Muena

1944: 521:

FARDC banner are some of the most unstable in Africa after years of war and underfunding.

8: 8538: 8534: 8510: 8490: 8407: 8342: 8327: 8287: 7841: 6612:(July 2004). "Rebel Movements and Proxy Warfare: Uganda, Sudan and the Congo (1986–99)". 6477: 5928:

Ukraine to supply a total of 50 T-64BV1 main battle tanks to Democratic Republic of Congo

5381: 5341:

As of ICG, Congo: Consolidating the Peace, Africa Report No. 128, 5 July 2007, pp. 13–14.

4456: 3396:, Center for International Cooperation – Boulder/London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 62. 3208: 3094: 3022:

United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2540: 2447: 2343: 2290: 2255: 2248: 2099: 2091: 1989: 1844: 1476:(DSP) resided adjacent to the presidential compound; and the 1st Armoured Brigade was at 1225: 1218: 874: 847: 5164: 5148:

The New Africans: A Guide to the Contemporary History of Emergent Africa and its Leaders

4722:

Integrated Regional Information Networks (January 2008). "DR Congo Rising food prices".

2005: 1997: 799: 238: 8372: 8292: 8232: 8197: 7933: 6915: 6833: 6819: 6749: 6724: 6683: 6629: 6524: 6473: 6356: 5571: 4782: 4452: 4308: 3876: 3644: 3029: 2962: 2910:

In February 2014, Ukraine revealed that it had achieved the first export order for the

2721: 2600: 2514:

33rd Military Region (Maneima and South Kivu Provinces): Brig. Gen. Gaetan Kakudji Bobo

2350: 1955: 1893: 1695: 1469: 1271: 1166: 937: 902: 862: 6936: 5591:, Security Sector Reform in the Congo, Africa Report No. 104, 13 February 2006, 17–18. 2478:

22nd Military Region (Katanga Province): Brig. Gen. Philémon Yav (Maj. Gen. from 2018)

2402: 2380:

Deputy chief of staff for operations and intelligence: Lt. Gen. Bayiba Dieudonné Amuli

2259: 8506: 7647: 7097: 7042: 7010: 6998:– covers mercenary units titularly part of the Armée National Congolaise in the 1960s 6991: 6974: 6898: 6859: 6840: 6803: 6777: 6756: 6728: 6687: 6646: 6554: 6528: 6419:

Evolutions & Revolutions: A Contemporary History of Militaries in Southern Africa

6384: 5609: 5575: 5563: 5322: 4657: 4495: 4099: 4072: 4061: 3916: 3899: 3822: 3627: 3406: 3105:

fighter aircraft would be made available to defend Kinshasa if it came under attack.

3086: 3020:

There are currently large numbers of United Nations troops stationed in the DRC. The

2773: 2470: 2414: 1950:

In July 2014, the Congolese army carried out a joint operation with UN troops in the

1921: 1715: 1602: 1438: 1189: 1150: 981:. Although Mobutu succeeded in taking power, his position was soon threatened by the 925: 707:

and that the commander-in-chief and chief of staff should not necessarily be Belgians

250: 3665: 1593: 1417:

unable to accomplish its mission. It is organised into three battalions assigned to

1071:

On 11 June 1975 several military officers were arrested in what became known as the

775:

in the south-east, closely backed by remaining Belgian administrators and soldiers.

661: 210: 8067:

National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy

7796: 7784: 7759: 7253: 7238: 7204: 6881: 6811: 6716: 6675: 6621: 5555: 5499:

Fardc: Joseph Kabila names Lieutenant-General Celestin Mbala Munsense General Staff

5244:, Kananaga, and a major in the FAZ. Took part in the airborne arrival of troops at 4264: 3868: 2795: 2757: 2717: 2325: 2314:

4th Military Region/Kasai-Occidental: Brigadier-General Sindani Kasereka (RCD-K/ML)

2039: 2024: 1951: 1711: 1643: 1627: 1588: 1569: 1501: 1170: 1138: 772: 677: 596: 478: 6679: 4539: 2903:

main battle tanks, 100 trucks and various small arms. Tanks have been used in the

1204:

In addition to these units, a tank battalion was reported to have formed by 1979.

8179: 7755: 7523: 7248: 7115: 6771: 6720: 6484: 6374: 6363: 6304: 6280: 6260: 6142: 6014: 5934: 5915: 5821: 5769: 5505: 5471: 5420: 5401: 5376: 5357: 5209: 5190: 5171: 5131: 5047: 4976: 4918: 4899: 4823: 4741: 4602: 4502: 4491: 4463: 4378:

Prunier interview with a French diplomat, Paris, January 2000. Prunier 2009 p.424

4350: 4315: 4250: 4239: 4093: 3943: 3812: 3713: 3666:"Questions relating to the Situation in the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)" 3652: 3184: 2989:, where they appear to answer to no local commander and have caused trouble with 2146: 1825: 1808: 1757: 1529: 1188:. Kamanyola Division units collapsed almost immediately. French units fought the 967: 917: 855: 673: 524:

To assist the new government, since February 2000 the United Nations has had the

462: 298: 166: 6547: 4940:"Les Fardc lavées des accusations et rayées de la liste noire des Nations Unies" 4621: 4095:

The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale

1939:

since 2012, when the president was ousted by rebel groups. The DRC was urged by

1444: 944:, with the assistance of a Belgian officer, Colonel Frederic Vanderwalle, while 854:'s regime (totalling about 10,000), and the Stanleyville dissident ANC loyal to 8116: 6609: 3035:

also served for a time as Security Sector Reform advisor to the head of MONUC.

2829: 2761: 2688: 2639: 2608: 2508: 2318: 2078: 1884: 1864: 1812: 1703: 1214:

was named as both military region commander and Region Commissioner for Shaba.

835: 811: 716: 586: 575: 545: 505: 501: 408: 6964:, Washington. Supt. of Docs., U.S. Government Print. Off. 1971. DA Pam 550–67. 6297: 6008:

Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and the Reform of the Army

5706: 5608:. Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform. 2008. Archived from 5559: 4778: 2452:

11th Military Region (Bandundu Province): Brig Gen. Dieudonné Kiamata Mutupeke

2254:

FARDC land forces chief of staff: General Sylvain Buki (RCD-G). Major General

1192:

to recapture the town from the FLNC. The U.S. provided logistical assistance.

916:

In early 1964, a new crisis broke out as Congolese rebels calling themselves "

8572: 7275: 7270: 7216: 7101: 7058: 7014: 6983:

Meitho, Kisukula Abeli "Les armées du Congo-Zaire, un frein au developpement"

6370: 5814: 5567: 5394: 4990:"DR Congo military court sentences 25 soldiers to death for fleeing fighting" 4893:"Hollande discusses Central Africa troop presence with DRC's Kabila in Paris" 3127: 3012: 2941: 2375: 2138: 2062: 1917: 1876: 1803:

Turner writes that the two most prominent opponents of military integration (

1737: 1477: 985:, also known as the Mercenaries' Mutinies, which were eventually suppressed. 921: 882:

between them. After a week's deadlock, Mobutu announced on 14 September that

851: 768: 744: 601: 444: 384: 6495:

Democratic Republic of Congo Security Information (updated: 12 January 2005)

5165:

Democratic Republic of Congo Security Information (updated: 12 January 2005)

2786:

List of equipment of the Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

821: 7900: 7233: 6950:(Sage Publications, Inc., Beverly Hills, California: 1974), pp. 87–104 6625: 6516: 6097:"EU security sector reform mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo" 5948:"პირველად საქართველოს ისტორიაში ქართული ჯავშანტექნიკა საზღვარგარეთ გაიყიდა" 2872: 2868: 2799: 1619: 1611: 1547:(FAZ), loyal to President Mobutu. Before the battle itself, the air force, 1052:, and Generaux de Corps d'Armée Nyamaseko Mata Bokongo, Nzoigba Yeu Ngoli, 1049: 949: 720: 657: 548:'s troops were fighting, but other smaller groups such as the anti-Ugandan 513: 470: 2229:

Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2054:

supervised the construction of a new ammunition depot on the outskirts of

1539:

took place in March 1997 during this war. The AFDL rebels, created by the

782:

Armée nationale congolaise (ANC) armoured vehicles during the Congo Crisis

280:

As of 2008, there are 'nearly 20,000' soldiers that are over 60 years old.

8494: 8008: 7999: 6542: 6380: 4935: 4596: 4321: 4269:

Bulletin de liaison des Parachutistes Coloniaux et d'Infanterie de Marine

4179: 4154: 3227:, the Navy also operates barges and small craft armed with machine guns. 3146: 3067: 3048: 2875:

self-propelled; 119 towed field guns, including 77 122 mm howitzers

2426: 1674: 1631: 1118: 920:" (Swahili for "Lion") rebelled against the government. They were led by 886:, in order to "neutralize" both Kasavubu and Lumumba." Mobutu formed the 878: 843: 815: 682: 4745: 4721: 4318:, 2 September 2003, Air Combat Information Group. Retrieved August 2007. 3701: 2735: 1305:

See State Dept 1978KINSHA06951 (1978). 'High state of combat readiness'

973:

After five years of turbulence, in 1965 Mobutu used his position as ANC

8142: 6962:

Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa)

6823: 6633: 6366:, Air Combat Information Group, 2 September 2003. Retrieved August 2007 5772:, Multi Country Demobilization and Recovery Program, April 2007, p. 32. 5602:"Report on the DRC SSR Roundtable talks: Kinshasa, 25–26 February 2008" 4642:

Original decrees were Decrees no.17/2003 and 18/2003 of 19 August 2003.

4218:

1978):7; "Les massacres de Katekalayi et de Luamela (Kasai Oriental)",

3880: 3150: 3032: 2978: 2854: 2725: 2357: 2339: 2158: 2087: 2066: 1872: 1761: 1461: 1023: 933: 867: 724: 537: 533: 6449:

Hoebeke, Hans; Chiza, Christian; Mukungilwa, Bienvenu (January 2022).

5474:. MediaCongo.net. Published 20 September 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2018. 2825:

in 2007. In 2022 the IISS listed 10 PT-76s and 30 Type 62s (page 465).

1520:, who launched repeated attacks into Rwanda. Rwanda eventually backed 7039:

A Continent Ablaze: The Insurgency Wars in Africa 1960 to the Present

6576: 3863:

M. Crawford Young (1966). "Post-Independence Politics in the Congo".

3719: 3192: 3154: 3132: 3119:; and three transport helicopters, with a strength of 2,550 (p.461). 3116: 3001: 2970: 2918: 2864: 2765: 2732:

access to resources with the militias they are meant to be fighting.

2704: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2504: 2301: 2055: 1868: 1756:

was able to name the armed forces chief of staff, Lieutenant General

1723: 1682: 1630:

included the Tanzanian-supported 50th Brigade, headquartered at Camp

1485: 1481: 1422: 1180:

in May–June 1978, was only dispersed with the despatch of the French

1019: 6815: 5854:"Girls as young as six raped by Congolese soldiers in Minova – U.N." 3872: 2703:, and it seems that actually, the process was limited to exchanging 2587:

of fighters from all the former warring factions who went through a

2575: 2517:

34th Military Region (North Kivu Province): Maj. Gen. Emmanuel Lombe

1673:, these countries unsuccessfully attempted to retrain the DRC Army. 42: 7753: 7031:

Le défi de l'armée républicaine en République Démocratique du Congo

7009:. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. pp. 310–313. 6662:"A forgotten decade? Politicking and war for the ANC/FAZ 1967-1977" 5707:"FARDC troops estimated at 100,000, says EUSEC ::: 20/03/2006" 5434:"List of general officers appointed to the heads of military units" 5414:

Commanders of defense zones and military zones as of September 2014

5385:, vol. 55. Published 26 September 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2017. 5249: 3299: 3212: 3176: 3072: 2958: 2672: 2583:

Circa 2008–09, the land forces were made up of about 14 integrated

2493: 2308: 2020: 2016: 1837: 1816: 1769: 1719: 1710:

would fall under the fourth and fifth regions, respectively, while

1666: 1635: 1580: 1434: 1418: 1177: 1099: 1031: 1015: 1010:(FAZ). In 1971 the army's force consisted of the 1st Groupement at 740: 648: 609: 497: 348: 219: 6125:

Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, website.

5404:

Digital Congo. Published 5 November 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2015.

5360:. Suluhu.org. Published 28 September 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2018. 4724:

Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical Series

2545:

Deputy Chief of Staff for administration and logistics: Maj. Gen.

2461:

14th Military Region (Kinshasa): Brig. Gen. Camille Bombele Luwala

2383:

Deputy chief of staff for administration and logistics: Maj. Gen.

2038:), Navy and Air Force. The Land Forces are distributed around ten 1381:

See State Dept 1979LUBUMB01982 (1979). 'Modest combat capability'

1090: 894:

president's sole support, and Mobutu's position within the army."

8124: 8091: 7057:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6919: 6225:

Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment—Central Africa. Issue 11—2002

5309:. 21 September 2008. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 5303:"Rwanda: War Rages in DRC as Government Forces Seek FDLR Support" 4412: 4340:

Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment—Central Africa. Issue 11—2002

4295:

Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment—Central Africa. Issue 11—2002

3568: 3265:"Congo: Ituri attack exposes flaws in Tshisekedi's security plan" 3180: 2895:; 528+ mortars, 81 mm, 82 mm, 107 mm, 120 mm. 2818: 2772:. Three years later, the battalion broke and ran in the face of 2744: 2620: 2584: 2332: 2283: 1965: 1699: 1662: 1156: 1146: 1142: 1103: 1076: 1011: 839: 624:

were also used to form Belgian colonial units that fought in the

529: 517: 396: 262: 6927:

Spear and Scepter: Army, Police, and Politics in Tropical Africa

5797:"U.S. and DRC in Partnership to Train Model Congolese Battalion" 3444: 2539:

Deputy Chief of Staff for operations and intelligence: Lt. Gen.

1365:'One of the most neglected units in the Zairean ground forces.' 7982: 7904: 6569:

Fardc et Police Nationale: la liste complète d'Officiers nommés

6160: 5974:"Грузия поставила в Конго новые бронированные машины "Didgori"" 5257: 5245: 3585: 3583: 3461: 3459: 3172: 3171:

states that the Navy is organised into four commands, based at

2986: 2982: 2966: 2833: 2753: 2652: 2648: 2579:

A Congolese rebel photographed near the Rwandan border in 2001.

2497: 2444:

1st Defence Zone (Bas Congo, Bandundu, Equatuer, and Kinshasa):

2031: 1940: 1678: 1654: 1584: 1465: 1426: 1114: 1027: 941: 764: 617: 509: 420: 372: 329: 7954:(FLC, formed from the MLC, RCD-N and RCD-ML from 2000 to 2001) 6148: 5545: 4817:"Russia gets involved in reform of the Congolese Armed Forces" 4136: 3752: 3750: 3219:

patrol craft, of which only one is operational, a Shanghai II

1887:'s troops, with all groups greatly exacerbating the issues of 8096: 7976: 7243: 7171: 3519: 3346: 3344: 2990: 2974: 2917:

In June 2015 it was reported that Georgia had sold 12 of its

2892: 2844: 2821:(serviceability in doubt). "40+" Type 62s were listed by the 2814: 2599:, the ex-government former Congolese Armed Forces (FAC), the 1833: 1829: 1553: 1548: 1001: 962: 693:

that the defence portfolio not be given to the Prime Minister

432: 360: 6017:, Section VII A, 25 January 2007, AI Index: AFR 62/001/2007. 5291:– via HRW "Soldiers who Rape, Commanders who Condone". 4243: 3885:

Post-Independence Politics in the Congo, M. Crawford Young,

3792: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3580: 3456: 3145:

Before the downfall of Mobutu, a small navy operated on the

3051:, and the Burundian Parti pour la Libération du Peuple Hutu— 7883: 6521:

The Rise and Fall of Patrice Lumumba: Conflict in the Congo

5824:. Retrieved 3 August 2010. For Kabila request to Bush, see 4167: 4157:, World Armies, New York: Facts on File, 1979, pp. 822–823. 3915:

Anthony Mockler, 'The New Mercenaries,' Corgi Books, 1985,

3747: 3188: 2911: 2904: 2900: 2807: 2803: 2713: 2034:. The FARDC is known to be broken up into the Land Forces ( 1984: 1935:, which the DRC borders to the north. The country had been 1691: 1658: 1513: 1509: 1196: 1122: 1041:

In July 1972 a number of the aging generals commanding the

6970:

La desintegration de l'armée congolaise de Mobutu a Kabila

5522:

General Célestin Mbala renewed Chief of Staff of the FARDC

4381: 4360: 3556: 3507: 3341: 1145:. Mobutu had to request assistance, which was provided by 948:

was French-speaking and originally under the command of a

901:

however, after the visit of Colonel Michael Greene of the

846:

Constabulary loyal to Albert Kalonji (3,000 or less), the

526:

United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo

7005:

Rouvez, Alain; Coco, Michael; Paddack, Jean-Paul (1994).

5918:. Google.com (16 March 2010). Retrieved 4 September 2013. 4684: 4423: 4421: 4131:"CIA man Roberto: Burying the Last of Angola's 'Big Men'" 4009: 3762: 2395:

Chief of administration: Constantin Claude Ilunga Kabangu

2170:

Directorate of Studies, Planning and Military Cooperation

2050:(see below). There is also a central logistics base. The 1815:, a Rwandaphone Tutsi who Turner says was allegedly from 1526:

Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo

6136:

Over 1800 FDLR armed rebels surrender to MONUSCO in 2010

2554:

Chief of intelligence: Maj. Gen. Delphin Kahimbi Kasabwe

2199:

The General Inspectorate includes the following people:

6412:"The Congolese National Army: In search of an identity" 6350:

Issue Paper: Zaire: The Balance of Power in the Regions

5909:

AFP: Ukraine to supply tanks, other weapons to DR.Congo

5687:

Autesserre, Séverine (2008). "The Trouble With Congo".

4443:

Bukavu, 24 February 1998. Prunier 2009 footnote p. 416.

3997: 3985: 2861:. Same unchanged figures were listed in 2022 (page 465) 2364: 1992:, former Chief of Staff of the FARDC, in December 2006. 912:

Congolese soldiers with seized rebel propaganda in 1964

6448: 4418: 4393: 4049:

Kisukula Abeli Meitho, 'De Mobutu a Kabila,' 2001, 26.

3973: 3305: 3287: 1968:

in North Kivu were attacked by likely rebels from the

76:"Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" 6893:

Charlier, Thierry, "Défilé militaire à Kinshasa", in

5695:(3). New York: Council on Foreign Relations: 104–105. 5527: 5182:

Still in post January 2006. Le Potential (Kinshasa),

4262: 3961: 3949: 3624:

Encyclopedia of International Peacekeeping Operations

3483: 3007: 2611:(the Mouvement des Révolutionnaires Congolais (MRC), 2398:

Chief of logistics: Brig. Gen. Lutuna Charles Shabani

1439:

paratroopers began looting Kinshasa in September 1991

1004:

in 1971 and the army was consequently designated the

890:, a technocratic government of university graduates. 6858:(in French). Brussels: Académie Royale de Belgique. 6451:"The Old is Dying and The New Cannot Be Born (Yet?)" 4855: 3595: 3531: 3471: 2237: 2159:

General Secretariat for Defence and Veterans Affairs

1560:

at the time, these FAZ troops were destroyed by the

467:

Forces armées de la république démocratique du Congo

459:

Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

151:

Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo

144:

Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

7120: 6806:(1966). "Post-Independence Politics in the Congo". 4656:. London and New York: Zed Books. pp. 96–101. 3495: 2936:

Republican Guard (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

2571:

Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2528:The following changes were announced in July 2018. 2000:is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The 1610:were riven with internal tensions. The new FAC had 583:The first organised Congolese troops, known as the 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6948:Political Military Systems: A Comparative Analysis 6897:magazine, no. 294, November 2010, pp. 46–47 ( 6832: 6748: 6546: 6510:Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment—Central Africa 6410:Ebenga, Jacques; N'Landu, Thierry (October 2005). 6323:. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. p. 163. 6242:. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. p. 163. 5897:Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment—Central Africa 5512:. Published 16 July 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2019. 5465:Général Etumba reconduit chef d’Etat major général 5012:Jane's Sentinel security assessment—Central Africa 4584:Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment—Central Africa 4572:Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment—Central Africa 4540:"IRIN-CEA Update No. 737 for 17 August (19990817)" 4527:Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment—Central Africa 4515:Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment—Central Africa 4415:, 31 October – 2 November 1997, at Prunier p. 150. 4297:. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. p. 289. 4060: 3716:, 18 March 2012, and for UN and Belgium, De Witte. 2768:, in February 2010. The company was supervised by 2046:. The Navy and Air Forces are composed of various 1087:, Colonel Omba Pene Djunga, from Kasai, to power. 612:, and successfully invaded and conquered areas of 8463:States and regions with limited or no recognition 7004: 6831:Young, M. Crawford; Turner, Thomas Edwin (1985). 6603:RDC: Biography des acteurs de troiseme republique 6409: 6154: 5851: 5150:, London: Paul Hamlyn/Reuters, 1967, pp. 95, 102. 4730:(11). New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell: 17623C–17624A. 4567: 4565: 4327: 3862: 3421: 3419: 3149:. One of its installations was at the village of 3081:Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2105: 1516:fighters, who were eventually organised into the 1508:. Within the largest refugee camps, beginning in 979:1965 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état 8579:Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 8570: 6751:Patrimonialism and Political Change in the Congo 6605:, Royal Museum of Central Africa, 2009, 152–153. 6339:The DDR Process in the DRC: A Never-ending Story 5755: 5632:The DDR Process in the DRC: A Never-ending Story 5606:SSR Case Study: The Democratic Republic of Congo 5327:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3739:Patrimonialism and political change in the Congo 3553:, New York: Walker & Co., 1967, pp. 166–167. 2940:In addition to the other land forces, President 1351:Three battalions deployed along Eastern borders 1098:In late 1975, Mobutu, in a bid to install a pro- 18:Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo 8097:National Union for Total Independence of Angola 7977:National Union for Total Independence of Angola 5066:"Large Ammunition Storage Facility Handed Over" 4439:Prunier says 'on the causes of the mutiny, see 2770:United States Special Operations Command Africa 2557:Chief of administration: Maj. Gen. Jean-Luc Yav 2222: 2058:and handed it over to the MOD in October 2013. 1495: 8021:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda 6853: 6348:Canadian Government Immigration Review Board, 4562: 3741:, Stanford University Press, 1972, 64–72, and 3663: 3574: 3525: 3513: 3416: 3263:Kato, Ronald Lwere; Lago, Ruth (3 June 2021). 2914:tank to the DRC Land Forces for 50 T-64BV-1s. 2739:Female soldiers of the FARDC on parade in 2012 2511:Districts): Brig. Gen. Jean-Pierre Bongwangela 2500:Districts): Brig. Gen. Bertin Baseka Kamangala 2484:3rd Defence Zone (Kivu, Maneima, and Katanga): 2389:Chief of operations: Maj. Gen. Prosper Nabiola 2335:: Brigadier-General Widi Mbulu Divioka (RCD-N) 2311:: Brigadier-General Mulubi Bin Muhemedi (PPRD) 1881:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda 1060:, former commander of the parachute division. 898:United Nations Security Council Resolution 161 788:United Nations Security Council Resolution 143 542:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda 8158: 7739: 7157: 6574: 6369: 6237: 6043:(in French). 16 December 2016. Archived from 5799:. U.S. AFRICOM Public Affairs. Archived from 5794: 4142: 4091: 3798: 3777: 3756: 3725: 3589: 3562: 3465: 3450: 3394:Annual Review of Global Peace Operations 2007 3197:International Institute for Strategic Studies 2926:ammunition for small arms and light weapons. 2560:Chief of logistics: Brig. Gen. Kalala Kilumba 2551:Chief of operations: Maj. Gen. Daniel Kashale 2151:Civic, Patriotic Education and Social Actions 1221:, was formed. It was eventually commanded by 1107:Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola 8007:(RDR, alleged successor organization to the 7029: 6968: 6578:Library of Congress Country Study Zaire 1993 4839:(in French). Radio Okapi. 22 November 2012. 3814:The UN in the Congo: The Civilian Operations 3141:Navy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3016:Locations of MONUC units as at December 2009 1785:flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1094:Zairian troops in Southern Shaba, April 1977 1005: 936:was employed to create the English-speaking 884:he was assuming power until 31 December 1960 727:, as Commander-in-Chief of the ANC; Colonel 584: 149: 7023:Mapping Conflict Motives in the Eastern DRC 6830: 6298:Monthly Human Rights Assessment: April 2007 6166: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5351:Reshuffle in the Congolese army – cui bono? 5039:This command was formed in accordance with 4934: 4654:The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality 4411:Colette Braeckman interview with Kabila in 4015: 2392:Chief of intelligence: Brig. Gen. Tage Tage 2218:Administrative, logistics and services unit 1824:, and the RCD-Goma governor of North Kivu, 1160:President Mobutu in military fatigues, 1978 8165: 8151: 7746: 7732: 7164: 7150: 6941:The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa 5686: 4740: 4233:Zaire: The Military Under Mobutu (Deleted) 3647:" (2014). Harvey M. Applebaum '59 Award. 2353:: Major-General Bulenda Padiri (Mayi–Mayi) 2176:Directorate of Penitentiary Administration 631: 8005:Rassemblement Démocratique pour le Rwanda 6835:The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State 6739:Jane's Fighting Ships Vol. 110, 2007–2008 6320:Jane's Fighting Ships Vol. 110, 2007–2008 5395:Joseph Kabila meets with security council 5010:The inaccurate assessment was located at 4861: 4679:Biographies des acteurs de la Transition, 3946:, see "Introduction", retrieved May 2013. 2265:FARDC navy chief of staff: General Major 1791:On 24 January 2004, a decree created the 1518:Rassemblement Démocratique pour le Rwanda 1217:In 1984, a militarised police force, the 763:Elisabethville and Luluabourg (10 July), 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 32:Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo 8172: 6880:Baaz, Maria E. and Stern, Maria (2013), 6706: 6659: 6575:Meditz, Sandra W.; Merrill, Tim (1993). 5992: 5937:– Armyrecognition.com, 13 February 2014. 5533: 5477: 5240:A Tutsi from South Kivu. Trained at the 5146:, 18 June 1966, and Sydney Taylor (ed), 4715: 4186:, New York: Facts on File, 1979, p. 823. 4124: 4058: 4003: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3293: 3262: 3126: 3066: 3011: 2734: 2633: 2613:Forces de Résistance Patriotique d'Ituri 2574: 1983: 1850: 1778: 1443: 1266:Five battalions, 'appears combat ready' 1155: 1089: 907: 820: 777: 568: 493:(PNC) are not part of the Armed Forces. 7971:Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement 7936:(RCD-K/ML or "RCD-Wamba", created 1999) 7041:, Arms and Armour Press, London, 1998, 6854:Vanderstraeten, Louis-François (1985). 6810:(26). Indiana University Press: 34–41. 6755:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 6746: 6640: 6608: 6506:, Africa Report N°104, 13 February 2006 6180:Jane's World Air Forces. Issue 25, 2007 5813:and Protection Strategies Incorporated 5582: 4912:"Military Offensive Frees DRC Villages" 4862:Gettleman, Jeffrey (15 December 2012). 4427: 4399: 4387: 4366: 4040:Indiana University Press, 1988, p. 108. 3489: 2802:(dropped from 30 listed in 2007), 32 x 2194: 1135:Front for Congolese National Liberation 573:Congolese soldiers of the colonial-era 508:, and bilateral partners which include 14: 8571: 7021:Spittaels, Steven and Hilgert, Filip, 6973:', L'Harmattan, Paris/Montreal, 2001, 6436: 6274:"Naufrage dans une rivière à Mbandaka" 4690: 4651: 4275:from the original on 30 September 2019 4265:"La 31e Brigade Parachutiste Zaïroise" 3856: 3743:Congo 1960: la sécession du Sud-Kasaï. 3601: 3537: 2098:, and others such as Kalev Mutond and 1811:, a Munyamulenge from South Kivu, and 620:, during World War I. Elements of the 8146: 7934:RCD-Kisangani/Mouvement de Libération 7913:(faction of RCD-Goma created in 2002) 7727: 7145: 7129:from the original on 20 February 2009 6802: 6769: 6742:. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. 6515: 6461:from the original on 13 December 2022 6227:. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. 5878:Orbat.com's Concise World Armies 2005 5125:"Un bouc emissaire nomme Luba Ntambo" 4874:from the original on 25 December 2012 4843:from the original on 27 November 2012 4789:from the original on 19 December 2009 4133:, 9 August 2007. Santiago Indy Media. 4038:The Dialetics of Oppression in Zaire, 3810: 3708:, vol. 32, no. 2, 1995, pp. 213—228. 3549:Jean-Claude Williame in Kitchen, ed, 3501: 3477: 3329:from the original on 22 February 2021 2532:Chief of the General Staff: Lt. Gen. 2467:2nd Defence Zone (Kasai and Katanga): 2425:Air Force Chief of Staff: Brig. Gen. 2304:: Unknown. General Jean Mankoma 2009. 1883:and between the government FARDC and 1472:on the outskirts of the capital; the 1405:on Zaire commented in 1992–93 that: 1335:Only 30 of apx 100 tanks operational 1282:14th Bde only combat ready formation 928:who were former members of Gizenga's 792:United Nations Operation in the Congo 8050:Nationalist and Integrationist Front 7928:Movement for the Liberation of Congo 7083: 6790:from the original on 11 January 2023 6589:from the original on 4 February 2018 6397:from the original on 11 January 2023 6316: 6254:Destruction of stockpiles in Kalemie 6238:Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2007–2008). 6214:L'Express, 22. December 2008, p. 13. 5743:from the original on 11 January 2023 5713:from the original on 13 October 2007 5446:from the original on 10 January 2015 5072:from the original on 19 October 2022 4681:CEP-Africa Museum-CERDAC, 2006, 224. 4632:from the original on 11 October 2014 4263:Jean-Pierre Chastenet (April 2008). 3835:from the original on 11 January 2023 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3306:Hoebeke, Chiza & Mukungilwa 2022 2638:FARDC soldiers on patrol during the 2605:Movement for the Liberation of Congo 2523: 2365:Updates to command structure in 2014 2247:FARDC chief of staff: Major General 1855:FARDC soldiers near Goma in May 2013 1236:Ground Forces Order of Battle, 1988 1102:government in Angola and thwart the 1066:Mouvement Populaire de la Révolution 995: 288:197,380 (30,800 inactive) (mid-2021) 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 7084:Thom, William G. (September 1999). 6694:from the original on 16 August 2021 6504:Security Sector Reform in the Congo 6487:, Vol. 11, No. 1 (A), February 1999 6107:from the original on 19 August 2007 4950:from the original on 8 October 2017 4622:"New military command for DR Congo" 3702:Secrecy and International Relations 3645:The UN and the Congo Crisis of 1960 3319:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the" 3153:near the presidential residence in 2929: 2617:Front Nationaliste Intégrationniste 2186: 2143:Veterinary and Agricultural Service 1454:Library of Congress Country Studies 1111:National Liberation Front of Angola 496:The government in the capital city 24: 7123:"Pooling assistance for the Congo" 6874: 5887:IISS Military Balance 2014, p.432. 5548:Journal of Eastern African Studies 3906:, 105, and Mockler, 86–87, 89, 95. 3622:Oliver Ramsbotham, Tom Woodhouse, 3428:, Congo: Consolidating the Peace, 3008:Other forces active in the country 2828:Reconnaissance vehicles: Up to 17 2374:Chief of General Staff: Army Gen. 2061:It should be made clear also that 2052:United Nations Mine Action Service 1698:would form the second region, and 25: 8590: 8015:Army for the Liberation of Rwanda 7264:Transitional Government (2003–06) 7077: 6839:. University of Wisconsin Press. 6660:Robinson, Colin D. (March 2021). 6198:Jane's World Air Forces. Issue 25 6101:The Council of the European Union 6077:from the original on 30 June 2017 5664:. 25 January 2007. Archived from 5212:. Radio Okapi (26 November 2012). 4759:from the original on 27 July 2009 4550:from the original on 27 June 2010 3383:IISS Military Balance 2011, p419, 3353: 3275:from the original on 25 June 2021 2401:Land Forces Chief of Staff: Gen. 2238:Command structure in January 2005 1793:Structure Militaire d'Intégration 1706:provinces the third. Katanga and 1403:Library of Congress Country Study 1125:force across the river. Thus the 591:, were created in 1888 when King 328:At least one ammunition plant in 8471:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 8243:Democratic Republic of the Congo 8017:(ALiR, successor to RDR in 1997) 7173:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7052: 6444:. University of Wisconsin Press. 6355:Cooper, Tom, & Pit Weinert, 6310: 6290: 6266: 6246: 6231: 6217: 6208: 6190: 6172: 6128: 6119: 6089: 6059: 6029: 6020: 5966: 5940: 5921: 5902: 5890: 5881: 5872: 5852:Nichols, Michelle (8 May 2013). 5845: 5788: 5775: 5733:"Only just staying in one piece" 5725: 5699: 5680: 5650: 5641: 5624: 5594: 5539: 5515: 5458: 5426: 5407: 5388: 5363: 5344: 5335: 5295: 5263: 5234: 5225: 5215: 5196: 5176: 5153: 5137: 5117: 5084: 5058: 5017: 5004: 4982: 4962: 4170:Military Balance 1975–76, p. 45. 4112:from the original on 10 May 2012 3682:from the original on 24 May 2006 2206:Two Assistant Inspectors General 1543:, took the city defended by the 1137:, occupied Zaire's southeastern 888:College of Commissioners-General 475:Democratic Republic of the Congo 425: 413: 401: 389: 377: 365: 353: 341: 246:Minister of Defence and Veterans 196: 184: 172: 41: 7886:(Rwanda-Uganda backed alliance) 6330: 6296:Human Rights Division / MONUC, 5524:. Digitalcongo.net, 22 May 2019 5260:June 2007. Omosombo, 2009, 200. 4928: 4905: 4886: 4829: 4810: 4801: 4771: 4734: 4706: 4696: 4670: 4645: 4612: 4609:, GC DCAF/Lit Verlag, 2009, 92. 4607:SSR in Challenging Environments 4589: 4577: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4478: 4469: 4446: 4433: 4405: 4372: 4333: 4301: 4287: 4256: 4225: 4211: 4202: 4189: 4173: 4160: 4148: 4085: 4052: 4043: 4030: 4021: 3926: 3909: 3892: 3847: 3804: 3783: 3731: 3694: 3657: 3637: 3616: 3607: 3543: 3435: 3237: 3203:, confirms the bases listed in 3053:Forces Nationales de Liberation 2413:Navy Chief of Staff: Vice Adm. 2321:: General Rwabisira Obeid (RCD) 2179:Directorate of General Services 1750:Conseil Superieur de la Defense 1730: 1622:Katangese Tigers of the former 1504:of 1994, which then led to the 1195:In July 1975, according to the 1184:and a battalion of the Belgian 814:proclaimed the independence of 52:needs additional citations for 8103:White Legion (First Congo War) 7200:Colonial governors (1885–1960) 6491:Institute for Security Studies 6423:Institute for Security Studies 6343:Institute for Security Studies 6240:Jane's Fighting Ships Vol. 110 5636:Institute for Security Studies 5242:Ecole de formation d'officiers 5161:Institute for Security Studies 5093:"Ban Ki-moon letter (English)" 5053:Royal Museum of Central Africa 4307:Tom Cooper & Pit Weinert, 4231:Central Intelligence Agency, ' 3933:Institute for Security Studies 3399: 3386: 3377: 3311: 3256: 3179:, further up the Congo river; 3175:, near the coast; the capital 3043:, the Ugandan rebel group the 2564: 2279:Ecole de formation d'officiers 2106:Arms and Inter-forces Services 2013:Colonel Tshatshi Military Camp 1562:Sudan People's Liberation Army 1182:2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 473:responsible for defending the 216:Colonel Tshatshi Military Camp 13: 1: 7890:Rally for Congolese Democracy 7034:,' Editions L'Harmattan, 2005 7025:, IPIS, Antwerp, 4 March 2008 6747:Willame, Jean-Claude (1972). 6709:Small Wars & Insurgencies 6680:10.1080/09592318.2021.1895589 6026:ICG February 2006 SSR report. 5252:). Sent by J.P. Bemba to the 4826:, January 2010. Congo Planet. 4586:. Issue 11—2002, pp. 286–287. 4529:. Issue 11—2002. pp. 284–285. 3789:Air Combat Information Group. 3700:For CIA see David N. Gibbs, ' 3250: 3199:, in its 2007 edition of the 2857:(serviceability in doubt), 7 2593:Congolese Rally for Democracy 2173:Budget and Finance Department 2154:Communication and Information 2120:Physical Education and Sports 1718:would form the sixth region. 1474:Special Presidential Division 1458:Special Presidential Division 1256:Special Presidential Division 771:declared the independence of 564: 7952:Front de Libération du Congo 7942:(RCD-N, split from RCD-K/ML) 7281:M23 offensive (2022–present) 7254:Second Congo War (1998–2003) 7229:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65) 7205:Congo Free State (1885–1908) 6721:10.1080/09592318.2012.661612 6376:The Assassination of Lumumba 5739:. 28 July 2007. p. 42. 5554:(1). Taylor and Francis: 9. 5025:"CICR Bulletin, No. 1, 2010" 4979:. Retrieved 9 December 2017. 4357:, Vol. XIX No. 2, Fall 1999. 3613:Vanderstraeten, 1983, 93–94. 3551:Footnotes to the Congo Story 3103:National Air Force of Angola 3089:. These Groups command five 3062: 2779: 2223:Armed Forces Chiefs of Staff 2071:2009 Eastern Congo offensive 1979: 1899:Caty Clement wrote in 2009: 1840:from RCD-Goma (ANC) troops. 1496:Mobutu's overthrow and after 1386:22nd Light Infantry Brigade 1232:intimidate the population." 303:US$ 93.5 million (2004 est.) 7: 8308:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) 7946:Union of Congolese Patriots 7396:Foreign policy under Mobutu 7090:Journal of Conflict Studies 6667:Small Wars and Insurgencies 6553:. New York: Facts on File. 4355:Journal of Conflict Studies 3889:, No. 26 (1966), pp. 34–41. 3819:University Press of America 3323:Central Intelligence Agency 2851:Armoured Personnel Carriers 1947:to keep its troops in CAR. 1783:Congolese troops raise the 1512:in Nord-Kivu, were Rwandan 1034:), and the 7th Groupement ( 832:Central Intelligence Agency 647:available to Congolese was 266:Christian Tshiwewe Songesha 10: 8595: 7239:State of Katanga (1960–63) 6887:Armed Forces & Society 6500:International Crisis Group 6417:. In Martin Rupiya (ed.). 5761:Hans Romkena De Vennhoop, 5589:International Crisis Group 3626:, (ABC-CLIO: 1999), p. 54 3426:International Crisis Group 3138: 3099:private military companies 3078: 2933: 2841:Infantry Fighting Vehicles 2783: 2607:, the armed groups of the 2568: 2226: 2215:Administrative Secretariat 2167:Human Resources Department 1687:Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement 1681:force which had landed in 1614:fighters from South Kivu, 1524:and his quickly-organised 1506:Great Lakes refugee crisis 1452:In 1993, according to the 753:Armée nationale congolaise 702:Armée Nationale Congolaise 689:) included the following: 638:1960 Force Publique mutiny 635: 559: 29: 8489: 8461: 8178: 8133: 8115: 8082: 8073:National Liberation Front 8059: 8030: 7992: 7961: 7920: 7876: 7867: 7828: 7773: 7766: 7685: 7633: 7565: 7556: 7499: 7490: 7366: 7357: 7300: 7291: 7249:First Congo War (1996–98) 7180: 7121:German Foreign Ministry. 7070:Federal Research Division 6967:Meitho, Kisukula Abeli, ' 6773:The World Sea Power Guide 6736:Saunders, Stephen (ed.). 6357:Zaire/DR Congo since 1980 6317:Saunders, Stephen (ed.). 6279:30 September 2007 at the 6259:29 September 2007 at the 6155:Ebenga & N'Landu 2005 5560:10.1080/17531050802682671 5189:30 September 2007 at the 5170:26 September 2007 at the 4490:28 September 2008 at the 4328:Ebenga & N'Landu 2005 4309:Zaire/DR Congo since 1980 4271:(in French) (28): 31–36. 4238:24 September 2015 at the 4199:, No. 3, 1 February 1979. 4197:Official Journal of Zaire 4143:Meditz & Merrill 1993 4098:. Routledge. p. 89. 4067:. PublicAffairs. p. 4059:Meredith, Martin (2005). 3799:DeWitte & Wright 2002 3778:Meditz & Merrill 1993 3757:DeWitte & Wright 2002 3726:DeWitte & Wright 2002 3706:Journal of Peace Research 3590:DeWitte & Wright 2002 3563:DeWitte & Wright 2002 3466:Meditz & Merrill 1993 3451:Meditz & Merrill 1993 3207:and adds a fifth base at 2597:Armée national congolaise 2135:Intelligence and Security 1774:Forces armées congolaises 1608:Forces armées congolaises 1577:Forces armées congolaises 858:(numbering about 8,000). 491:Congolese National Police 443: 438: 336: 324: 317: 307: 297: 292: 284: 276: 271: 256: 244: 232: 225: 209: 165: 157: 148: 143: 8228:Central African Republic 8038:Allied Democratic Forces 7371:Administrative divisions 7114:10 December 2014 at the 7109:Loi Organique FARDC 2013 6910:Armed Forces and Society 6641:Prunier, Gerard (2009). 6527:: Schenkman Books, Inc. 6362:17 February 2014 at the 6202:Jane's Information Group 6184:Jane's Information Group 5914:26 February 2014 at the 5899:. Issue 11—2002, p. 291. 5638:, Pretoria, 2 July 2007. 5375:15 December 2017 at the 5254:Central African Republic 4751:New York Review of Books 4574:. Issue 11—2002, p. 289. 4517:. Issue 11—2002, p. 284. 4330:, pp. 66–70, 73–74. 4244:http://www.foia.cia.gov/ 3728:, pp. 24–25, 27–28. 3651:17 December 2015 at the 3230: 3162:situation is uncertain. 3045:Allied Democratic Forces 2663:and Nyaleke (within the 2269:(MLC) (Commander of the 1970:Allied Democratic Forces 1933:Central African Republic 1000:The country was renamed 961:) over Stanleyville and 930:Parti Solidaire Africain 30:Not to be confused with 27:Military of the DR Congo 8023:(FDLR, created in 2000) 7276:M23 rebellion (2012–13) 7217:Belgian Congo (1908–60) 6735: 6645:. Hurst & Company. 6541: 6483:26 January 2016 at the 6345:, Pretoria, 2 July 2007 6303:13 October 2007 at the 6167:Young & Turner 1985 6141:31 October 2011 at the 5856:Reuters. Archived from 5419:10 January 2015 at the 5130:1 November 2013 at the 5046:6 November 2011 at the 4975:8 December 2017 at the 4946:(in French). Kinshasa. 4864:"The World's Worst War" 4601:9 November 2011 at the 4462:26 January 2016 at the 4253:. Retrieved 4 June 2010 4016:Young & Turner 1985 3664:United Nations (1960). 3215:, and the 5th at Goma. 3122: 2907:in the 2005–09 period. 2891:; 57 MRL, including 24 2547:Jean-Pierre Bongwangela 2534:Celestin Mbala Munsense 2385:Celestin Mbala Munsense 2267:Dieudonne Amuli Bahigwa 1937:in a state of civil war 1766:Dieudonne Amuli Bahigwa 1669:. As well as providing 1541:Rwandan Patriotic Front 1530:the overthrow of Mobutu 1310:32nd Parachute Brigade 1212:Mosambaye Singa Boyenge 1030:), the 6th Groupement ( 1026:), the 5th Groupement ( 1022:), the 4th Groupement ( 1018:), the 3rd Groupement ( 1007:Forces Armées Zaïroises 924:, Gaston Soumialot and 723:and was burgomaster of 632:Independence and revolt 251:Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo 8044:Lord's Resistance Army 7979:(UNITA, in Second War) 7930:(MLC, created in 1998) 7787:/ FARDC, after Mobutu) 7234:Congo Crisis (1960–65) 7195:Colonization (1867–85) 7030: 6969: 6373:; Wright, Ann (2002). 6013:4 October 2015 at the 5768:1 January 2009 at the 5504:20 August 2018 at the 5307:The New Times (Kigali) 5090:See for example CNDP, 4779:"You Will Be Punished" 4652:Thomas Turner (2007). 4349:21 August 2006 at the 4092:Edward George (2005). 3811:House, Arthur (1978). 3221:Type 062 class gunboat 3136: 3076: 3047:in the remote area of 3041:Lord's Resistance Army 3017: 2740: 2712:brigades to fight the 2684: 2643: 2580: 2503:32nd Military Region ( 2492:31st Military Region ( 2488:Leon Mush ale Tsipamba 1993: 1964:Troops operating with 1926:Lord's Resistance Army 1910: 1856: 1788: 1599:Intercontinental Hotel 1449: 1448:Map of the DR of Congo 1431: 1356:13th Infantry Brigade 1288:31st Parachute Brigade 1161: 1121:to face an 800-strong 1095: 1085:secrétaire particulier 1081:secrétaire particulier 1006: 977:to seize power in the 913: 826: 804:United Nations Charter 783: 653:Royal Military Academy 616:, notably present day 585: 580: 550:Lord's Resistance Army 544:(FDLR), against which 466: 258:Chief of General Staff 150: 8388:São Tomé and Príncipe 8248:Republic of the Congo 8099:(UNITA, in First War) 7028:Tshiyembe, Mwayila, ' 6990:, Corgi Books, 1985, 6931:Brookings Institution 6770:Wragg, David (2012). 6523:(expanded ed.). 6004:Amnesty International 5657:Amnesty International 5123:Baoudin Amba Wetshi, 4917:6 August 2014 at the 4166:Robinson 2021, p.11; 3942:23 March 2016 at the 3432:No. 128, 5 July 2007. 3168:Jane's Fighting Ships 3130: 3070: 3015: 2887:and some 130 mm 2738: 2680: 2665:Virunga National Park 2637: 2578: 2536:(Army Gen. from 2019) 2439:Regional commanders: 2429:(Maj. Gen. from 2018) 2356:10th Military Region/ 2209:College of Inspectors 1987: 1901: 1867:. In the area around 1854: 1782: 1566:Operation Thunderbolt 1522:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 1447: 1407: 1371:21st Infantry Brigade 1341:41st Commando Brigade 1186:Paracommando Regiment 1159: 1127:Battle of Quifangondo 1093: 1073:coup monté et manqué. 983:Stanleyville mutinies 911: 824: 781: 660:. Lieutenant General 628:during World War II. 626:East African Campaign 593:Leopold II of Belgium 572: 8173:Militaries of Africa 7793:(FAA, in Second War) 7754:Armed groups in the 6956:McDonald, Gordon C. 6925:Lefever, Ernest W. 6626:10.1093/afraf/adh050 6438:Gérard-Libois, Jules 6204:. 2007. p. 135. 5933:3 March 2014 at the 5820:30 July 2010 at the 5470:5 March 2018 at the 5400:2 April 2015 at the 5356:5 March 2018 at the 5134:, 19 September 2012. 5037:on 28 November 2010. 4822:2 April 2015 at the 4785:. 13 December 2009. 4753:Volume 56, Number 13 4501:29 June 2010 at the 4314:30 July 2007 at the 4036:Michael Schatzberg, 3821:. pp. 145–155. 3712:9 April 2015 at the 3392:Ian Johnston (ed.), 3165:The 2007 edition of 2948:presidential force ( 2349:9th Military Region/ 2338:8th Military Region/ 2331:7th Military Region/ 2324:6th Military Region/ 2317:5th Military Region/ 2307:3rd Military Region/ 2300:2nd Military Region/ 2293:: Brigadier General 2289:1st Military Region/ 2195:General Inspectorate 1956:Walikale territories 1671:expeditionary forces 1640:Jean-Pierre Ondekane 1545:Zairian Armed Forces 1537:Battle of Kinsangani 1325:1st Armoured Brigade 863:Lumumba's government 729:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu 61:improve this article 8519:Plazas de soberanía 8083:Government-aligned, 7838:(FAA, in First War) 6988:The New Mercenaries 6583:Library of Congress 6186:. pp. 134–135. 6169:, pp. 359–360. 5803:on 26 February 2011 5795:Dalrymple, Nicole. 5783:Africa Confidential 5382:Africa Confidential 5231:Omasombo, 2009, 41. 5208:30 May 2013 at the 4902:, RFI, 21 May 2014. 4898:22 May 2014 at the 4746:"Rape of the Congo" 4369:, pp. 376–377. 4249:27 May 2010 at the 4220:Politique africaine 3575:Vanderstraeten 1985 3526:Vanderstraeten 1985 3514:Vanderstraeten 1985 3325:. 26 January 2018. 2541:Gabriel Amisi Kumba 2448:Gabriel Amisi Kumba 2344:Gabriel Amisi Kumba 2256:Gabriel Amisi Kumba 2249:Sungilanga Kisempia 2212:College of Advisers 2100:Pierre Lumbi Okongo 2092:Gabriel Amisi Kumba 2002:Minister of Defence 1990:Kisempia Sungilanga 1845:Gabriel Amisi Kumba 1401:The authors of the 1237: 1226:Kpama Baramoto Kata 1209:General de Division 875:Library of Congress 873:At this point, the 850:which were part of 848:Katanga Gendarmerie 7534:Telecommunications 7381:Court of Cassation 7345:Former place names 6986:Mockler, Anthony, 6933:, Washington, D.C. 6916:Human Rights Watch 6804:Young, M. Crawford 6525:Rochester, Vermont 6474:Human Rights Watch 6145:, 3 February 2011. 6047:on 24 October 2017 5860:on 11 January 2023 5370:Reshaping the army 4938:(7 October 2017). 4868:The New York Times 4783:Human Rights Watch 4744:(13 August 2009). 4693:, p. 131–132. 4628:. 20 August 2003. 4546:. 17 August 1999. 4453:Human Rights Watch 4390:, p. 199,424. 3577:, p. 235–260. 3453:, p. 282–285. 3137: 3077: 3075:helicopter in 2011 3055:(PALIPEHUTU-FNL). 3030:Lieutenant General 3018: 2950:Garde Républicaine 2741: 2644: 2581: 2351:Province Orientale 2271:Kimia II operation 2123:Military Chaplains 1994: 1894:Human Rights Watch 1877:fighting continues 1857: 1789: 1696:Orientale Province 1450: 1272:Kamanyola Division 1235: 1167:Kamanyola Division 1162: 1096: 946:6 Commando (Congo) 914: 903:United States Army 827: 825:ANC parade in 1960 784: 719:, who was born in 614:German East Africa 581: 552:are also present. 471:state organisation 325:Domestic suppliers 8566: 8565: 8559: 8543: 8531: 8523: 8263:Equatorial Guinea 8140: 8139: 8111: 8110: 7863: 7862: 7760:Second Congo Wars 7721: 7720: 7681: 7680: 7600:Human trafficking 7552: 7551: 7486: 7485: 7454:Political parties 7447:National Assembly 7391:Foreign relations 7353: 7352: 7037:Turner, John W. 6865:978-2-8011-0557-3 6776:. Pen and Sword. 6652:978-1-85065-523-7 6455:www.gicnetwork.be 6442:Katanga Secession 6272:Hilaire Kayembe, 5668:on 21 August 2007 5193:, 7 January 2006. 3817:. Washington DC: 3411:978-2-8111-0340-8 2796:Main Battle Tanks 2724:territories" (of 2524:Reshuffle in 2018 2471:Jean Claude Kifwa 2415:Rombault Mbuayama 2203:Inspector General 2036:Forces Terrestres 1945:François Hollande 1889:internal refugees 1603:Colette Braeckman 1558:its own civil war 1399: 1398: 1395:'Role undefined' 1375:Around Lubumbashi 1190:Battle of Kolwezi 996:Zaire (1971–1997) 926:Christophe Gbenye 685:, their demands ( 489:, but it and the 455: 454: 337:Foreign suppliers 277:Military age 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 8586: 8558:(United Kingdom) 8557: 8555:Tristan da Cunha 8551:Ascension Island 8541: 8529: 8521: 8180:Sovereign states 8167: 8160: 8153: 8144: 8143: 7962:Anti-government, 7874: 7873: 7785:Mobuto Sese Seko 7771: 7770: 7748: 7741: 7734: 7725: 7724: 7701: 7694: 7563: 7562: 7524:Franc (currency) 7497: 7496: 7364: 7363: 7298: 7297: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7105: 7073: 7056: 7055: 7033: 7018: 6972: 6937:Lemarchand, René 6869: 6850: 6838: 6827: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6766: 6754: 6743: 6732: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6674:(7): 1117–1137. 6656: 6637: 6620:(412): 359–383. 6601:Omasombo, Jean, 6598: 6596: 6594: 6564: 6552: 6538: 6517:Kanza, Thomas R. 6512:. Issue 11–2002. 6470: 6468: 6466: 6445: 6433: 6432:on 24 July 2007. 6431: 6425:. Archived from 6416: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6337:Boshoff, Henri, 6325: 6324: 6314: 6308: 6294: 6288: 6287:, 7 August 2006. 6270: 6264: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6132: 6126: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6033: 6027: 6024: 6018: 6001: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5944: 5938: 5925: 5919: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5833:on 18 March 2012 5829:. Archived from 5812: 5810: 5808: 5792: 5786: 5779: 5773: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5639: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5510:Digitalcongo.net 5496: 5475: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5424: 5411: 5405: 5392: 5386: 5367: 5361: 5348: 5342: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5283:on 11 March 2016 5282: 5276:. Archived from 5275: 5267: 5261: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5200: 5194: 5180: 5174: 5157: 5151: 5141: 5135: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5104: 5098:. Archived from 5097: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5062: 5056: 5055:, 2009, 152–153. 5038: 5036: 5030:. Archived from 5029: 5021: 5015: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4986: 4980: 4970:Sky News website 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4932: 4926: 4923:Voice of America 4909: 4903: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4833: 4827: 4814: 4808: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4742:Hochschild, Adam 4738: 4732: 4731: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4649: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4616: 4610: 4595:See the copy at 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4450: 4444: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4416: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4260: 4254: 4229: 4223: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4193: 4187: 4177: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4145:, p. 292–3. 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4066: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3930: 3924: 3913: 3907: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3760: 3754: 3745: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3681: 3670: 3661: 3655: 3643:Hobbs, Nicole, " 3641: 3635: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3423: 3414: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3351: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3260: 3244: 3241: 3201:Military Balance 3071:A DRC Air Force 2946:Republican Guard 2930:Republican Guard 2823:Military Balance 2813:Light tanks: 10 2619:(FNI)), and the 2615:(FRPI), and the 2295:Moustapha Mukiza 2187:Military Justice 2126:Military Justice 2094:('Tango Four'), 2044:Marcellin Lukama 2040:military regions 2006:Aimé Ngoy Mukena 1998:Félix Tshisekedi 1712:Kasai-Occidental 1644:Second Congo War 1628:Second Congo War 1589:Second Congo War 1502:Rwandan genocide 1296: 1238: 1234: 1207:In January 1979 1139:Katanga Province 1009: 800:Dag Hammarskjöld 773:Katanga Province 751:was renamed the 678:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 597:Congo Free State 590: 579:pictured in 1928 487:Republican Guard 479:Second Congo War 439:Related articles 431: 429: 428: 419: 417: 416: 407: 405: 404: 395: 393: 392: 383: 381: 380: 371: 369: 368: 359: 357: 356: 347: 345: 344: 313:1.34 (2016 est.) 285:Active personnel 239:Félix Tshisekedi 202: 200: 199: 190: 188: 187: 178: 176: 175: 167:Service branches 153: 141: 140: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 8594: 8593: 8589: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8485: 8457: 8174: 8171: 8141: 8136: 8129: 8107: 8084: 8078: 8055: 8026: 7988: 7963: 7957: 7916: 7869: 7859: 7829:Anti-government 7824: 7767:National armies 7762: 7752: 7722: 7717: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7677: 7673:Public holidays 7629: 7548: 7482: 7420:Law enforcement 7349: 7287: 7244:Zaire (1965–97) 7176: 7170: 7132: 7130: 7116:Wayback Machine 7080: 7065:Country Studies 7062: 7053: 6877: 6875:Further reading 6872: 6866: 6847: 6816:10.2307/2934325 6793: 6791: 6784: 6763: 6697: 6695: 6653: 6614:African Affairs 6610:Prunier, Gérard 6592: 6590: 6567:La Prosperite, 6561: 6535: 6485:Wayback Machine 6464: 6462: 6429: 6414: 6400: 6398: 6391: 6364:Wayback Machine 6333: 6328: 6315: 6311: 6305:Wayback Machine 6295: 6291: 6281:Wayback Machine 6271: 6267: 6261:Wayback Machine 6252:DanChurch Aid, 6251: 6247: 6236: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6143:Wayback Machine 6133: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6078: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6048: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6015:Wayback Machine 6002: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5935:Wayback Machine 5926: 5922: 5916:Wayback Machine 5907: 5903: 5895: 5891: 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3159:Jane's Sentinel 3143: 3131:Army patrol on 3125: 3083: 3065: 3010: 2963:N'djili Airport 2938: 2932: 2788: 2782: 2573: 2567: 2526: 2403:Dieudonné Banze 2367: 2260:François Olenga 2240: 2231: 2225: 2197: 2189: 2161: 2147:Military Police 2108: 2096:Delphin Kahimbi 1982: 1871:, primarily in 1826:Eugene Serufuli 1822:Obed Rwisbasira 1809:Jules Mutebutsi 1807:) were Colonel 1733: 1572:in March 1997. 1498: 1470:N'djili Airport 1299:Kinshasa/Kamina 1290: 1223:Général d'armée 1047:Général d'armée 998: 968:Operation South 856:Antoine Gizenga 674:Patrice Lumumba 640: 634: 595:, who held the 567: 562: 426: 424: 423: 414: 412: 411: 402: 400: 399: 390: 388: 387: 378: 376: 375: 366: 364: 363: 354: 352: 351: 342: 340: 197: 195: 194: 185: 183: 182: 173: 171: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8592: 8582: 8581: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8544: 8532: 8524: 8515:Alboran Island 8503:Canary Islands 8499: 8497: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8465: 8459: 8458: 8456: 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Bush 2689:Laurent Nkunda 2640:Ituri conflict 2609:Ituri conflict 2569:Main article: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2501: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2336: 2329: 2322: 2319:Kasai Oriental 2315: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2287: 2274: 2263: 2252: 2239: 2236: 2227:Main article: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2196: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2129:Administration 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2117:Health Service 2115: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2083:lecongolais.cd 2079:Laurent Nkunda 1996:The President 1981: 1978: 1885:Laurent Nkunda 1865:Ituri conflict 1813:Laurent Nkunda 1732: 1729: 1704:Kasai-Oriental 1594:Gérard Prunier 1587:base when the 1497: 1494: 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295: 294: 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 278: 274: 273: 269: 268: 260: 254: 253: 248: 242: 241: 236: 230: 229: 223: 222: 213: 207: 206: 169: 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 146: 145: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8591: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8528: 8525: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8303:Guinea-Bissau 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8168: 8163: 8161: 8156: 8154: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8132: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8081: 8075:(FLN/FROLINA) 8074: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8058: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7960: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7875: 7872: 7866: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7744: 7742: 7737: 7735: 7730: 7729: 7726: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7620:Social issues 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7315:Deforestation 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7271:Kivu conflict 7269: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7190:Early history 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7160: 7155: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7081: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7060: 7059:public domain 7051: 7048: 7047:1-85409-128-X 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7003: 7000: 6997: 6996:0-552-12558-X 6993: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6979:2-7384-8693-2 6976: 6971: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6912:, Winter 2000 6911: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6867: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6846:0-299-10110-X 6842: 6837: 6836: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6789: 6785: 6783:9781783035588 6779: 6775: 6774: 6768: 6764: 6762:9780804707930 6758: 6753: 6752: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6705: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6560:0-87196-407-4 6556: 6551: 6550: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6534:0-87073-901-8 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6408: 6396: 6392: 6390:1-85984-410-3 6386: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6322: 6321: 6313: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6293: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6269: 6263:, 2 May 2006. 6262: 6258: 6255: 6249: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6220: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6151: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6131: 6122: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6023: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5924: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5905: 5898: 5893: 5884: 5875: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5778: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5742: 5738: 5737:The Economist 5734: 5728: 5712: 5709:. Monuc.org. 5708: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5683: 5667: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5644: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5534:Robinson 2012 5530: 5523: 5518: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5461: 5442: 5435: 5429: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5391: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5347: 5338: 5330: 5324: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5279: 5272: 5266: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5228: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5120: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5033: 5026: 5020: 5013: 5007: 4991: 4985: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4944:Digital Congo 4941: 4937: 4931: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4908: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4889: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4813: 4804: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4758: 4754: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4709: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4481: 4472: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4422: 4414: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4205: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4132: 4127: 4111: 4107: 4105:0-415-35015-8 4101: 4097: 4096: 4088: 4080: 4078:9781586482466 4074: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4039: 4033: 4024: 4018:, p. 69. 4017: 4012: 4005: 4004:Robinson 2021 4000: 3993: 3992:Robinson 2021 3988: 3982:, p. 11. 3981: 3980:Robinson 2021 3976: 3969: 3968:Robinson 2021 3964: 3957: 3956:Robinson 2021 3952: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3922: 3921:0-552-12558-X 3918: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867:(26): 34–41. 3866: 3859: 3850: 3834: 3830: 3828:0-8191-0516-3 3824: 3820: 3816: 3815: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3786: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3759:, p. 16. 3758: 3753: 3751: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3632:0-87436-892-8 3629: 3625: 3619: 3610: 3604:, p. 96. 3603: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3576: 3571: 3564: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3540:, p. 95. 3539: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3504:, p. 35. 3503: 3498: 3492:, p. 62. 3491: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3452: 3447: 3438: 3431: 3430:Africa Report 3427: 3422: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3308:, p. 25. 3307: 3302: 3295: 3294:Robinson 2012 3290: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3255: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3134: 3129: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3074: 3069: 3060: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3005: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942:Joseph Kabila 2937: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2630: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2572: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2376:Didier Etumba 2373: 2372: 2371: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2235: 2230: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2192: 2182:IT Department 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2139:Military Band 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2077:process with 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063:Joseph Kabila 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1986: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:Joseph Kabila 1914: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1739: 1738:Joseph Kabila 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649:According to 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478:Mbanza-Ngungu 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1329:Mbanza-Ngungu 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1003: 993: 990: 986: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 964: 960: 956: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 922:Pierre Mulele 919: 910: 906: 904: 899: 895: 891: 889: 885: 880: 876: 871: 869: 864: 859: 857: 853: 852:Moise Tshombe 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 823: 819: 817: 813: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 780: 776: 774: 770: 769:Moise Tshombe 766: 761: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 713:Gérard-Libois 706: 703: 699: 695: 692: 691: 690: 688: 684: 679: 675: 669: 667: 663: 659: 654: 650: 645: 639: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602:Belgian Congo 598: 594: 589: 588: 578: 577: 571: 557: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 482: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 451: 448: 446: 442: 437: 434: 422: 410: 398: 386: 385:United States 374: 362: 350: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 320: 316: 312: 310: 306: 302: 300: 296: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 267: 264: 261: 259: 255: 252: 249: 247: 243: 240: 237: 235: 231: 228: 224: 221: 217: 214: 212: 208: 205: 193: 181: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 142: 139: 131: 128: 120: 117:December 2019 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 8547:Saint Helena 8491:Dependencies 8413:South Africa 8403:Sierra Leone 8242: 8208:Burkina Faso 8060:Anti-Burundi 7940:RCD-National 7901:Banyamulenge 7870:rebel groups 7868:Militias and 7783:(FAZ, under 7610:Prostitution 7585:Demographics 7509:Central Bank 7424: 7408:Human rights 7376:Constitution 7310:Conservation 7222:World War II 7131:. Retrieved 7093: 7089: 7064: 7038: 7006: 6987: 6961: 6957: 6947: 6940: 6926: 6922:16 July 2009 6909: 6894: 6890:, 39, no. 4. 6885: 6855: 6834: 6807: 6792:. Retrieved 6772: 6750: 6738: 6712: 6708: 6696:. Retrieved 6671: 6665: 6642: 6617: 6613: 6602: 6591:. Retrieved 6577: 6549:World Armies 6548: 6543:Keegan, John 6520: 6509: 6463:. Retrieved 6457:(in Dutch). 6454: 6441: 6427:the original 6421:. Pretoria: 6418: 6399:. Retrieved 6375: 6352:, April 1997 6338: 6331:Bibliography 6319: 6312: 6292: 6285:Le Potential 6284: 6268: 6248: 6239: 6233: 6224: 6219: 6210: 6200:. Coulsdon: 6197: 6192: 6182:. Coulsdon: 6179: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6130: 6121: 6109:. Retrieved 6100: 6091: 6079:. Retrieved 6070: 6061: 6049:. Retrieved 6045:the original 6040: 6031: 6022: 5982:. Retrieved 5978:the original 5968: 5956:. Retrieved 5952:the original 5942: 5923: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5862:. Retrieved 5858:the original 5847: 5835:. Retrieved 5831:the original 5827:"Transcript" 5805:. 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See also 4180:John Keegan 4155:John Keegan 3923:, p131-159. 3839:12 December 3686:29 December 3602:Libois 1966 3538:Libois 1966 3333:15 February 3147:Congo River 3049:Mt Rwenzori 2944:also has a 2859:TH 390 Fahd 2565:Land forces 2446:Brig. Gen. 2427:Numbi Ngoie 2114:Engineering 1694:provinces, 1675:North Korea 1389:Kamina base 1291: [ 1219:Civil Guard 1119:Bengo River 1058:Bumba Moaso 1043:groupements 959:Dragon Noir 879:Joseph Ileo 844:South Kasai 816:South Kasai 683:Joseph Ileo 293:Expenditure 180:Land Forces 8530:(Portugal) 8493:and other 8476:Somaliland 8398:Seychelles 8363:Mozambique 8348:Mauritania 8333:Madagascar 8288:The Gambia 8223:Cape Verde 8069:(CNDD-FDD) 7985:(in Ituri) 7575:Corruption 7437:Parliament 7403:Government 7320:Ecoregions 7210:Atrocities 7133:17 October 6808:Transition 6081:10 October 6051:24 October 5864:10 October 5815:What's New 5616:1 November 5313:9 November 5144:Miami News 5076:19 October 3904:1842774859 3887:Transition 3865:Transition 3502:Young 1966 3478:Kanza 1994 3269:africanews 3251:References 3117:Mil Mi-24s 3087:Air Groups 3033:Marc Caron 2979:Lubumbashi 2855:Panhard M3 2798:: 12–17 x 2726:North Kivu 2705:battalions 2601:ex-RCD KML 2486:Maj. Gen. 2469:Maj. Gen. 2358:South Kivu 2342:: General 2340:North Kivu 2088:John Numbi 2067:John Numbi 2048:groupments 2019:suburb of 1943:president 1879:among the 1873:North Kivu 1762:John Numbi 1462:Lubumbashi 1024:Lubumbashi 938:5 Commando 934:Mike Hoare 725:Jadotville 565:Background 538:North Kivu 534:South Kivu 227:Leadership 87:newspapers 8353:Mauritius 7911:RCD-Congo 7850:(RPF/RDF) 7605:Languages 7590:Education 7544:Transport 7514:Companies 7459:President 7386:Elections 7335:Volcanoes 7325:Mountains 7293:Geography 7102:1715-5673 7015:624665994 6903:0769-4814 6729:145375095 6688:233822626 6134:MONUSCO, 6111:12 August 5576:154957722 5568:1753-1063 4954:7 October 4496:OCHA/IRIN 4279:5 October 3193:Lake Kivu 3155:Gbadolite 3133:Lake Kivu 3095:squadrons 3093:and nine 3063:Air Force 3002:Kisangani 2971:Kisangani 2919:Didgori-2 2865:Artillery 2780:Equipment 2766:Kisangani 2669:Nord-Kivu 2661:Rumangabo 2657:Kisangani 2603:, the ex- 2505:Haut-Uele 2302:Bas-Congo 2132:Logistics 2056:Kisangani 1980:Structure 1869:Lake Kivu 1724:Bas-Congo 1683:Bas-Congo 1532:in 1997. 1486:Kisangani 1482:Bas-Congo 1423:Kisangani 1345:Kisangani 1241:Formation 1020:Kisangani 745:Thysville 469:) is the 272:Personnel 234:President 192:Air Force 8573:Category 8553: / 8549: / 8542:(France) 8537: / 8517: / 8513: / 8509: / 8505: / 8453:Zimbabwe 8428:Tanzania 8278:Ethiopia 8273:Eswatini 8253:Djibouti 8218:Cameroon 8203:Botswana 7973:(SPLA/M) 7903:(ethnic 7896:RCD–Goma 7819:Zimbabwe 7708:Category 7658:Football 7615:Religion 7425:Military 7359:Politics 7340:Wildlife 7127:Archived 7112:Archived 6788:Archived 6692:Archived 6587:Archived 6545:(1979). 6519:(1994). 6481:Archived 6459:Archived 6440:(1966). 6395:Archived 6360:Archived 6301:Archived 6277:Archived 6257:Archived 6139:Archived 6105:Archived 6075:Archived 6011:Archived 5931:Archived 5912:Archived 5818:Archived 5807:3 August 5766:Archived 5747:4 August 5741:Archived 5711:Archived 5502:Archived 5468:Archived 5441:Archived 5417:Archived 5398:Archived 5373:Archived 5354:Archived 5323:cite web 5250:Equateur 5206:Archived 5187:Archived 5168:Archived 5128:Archived 5070:Archived 5044:Archived 4973:Archived 4948:Archived 4915:Archived 4896:Archived 4872:Archived 4841:Archived 4820:Archived 4787:Archived 4757:Archived 4630:Archived 4626:BBC News 4599:Archived 4548:Archived 4499:Archived 4488:Archived 4460:Archived 4347:Archived 4312:Archived 4273:Archived 4247:Archived 4236:Archived 4110:Archived 3940:Archived 3833:Archived 3710:Archived 3677:Archived 3649:Archived 3327:Archived 3273:Archived 3213:Mbandaka 3177:Kinshasa 3073:Mil Mi-8 2959:Kinshasa 2806:, 100 x 2745:brigades 2722:Rutshuru 2701:brassage 2673:Luberizi 2629:brassage 2595:(RCD)'s 2589:brassage 2585:brigades 2494:Bas-Uele 2309:Equateur 2291:Bandundu 2273:in 2009) 2021:Ngaliema 2017:Kinshasa 1838:Walikale 1817:Rutshuru 1805:brassage 1770:RCD-Goma 1720:Kinshasa 1716:Bandundu 1708:Équateur 1667:Zimbabwe 1636:Kinshasa 1581:Tanzania 1435:Cold War 1419:Mbandaka 1313:Kinshasa 1260:Kinshasa 1244:Location 1178:Shaba II 1151:Mirage 5 1100:Kinshasa 1032:Mbandaka 1016:Kinshasa 868:Bakwanga 649:adjutant 610:Cameroun 498:Kinshasa 349:Portugal 319:Industry 220:Kinshasa 8539:Réunion 8535:Mayotte 8527:Madeira 8522:(Spain) 8511:Melilla 8438:Tunisia 8408:Somalia 8393:Senegal 8378:Nigeria 8368:Namibia 8358:Morocco 8323:Liberia 8318:Lesotho 8268:Eritrea 8238:Comoros 8213:Burundi 8188:Algeria 8125:MONUSCO 8092:Mai-Mai 7842:Burundi 7808:Namibia 7692:Outline 7648:Cuisine 7635:Culture 7558:Society 7539:Tourism 7492:Economy 7182:History 6824:2934325 6698:9 March 6634:3518562 5672:13 July 5450:4 March 4996:16 July 4763:30 July 4413:Le Soir 3881:2934325 3279:25 June 3181:Kalemie 3151:N'dangi 3135:in 2012 2893:Type 81 2889:Type 59 2885:Type-60 2819:Type 62 2800:Type 59 2758:Katanga 2642:in 2015 2621:Mai-Mai 2333:Maniema 2326:Katanga 2284:Kananga 2282:(EFO), 2111:Signals 2025:Katanga 2015:in the 1966:MONUSCO 1787:in 2010 1700:Maniema 1679:Rwandan 1663:Namibia 1579:(FAC). 1564:during 1549:Serbian 1359:Kalemie 1147:Morocco 1143:Shaba I 1104:Marxist 1077:Kalemie 1012:Kananga 840:Belgium 796:mandate 560:History 530:MONUSCO 518:Belgium 397:Belgium 158:Founded 101:scholar 8481:Tigray 8448:Zambia 8443:Uganda 8383:Rwanda 8338:Malawi 8298:Guinea 8193:Angola 7983:CODECO 7905:Tutsis 7856:(UPDF) 7854:Uganda 7848:Rwanda 7836:Angola 7799:(FANT) 7791:Angola 7713:Portal 7643:Cinema 7595:Health 7529:Mining 7519:Energy 7442:Senate 7330:Rivers 7305:Cities 7100: 7061:. 7045: 7013: 6994: 6977: 6958:et al. 6901: 6862: 6843: 6822: 6780: 6759: 6727: 6686: 6649: 6632: 6593:14 May 6557: 6531: 6387: 6071:un.org 5984:5 July 5958:5 July 5574: 5566: 5287:8 June 5258:Kitona 5246:Kitona 4660: 4116:11 May 4102: 4075: 3919: 3902: 3879: 3825: 3630: 3409: 3225:Jane's 3205:Jane's 3195:. The 3187:; and 3173:Matadi 2997:Goma. 2987:Moanda 2985:, and 2983:Matadi 2967:Bukavu 2881:M-1938 2834:AML-90 2754:Kamina 2718:Masisi 2710:mixage 2697:Mixage 2693:mixage 2671:, and 2653:Kamina 2649:Kitona 2498:Tshopo 2251:(PPRD) 2075:mixage 2032:DEMIAP 1952:Masisi 1941:French 1655:Angola 1651:Jane's 1632:Kokolo 1616:kadogo 1585:Kitona 1466:Kamina 1427:Kamina 1425:, and 1250:Notes 1115:Luanda 1028:Bukavu 963:Paulis 942:Kamina 838:, and 834:, the 765:Matadi 747:. The 664:, the 618:Rwanda 516:, and 510:Angola 504:, the 500:, the 463:French 430: 421:France 418: 406: 394: 382: 373:Canada 370: 358: 346: 330:Likasi 299:Budget 201: 189: 177: 103: 96: 89: 82: 74: 8507:Ceuta 8423:Sudan 8373:Niger 8328:Libya 8313:Kenya 8293:Ghana 8283:Gabon 8258:Egypt 8198:Benin 8085:other 8052:(FNI) 8046:(LRA) 8040:(ADF) 7964:other 7948:(UPC) 7892:(RCD) 7844:(FAB) 7821:(ZNA) 7814:Sudan 7810:(NDF) 7803:Libya 7781:Zaire 7756:First 7699:Index 7668:Music 7663:Media 7625:Women 7580:Crime 7259:2000s 7096:(2). 6895:Raids 6820:JSTOR 6725:S2CID 6684:S2CID 6630:JSTOR 6430:(PDF) 6415:(PDF) 5572:S2CID 5444:(PDF) 5437:(PDF) 5281:(PDF) 5274:(PDF) 5163:, at 5103:(PDF) 5096:(PDF) 5035:(PDF) 5028:(PDF) 4703:2007. 3877:JSTOR 3680:(PDF) 3669:(PDF) 3231:Notes 3191:, on 3183:, on 3091:wings 2991:MONUC 2975:Kindu 2905:Kivus 2867:: 16 2845:BMP-1 2843:: 20 2837:465). 2832:, 14 2817:; 30 2815:PT-76 2667:) in 2509:Ituri 2297:(MLC) 1988:Gén. 1905:EUSEC 1834:Nande 1830:Hunde 1620:Lunda 1568:near 1554:Sudan 1392:2,500 1378:1,700 1362:1,500 1348:1,200 1332:1,300 1316:1,000 1302:3,800 1295:] 1279:4,100 1276:Shaba 1263:5,200 1171:Shaba 1123:Cuban 1002:Zaire 918:Simba 721:Kasai 704:(ANC) 445:Ranks 433:India 361:China 108:JSTOR 94:books 8433:Togo 8343:Mali 8233:Chad 7884:AFDL 7797:Chad 7758:and 7653:Flag 7476:List 7464:List 7413:LGBT 7135:2020 7098:ISSN 7043:ISBN 7011:OCLC 6992:ISBN 6975:ISBN 6899:ISSN 6860:ISBN 6841:ISBN 6796:2018 6778:ISBN 6757:ISBN 6700:2021 6647:ISBN 6595:2017 6555:ISBN 6529:ISBN 6467:2022 6403:2019 6385:ISBN 6113:2007 6083:2020 6053:2017 5986:2015 5960:2015 5866:2020 5839:2011 5809:2010 5781:See 5749:2007 5719:2008 5674:2007 5618:2008 5564:ISSN 5452:2018 5329:link 5315:2008 5289:2009 5111:2009 5078:2022 4998:2024 4956:2017 4880:2012 4849:2012 4795:2009 4765:2009 4658:ISBN 4638:2009 4556:2009 4544:IRIN 4281:2019 4168:IISS 4118:2008 4100:ISBN 4073:ISBN 3917:ISBN 3900:ISBN 3841:2019 3823:ISBN 3688:2016 3628:ISBN 3407:ISBN 3335:2018 3281:2021 3209:Boma 3189:Goma 3123:Navy 2912:T-64 2901:T-72 2877:D-30 2871:and 2808:T 72 2804:T-55 2720:and 2714:FDLR 2631:" . 2627:for 2507:and 2496:and 2011:The 1954:and 1832:and 1722:and 1714:and 1702:and 1692:Kivu 1665:and 1659:Chad 1624:FNLC 1606:new 1535:The 1514:Hutu 1510:Goma 1480:(in 1247:Size 1197:IISS 1036:Boma 957:and 743:and 536:and 457:The 204:Navy 80:news 6812:doi 6717:doi 6676:doi 6622:doi 6618:103 5556:doi 5222:25. 4069:316 3869:doi 3704:,' 2774:M23 2756:in 2728:). 2623:). 1922:M23 1746:RCD 1634:in 1570:Yei 970:". 940:at 63:by 8575:: 7125:. 7094:19 7092:. 7088:. 7068:. 6960:, 6929:, 6918:, 6884:, 6818:. 6786:. 6723:. 6713:23 6711:. 6690:. 6682:. 6672:32 6670:. 6664:. 6628:. 6616:. 6585:. 6581:. 6502:, 6493:, 6476:, 6453:. 6393:. 6383:. 6379:. 6341:, 6283:, 6103:. 6099:. 6073:. 6069:. 6039:. 6006:, 5994:^ 5735:. 5693:87 5691:. 5659:, 5634:, 5604:. 5570:. 5562:. 5550:. 5508:. 5479:^ 5439:. 5379:. 5325:}} 5321:{{ 5305:. 5068:. 4942:. 4921:, 4870:. 4866:. 4781:. 4755:. 4748:. 4728:44 4726:. 4624:. 4564:^ 4542:. 4455:, 4420:^ 4353:, 4267:. 4182:, 4108:. 4071:. 3935:, 3875:. 3831:. 3764:^ 3749:^ 3675:. 3671:. 3582:^ 3458:^ 3418:^ 3374:. 3355:^ 3343:^ 3321:. 3271:. 3267:. 2981:, 2977:, 2973:, 2969:, 2965:, 2961:, 2695:. 2659:, 2655:, 2651:, 2102:. 2090:, 2027:. 2008:. 1928:. 1875:, 1661:, 1657:, 1646:. 1488:. 1421:, 1293:fr 1228:. 818:. 735:. 512:, 465:: 218:, 8166:e 8159:t 8152:v 8011:) 7747:e 7740:t 7733:v 7165:e 7158:t 7151:v 7137:. 7104:. 7072:. 7017:. 6939:, 6905:) 6868:. 6849:. 6826:. 6814:: 6798:. 6765:. 6731:. 6719:: 6702:. 6678:: 6655:. 6636:. 6624:: 6597:. 6563:. 6537:. 6469:. 6405:. 6157:. 6115:. 6085:. 6055:. 5988:. 5962:. 5868:. 5841:. 5811:. 5751:. 5721:. 5676:. 5620:. 5578:. 5558:: 5552:3 5536:. 5454:. 5423:. 5331:) 5317:. 5113:. 5080:. 5000:. 4958:. 4882:. 4851:. 4797:. 4767:. 4666:. 4640:. 4558:. 4283:. 4120:. 4081:. 3883:. 3871:: 3843:. 3780:. 3690:. 3634:. 3516:. 3337:. 3283:. 2883:/ 2879:/ 2262:. 966:" 461:( 332:. 130:) 124:( 119:) 115:( 105:· 98:· 91:· 84:· 57:. 34:. 20:)

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