1205:
1646:
1660:
866:
80:
844:
1670:
116:
1483:
558:. As one moves northward, the amount of warmth available for plant growth decreases considerably. In the northernmost areas, plants are at their metabolic limits, and small differences in the total amount of summer warmth make large differences in the amount of energy available for maintenance, growth and reproduction. Colder summer temperatures cause the size, abundance, productivity and variety of plants to decrease. Trees cannot grow in the Arctic, but in its warmest parts, shrubs are common and can reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in height;
100:
10892:
1632:
1044:
1618:
510:
5218:
1337:
609:
108:
5230:
1406:
45:
430:
599:
2356:
454:
as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F). Coastal Arctic climates are moderated by oceanic influences, having generally warmer temperatures and heavier snowfalls than the colder and drier interior areas. The Arctic is affected by current
453:
region is characterized by cold winters and cool summers. Its precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow and is low, with most of the area receiving less than 50 cm (20 in). High winds often stir up snow, creating the illusion of continuous snowfall. Average winter temperatures can go
3119:
Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr; Grythe, Henrik; Keil, Kathrin; Kivekäs, Niku; Kumar, Naresh; Liu, Nengye; Matelenok, Igor; Myksvoll, Mari; O'Leary, Derek; Olsen, Julia; Pavithran, A. P., Sachin;
1173:
beyond its 200 nautical mile zone. Due to this, Norway (which ratified the convention in 1996), Russia (ratified in 1997), Canada (ratified in 2003) and the
Kingdom of Denmark (ratified in 2004) launched projects to establish claims that certain sectors of the Arctic seabed should belong to their
950:
transition dates around the ninth–10th centuries CE. Scientists theorize that there may have been cross-contact of the two cultures with sharing of technology, such as fashioning harpoon heads, or the Thule may have found Dorset remnants and adapted their ways with the predecessor culture. The
1459:
than the global average, resulting in significant international attention to the region. In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in
Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.
1390:
The Arctic has climate change rates that are amongst the highest in the world. Due to the major impacts to the region from climate change the near climate future of the region will be extremely different under all scenarios of warming.
1258:
along the
Lomonosov Ridge but, unlike Denmark, confined its claim to its side of the Arctic region. In August 2015, Russia made a supplementary submission for the expansion of the external borders of its continental shelf in the
3348:
1153:
or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The surrounding six Arctic states that border the Arctic Ocean—Canada, Kingdom of
Denmark (with Greenland), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and the United States—are limited to a 200
3634:
Galera, L. A., Eckhardt, T., Beer, C., Pfeiffer, E.-M., & Knoblauch, C. (2023). "Ratio of in situ CO2 to CH4 production and its environmental controls in polygonal tundra soils of
Samoylov Island, Northeastern Siberia".
4263:
1348:
problems that present a serious threat to people's health living around these pollution sources. Due to the prevailing worldwide sea and air currents, the Arctic area is the fallout region for long-range transport
1104:, every Arctic nation is concerned about sovereignty/defense, resource development, shipping routes, and environmental protection. Much work remains on regulatory agreements regarding shipping, tourism, and
4317:
4044:
Alatalo, Juha M.; Jägerbrand, Annika K.; Molau, Ulf (1 November 2015). "Testing reliability of short-term responses to predict longer-term responses of bryophytes and lichens to environmental change".
1520:
which may become accessible if the ice covering them melts. These factors have led to recent international debates as to which nations can claim sovereignty or ownership over the waters of the Arctic.
919:) refers to the next inhabitants of central and eastern Arctic. The Dorset culture evolved because of technological and economic changes during the period of 1050–550 BCE. With the exception of the
5073:
3483:
963:
some time after 1300 CE. The question of why the Dorset disappeared so completely has led some to suggest that Thule invaders wiped out the Dorset people in "an example of prehistoric genocide."
485:
Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by
3176:
2553:
2530:
4139:
982:
are modern
Greenlandic Inuit groups descended from Thule). Over time, the Inuit have migrated throughout the Arctic regions of Eastern Russia, the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
3338:
798:
may have all migrated north to take advantage of the summer growing season, and migrated south to warmer climes when winter came. A similar situation may also have been found amongst
4119:
3506:
3968:
8776:
3944:
3590:
3120:
Petersen, Edward; Raspotnik, Andreas; Ryzhov, Ivan; Solski, Jan; Suo, Lingling; Troein, Caroline; Valeeva, Vilena; van
Rijckevorsel, Jaap; Wighting, Jonathan (16 October 2014).
3985:
Myers-Smith, Isla H.; Forbes, Bruce C.; Wilmking, Martin; Hallinger, Martin; Lantz, Trevor; Blok, Daan; Tape, Ken D.; Macias-Fauria, Marc; Sass-Klaassen, Ute (1 January 2011).
1082:
3661:
3364:
1074:
3390:
1387:. The initial focus of the campaign will be a UN resolution creating a global sanctuary around the pole, and a ban on oil drilling and unsustainable fishing in the Arctic.
4260:
3540:
1501:
Apart from concerns regarding the detrimental effects of warming in the Arctic, some potential opportunities have gained attention. The melting of the ice is making the
4197:
3423:
2921:
1204:
1078:
1498:
Climate change is also predicted to have a large impact on tundra vegetation, causing an increase of shrubs, and having a negative impact on bryophytes and lichens.
1236:, blocking any "new comprehensive international legal regime to govern the Arctic Ocean," and pledging "the orderly settlement of any possible overlapping claims."
2712:
3316:
2422:
sound, but the pronunciation with the k sound is nowadays very common. The "c" was added to the spelling for etymological reasons and then began to be pronounced.
489:
and temperature) is currently shrinking. Perhaps the most alarming result of this is Arctic sea ice shrinkage. There is a large variance in predictions of Arctic
762:
and to the disturbance of the rare breeding grounds of the animals that are characteristic to the region. The Arctic also holds 1/5 of the Earth's water supply.
2827:
2669:
1109:
1090:
4318:
Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander. The Arctic at the crossroads of geopolitical interests // Russian
Politics and Law, 2012. Vol. 50, No. 2. p. 34–54
970:, present-day Arctic inhabitants and descendants of Thule culture, had settled in west Greenland, and moved into east Greenland over the following century (
3250:
King, Lorenz (1992). "Polarregionen, vom
Neuland zum wissenschaftlichen Brennpunkt" [Polar regions, from uncharted territory to scientific focus].
1475:
production by micro-organisms. Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent
1380:
3479:
3283:
3048:
3017:
3092:
1444:
to global warming, it is often seen as a leading indicator of global warming. The melting of
Greenland's ice sheet is linked to polar amplification.
4294:
3618:
3228:
2485:
4159:
4094:
3773:
3202:
501:
Arctic life is characterized by adaptation to short growing seasons with long periods of sunlight, and cold, dark, snow-covered winter conditions.
4543:
3164:
1272:
1166:
4073:
9382:
4136:
3643:
2800:
4301:
Käpylä, Juha & Mikkola, Harri: The Global Arctic: The Growing Arctic Interests of Russia, China, the United States and the European Union
2638:
119:
3906:
3566:
3066:
2577:
4286:
2858:
1871:
4116:
3510:
774:, the Arctic still had seasonal snows, though only a light dusting and not enough to permanently hinder plant growth. Animals such as the
7938:
6261:
4854:
4518:
3965:
2960:
2693:"Climate change in the Arctic: using plant functional types in a meta-analysis of field experiments: Meta-analysis of arctic experiments"
1505:, shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime
1097:). The council operates on consensus basis, mostly dealing with environmental treaties and not addressing boundary or resource disputes.
1645:
10656:
10515:
6899:
758:
is considerable. The increasing presence of humans fragments vital habitats. The Arctic is particularly susceptible to the abrasion of
4303:
3928:
3587:
2889:
3658:
2446:
1353:, and in some places the concentrations exceed the levels of densely populated urban areas. An example of this is the phenomenon of
10842:
9319:
6534:
2550:
2527:
6542:
8894:
7900:
6313:
4616:
4449:
3397:
2379:
2510:
1224:
Foreign ministers and other officials representing Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States met in
1069:
The eight Arctic nations (Canada, Kingdom of Denmark , Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, and US) are all members of the
10649:
10535:
8491:
8089:
7677:
5144:
3368:
1124:
3532:
1255:
10644:
10578:
9283:
4596:
4255:
4230:
4201:
3747:
3427:
3011:
2954:
2632:
338:
2911:
10934:
10639:
10603:
10542:
7229:
2601:
1486:
The shrinking Arctic: Parts of Norway inside the Arctic Circle has a temperate climate with the 1991–2020 normals, such as
8094:
1310:
Since 1937, the larger portion of the Asian-side Arctic region has been extensively explored by Soviet and Russian crewed
10949:
10929:
10632:
10627:
10573:
9177:
8858:
8680:
8570:
8339:
6928:
6877:
5127:
5013:
3344:
3122:"Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure"
2339:
2158:
2090:
1494:
with mean annual temperature of 6 °C (43 °F), four months above 10°C and no month below 0 °C (32 °F).
1305:
1113:
730:
3457:
3312:
289:
and adjacent seas. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless
10501:
9375:
8628:
8209:
8148:
5202:
5132:
4832:
2374:
1843:
1314:. Between 1937 and 1991, eighty-eight international polar crews established and occupied scientific settlements on the
383:
There are a number of definitions of what area is contained within the Arctic. The area can be defined as north of the
5797:
10583:
8651:
5267:
4495:
4343:
4277:
3263:
2819:
2661:
1659:
1248:
739:(oil, gas, minerals, fresh water, fish and, if the subarctic is included, forest) to which modern technology and the
4359:
10598:
10588:
10530:
10508:
10491:
10486:
10405:
8729:
6037:
5159:
5149:
4802:
4659:
4553:
4538:
2734:
Tedesco, M.; Mote, T.; Fettweis, X.; Hanna, E.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Booth, J. F.; Datta, R.; Briggs, K. (9 June 2016).
1146:
1140:
6117:
3313:"Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements"
10608:
10437:
10303:
10217:
10167:
8960:
8946:
8920:
8757:
6728:
6254:
5122:
4508:
4329:
Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander. Russia in search of its Arctic strategy: between hard and soft power?
1101:
1038:
736:
726:
7651:
4328:
4322:
10552:
8783:
8753:
7096:
7086:
6670:
6372:
5000:
4679:
4631:
4467:
2316:
1653:
593:
348:
8394:
1162:(EEZ) off their coasts. Two Arctic states (Finland and Sweden) do not have direct access to the Arctic Ocean.
403:
where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost
10944:
10862:
10847:
9368:
8556:
8066:
7199:
6218:
5139:
4664:
3279:
1345:
1327:
959:
into northern Canada and Greenland, where they genetically and culturally completely replaced the Indigenous
865:
834:
17:
3678:
Tedesco, M.; Mote, T.; Fettweis, X.; Hanna, E.; Jeyaratnam, J.; Booth, J. F.; Datta, R.; Briggs, K. (2016).
1379:
There have been many proposals to preserve the Arctic over the years. Most recently a group of stars at the
562:, mosses and lichens can form thick layers. In the coldest parts of the Arctic, much of the ground is bare;
408:
10939:
10895:
10547:
10177:
9904:
9609:
8465:
8351:
8194:
7240:
6701:
6469:
5233:
4972:
4879:
4844:
4717:
3340:
The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons
3001:
1456:
1400:
656:
589:
459:
424:
3790:
Lenton, T. M.; Held, H.; Kriegler, E.; Hall, J. W.; Lucht, W.; Rahmstorf, S.; Schellnhuber, H. J. (2008).
3084:
2419:
493:
loss, with models showing near-complete to complete loss in September from 2035 to some time around 2067.
10034:
8913:
8535:
8369:
8310:
8264:
6493:
6382:
4697:
4639:
4442:
3615:
3224:
2477:
1201:, generated commentary on and concern for a race for control of the Arctic's vast hydrocarbon resources.
881:
4179:
4156:
4090:
3770:
3198:
1131:, and the Barents Euro-Arctic Council are more examples of collaborative international Arctic research.
743:
have given significant new opportunities. The interest of the tourism industry is also on the increase.
10212:
10197:
9495:
9480:
9273:
7998:
7972:
7965:
7416:
7317:
7309:
7292:
6910:
6456:
6308:
6247:
4692:
2324:
2233:
2218:
2174:
2105:
2017:
2002:
1957:
1929:
1914:
1825:
1769:
1741:
956:
7705:
10593:
10525:
10496:
10481:
10222:
10147:
9096:
8706:
8402:
8201:
7986:
7868:
7671:
7553:
7404:
7253:
7191:
7178:
7051:
6777:
6429:
5609:
5023:
4528:
4070:
2573:
2142:
1761:
1417:
1086:
838:
521:
1509:. One harbinger of the opening navigability of the Arctic took place in the summer of 2016 when the
10182:
10099:
9682:
9395:
9246:
8837:
8831:
8749:
8623:
8408:
8134:
8010:
7860:
7748:
7532:
6228:
5940:
5817:
4839:
4480:
2804:
1517:
1429:
1362:
1283:
1120:
583:
517:
471:
79:
9360:
6548:
4295:
Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander: The Arctic at the Crossroads of Geopolitical Interests
4274:, Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security (ACDIS), University of Illinois
2622:
1669:
10829:
10520:
10427:
10104:
9814:
9809:
9313:
8976:
8129:
8003:
7923:
7432:
7259:
6461:
5308:
4513:
4323:
Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander: Is Russia a revisionist military power in the Arctic?
3898:
3562:
2009:
1384:
1229:
1159:
819:, which is now at about 70° N but at the time (70 million years ago) was 10° further north.
816:
246:
190:
31:
3365:"Conference in Ilulissat, Greenland: Landmark political declaration on the future of the Arctic"
2850:
655:
is also a predator, though it prefers to hunt for marine life from the ice. There are also many
304:
The Arctic region is a unique area among Earth's ecosystems. The cultures in the region and the
115:
10806:
10613:
10207:
10010:
9251:
8817:
6749:
6147:
6099:
5900:
5890:
5845:
5827:
5566:
5488:
5172:
4827:
4435:
2181:
1059:
896:
815:
However, others claim that dinosaurs lived year-round at very high latitudes, such as near the
676:
463:
186:
8084:
2944:
880:
The earliest inhabitants of North America's central and eastern Arctic are referred to as the
10899:
10763:
10683:
10326:
10227:
9836:
9256:
9225:
9030:
8983:
8882:
8686:
8605:
8548:
8297:
8291:
8141:
8099:
8061:
8041:
7636:
7411:
7247:
7157:
7139:
7056:
7027:
7017:
6905:
6842:
6616:
6189:
6077:
6022:
5970:
5930:
5391:
5260:
4807:
4794:
4784:
4737:
4523:
4220:
2389:
2082:
1789:
1233:
1105:
843:
740:
450:
420:
262:
7297:
1119:
Research in the Arctic has long been a collaborative international effort, evidenced by the
10773:
9749:
9467:
9110:
9102:
9045:
8633:
8497:
8423:
8415:
8215:
8155:
8114:
7727:
7718:
7589:
7584:
7488:
7352:
7109:
7071:
6678:
6448:
6416:
6360:
6340:
6156:
6004:
5975:
5945:
5905:
5341:
5197:
4300:
3998:
3862:
3803:
3691:
3135:
2747:
2262:
2024:
1311:
8478:
6883:
6866:
8:
10422:
10087:
10024:
10000:
9831:
9692:
9638:
9579:
9550:
9490:
9485:
9231:
9153:
8618:
8541:
8457:
8238:
8230:
8179:
7819:
7777:
7272:
7235:
7124:
6888:
6758:
6561:
6366:
6027:
5995:
5865:
5679:
5599:
5521:
5098:
5008:
4864:
4591:
2881:
2454:
2394:
2293:
2060:
1987:
1441:
1425:
986:
828:
479:
467:
400:
305:
6871:
6181:
5784:
5323:
4002:
3866:
3807:
3695:
3139:
2751:
2692:
1286:
belonging to Canada, while the United States and most maritime nations regards it as an
58:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
10710:
10331:
10294:
10172:
9618:
9540:
9500:
9475:
8952:
8844:
8825:
8389:
8364:
7906:
7800:
7764:
7740:
7631:
7478:
7453:
7449:
7439:
7345:
7323:
7302:
7183:
7173:
6920:
6808:
6736:
6409:
6400:
6392:
6303:
6283:
6201:
6057:
6017:
5955:
5920:
5910:
5895:
5313:
5187:
4817:
4757:
4561:
4485:
4475:
4225:. Vol. 1537 of Garland reference library of the humanities. Taylor & Francis.
4011:
3986:
3826:
3791:
3736:
3712:
3679:
2776:
2735:
2278:
2165:
2075:
2067:
2045:
1972:
1899:
1810:
1748:
1733:
1299:
1287:
1213:
936:
563:
226:
5446:
10791:
10410:
10237:
10202:
10063:
10058:
10039:
9848:
9675:
9435:
9324:
9130:
9124:
9080:
9065:
8994:
8966:
8874:
8811:
8721:
8693:
8673:
8611:
8519:
8483:
8357:
8324:
8317:
8270:
8252:
8169:
7918:
7787:
7735:
7641:
7594:
7522:
7511:
7223:
7213:
7205:
7101:
7091:
7002:
6997:
6980:
6946:
6813:
6800:
6621:
6527:
6485:
6480:
6270:
6127:
6112:
6052:
5885:
5870:
5850:
5770:
5651:
5455:
5411:
5182:
5177:
4985:
4849:
4669:
4654:
4571:
4394:
4339:
4251:
4226:
4026:
4021:
3936:
3880:
3831:
3743:
3717:
3259:
3007:
2950:
2781:
2763:
2708:
2628:
2507:
1964:
1575:
1502:
1437:
1344:
The Arctic is comparatively clean, although there are certain ecologically difficult
1279:
1240:
1217:
1209:
1182:
1170:
571:
527:
513:
438:
234:
1482:
1463:
The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing
1108:
in Arctic waters. Arctic shipping is subject to some regulatory control through the
659:
and marine species endemic to the colder regions. Other terrestrial animals include
10872:
10867:
10857:
10786:
10463:
10417:
10360:
10289:
10152:
10046:
9995:
9973:
9826:
9773:
9712:
9341:
9073:
8765:
8645:
8471:
8444:
8384:
8259:
8189:
8174:
7913:
7842:
7837:
7811:
7806:
7688:
7611:
7564:
7331:
7151:
7116:
7012:
7007:
6941:
6855:
6637:
6629:
6515:
6435:
6387:
6377:
6350:
6223:
5915:
5880:
5674:
5493:
5253:
5043:
4601:
4383:
4378:
4053:
4016:
4006:
3870:
3821:
3811:
3707:
3699:
3480:"Russia claims the application for expansion of Danish borders in the Arctic shelf"
3315:. United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. 22 April 2009.
3143:
2771:
2755:
2704:
2384:
2361:
2225:
1979:
1949:
1906:
1817:
1717:
1663:
1635:
1510:
1409:
1264:
808:
365:
222:
159:
133:
4057:
320:, birds, land animals, plants and human societies. Arctic land is bordered by the
10924:
10758:
10259:
10247:
10232:
10187:
10137:
10077:
10019:
9980:
9968:
9961:
9870:
9687:
9670:
9645:
9331:
9278:
9263:
9169:
9164:
9088:
9053:
8989:
8888:
8803:
8770:
8502:
8285:
8277:
8246:
8162:
8122:
7876:
7832:
7772:
7696:
7666:
7661:
7621:
7599:
7547:
7483:
7473:
7424:
7146:
7131:
6984:
6953:
6915:
6665:
6593:
6587:
6510:
6475:
6335:
6032:
5875:
5855:
5840:
5812:
5802:
5792:
5752:
5709:
5581:
5556:
5551:
5463:
5381:
5331:
5303:
5293:
5221:
5093:
4822:
4732:
4649:
4644:
4417:
4307:
4267:
4163:
4143:
4123:
4077:
3987:"Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities"
3972:
3777:
3680:"Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record"
3665:
3647:
3622:
3594:
3352:
3148:
3126:
3121:
2736:"Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record"
2605:
2557:
2534:
2514:
1994:
1921:
1374:
1358:
1357:, which is commonly blamed on long-range pollutants. Another example is with the
1244:
1194:
1018:
952:
928:
238:
7854:
3929:"Scientists shocked by Arctic permafrost thawing 70 years sooner than predicted"
2598:
2285:
1014:
214:
10903:
10852:
10751:
10715:
10695:
10678:
10618:
10382:
10274:
10252:
10242:
10094:
10072:
9956:
9951:
9936:
9931:
9858:
9804:
9756:
9727:
9633:
9623:
9305:
9288:
9241:
9200:
9190:
9159:
9018:
9008:
8900:
8850:
8715:
8665:
8638:
8583:
8379:
8374:
8223:
8076:
7930:
7892:
7849:
7782:
7756:
7710:
7683:
7656:
7626:
7569:
7527:
7517:
7397:
7390:
7287:
7267:
7079:
7039:
6970:
6766:
6741:
6696:
6660:
6654:
6646:
6606:
6601:
6575:
6555:
6323:
6137:
6132:
6107:
6085:
6047:
6042:
5965:
5960:
5762:
5742:
5684:
5656:
5546:
5541:
5531:
5526:
5478:
5473:
5436:
5376:
5366:
5356:
5018:
4980:
4769:
4576:
4503:
3875:
3850:
2369:
2300:
2210:
1677:
1631:
1570:
1513:
successfully navigated the Northwest Passage, a first for a large cruise ship.
1476:
1472:
1448:
1336:
1190:
1128:
1070:
990:
904:
848:
566:
such as lichens and mosses predominate, along with a few scattered grasses and
455:
434:
373:
333:
5431:
1043:
99:
10918:
10877:
10746:
10738:
10705:
10442:
10392:
10284:
10279:
10269:
10119:
10082:
9990:
9985:
9887:
9792:
9268:
9210:
9205:
9195:
9145:
9140:
9116:
9060:
8937:
8931:
8926:
8525:
8436:
8429:
8184:
7979:
7958:
7826:
7604:
7574:
7542:
7537:
7374:
7280:
7163:
6958:
6771:
6721:
6714:
6706:
6611:
6520:
6355:
6067:
6062:
6012:
5950:
5935:
5925:
5860:
5835:
5807:
5747:
5737:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5689:
5634:
5624:
5498:
5401:
5386:
5361:
5351:
5336:
5167:
5083:
5068:
4897:
4859:
4762:
4727:
4687:
4566:
4533:
4030:
3940:
3449:
2916:
2767:
2097:
1863:
1681:
1649:
1621:
1605:
1580:
1555:
1452:
1155:
1116:
on 1 January 2017 and applies to all ships in Arctic waters over 500 tonnes.
1094:
1026:
960:
794:
782:
384:
357:
317:
313:
308:
have adapted to its cold and extreme conditions. Life in the Arctic includes
250:
84:
4288:
Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science.
3816:
3533:"The US is picking a fight with Canada over a thawing Arctic shipping route"
10781:
10720:
10700:
10690:
10400:
10372:
10127:
9865:
9799:
9768:
9717:
9589:
9518:
9455:
9445:
9299:
9293:
8905:
8869:
8735:
8562:
8512:
8451:
8305:
7993:
7944:
7794:
7616:
7579:
7559:
7500:
7034:
7022:
6965:
6893:
6794:
6691:
6685:
6582:
6570:
6443:
6421:
6345:
6298:
6169:
6122:
5646:
5639:
5629:
5513:
5503:
5416:
5406:
5371:
5298:
5038:
4930:
4892:
4869:
4581:
4390:
3884:
3835:
3721:
2785:
2202:
1838:
1617:
1600:
1565:
1540:
1530:
1516:
In addition, it is believed that the Arctic seabed may contain substantial
1260:
1198:
1051:
947:
940:
892:
852:
776:
751:
708:
704:
692:
644:
509:
388:
286:
270:
4350:
3728:
3006:(Digitized 7 October 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 55.
711:
exists and has been described around the Arctic Circle in the form of the
10837:
10796:
10727:
10432:
10321:
10264:
10192:
10142:
10029:
10005:
9894:
9732:
9650:
9628:
9604:
9450:
9440:
9336:
9236:
9184:
9002:
8789:
8577:
7952:
7884:
7646:
7505:
7468:
7368:
7360:
7168:
6504:
5985:
5980:
5732:
5699:
5694:
5614:
5604:
5536:
5346:
5192:
5103:
5078:
5053:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4812:
4752:
4412:
2399:
2129:
1776:
1726:
1560:
1545:
1506:
1354:
1331:
1178:
759:
648:
620:
392:
309:
92:
59:
3703:
2759:
1451:, as has become apparent with the reduction of sea ice in recent years.
1022:
10367:
10336:
10162:
10157:
9821:
9782:
9744:
9662:
9535:
9420:
9415:
9135:
9038:
9022:
8864:
8797:
8698:
8107:
8056:
8016:
7338:
7064:
6992:
6934:
6327:
6295:
6164:
5666:
5619:
5561:
5426:
4917:
4887:
4611:
3640:
3598:
2308:
2052:
1936:
1710:
1595:
1585:
1550:
1535:
1464:
1433:
1247:
between Greenland and over the North Pole to the northern limit of the
1150:
1055:
1047:
932:
900:
771:
747:
668:
652:
640:
559:
475:
369:
361:
290:
282:
218:
189:
located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic region, from the
3616:
https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg2/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGII_CrossChapterPaper6.pdf
3280:"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Annex 2, Article 4)"
3067:"Dorset DNA: Genes Trace the Tale of the Arctic's Long-Gone 'Hobbits'"
1850:
1491:
1405:
998:
931:, evidence shows that descendants of the Dorset culture, known as the
364:, the "Great Bear", which is prominent in the northern portion of the
278:
10814:
10473:
10447:
10377:
10355:
10348:
10132:
9909:
9843:
9739:
9562:
9545:
9430:
9425:
9399:
8657:
7494:
7046:
6829:
6194:
5591:
5033:
4957:
4935:
4707:
4606:
4586:
4157:"Russia stakes its claim on North Pole in underwater search for oil".
3396:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. 28 May 2008. Archived from
2851:"Arctic Ocean could be ice-free for part of the year as soon as 2044"
1878:
1833:
1639:
1350:
1315:
1225:
975:
908:
803:
660:
636:
613:
608:
555:
535:
486:
404:
321:
274:
210:
6239:
1073:, as are organizations representing six indigenous populations (The
927:
peninsula, the Dorset culture vanished around 1500 CE. Supported by
10341:
9946:
9882:
9853:
9763:
9722:
9530:
9510:
9390:
8589:
5468:
4922:
4702:
3792:"Inaugural Article: Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system"
3165:"Stability and Peace in the Arctic Ocean through Science Diplomacy"
3070:
2946:
A prehistory of the north: human settlement of the higher latitudes
2254:
2138:
2037:
1802:
1673:
1590:
979:
971:
924:
799:
755:
746:
The Arctic contains some of the last and most extensive continuous
680:
632:
531:
206:
202:
194:
4774:
3984:
2517:
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 18 November 2006.
2194:
1383:, on 21 June 2012, proposed protecting the Arctic, similar to the
1290:, which means that foreign vessels have right of transit passage.
107:
10313:
10051:
9941:
9899:
9787:
9599:
9594:
9523:
9216:
8596:
6861:
6837:
6825:
5571:
5063:
4912:
4902:
4747:
4742:
4722:
4712:
4091:"Largest Cruise Ship Ever To Sail Northwest Passage Docks In NYC"
2241:
2150:
2113:
1625:
1468:
1447:
The Arctic region is especially vulnerable to the effects of any
1421:
1268:
1263:, asserting that the eastern part of the Lomonosov Ridge and the
1006:
788:
696:
688:
624:
490:
442:
396:
377:
298:
266:
242:
88:
7383:
5245:
4427:
4398:
4291:
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2009.
44:
9923:
9877:
9584:
9571:
7462:
6787:
5576:
5421:
5288:
5277:
5088:
5058:
5028:
4990:
4962:
4907:
4621:
3659:
Study links 2015 melting Greenland ice to faster Arctic warming
3118:
2122:
1891:
1702:
1487:
1186:
1010:
1002:
994:
920:
684:
628:
602:
551:
543:
294:
254:
230:
103:
A political map showing land ownership within the Arctic region
10670:
10565:
10109:
9407:
9391:
6848:
5483:
5396:
5048:
4779:
4336:
A History of the Arctic: Nature, Exploration and Exploitation
3738:
Impacts of a warming Arctic: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
3337:
Yenikeyeff, S. M. and Fenton Krysiek, Timothy (August 2007).
3003:
The last imaginary place: a human history of the Arctic world
2331:
2270:
1412:
as of 2007 compared to 2005 and compared to 1979–2000 average
967:
713:
672:
664:
429:
258:
198:
4297:
Russian Politics and Law, 2012, Vol.50, No.2, pp. 34–54
3742:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. February 2005.
2803:. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. Archived from
165:
139:
111:
Artificially coloured topographical map of the Arctic region
9704:
4422:
3899:"Abrupt Climate Change Focus Of U.S. National Laboratories"
3771:"Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."
700:
567:
547:
539:
4285:
Krupnik, Igor, Michael A. Lang, and Scott E. Miller, eds.
4222:
Archaeology of prehistoric native America: an encyclopedia
4137:"New patrol ships will reassert northern sovereignty: PM".
1318:
and were carried thousands of kilometres by the ice flow.
395:. Another definition of the Arctic, which is popular with
4352:
Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress
4311:
3453:
1032:
598:
550:, which all grow relatively close to the ground, forming
478:
thaws. The melting of Greenland's ice sheet is linked to
174:
145:
4338:. Reaktion Books and University of Chicago Press, 2012.
3677:
2733:
1185:, for the first time in history descended to the Arctic
1169:, a country has ten years to make claims to an extended
387:(about 66° 34'N), the approximate southern limit of the
8053:
750:
areas in the world, and its significance in preserving
193:
travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway (
4198:"Conference could mark start of Arctic power struggle"
4043:
3789:
3424:"Conference could mark start of Arctic power struggle"
1110:
International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters
1091:
Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North
4218:
3114:
3112:
3110:
2820:"End of Arctic sea ice by 2035 possible, study finds"
177:
168:
148:
3851:"Permafrost collapse is accelerating carbon release"
3504:
2662:"Arctic heating races ahead of worst case estimates"
2351:
1381:
United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development
1273:
UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
171:
142:
3252:
Giessener Diskurse: Wissenschaft und Neues Weltbild
3049:"New Study Offers Clues to Swift Arctic Extinction"
1432:from the region, especially through the thawing of
1420:in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of
1239:As of 2012, the Kingdom of Denmark is claiming the
162:
136:
4382:
4358:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
4129:
3735:
3450:"Dansker vil dokumentere territorialkrav i Arktis"
3107:
1872:Administrative region of the Northwest Territories
869:Circumpolar coastal human population distribution
4261:"Global Security, Climate Change, and the Arctic"
10916:
4325:Defense & Security Analysis, September 2014.
2447:"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: arctic"
1127:, hundreds of scientists and specialists of the
4544:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
3796:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3637:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
2880:Society, National Geographic (6 October 2016).
2691:Dormann, C. F.; Woodin, S. J. (February 2002).
2418:The word was originally pronounced without the
1167:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
951:evidence suggested that Inuit descend from the
380:, the current north Pole Star, or North Star).
356:), meaning bear. The name refers either to the
346:), "near the Bear, northern" and from the word
27:Polar region of the Earth's northern hemisphere
4312:The Finnish Institute of International Affairs
4071:"Will ice melt open fabled Northwest Passage?"
3507:"Northwest Passage gets political name change"
1680:is the largest city in the world north of the
9376:
6255:
5261:
4443:
4270:– 24-page special journal issue (Fall 2009),
3217:
2690:
4348:
3610:IPCC. Cross-Chapter Paper 6: Polar Regions.
3563:"North Pole drifting stations (1930s–1980s)"
4855:Effects of global warming on marine mammals
4519:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
2453:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Archived from
1340:Long-range pollution pathways to the Arctic
943:, until the beginning of the 20th century.
327:
9383:
9369:
6262:
6248:
5268:
5254:
4450:
4436:
2508:"Organisms that thrive in Arctic sea ice."
1189:beneath the North Pole and placed there a
955:of Siberia, who through the Thule culture
4200:. Canada.com. 28 May 2008. Archived from
4020:
4010:
3874:
3825:
3815:
3711:
3147:
2949:. Rutgers University Press. p. 130.
2942:
2936:
2775:
2574:"The Great Bear Constellation Ursa Major"
2549:Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert.
2526:Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert.
876:(includes indigenous and non-indigenous).
9320:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
4219:Gibbon, Guy E.; Kenneth M. Ames (1998).
3848:
3769:Grinberg, Emanuella (17 December 2008).
3588:Stars launch campaign to save the Arctic
3565:. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3191:
2624:Fundamentals of the physical environment
2611:Random House, Inc. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
1668:
1658:
1644:
1630:
1616:
1481:
1404:
1335:
1203:
1042:
864:
842:
822:
607:
597:
508:
428:
372:, the "Little Bear", which contains the
114:
106:
98:
87:, currently at roughly 66° north of the
78:
8895:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
4246:Brian W. Coad, James D. Reist. (2017).
3421:
3162:
2879:
2659:
2620:
2380:List of countries by northernmost point
1275:began to consider Russia's submission.
707:. An excellent and famous example of a
14:
10917:
4377:
4310:FIIA Briefing Paper 133, August 2013,
4097:from the original on 27 September 2016
3849:Turetsky, Merritt R. (30 April 2019).
3369:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark
2999:
2975:
2861:from the original on 30 September 2020
2830:from the original on 15 September 2020
2798:
1125:International Arctic Science Committee
1033:International cooperation and politics
9364:
8039:
6281:
6269:
6243:
5249:
4431:
4281:Report on human impacts on the Arctic
4146:Victoria Times Colonist. 9 July 2007.
3505:The Edmonton Journal (9 April 2006).
3298:
2912:"A paleontologists Alaskan adventure"
2849:Reich, Katharine (15 November 2019).
2848:
2817:
2672:from the original on 4 September 2020
2580:from the original on 30 November 2010
2506:Krembs, Christopher and Jody Deming.
2441:
2439:
1208:Map of the Arctic region showing the
1134:
635:(caribou). They are preyed on by the
619:Herbivores on the tundra include the
554:. An example of a dwarf shrub is the
4423:International Arctic Research Center
4349:O'Rourke, Ronald (14 October 2016).
3641:https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG006956
3486:from the original on 22 January 2018
3249:
2488:from the original on 13 January 2012
1440:, is also a concern. Because of the
987:Circumpolar North indigenous peoples
720:
38:
8681:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
6878:Norse colonization of North America
5229:
5074:Northern indigenous Russian peoples
4365:from the original on 9 October 2022
4117:"The great Arctic Circle oil rush."
3947:from the original on 6 October 2019
3543:from the original on 14 August 2021
3460:from the original on 31 August 2012
3345:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
3095:from the original on 11 August 2011
3089:the Canadian Museum of Civilization
3085:"First Nations Culture Areas Index"
1306:Petroleum exploration in the Arctic
1114:International Maritime Organization
731:Petroleum exploration in the Arctic
24:
8210:United States Exploring Expedition
5133:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
4385:All About the Arctic and Antarctic
4240:
3612:IPCC WGII Sixth Assessment Report.
3319:from the original on 14 April 2009
3231:from the original on 2 August 2021
3205:from the original on 2 August 2021
3179:from the original on 26 April 2022
2924:from the original on 12 April 2022
2609:Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1).
2475:
2436:
2375:Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement
496:
25:
10961:
9284:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
8652:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
5275:
4457:
4406:
3909:from the original on 23 June 2017
3668:9 June 2016 University of Georgia
3569:from the original on 20 July 2011
3286:from the original on 16 July 2007
3020:from the original on 30 June 2023
2963:from the original on 30 June 2023
2715:from the original on 30 June 2023
2660:Radford, Tim (2 September 2020).
2641:from the original on 30 June 2023
1394:
1365:) in Arctic wildlife and people.
1249:exclusive economic zone of Russia
1149:, no country owns the geographic
10891:
10890:
10223:West South Central United States
9178:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
8571:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5228:
5217:
5216:
4803:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
4660:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate
4539:Territorial claims in the Arctic
2892:from the original on 3 June 2020
2709:10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00596.x
2354:
2199:Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia
2175:Administrative region of Nunavut
1930:Administrative region of Nunavut
1915:Administrative region of Nunavut
1523:
1442:amplified response of the Arctic
1256:claiming a large swath of seabed
1147:territorial claims in the Arctic
1145:While there are several ongoing
1141:Territorial claims in the Arctic
847:Maps showing the decline of the
411:at the boundary of this region.
158:
132:
43:
10438:Latin America and the Caribbean
10304:Latin America and the Caribbean
4509:Arctic cooperation and politics
4250:. University of Toronto Press.
4212:
4190:
4172:
4149:
4109:
4083:
4064:
4037:
3978:
3959:
3921:
3891:
3842:
3783:
3763:
3671:
3652:
3628:
3604:
3581:
3555:
3525:
3498:
3472:
3442:
3415:
3383:
3357:
3331:
3272:
3243:
3156:
3077:
3059:
3041:
3032:
2993:
2984:
2904:
2873:
2842:
2811:
2799:Hansen, Jim (19 October 2006).
2792:
2727:
2684:
2653:
1612:
1368:
1271:continent. In August 2016, the
1254:The Russian Federation is also
1102:Arctic policy priorities differ
1075:Aleut International Association
1039:Arctic cooperation and politics
765:
737:natural resources in the Arctic
727:Natural resources of the Arctic
332:The word Arctic comes from the
297:. Arctic seas contain seasonal
4617:Populated places in the Arctic
4248:Marine Fishes of Arctic Canada
4180:"Arctic melt stuns scientists"
3991:Environmental Research Letters
3975:. yr.no. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
3422:Boswell, Randy (28 May 2008).
3163:Berkman, Paul (23 June 2014).
2818:Kirby, Alex (11 August 2020).
2801:"The Planet in Peril – Part I"
2614:
2592:
2566:
2543:
2520:
2500:
2469:
2412:
2317:Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
1654:Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
1293:
1177:On 2 August 2007, two Russian
1083:Gwich'in Council International
530:is composed of plants such as
91:, defines the boundary of the
13:
1:
8557:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
8492:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
8040:
5140:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean
4665:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone
4058:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.050
3225:"The Polar Code, One Year On"
2429:
1328:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean
885:
870:
856:
835:Indigenous peoples of Siberia
741:economic opening up of Russia
9905:Middle East and North Africa
9610:Middle East and North Africa
8914:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
8730:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
8536:French Antarctic Expeditions
8466:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
8352:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
6470:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
4845:Climate change in the Arctic
4597:Impact craters of the Arctic
4012:10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509
3780:CNN. Retrieved 30 March 2022
3509:. Canada.com. Archived from
3426:. canada.com. Archived from
3149:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769
1457:climate change in the Arctic
1401:Climate change in the Arctic
1321:
460:climate change in the Arctic
425:Climate change in the Arctic
7:
10935:Geography of Northeast Asia
7999:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
7678:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
6543:Andrée's balloon expedition
4698:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
4640:Canadian Arctic Rift System
3391:"The Ilulissat Declaration"
2943:Hoffecker, John F. (2005).
2886:National Geographic Society
2482:Online Etymology Dictionary
2347:
1197:. The flag-placing, during
1158:(370 km; 230 mi)
891:. AST consisted of several
882:Arctic small tool tradition
10:
10966:
10950:Polar regions of the Earth
10930:Geography of North America
10198:Northeastern United States
7200:Franklin's lost expedition
6900:Christian IV's expeditions
6282:
4693:British Arctic Territories
4331:Polar Journal, April 2014.
3876:10.1038/d41586-019-01313-4
3227:. The Maritime Executive.
3199:"Shipping in polar waters"
2627:. Routledge. p. 482.
2563:. Perseus Digital Library.
2540:. Perseus Digital Library.
2325:Federal subjects of Russia
2018:Federal subjects of Russia
2003:Federal subjects of Russia
1958:Federal subjects of Russia
1398:
1372:
1325:
1303:
1297:
1138:
1036:
832:
826:
724:
587:
581:
577:
418:
414:
368:, or to the constellation
29:
10886:
10828:
10805:
10772:
10736:
10669:
10563:
10471:
10462:
10391:
10312:
10118:
9922:
9703:
9661:
9570:
9561:
9509:
9466:
9406:
9017:
8748:
8335:
8075:
8052:
8048:
8035:
7554:Great Northern Expedition
7448:
7230:Rae–Richardson expedition
6979:
6824:
6430:British Arctic Expedition
6322:
6294:
6290:
6277:
6214:
6180:
6155:
6146:
6098:
6076:
6003:
5994:
5826:
5783:
5761:
5708:
5665:
5590:
5512:
5454:
5445:
5322:
5284:
5211:
5158:
5115:
4999:
4971:
4878:
4793:
4678:
4630:
4552:
4529:Inuit Circumpolar Council
4494:
4466:
4306:15 September 2013 at the
4142:29 September 2007 at the
4122:18 September 2020 at the
3966:Skrova climate statistics
3935:. Reuters. 18 June 2019.
2621:Addison, Kenneth (2002).
2143:Newfoundland and Labrador
1762:Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
1418:effects of climate change
1363:polychlorinated biphenyls
1165:Upon ratification of the
1087:Inuit Circumpolar Council
1079:Arctic Athabaskan Council
839:Inuit Circumpolar Council
687:, and several species of
679:. Marine mammals include
504:
347:
337:
306:Arctic indigenous peoples
277:), and northern Iceland (
10679:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
9683:Transantarctic Mountains
8838:British Antarctic Survey
8832:Captain Arturo Prat Base
8077:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4840:Arctic methane emissions
4278:GLOBIO Human Impact maps
4266:29 December 2017 at the
3664:18 November 2017 at the
3621:28 February 2022 at the
2405:
1652:reindeer herders in the
1267:are an extension of the
1121:International Polar Year
895:cultures, including the
588:See also the categories
584:List of Arctic cetaceans
518:Qausuittuq National Park
472:Arctic methane emissions
466:, diminished ice in the
328:Definition and etymology
213:), northernmost Sweden (
56:about the Arctic Desert.
10428:Caribbean South America
9314:Pole of inaccessibility
8977:Antarctic Treaty System
7318:2nd Grinnell expedition
5309:List of deserts by area
4514:Arctic Ocean Conference
4272:Swords and Ploughshares
4076:9 November 2007 at the
3971:9 November 2021 at the
3817:10.1073/pnas.0705414105
3169:Science & Diplomacy
3000:McGhee, Robert (2005).
2561:A Greek-English Lexicon
2538:A Greek-English Lexicon
2010:Nenets Autonomous Okrug
1790:Diomede Island (Little)
1691:Geographic designation
1410:Arctic sea ice coverage
1385:Antarctic Treaty System
1230:Arctic Ocean Conference
1160:exclusive economic zone
935:, survived in Aivilik,
677:Arctic ground squirrels
399:, is the region in the
191:IERS Reference Meridian
32:Arctic (disambiguation)
10208:Southern United States
10011:Scandinavian Peninsula
5891:Gran Desierto de Altar
5173:Arctic shipping routes
4162:7 October 2008 at the
3639:, 128, e2022JG006956.
2182:Russian Arctic islands
1685:
1666:
1656:
1642:
1628:
1495:
1413:
1341:
1228:on 28 May 2008 at the
1221:
1066:
1050:on the sea ice of the
877:
862:
772:Cretaceous time period
616:
605:
524:
464:Arctic sea ice decline
446:
253:), the United States (
123:
112:
104:
96:
54:is missing information
10684:Antarctic Convergence
10228:Western United States
8984:Transglobe Expedition
8883:Operation Deep Freeze
8292:Challenger expedition
7158:Coppermine expedition
6679:Drifting ice stations
6190:North American Arctic
5931:North American Arctic
5128:Petroleum exploration
4808:Arctic dipole anomaly
4785:North American Arctic
4738:Northwest Territories
4524:Ilulissat Declaration
4093:. 16 September 2016.
4046:Ecological Indicators
4022:10536/DRO/DU:30114246
3905:. 23 September 2008.
3776:30 March 2022 at the
3684:Nature Communications
2740:Nature Communications
2604:14 March 2010 at the
2513:23 March 2010 at the
2390:Poverty in the Arctic
2137:Autonomous region of
2083:Northwest Territories
1756:Canadian archipelago
1694:National affiliation
1672:
1662:
1648:
1634:
1620:
1485:
1455:predict much greater
1424:, and melting of the
1408:
1339:
1312:drifting ice stations
1234:Ilulissat Declaration
1207:
1046:
897:Independence cultures
868:
851:and expansion of the
846:
833:Further information:
823:Indigenous population
806:regions, such as the
611:
601:
594:Mammals of the Arctic
512:
451:climate of the Arctic
433:A snowy landscape of
432:
421:Climate of the Arctic
376:(currently very near
263:Northwest Territories
225:), northern Finland (
118:
110:
102:
82:
10945:Geography of Siberia
9750:Greater Central Asia
5198:Transpolar Sea Route
4080:CNN. 29 August 2002.
3646:30 June 2023 at the
3593:27 June 2012 at the
3351:10 July 2011 at the
2824:Climate News Network
2666:Climate News Network
2556:30 June 2023 at the
2533:30 June 2023 at the
2451:www.ahdictionary.com
2263:Governor of Svalbard
2025:New Siberian Islands
1777:Diomede Island (Big)
1288:international strait
1226:Ilulissat, Greenland
1106:resource development
516:in bloom within the
407:roughly follows the
374:celestial north pole
30:For other uses, see
10940:Geography of Europe
10896:Continents of Earth
10423:Brazilian Highlands
9832:Indian subcontinent
9693:Antarctic Peninsula
9491:Southern Hemisphere
9486:Northern Hemisphere
9154:South magnetic pole
7820:Brusilov expedition
6929:Danish colonization
6367:North magnetic pole
6118:Los Médanos de Coro
5866:Channeled scablands
5489:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
5099:Arctic Winter Games
4865:Polar amplification
4833:ecology and history
4592:Greenland ice sheet
4126:CNN. 8 August 2007.
4003:2011ERL.....6d5509M
3867:2019Natur.569...32T
3808:2008PNAS..105.1786L
3704:10.1038/ncomms11723
3696:2016NatCo...711723T
3482:. 23 January 2017.
3140:2014PolGe..37..298B
2990:Gibbon, pp. 216–217
2807:on 15 October 2009.
2760:10.1038/ncomms11723
2752:2016NatCo...711723T
2395:Arctic Winter Games
2340:Territory of Canada
2294:Provinces of Sweden
2159:Territory of Canada
2091:Territory of Canada
2061:Provinces of Sweden
1988:Provinces of Sweden
1426:Greenland ice sheet
1346:localized pollution
1216:within it, and the
1193:made of rust-proof
829:Circumpolar peoples
590:Fauna of the Arctic
564:non-vascular plants
480:polar amplification
468:Greenland ice sheet
401:Northern Hemisphere
122:image of the Arctic
10711:Great Barrier Reef
10332:Mainland Australia
10040:Apennine Peninsula
9501:Western Hemisphere
9476:Eastern Hemisphere
8845:Operation Windmill
8826:Operation Highjump
7801:Rusanov expedition
7706:A. E. Nordenskiöld
7450:North East Passage
7254:McClure expedition
5911:Jornada del Muerto
5314:Desert exploration
5188:Northern Sea Route
4818:Arctic oscillation
4562:Arctic Archipelago
4486:History of whaling
4476:Arctic exploration
4413:Arctic Report Card
3053:The New York Times
2697:Functional Ecology
2279:Counties of Norway
2166:Qikiqtaaluk Region
2076:Regions of Finland
2068:North Ostrobothnia
2046:Counties of Norway
1973:Regions of Finland
1900:Regions of Finland
1844:Autonomous country
1839:Kingdom of Denmark
1811:Counties of Norway
1749:Arctic Archipelago
1734:Arkhangelsk Oblast
1686:
1667:
1657:
1643:
1629:
1496:
1438:methane clathrates
1414:
1342:
1300:Arctic exploration
1278:Canada claims the
1232:and announced the
1222:
1214:Northern Sea Route
1135:Territorial claims
1067:
884:(AST) and existed
878:
863:
860: 900 to 1500
735:There are copious
617:
606:
525:
447:
285:), along with the
227:North Ostrobothnia
124:
113:
105:
97:
10912:
10911:
10792:Mediterranean Rim
10665:
10664:
10604:Mediterranean Sea
10458:
10457:
10411:Amazon Rainforest
10238:Canadian Prairies
10203:Pacific Northwest
10064:Iberian Peninsula
9849:Arabian Peninsula
9676:Antarctic Plateau
9436:Three/Four Worlds
9358:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9350:
9349:
8812:Operation Tabarin
8674:Far Eastern Party
8520:Nimrod Expedition
8031:
8030:
8027:
8026:
7590:M. Pronchishcheva
7512:Siberian Cossacks
6981:Northwest Passage
6314:Research stations
6271:Polar exploration
6237:
6236:
6210:
6209:
6094:
6093:
5779:
5778:
5456:Arabian Peninsula
5412:Plaine des Sables
5243:
5242:
5203:Search and rescue
5183:Northwest Passage
5178:Northeast Passage
5123:Natural resources
5014:Subarctic peoples
4986:Arctic vegetation
4850:Climate of Alaska
4670:Ungava Fault Zone
4655:Innuitian orogeny
4572:Arctic Cordillera
4418:Blossoming Arctic
4379:Sperry, Armstrong
4256:978-1-4426-4710-7
4232:978-0-8153-0725-9
4186:. 9 October 2007.
3749:978-0-521-61778-9
3073:. 28 August 2014.
3055:. 28 August 2014.
3013:978-0-19-518368-9
2981:Gibbon, pp. 28–31
2956:978-0-8135-3469-5
2634:978-0-415-23293-7
2476:Harper, Douglas.
2345:
2344:
2311:(nature reserve)
2121:Northern part of
1576:East Siberian Sea
1503:Northwest Passage
1280:Northwest Passage
1241:continental shelf
1218:Northwest Passage
1210:Northeast Passage
1171:continental shelf
1112:, adopted by the
721:Natural resources
528:Arctic vegetation
77:
76:
16:(Redirected from
10957:
10894:
10893:
10873:Global Southwest
10868:Global Southeast
10858:Global Northwest
10853:Global Northeast
10843:Global Heartland
10787:Indian Ocean Rim
10469:
10468:
10361:Island Melanesia
10052:Balkan Peninsula
9827:Himalayan states
9774:Russian Far East
9568:
9567:
9496:Water Hemisphere
9385:
9378:
9371:
9362:
9361:
8859:Ronne Expedition
8344:
8338:
8202:Dumont d'Urville
8050:
8049:
8037:
8036:
7585:V. Pronchishchev
6292:
6291:
6279:
6278:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6241:
6240:
6153:
6152:
6001:
6000:
5452:
5451:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5247:
5246:
5232:
5231:
5220:
5219:
5107:
5106:(New Year's Day)
4602:Innuitian Region
4452:
4445:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4402:
4388:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4357:
4334:McCannon, John.
4236:
4206:
4205:
4204:on 4 March 2009.
4194:
4188:
4187:
4176:
4170:
4153:
4147:
4133:
4127:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4087:
4081:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4024:
4014:
3982:
3976:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3878:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3829:
3819:
3787:
3781:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3741:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3675:
3669:
3656:
3650:
3632:
3626:
3614:1 October 2021.
3608:
3602:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3539:. 27 June 2019.
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3456:. 28 July 2012.
3452:(in Norwegian).
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3361:
3355:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3309:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3116:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2618:
2612:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2570:
2564:
2547:
2541:
2524:
2518:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2443:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2385:Arctic sanctuary
2364:
2362:Geography portal
2359:
2358:
2357:
2226:Severnaya Zemlya
1950:Krasnoyarsk Krai
1907:Kitikmeot Region
1818:Franz Josef Land
1718:Aleutian Islands
1688:
1687:
1664:Kotzebue, Alaska
1636:Uummannaq Island
1511:Crystal Serenity
1477:greenhouse gases
1265:Mendeleyev Ridge
966:By 1300 CE, the
890:
887:
875:
872:
861:
858:
809:Muttaburrasaurus
366:celestial sphere
351:
341:
301:in many places.
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
72:
69:
63:
47:
39:
21:
10965:
10964:
10960:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10955:
10954:
10915:
10914:
10913:
10908:
10882:
10824:
10801:
10768:
10732:
10661:
10650:South China Sea
10559:
10502:Central America
10454:
10387:
10308:
10260:Northern Mexico
10248:Northern Canada
10233:Atlantic Canada
10188:Mountain states
10114:
9969:European Russia
9962:Southern Russia
9918:
9871:Iranian Plateau
9699:
9688:West Antarctica
9671:East Antarctica
9657:
9557:
9505:
9481:Land Hemisphere
9462:
9402:
9389:
9359:
9346:
9021:
9013:
8889:McMurdo Station
8758:Modern research
8756:
8744:
8479:O. Nordenskjöld
8342:
8336:
8331:
8247:Ross expedition
8071:
8044:
8023:
7452:
7444:
6985:Northern Canada
6983:
6975:
6828:
6820:
6326:
6318:
6286:
6273:
6268:
6238:
6233:
6206:
6176:
6142:
6090:
6072:
6033:Nullarbor Plain
5990:
5901:Great Salt Lake
5846:Baja California
5822:
5793:Bardenas Reales
5775:
5757:
5710:Iranian Plateau
5704:
5661:
5586:
5567:Saryesik-Atyrau
5508:
5441:
5377:Farafra (White)
5318:
5304:List of deserts
5294:Desertification
5280:
5274:
5244:
5239:
5207:
5193:Polar air route
5154:
5145:Protected areas
5111:
5105:
4995:
4967:
4874:
4789:
4733:Northern Canada
4674:
4650:Greenland Plate
4645:Eurekan orogeny
4626:
4548:
4490:
4481:Arctic research
4462:
4456:
4409:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4308:Wayback Machine
4268:Wayback Machine
4243:
4241:Further reading
4233:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4169:. 28 July 2007.
4164:Wayback Machine
4154:
4150:
4144:Wayback Machine
4134:
4130:
4124:Wayback Machine
4114:
4110:
4100:
4098:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4078:Wayback Machine
4069:
4065:
4042:
4038:
3983:
3979:
3973:Wayback Machine
3964:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3861:(7754): 32–34.
3847:
3843:
3788:
3784:
3778:Wayback Machine
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3676:
3672:
3666:Wayback Machine
3657:
3653:
3648:Wayback Machine
3633:
3629:
3623:Wayback Machine
3609:
3605:
3601:(21 June 2012).
3595:Wayback Machine
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3513:on 2 April 2016
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3430:on 4 March 2009
3420:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3403:on 26 June 2008
3400:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3353:Wayback Machine
3336:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3161:
3157:
3127:Polar Geography
3117:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3038:Gibbon, p. 218.
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3014:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2957:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2920:. 9 June 2012.
2910:
2909:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2812:
2797:
2793:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2619:
2615:
2606:Wayback Machine
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2558:Wayback Machine
2548:
2544:
2535:Wayback Machine
2525:
2521:
2515:Wayback Machine
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2457:on 12 June 2018
2445:
2444:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2234:Federal subject
2219:Federal subject
2106:Federal subject
1995:Murmansk Oblast
1922:Kivalliq Region
1826:Federal subject
1770:Federal subject
1742:Federal subject
1615:
1610:
1526:
1430:methane release
1403:
1397:
1377:
1375:Save the Arctic
1371:
1359:bioaccumulation
1334:
1326:Main articles:
1324:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1284:internal waters
1282:as part of its
1245:Lomonosov Ridge
1183:MIR-1 and MIR-2
1143:
1137:
1041:
1035:
929:genetic testing
889: 2500 BCE
888:
873:
859:
841:
831:
825:
768:
733:
723:
596:
586:
580:
522:Bathurst Island
507:
499:
497:Flora and fauna
427:
419:Main articles:
417:
330:
161:
157:
135:
131:
73:
67:
64:
57:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10963:
10953:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10927:
10910:
10909:
10907:
10906:
10904:Physical Earth
10887:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10834:
10832:
10826:
10825:
10823:
10822:
10817:
10811:
10809:
10803:
10802:
10800:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10778:
10776:
10770:
10769:
10767:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10755:
10754:
10743:
10741:
10734:
10733:
10731:
10730:
10725:
10724:
10723:
10718:
10716:Mariana Trench
10713:
10703:
10698:
10696:Atlantic Ocean
10693:
10688:
10687:
10686:
10675:
10673:
10667:
10666:
10663:
10662:
10660:
10659:
10657:Southern Ocean
10654:
10653:
10652:
10647:
10645:East China Sea
10637:
10636:
10635:
10625:
10624:
10623:
10622:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10579:Atlantic Ocean
10576:
10570:
10568:
10561:
10560:
10558:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10550:
10540:
10539:
10538:
10533:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10512:
10511:
10506:
10505:
10504:
10499:
10484:
10478:
10476:
10466:
10460:
10459:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10452:
10451:
10450:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10414:
10413:
10408:
10397:
10395:
10389:
10388:
10386:
10385:
10383:Remote Oceania
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10364:
10363:
10353:
10352:
10351:
10346:
10345:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10318:
10316:
10310:
10309:
10307:
10306:
10301:
10300:
10299:
10298:
10297:
10292:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10253:Western Canada
10250:
10245:
10243:Eastern Canada
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10124:
10122:
10116:
10115:
10113:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10091:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10070:
10069:
10068:
10067:
10066:
10056:
10055:
10054:
10044:
10043:
10042:
10032:
10027:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10014:
10013:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9978:
9977:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9965:
9964:
9959:
9957:South Caucasus
9954:
9952:North Caucasus
9944:
9934:
9928:
9926:
9920:
9919:
9917:
9916:
9915:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9885:
9875:
9874:
9873:
9863:
9862:
9861:
9859:South Caucasus
9851:
9841:
9840:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9819:
9818:
9817:
9812:
9802:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9790:
9780:
9779:
9778:
9777:
9776:
9761:
9760:
9759:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9737:
9736:
9735:
9730:
9728:Aralkum Desert
9725:
9715:
9709:
9707:
9701:
9700:
9698:
9697:
9696:
9695:
9685:
9680:
9679:
9678:
9667:
9665:
9659:
9658:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9642:
9641:
9636:
9626:
9616:
9615:
9614:
9613:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9582:
9576:
9574:
9565:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9553:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9527:
9526:
9519:Africa-Eurasia
9515:
9513:
9507:
9506:
9504:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9472:
9470:
9464:
9463:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9412:
9410:
9404:
9403:
9388:
9387:
9380:
9373:
9365:
9356:
9355:
9352:
9351:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9328:
9327:
9322:
9310:
9309:
9308:
9306:Vostok Station
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9260:
9259:
9257:Cherry-Garrard
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9174:
9173:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9150:
9149:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9121:
9120:
9119:
9107:
9106:
9105:
9097:Southern Cross
9093:
9092:
9091:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9063:
9058:
9057:
9056:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9027:
9025:
9019:Farthest South
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9006:
8999:
8998:
8997:
8992:
8980:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8969:
8957:
8956:
8955:
8943:
8942:
8941:
8934:
8929:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8903:
8891:
8886:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8855:
8854:
8853:
8841:
8834:
8829:
8822:
8821:
8820:
8808:
8807:
8806:
8794:
8793:
8792:
8780:
8773:
8768:
8762:
8760:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8726:
8725:
8724:
8716:Ross Sea party
8712:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8677:
8670:
8669:
8668:
8663:
8648:
8643:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8593:
8586:
8581:
8567:
8566:
8565:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8546:
8532:
8531:
8530:
8516:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8500:
8488:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8462:
8461:
8460:
8455:
8441:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8410:Southern Cross
8403:Southern Cross
8399:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8347:
8345:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8328:
8327:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8288:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8268:
8262:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8221:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8166:
8165:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8149:Bellingshausen
8139:
8132:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8112:
8111:
8110:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8081:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8046:
8045:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8008:
7996:
7991:
7984:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7963:
7962:
7961:
7949:
7948:
7947:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7797:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7686:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7458:
7456:
7454:Russian Arctic
7446:
7445:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7436:
7435:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7400:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7270:
7265:
7250:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7238:
7226:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7211:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6989:
6987:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6944:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6896:
6891:
6889:Snæbjörn galti
6886:
6881:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6852:
6845:
6840:
6834:
6832:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6791:
6784:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6756:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6682:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6635:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6446:
6441:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6324:Farthest North
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6288:
6287:
6275:
6274:
6267:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6244:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6202:Russian Arctic
6199:
6198:
6197:
6186:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6161:
6159:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6082:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6023:Great Victoria
6020:
6015:
6009:
6007:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5971:Tule (Arizona)
5968:
5966:Tonopah Desert
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5941:Painted Desert
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5832:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5767:
5765:
5763:Southeast Asia
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5714:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5671:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5542:Dasht-e Naomid
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5460:
5458:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5273:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5250:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5225:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5150:Transportation
5147:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5009:Arctic peoples
5005:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4981:Arctic ecology
4977:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4823:Arctic sea ice
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4758:Russian Arctic
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Arctic Cyclone
4584:
4579:
4577:Arctic ecology
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4504:Arctic Council
4500:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4408:
4407:External links
4405:
4404:
4403:
4375:
4346:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4315:
4298:
4292:
4283:
4275:
4258:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4189:
4171:
4155:Halpin, Tony.
4148:
4128:
4115:Demos, Telis.
4108:
4082:
4063:
4036:
3977:
3958:
3920:
3890:
3841:
3802:(6): 1786–93.
3782:
3762:
3748:
3727:
3670:
3651:
3627:
3603:
3580:
3554:
3524:
3497:
3471:
3441:
3414:
3382:
3356:
3330:
3297:
3271:
3264:
3242:
3216:
3190:
3155:
3106:
3076:
3058:
3040:
3031:
3012:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2955:
2935:
2903:
2872:
2841:
2810:
2791:
2726:
2683:
2652:
2633:
2613:
2591:
2565:
2542:
2519:
2499:
2468:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:Arctic ecology
2366:
2365:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:Wrangel Island
2297:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2211:Sakha Republic
2207:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:United States
1792:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:United States
1720:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:United States
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1678:Kola Peninsula
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:Denmark Strait
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1473:carbon dioxide
1453:Climate models
1449:climate change
1399:Main article:
1396:
1395:Climate change
1393:
1373:Main article:
1370:
1367:
1323:
1320:
1298:Main article:
1295:
1292:
1195:titanium alloy
1156:nautical miles
1139:Main article:
1136:
1133:
1129:Arctic Council
1071:Arctic Council
1037:Main article:
1034:
1031:
905:Dorset culture
849:Dorset culture
827:Main article:
824:
821:
817:Colville River
812:of Australia.
802:that lived in
767:
764:
722:
719:
579:
576:
506:
503:
498:
495:
456:global warming
416:
413:
329:
326:
318:marine mammals
75:
74:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10962:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10922:
10920:
10905:
10901:
10897:
10889:
10888:
10885:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10835:
10833:
10831:
10827:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10804:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10775:
10771:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10748:
10745:
10744:
10742:
10740:
10735:
10729:
10726:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10709:
10708:
10707:
10706:Pacific Ocean
10704:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10680:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10668:
10658:
10655:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10642:
10641:
10640:Pacific Ocean
10638:
10634:
10631:
10630:
10629:
10626:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10606:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10594:Caribbean Sea
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10581:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10571:
10569:
10567:
10562:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10545:
10544:
10541:
10537:
10536:by population
10534:
10532:
10529:
10528:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10510:
10509:South America
10507:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10495:
10494:
10493:
10492:North America
10490:
10489:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10479:
10477:
10475:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10461:
10449:
10446:
10445:
10444:
10443:Southern Cone
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10418:Andean States
10416:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10403:
10402:
10399:
10398:
10396:
10394:
10393:South America
10390:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10371:
10369:
10366:
10362:
10359:
10358:
10357:
10354:
10350:
10347:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10329:
10328:
10325:
10324:
10323:
10320:
10319:
10317:
10315:
10311:
10305:
10302:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10287:
10286:
10283:
10282:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10155:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10125:
10123:
10121:
10120:North America
10117:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10083:Low Countries
10081:
10079:
10076:
10075:
10074:
10071:
10065:
10062:
10061:
10060:
10059:South-western
10057:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10048:
10047:South-eastern
10045:
10041:
10038:
10037:
10036:
10035:South-central
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10025:Mediterranean
10023:
10022:
10021:
10018:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9991:British Isles
9989:
9987:
9984:
9983:
9982:
9979:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9949:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9939:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9921:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9897:
9896:
9893:
9889:
9888:Levantine Sea
9886:
9884:
9881:
9880:
9879:
9876:
9872:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9864:
9860:
9857:
9856:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9842:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9820:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9785:
9784:
9781:
9775:
9772:
9771:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9762:
9758:
9755:
9751:
9748:
9747:
9746:
9743:
9742:
9741:
9738:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9720:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9710:
9708:
9706:
9702:
9694:
9691:
9690:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9677:
9674:
9673:
9672:
9669:
9668:
9666:
9664:
9660:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9631:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9620:
9617:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9591:
9588:
9587:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9580:Mediterranean
9578:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9560:
9552:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9525:
9522:
9521:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9512:
9508:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9469:
9465:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9386:
9381:
9379:
9374:
9372:
9367:
9366:
9363:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9316:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9304:
9303:
9302:
9301:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9228:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9218:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9186:
9182:
9181:
9180:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9127:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9115:
9114:
9113:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9075:
9072:
9071:
9070:
9069:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9055:
9052:
9051:
9050:
9049:
9044:
9040:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9029:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8981:
8979:
8978:
8974:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8951:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8939:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8918:
8917:
8916:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8861:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8842:
8840:
8839:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8788:
8787:
8786:
8785:
8781:
8779:
8778:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8763:
8761:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8739:
8738:
8734:
8733:
8732:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8713:
8711:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8683:
8682:
8678:
8676:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8661:
8656:
8655:
8654:
8653:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8608:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8592:
8591:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8579:
8575:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8559:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8544:
8540:
8539:
8538:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8528:
8524:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8505:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8494:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8474:
8470:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8449:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8437:Discovery Hut
8435:
8433:
8432:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8341:
8334:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8293:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8279:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8250:
8249:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8229:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8207:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8197:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8158:
8154:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8118:
8113:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8074:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8038:
8034:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7989:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7967:A. Sibiryakov
7964:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7943:
7942:
7941:
7940:
7939:Glavsevmorput
7936:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7926:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7863:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7726:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7441:
7438:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7351:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7242:
7241:J. Richardson
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7135:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7120:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7003:M. Corte-Real
7001:
6999:
6998:G. Corte-Real
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6921:C. Richardson
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6730:Georgiy Sedov
6726:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6617:Riiser-Larsen
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6491:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6265:
6260:
6258:
6253:
6251:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6213:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:Polar regions
6145:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6100:South America
6097:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5976:Tule (Nevada)
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5828:North America
5825:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5610:Gurbantünggüt
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:Rub' al Khali
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5271:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5257:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5236:
5235:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5168:Arctic Bridge
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:Bowhead whale
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4860:Polar climate
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:Arctic Alaska
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:Arctic Circle
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4534:Saami Council
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4361:
4354:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4344:9781780230184
4341:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4152:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4132:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4112:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4067:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3997:(4): 045509.
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3908:
3904:
3903:Science Daily
3900:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3766:
3751:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3399:
3392:
3386:
3371:. 28 May 2008
3370:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3334:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3267:
3265:3-927835-25-0
3261:
3257:
3254:(in German).
3253:
3246:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3035:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2917:New Scientist
2913:
2907:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2352:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Novaya Zemlya
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Inuvik Region
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1682:Arctic Circle
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1622:Baffin Island
1619:
1607:
1606:Norwegian Sea
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:Greenland Sea
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Bering Strait
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:Arctic waters
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:, leading to
1466:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1243:based on the
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1174:territories.
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1095:Saami Council
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
961:Dorset people
958:
954:
949:
948:Thule culture
946:The Dorset /
944:
942:
941:Coats Islands
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:culture. The
902:
898:
894:
883:
867:
854:
850:
845:
840:
836:
830:
820:
818:
813:
811:
810:
805:
801:
797:
796:
795:Edmontosaurus
791:
790:
785:
784:
783:Hypacrosaurus
779:
778:
773:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
732:
728:
718:
716:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:baleen whales
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
610:
604:
600:
595:
591:
585:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
523:
519:
515:
511:
502:
494:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:, leading to
457:
452:
444:
440:
436:
431:
426:
422:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:Arctic Circle
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:constellation
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
325:
323:
319:
315:
314:phytoplankton
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:Novaya Zemlya
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
182:
153:
129:
121:
117:
109:
101:
94:
90:
86:
85:Arctic Circle
81:
71:
68:February 2024
61:
55:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Arctic region
10902: /
10900:List of seas
10898: /
10863:Global South
10848:Global North
10819:
10782:Atlantic Rim
10721:Ring of Fire
10701:Indian Ocean
10691:Arctic Ocean
10633:Persian Gulf
10628:Indian Ocean
10609:Adriatic Sea
10574:Arctic Ocean
10406:Amazon Basin
10401:Amazon Plain
10373:Near Oceania
10178:Mid-Atlantic
10128:Aridoamerica
10088:Northwestern
10001:Northwestern
9974:Southeastern
9866:Greater Iran
9805:Southeastern
9800:Pacific Asia
9769:Pacific Asia
9757:Northeastern
9713:Asia–Pacific
9456:Fourth World
9446:Second World
9312:
9300:Pole of Cold
9298:
9224:
9215:
9183:
9176:
9152:
9123:
9109:
9103:Borchgrevink
9095:
9082:
9067:
9047:
9032:
9001:
8982:
8975:
8959:
8945:
8936:
8919:
8912:
8893:
8881:
8857:
8843:
8836:
8824:
8810:
8796:
8782:
8775:
8736:
8728:
8714:
8707:
8705:
8687:
8679:
8672:
8659:
8650:
8612:
8604:
8595:
8588:
8576:
8569:
8555:
8543:Pourquoi-Pas
8542:
8534:
8526:
8518:
8513:Orcadas Base
8511:
8503:
8490:
8484:C. A. Larsen
8472:
8464:
8450:
8443:
8430:
8422:
8416:Borchgrevink
8409:
8401:
8358:
8350:
8325:C. A. Larsen
8318:
8299:
8290:
8272:
8254:
8245:
8232:
8217:
8208:
8195:
8156:
8142:
8135:
8116:
8101:
8011:
8004:
7987:
7980:
7966:
7951:
7937:
7924:
7899:
7885:
7883:
7869:
7867:
7861:
7859:
7825:
7818:
7799:
7765:
7763:
7749:
7747:
7729:
7719:
7717:
7697:
7695:
7676:
7552:
7510:
7493:
7461:
7425:
7423:
7403:
7402:
7382:
7381:
7367:
7354:
7339:
7325:
7316:
7303:
7274:
7262:Investigator
7261:
7252:
7228:
7215:
7207:
7198:
7185:
7156:
7133:
7118:
7103:
7073:
7058:
7028:
6947:
6927:
6898:
6894:Erik the Red
6876:
6854:
6847:
6804:submersibles
6801:
6795:Arktika 2007
6793:
6786:
6779:
6776:
6760:
6751:
6748:
6729:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6684:
6677:
6653:
6639:
6638:
6630:
6628:
6594:
6592:
6563:
6560:
6549:S. A. Andrée
6541:
6528:
6503:
6495:
6492:
6468:
6450:
6437:
6428:
6410:
6401:
6399:
6365:
6170:Meyer Desert
6028:Little Sandy
5798:Cabo de Gata
5680:Indus Valley
5600:Badain Jaran
5522:Aral Karakum
5514:Central Asia
5504:Wahiba Sands
5417:Richtersveld
5342:Black Desert
5299:Polar desert
5227:
5215:
5104:Quviasukvik
4893:Beluga whale
4870:Polar vortex
4582:Arctic Ocean
4458:
4391:Random House
4384:
4367:. Retrieved
4351:
4335:
4287:
4280:
4271:
4247:
4221:
4213:Bibliography
4202:the original
4192:
4183:
4174:
4166:
4151:
4131:
4111:
4101:24 September
4099:. Retrieved
4085:
4066:
4049:
4045:
4039:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3961:
3949:. Retrieved
3933:The Guardian
3932:
3923:
3911:. Retrieved
3902:
3893:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3765:
3753:. Retrieved
3737:
3730:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3654:
3636:
3630:
3611:
3606:
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3557:
3545:. Retrieved
3536:
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3511:the original
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3474:
3462:. Retrieved
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3428:the original
3417:
3405:. Retrieved
3398:the original
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3359:
3339:
3333:
3321:. Retrieved
3288:. Retrieved
3274:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3233:. Retrieved
3219:
3207:. Retrieved
3193:
3181:. Retrieved
3172:
3168:
3158:
3131:
3125:
3097:. Retrieved
3088:
3079:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3002:
2995:
2986:
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2945:
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2915:
2906:
2894:. Retrieved
2885:
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2854:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2823:
2813:
2805:the original
2794:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2700:
2696:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2665:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2623:
2616:
2608:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2568:
2560:
2545:
2537:
2522:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2481:
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2455:the original
2450:
2414:
2286:Västerbotten
2265:archipelago
2236:archipelago
2203:Fennoscandia
2108:archipelago
2032:Archipelago
1828:archipelago
1697:Designation
1676:on Russia's
1613:Arctic lands
1601:Nares Strait
1566:Davis Strait
1541:Beaufort Sea
1531:Arctic Ocean
1515:
1500:
1497:
1462:
1446:
1428:. Potential
1415:
1389:
1378:
1369:Preservation
1343:
1309:
1277:
1261:Arctic Ocean
1253:
1238:
1223:
1199:Arktika 2007
1191:Russian flag
1179:bathyscaphes
1176:
1164:
1144:
1118:
1099:
1068:
1061:
1052:Arctic Ocean
989:include the
984:
965:
945:
916:
912:
893:Paleo-Eskimo
879:
814:
807:
793:
787:
781:
777:Chasmosaurus
775:
769:
766:Paleontology
752:biodiversity
745:
734:
712:
709:ring species
645:grizzly bear
618:
572:Arctic poppy
532:dwarf shrubs
526:
514:Arctic poppy
500:
484:
462:, including
448:
389:midnight sun
382:
353:
343:
331:
303:
287:Arctic Ocean
271:Danish Realm
247:Nenets Okrug
215:Västerbotten
187:polar region
127:
125:
65:
53:
36:
10878:Global West
10838:Global East
10797:Pacific Rim
10739:waterbodies
10728:World Ocean
10553:New Zealand
10433:The Guianas
10322:Australasia
10265:West Indies
10193:New England
10173:Great Lakes
10143:Mesoamerica
10030:Middle East
10006:Scandinavia
9895:Middle East
9733:Caspian Sea
9639:Great Lakes
9619:Sub-Saharan
9605:Middle East
9468:Hemispheres
9451:Third World
9441:First World
9394:'s primary
9003:Lake Vostok
8953:Tryoshnikov
8875:Schlossbach
8766:Christensen
8708:James Caird
8629:E. R. Evans
8395:Dobrowolski
8365:de Gerlache
8067:Expeditions
7953:Aviaarktika
7907:Samoylovich
7778:Kolomeitsev
7672:Middendorff
7632:Gedenshtrom
7052:I. Fyodorov
6814:Chilingarov
6702:E. Fyodorov
6309:Expeditions
6078:New Zealand
6058:Sturt Stony
6018:Great Sandy
5956:Smoke Creek
5921:Lechuguilla
5906:Great Sandy
5896:Great Basin
5537:Betpak-Dala
5234:WikiProject
4813:Arctic haze
4753:Nunatsiavut
4135:Shaw, Rob.
3913:28 February
3755:20 November
3258:: 231–256.
3099:30 December
2865:3 September
2834:3 September
2719:16 February
2703:(1): 4–17.
2676:3 September
2645:15 November
2584:10 November
2528:"Arktikos."
2492:16 November
2478:"Antarctic"
2400:Winter City
2130:Nunatsiavut
1727:archipelago
1561:Chukchi Sea
1546:Barents Sea
1507:trade route
1355:Arctic haze
1332:Arctic haze
1294:Exploration
1054:, near the
1048:Polar bears
937:Southampton
874: 2009
770:During the
760:groundcover
649:Arctic wolf
621:Arctic hare
437:located in
393:polar night
316:, fish and
310:zooplankton
257:), Canada (
237:), Russia (
93:Arctic seas
10919:Categories
10619:Ionian Sea
10614:Aegean Sea
10584:Baltic Sea
10516:Antarctica
10368:Micronesia
10337:New Guinea
10295:Portuguese
10218:West Coast
10168:East Coast
10163:Bible Belt
10158:Appalachia
9837:Subregions
9745:Inner Asia
9663:Antarctica
9563:Continents
9536:Antarctica
9511:Landmasses
9421:Down Under
9416:Arab World
9400:subregions
9226:Terra Nova
9131:Shackleton
9074:J. C. Ross
9033:Resolution
9023:South Pole
8798:New Swabia
8722:Mackintosh
8694:Shackleton
8613:Terra Nova
8606:Terra Nova
8340:Heroic Age
8300:Challenger
8260:J. C. Ross
8170:Bransfield
8102:Resolution
8017:icebreaker
7981:Chelyuskin
7722:expedition
7700:Expedition
7642:Matyushkin
7600:Kh. Laptev
7595:Chelyuskin
7489:Heemskerck
7479:Chancellor
7474:Willoughby
7469:Koch boats
7412:Stefansson
7346:McClintock
7310:Inglefield
7152:J. C. Ross
7059:Resolution
6911:Cunningham
6809:Sagalevich
6498:expedition
6457:Stephenson
6417:C. F. Hall
6404:expedition
6378:J. C. Ross
6341:Heemskerck
6328:North Pole
6165:Antarctica
6128:Patagonian
6113:La Guajira
6053:Strzelecki
5946:Red Desert
5886:Forty Mile
5871:Chihuahuan
5851:Black Rock
5667:South Asia
5652:Taklamakan
5427:Tanezrouft
4918:Polar bear
4888:Arctic fox
4718:Inuvialuit
4612:North Pole
4496:Government
4369:20 October
3599:Greenpeace
3490:22 January
3134:(4): 298.
2430:References
2309:Zapovednik
2053:Norrbotten
1937:Kolbeinsey
1596:Laptev Sea
1586:Hudson Bay
1551:Bering Sea
1536:Baffin Bay
1518:oil fields
1465:permafrost
1434:permafrost
1361:of PCB's (
1351:pollutants
1304:See also:
1151:North Pole
1056:North Pole
933:Sadlermiut
901:Pre-Dorset
748:wilderness
725:See also:
669:Dall sheep
661:wolverines
653:polar bear
641:Arctic fox
582:See also:
570:(like the
536:graminoids
476:permafrost
397:ecologists
370:Ursa Minor
362:Ursa Major
293:under the
291:permafrost
283:Kolbeinsey
219:Norrbotten
10815:Antarctic
10599:Irish Sea
10589:Black Sea
10548:Australia
10497:Caribbean
10474:continent
10448:Patagonia
10378:Polynesia
10356:Melanesia
10349:Zealandia
10327:Australia
10213:Southwest
10133:Caribbean
9910:Near East
9551:submerged
9546:Zealandia
9541:Australia
9431:Old World
9426:New World
9325:Tolstikov
9111:Discovery
9081:HMS
9066:HMS
9048:Adventure
9046:HMS
9031:HMS
8967:Tolstikov
8688:Endurance
8473:Antarctic
8458:Drygalski
8431:Discovery
8424:Discovery
8385:Arctowski
8298:HMS
8271:HMS
8265:Abernethy
8253:HMS
8231:USS
8218:Vincennes
8216:USS
8196:Astrolabe
8136:San Telmo
8117:Adventure
8115:HMS
8100:HMS
8095:Kerguelen
8057:Continent
8042:Antarctic
7919:Urvantsev
7877:Vilkitsky
7730:Jeannette
7728:USS
7720:Jeannette
7684:Weyprecht
7662:Pakhtusov
7612:Chichagov
7605:D. Laptev
7548:Permyakov
7523:Stadukhin
7518:Perfilyev
7495:Mangazeya
7433:H. Larsen
7398:Rasmussen
7353:HMS
7324:USS
7273:HMS
7260:HMS
7224:Collinson
7214:HMS
7206:HMS
7184:HMS
7132:HMS
7117:HMS
7102:HMS
7087:Mackenzie
7074:Discovery
7072:HMS
7057:HMS
7029:Discovery
7008:Frobisher
6971:Rasmussen
6884:Gunnbjörn
6830:Greenland
6759:USS
6750:USS
6622:Ellsworth
6564:Roosevelt
6494:Nansen's
6451:Discovery
6449:HMS
6436:HMS
6383:Abernethy
6351:Marmaduke
6195:Greenland
6157:Antarctic
6005:Australia
5881:Escalante
5818:Deliblato
5675:Cholistan
5592:East Asia
5392:Moçâmedes
5160:Transport
5044:Icelandic
5034:Karelians
4958:Snowy owl
4708:Greenland
4607:Nordicity
4554:Geography
4167:The Times
4052:: 77–85.
4031:1748-9326
3941:0261-3077
3690:: 11723.
3547:20 August
3024:24 August
2967:24 August
2768:2041-1723
2746:: 11723.
2599:"arctic."
2551:"Arktos."
2461:4 January
2168:(Baffin)
1879:Jan Mayen
1834:Greenland
1725:American
1640:Greenland
1322:Pollution
1316:drift ice
1065:pictured.
976:Kalaallit
909:Inuktitut
804:Antarctic
800:dinosaurs
756:genotypes
695:and also
637:snowy owl
614:snowy owl
556:bearberry
487:tree line
405:tree line
360:known as
322:subarctic
275:Greenland
211:Jan Mayen
95:and lands
60:talk page
10342:Tasmania
10290:Hispanic
10153:Northern
10100:Germanic
10078:Atlantic
10020:Southern
9981:Northern
9947:Caucasus
9883:Dead Sea
9854:Caucasus
9822:Southern
9815:Maritime
9810:Mainland
9783:Northern
9764:Far East
9723:Aral Sea
9646:Southern
9590:Northern
9337:A. Fuchs
9294:V. Fuchs
9274:McKinley
9237:E. Evans
9196:Bjaaland
9191:Amundsen
9141:Marshall
9054:Furneaux
8906:V. Fuchs
8870:E. Ronne
8865:F. Ronne
8804:Ritscher
8658:SY
8646:Filchner
8590:Framheim
8584:Amundsen
8390:Racoviță
8375:Amundsen
8370:Lecointe
8239:Ringgold
8233:Porpoise
8123:Furneaux
7959:Shevelev
7914:Begichev
7893:Amundsen
7855:Nagórski
7833:Brusilov
7827:Sv. Anna
7741:Melville
7711:Palander
7667:Tsivolko
7627:Sannikov
7622:Billings
7565:Chirikov
7484:Barentsz
7426:St. Roch
7417:Bartlett
7391:Amundsen
7375:Sverdrup
7275:Resolute
7164:Franklin
7092:Kotzebue
6959:Sverdrup
6942:Scoresby
6916:Lindenov
6767:Plaisted
6752:Nautilus
6697:Shirshov
6671:Belyakov
6666:Baydukov
6640:Nautilus
6602:Amundsen
6562:SS
6521:Sverdrup
6516:Johansen
6486:Brainard
6481:Lockwood
6336:Barentsz
6224:Category
5876:Colorado
5856:Carcross
5841:Amargosa
5813:Tabernas
5803:Monegros
5753:Registan
5557:Moiynkum
5552:Kyzylkum
5464:Ad-Dahna
5382:Kalahari
5332:Algerian
5222:Category
5094:Yukaghir
5054:Gwich'in
5024:Chukotka
4923:Reindeer
4703:Finnmark
4399:57007518
4381:(1957).
4360:Archived
4304:Archived
4264:Archived
4184:CBS News
4160:Archived
4140:Archived
4120:Archived
4095:Archived
4074:Archived
3969:Archived
3945:Archived
3907:Archived
3885:31040419
3836:18258748
3774:Archived
3722:27277547
3662:Archived
3644:Archived
3619:Archived
3591:Archived
3573:30 April
3567:Archived
3541:Archived
3484:Archived
3458:Archived
3375:30 April
3349:Archived
3323:30 April
3317:Archived
3284:Archived
3235:2 August
3229:Archived
3209:2 August
3203:Archived
3177:Archived
3093:Archived
3071:NBC News
3018:Archived
2961:Archived
2928:30 March
2922:Archived
2890:Archived
2882:"Arctic"
2859:Archived
2855:phys.org
2828:Archived
2786:27277547
2713:Archived
2670:Archived
2639:Archived
2602:Archived
2578:Archived
2554:Archived
2531:Archived
2511:Archived
2486:Archived
2348:See also
2255:Svalbard
2189:Islands
2139:Labrador
2072:Finland
2038:Nordland
1980:Lappland
1969:Finland
1941:Iceland
1896:Finland
1855:Iceland
1803:Finnmark
1674:Murmansk
1591:Kara Sea
1269:Eurasian
1062:Honolulu
1023:Gwichʼin
1019:Yukaghir
980:Tunumiit
972:Inughuit
957:expanded
925:Labrador
697:narwhals
689:cetacean
685:walruses
633:reindeer
409:isotherm
391:and the
344:arktikos
339:ἀρκτικός
239:Murmansk
223:Lappland
207:Svalbard
203:Finnmark
195:Nordland
10543:Oceania
10531:by area
10487:America
10464:Islands
10314:Oceania
10183:Midwest
10138:Central
10105:Romance
10073:Western
9942:Balkans
9937:Eastern
9932:Central
9900:Mashriq
9844:Western
9788:Siberia
9740:Eastern
9718:Central
9651:Western
9624:Central
9600:Mashriq
9595:Maghreb
9585:Saharan
9531:America
9524:Eurasia
9396:regions
9342:Messner
9289:Hillary
9269:Balchen
9217:Polheim
9211:Wisting
9089:Crozier
9061:Weddell
9039:J. Cook
9009:Kapitsa
8990:Fiennes
8932:Klenova
8901:Hillary
8851:Ketchum
8777:BANZARE
8752:·
8597:Polheim
8563:Shirase
8549:Charcot
8359:Belgica
8278:Crozier
8190:Morrell
8185:Weddell
8163:Lazarev
8108:J. Cook
8062:History
8012:Arktika
7988:Krassin
7973:Voronin
7945:Schmidt
7931:Ushakov
7870:Vaygach
7838:Albanov
7807:Rusanov
7788:Kolchak
7783:Matisen
7757:Makarov
7736:De Long
7637:Wrangel
7617:Lyakhov
7570:Malygin
7528:Dezhnev
7355:Pandora
7326:Advance
7293:Kennedy
7288:Belcher
7281:Kellett
7268:McClure
7192:Beechey
7186:Blossom
7179:Simpson
7147:Crozier
7140:Hoppner
7097:J. Ross
7065:J. Cook
7013:Gilbert
6906:J. Hall
6872:Ingólfr
6862:Naddodd
6856:Vikings
6843:Brendan
6838:Pytheas
6826:Iceland
6780:Arktika
6772:Herbert
6737:Badygin
6707:Krenkel
6692:Papanin
6661:Chkalov
6647:Wilkins
6612:Wisting
6556:F. Cook
6462:Markham
6422:Bessels
6411:Polaris
6402:Polaris
6373:J. Ross
6356:Carolus
6304:History
6229:Commons
6219:Project
6138:Tatacoa
6133:Sechura
6108:Atacama
6086:Rangipo
6048:Simpson
6043:Pedirka
6038:Painted
5996:Oceania
5961:Sonoran
5808:Oleshky
5685:Katpana
5657:Tengger
5582:Ustyurt
5572:Sarykum
5547:Karakum
5532:Barsuki
5527:Aralkum
5479:Judaean
5474:Arabian
5437:Western
5367:Eastern
5357:Danakil
5278:deserts
5116:Economy
5064:Koryaks
5019:Chukchi
5001:Culture
4931:bearded
4913:Narwhal
4903:Lemming
4828:decline
4795:Climate
4748:Nunavut
4743:Nunavik
4723:Karelia
4713:Iceland
4680:Regions
4632:Geology
4468:History
3999:Bibcode
3863:Bibcode
3827:2538841
3804:Bibcode
3713:4906163
3692:Bibcode
3464:15 June
3290:26 July
3201:. IMO.
3183:23 June
3136:Bibcode
2896:11 June
2777:4906163
2748:Bibcode
2336:Canada
2321:Russia
2305:Russia
2290:Sweden
2275:Norway
2259:Norway
2249:Region
2246:Russia
2242:Siberia
2230:Russia
2215:Russia
2205:region
2186:Russia
2171:Canada
2155:Canada
2151:Nunavut
2134:Canada
2118:Canada
2114:Nunavik
2102:Russia
2087:Canada
2057:Sweden
2042:Norway
2029:Russia
2014:Russia
1999:Russia
1984:Sweden
1954:Russia
1944:Island
1926:Canada
1911:Canada
1886:Island
1883:Norway
1868:Canada
1858:Island
1851:Grímsey
1822:Russia
1807:Norway
1797:Island
1784:Island
1781:Russia
1766:Russia
1753:Canada
1738:Russia
1626:Nunavut
1492:Svolvær
1469:methane
1422:sea ice
1100:Though
1007:Koryaks
999:Iñupiat
991:Chukchi
953:Birnirk
789:Troodon
717:gulls.
705:belugas
673:ermines
625:lemming
578:Animals
544:lichens
491:sea ice
474:as the
443:Finland
439:Lapland
415:Climate
378:Polaris
299:sea ice
279:Grímsey
267:Nunavut
243:Siberia
185:) is a
89:Equator
10925:Arctic
10830:Global
10820:Arctic
10759:Rivers
10737:Other
10671:Oceans
10526:Europe
10482:Africa
10275:French
10148:Middle
10110:Slavic
10095:Celtic
9996:Nordic
9986:Baltic
9924:Europe
9878:Levant
9572:Africa
9408:Worlds
9252:Bowers
9247:Wilson
9206:Hassel
9201:Helmer
9170:Mackay
9160:Mawson
9125:Nimrod
9083:Terror
9068:Erebus
8995:Burton
8790:Rymill
8666:Mawson
8660:Aurora
8639:Lashly
8624:Wilson
8527:Nimrod
8504:Scotia
8311:Murray
8286:Cooper
8273:Terror
8255:Erebus
8224:Wilkes
8175:Palmer
8143:Vostok
8090:Bouvet
8014:-class
7994:Gakkel
7862:Taymyr
7843:Konrad
7812:Kuchin
7750:Yermak
7657:Lavrov
7575:Ovtsyn
7560:Bering
7538:Ivanov
7501:Hudson
7463:Pomors
7440:Cowper
7405:Karluk
7304:Isabel
7298:Bellot
7248:Austin
7216:Terror
7208:Erebus
7104:Griper
7080:Clerke
7040:Baffin
7023:Hudson
6954:Nansen
6867:Garðar
6788:Barneo
6655:ANT-25
6631:Italia
6607:Nobile
6576:Henson
6535:Amedeo
6511:Nansen
6476:Greely
6346:Hudson
6284:Arctic
6182:Arctic
6068:Tirari
6063:Tanami
6013:Gibson
5951:Sevier
5936:Owyhee
5926:Mojave
5861:Carson
5836:Alvord
5785:Europe
5771:La Paz
5748:Polond
5743:Naomid
5690:Kharan
5647:Qaidam
5635:Kubuqi
5625:Kumtag
5577:Taukum
5499:Syrian
5432:Ténéré
5422:Sahara
5402:Nubian
5387:Libyan
5362:Djurab
5352:Chalbi
5337:Bayuda
5324:Africa
5289:Desert
5276:World
5089:Yakuts
5084:Selkup
5069:Nenets
5059:Khanty
5029:Evenks
4991:Tundra
4963:Walrus
4951:ringed
4946:ribbon
4941:hooded
4908:Muskox
4622:Tundra
4461:topics
4459:Arctic
4397:
4342:
4254:
4229:
4029:
3951:2 July
3939:
3883:
3855:Nature
3834:
3824:
3746:
3720:
3710:
3537:Quartz
3517:31 May
3434:6 June
3407:6 June
3262:
3010:
2953:
2784:
2774:
2766:
2631:
2123:Quebec
1892:Kainuu
1703:Alaska
1650:Nenets
1488:Skrova
1212:, the
1187:seabed
1123:. The
1093:, and
1025:, and
1011:Nenets
1003:Khanty
995:Evenks
985:Other
921:Quebec
913:Tuniit
792:, and
703:, and
675:, and
651:. The
647:, and
631:, and
629:muskox
603:Muskox
560:sedges
552:tundra
548:mosses
546:, and
505:Plants
470:, and
354:arktos
349:ἄρκτος
295:tundra
255:Alaska
231:Kainuu
128:Arctic
10807:Polar
10752:lists
10747:Lakes
10566:ocean
10285:Ibero
10280:Latin
10270:Anglo
9392:Earth
9332:Crary
9279:Dufek
9242:Oates
9232:Scott
9165:David
9146:Adams
9117:Barne
8938:Mirny
8927:Somov
8737:Quest
8634:Crean
8619:Scott
8498:Bruce
8452:Gauss
8445:Gauss
8319:Jason
8306:Nares
8180:Davis
8157:Mirny
8130:Smith
8085:Roché
8005:Lenin
7925:Sadko
7850:Wiese
7795:Sedov
7766:Zarya
7689:Payer
7652:Litke
7647:Anjou
7580:Minin
7543:Vagin
7533:Popov
7506:Poole
7361:Young
7174:Dease
7119:Hecla
7110:Parry
7035:Bylot
7018:Davis
6993:Cabot
6966:Peary
6948:Jason
6935:Egede
6849:Papar
6761:Skate
6742:Wiese
6722:NP-37
6715:NP-36
6595:Norge
6583:Sedov
6571:Peary
6529:Jason
6444:Nares
6438:Alert
6393:Hayes
6361:Parry
6299:Ocean
6123:Monte
5738:Margo
5728:Leili
5723:Khash
5718:Kavir
5640:Mu Us
5630:Ordos
5484:Negev
5469:Nefud
5407:Nyiri
5397:Namib
5372:Ferlo
5049:Inuit
4973:Flora
4927:Seal
4880:Fauna
4780:Yukon
4775:Sápmi
4770:Sakha
4763:North
4363:(PDF)
4356:(PDF)
3401:(PDF)
3394:(PDF)
3175:(2).
2406:Notes
2332:Yukon
2271:Troms
2195:Sápmi
1965:Lappi
1711:State
1490:near
1027:Yupik
968:Inuit
917:Tunit
855:from
853:Thule
714:Larus
701:orcas
681:seals
665:moose
657:birds
568:forbs
540:herbs
435:Inari
336:word
334:Greek
259:Yukon
235:Lappi
199:Troms
120:MODIS
10764:Seas
10521:Asia
9793:Ural
9705:Asia
9634:Horn
9629:East
9398:and
9264:Byrd
9185:Fram
9136:Wild
8818:Marr
8784:BGLE
8771:Byrd
8699:Wild
8578:Fram
8380:Cook
7901:AARI
7886:Maud
7773:Toll
7698:Vega
7384:Gjøa
7369:Fram
7332:Kane
7169:Back
7134:Fury
7125:Lyon
7047:Munk
6686:NP-1
6588:Byrd
6505:Fram
6496:Fram
6388:Kane
5986:Yuma
5981:Yuha
5916:Kaʻū
5700:Thar
5695:Thal
5615:Hami
5605:Gobi
5447:Asia
5347:Blue
5079:Sami
5039:Komi
4936:harp
4728:Komi
4395:LCCN
4371:2016
4340:ISBN
4252:ISBN
4227:ISBN
4103:2016
4027:ISSN
3953:2019
3937:ISSN
3915:2018
3881:PMID
3832:PMID
3757:2006
3744:ISBN
3718:PMID
3575:2009
3549:2019
3519:2015
3492:2018
3466:2015
3436:2008
3409:2008
3377:2009
3325:2009
3292:2007
3260:ISBN
3237:2021
3211:2021
3185:2014
3101:2009
3026:2020
3008:ISBN
2969:2020
2951:ISBN
2930:2022
2898:2020
2867:2020
2836:2020
2782:PMID
2764:ISSN
2721:2023
2678:2020
2647:2015
2629:ISBN
2586:2010
2494:2011
2463:2019
1471:and
1436:and
1416:The
1330:and
1060:USS
1015:Sámi
978:and
939:and
899:and
837:and
754:and
729:and
592:and
449:The
423:and
312:and
281:and
233:and
221:and
209:and
126:The
83:The
10774:Rim
10564:By
10472:By
8961:3rd
8947:2nd
8921:1st
8754:IGY
8750:IPY
7340:Fox
7236:Rae
6802:Mir
6778:NS
5733:Lut
5620:Lop
5562:Ryn
4054:doi
4017:hdl
4007:doi
3871:doi
3859:569
3822:PMC
3812:doi
3800:105
3708:PMC
3700:doi
3454:NRK
3256:6/7
3144:doi
2772:PMC
2756:doi
2705:doi
2420:/k/
915:or
574:).
520:on
269:),
166:ɑːr
156:or
140:ɑːr
10921::
7866:/
4393:.
4389:.
4182:.
4050:58
4048:.
4025:.
4015:.
4005:.
3993:.
3989:.
3943:.
3931:.
3901:.
3879:.
3869:.
3857:.
3853:.
3830:.
3820:.
3810:.
3798:.
3794:.
3716:.
3706:.
3698:.
3686:.
3682:.
3597:.
3535:.
3367:.
3347:.
3300:^
3282:.
3171:.
3167:.
3142:.
3132:37
3130:.
3124:.
3109:^
3091:.
3087:.
3069:.
3051:.
3016:.
2959:.
2914:.
2888:.
2884:.
2857:.
2853:.
2826:.
2822:.
2780:.
2770:.
2762:.
2754:.
2742:.
2738:.
2711:.
2701:16
2699:.
2695:.
2668:.
2664:.
2637:.
2576:.
2484:.
2480:.
2449:.
2438:^
2145:)
1638:,
1624:,
1479:.
1251:.
1181:,
1089:,
1085:,
1081:,
1077:,
1058:.
1029:.
1021:,
1017:,
1013:,
1009:,
1005:,
1001:,
997:,
993:,
974:,
923:/
911::
886:c.
871:c.
857:c.
786:,
780:,
699:,
683:,
671:,
667:,
663:,
643:,
639:,
627:,
623:,
612:A
542:,
538:,
534:,
482:.
324:.
265:,
261:,
249:,
245:,
241:,
229:,
217:,
205:,
201:,
197:,
9384:e
9377:t
9370:v
8343:"
8337:"
8280:)
8276:(
8267:)
8258:(
6263:e
6256:t
6249:v
5269:e
5262:t
5255:v
4451:e
4444:t
4437:v
4401:.
4373:.
4314:.
4235:.
4105:.
4060:.
4056::
4033:.
4019::
4009::
4001::
3995:6
3955:.
3917:.
3887:.
3873::
3865::
3838:.
3814::
3806::
3759:.
3724:.
3702::
3694::
3688:7
3625:.
3577:.
3551:.
3521:.
3494:.
3468:.
3438:.
3411:.
3379:.
3342:.
3327:.
3294:.
3268:.
3239:.
3213:.
3187:.
3173:3
3152:.
3146::
3138::
3103:.
3028:.
2971:.
2932:.
2900:.
2869:.
2838:.
2788:.
2758::
2750::
2744:7
2723:.
2707::
2680:.
2649:.
2588:.
2496:.
2465:.
2141:(
1684:.
1220:.
907:(
691:—
445:)
441:(
352:(
342:(
273:(
181:/
178:k
175:ɪ
172:t
169:k
163:ˈ
160:/
152:/
149:k
146:ɪ
143:t
137:ˈ
134:/
130:(
70:)
66:(
62:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
