806:
1313:, both United States ships, sparked controversy in Canada by traveling through the waters of the Arctic Archipelago without the permission of Canada. Due to the remoteness of the area and a lack of capacity, Canada did not learn of the voyages until after they had occurred, a clear challenge to Canada's arctic claims. In the aftermath of both incidents, Canada strengthened its legislation covering such voyages and devoted additional attention to developing its capacity (both military and otherwise) for operating in the Arctic in support of its sovereignty claims.
871:
1286:
1433:
642:
1098:
30:
654:
3418:
1297:
sovereignty in the Arctic solidified with the end of territorial disputes around the Alaska panhandles, Canada's efforts at demonstrating sovereignty have shifted from the mainland of the north, to the Arctic
Archipelago. Most recently, Canada's claims that the marine passageways within the Archipelago are Canadian internal waters have been actively challenged by the United States, who claims instead that these are international waters.
1174:
3430:
1447:
2082:
2203:
2242:
2113:
2270:
1296:
Canada has had historic difficulty supporting its Arctic claims of sovereignty due to the sparsity of population, remoteness, and difficulty in effectively demonstrating administrative capacity. Most challenges to Canada's arctic sovereignty have historically come from the United States. As claims of
2144:
2175:
2027:
735:
of powers to the territories. Canada's Arctic policy includes the plans and provisions of these regional governments. It encompasses the exercise of sovereignty, social and economic development, the protection of the environment, and the improving and devolving of governance.
1412:
as potential locations. It will be a year-round, multidisciplinary facility exploring the cutting-edge of Arctic science and technology issues; opening is foreseen in 2017. Total costs are as yet unknown, but pre-construction design alone is budgeted at C$ 18 million.
852:. Thus, the new dominion acquired legal sovereignty over all of what is now northern Canada except for the Arctic islands. This northern mainland sovereignty has never been questioned although there have been challenges to Canada's Arctic sovereignty in the past.
1395:
Many
Canadian institutions conduct research in the Arctic. As part of its Arctic policy, in the summer of 2010, the Canadian Government announced plans to build a High Arctic Research Station. This station will be built as an integral part of Canada's
1915:
983:
A large part of Canada is in the Arctic region. Administratively this is split between the
Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon. About 107,000 Canadians live in the Arctic. This compares with the other countries' Arctic regions as follows:
2547:
1146:, and claimed them for Norway. He was the first known European to have set foot on them. Norway retained territorial interests in the islands until 1930 when it formally recognized the sovereignty of Britain (Canada) over them.
1227:
strong, responsible, accountable governments work together for a vibrant, prosperous future for all â a place whose people and governments are significant contributing partners to a dynamic, secure
Canadian federation;
1149:
Historically, occupation of the land has been considered important in establishing sovereignty. This led to a variety of initiatives of the
Canadian government. From 1953 to 1955, eighty-seven Inuit were moved by the
1209:
In 2007, the three
Canadian territorial governments released "A Northern Vision: A Stronger North and a Better Canada". The vision's main themes are sovereignty, circumpolar relations and climate change.
1912:
3273:
859:
transferred to Canada the rest of its possessions in the Arctic, including "all
Islands adjacent to any such Territories" whether discovered by British or foreigners, or not yet discovered.
1348:
in the Arctic. They educate young
Canadians concerning the challenges and career opportunities in Arctic research. Participating schools send students and teachers to the Arctic, on board
1421:
Legislation governing Arctic policy is expanding due to the opportunities opened up by the melting of Arctic summer ice such as natural resource extraction and expedited shipping routes.
2299:
1224:
the
Northern tradition of respect for the land and the environment is paramount and the principles of responsible and sustainable development anchor all decision-making and action;
5982:
773:
Canada has more Arctic land mass than any other country but one of the smallest Arctic populations. Canada's Arctic land is included within the administrative regions of the
1713:
2467:
517:
296:
887:(66° 33'N). Alternatively, it can be defined as the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost
2600:
267:
2622:
1717:
1122:
2577:
1397:
530:
169:
895:
at the boundary of this region. Socially and politically, the Arctic region includes the northern territories of the eight Arctic states, although by
1371:
Environmental concerns include global warming, preservation of flora and fauna, shipping traffic, and oil exploration. As a consequence of the SS
2743:
1696:
1496:
1387:
Canada has had a paternalistic relationship with its
Aboriginal peoples in the past. The creation of Nunavut has helped promote self-government.
1022:
Note: The statistic given for Iceland refers to its entire population. However, Iceland is almost entirely sub-Arctic, as are the Faroe Islands.
321:
245:
1746:
1621:
1165:, within the Archipelago remain in dispute. Canada considers them internal waters while the United States considers them international waters.
975:
Using these components, he calculated regional values whereby he subdivided Canada into Near North, Middle North, Far North and Extreme North.
240:
1321:
The Inuit have been hunters for millennia. As they interacted with Europeans they became trappers and dependent on foreign economic forces.
1213:
In 2009, the Government of Canada presented Canada's Northern Strategy: Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future. It focused on four objectives:
2383:
1871:
694:
391:
47:
5144:
3467:
3054:
2718:
856:
287:
4105:
401:
337:
282:
2330:
1010:
Canada â 107,265 (includes entire population of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, much of which is below the Arctic Circle)
6525:
3740:
2434:, Ottawa: The Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development and Federal Interlocutor for MĂ©tis and Non-Status Indians, 2009,
1481:
262:
3748:
1400:
and serves political purposes, such as asserting Canada's sovereignty in the high north, as much as concrete research objectives.
6100:
5106:
3519:
2816:
2649:
494:
413:
408:
369:
2464:
848:
was added to the charter. Then, in 1870, the Hudson's Bay Company transferred title to its lands to Canada with its purchase of
5697:
5295:
4883:
3344:
2494:
2429:
2342:
1697:
PM Harper: Nunavut MP Leona Aglukkaq will chair the Arctic Council PM Harper: Nunavut MP Aglukkaq will chair the Arctic Council
1376:
667:
6489:
2796:
2623:
Governance of Arctic Marine Shipping, a 2008 report from the Marine & Environmental Law Institute at Dalhousie Law School
2439:
2396:
2366:
1971:
476:
472:
4435:
2356:
1872:"Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012"
542:
458:
223:
5300:
6383:
6064:
5886:
5776:
5545:
4134:
4083:
3327:
3213:
1560:
1091:
615:
512:
174:
87:
5834:
5415:
5354:
3402:
3332:
3032:
2381:
1538:
1491:
1231:
we patrol and protect our territory through enhanced presence on the land, in the sea and over the skies of the Arctic.
1158:
became a point of controversial scrutiny. The government's motives seem to have included this need to occupy the land.
507:
132:
98:
1851:
6581:
5857:
2695:
2557:
2309:
1828:
1801:
1599:
364:
142:
2573:
1221:
self-reliant individuals live in healthy, vital communities, manage their own affairs and shape their own destinies;
1034:
are Aboriginal peoples originating in the Canadian Arctic and other polar nations. The word Inuit means "people" in
6591:
6586:
5935:
3359:
3349:
3002:
2859:
2753:
2738:
1471:
1186:
687:
6166:
6152:
6126:
5963:
3934:
3460:
3322:
2708:
1508:
1476:
235:
4857:
1363:
Policy concerns include adequate nutrition, suicide rates, toxic pollution, tuberculosis, and adequate housing.
5989:
5959:
4302:
4292:
3876:
3578:
3200:
2879:
2831:
2667:
2482:
929:
433:
347:
5600:
342:
5762:
5272:
4405:
3339:
2864:
1954:
1185:
The eight northern countries listed above all have territory within the Arctic Circle. Several of these make
825:
179:
892:
862:
Further historical information related to Canadian Arctic policy can be found in the sections which follow.
5671:
5557:
5400:
4446:
3907:
3675:
3433:
3172:
3079:
3044:
2917:
1548:
1080:
557:
277:
103:
754:
Along with its mainland in the upper regions of North America, Canada claims sovereignty over the related
6119:
5741:
5575:
5516:
5470:
3699:
3588:
2897:
2839:
2642:
2301:
Ships of Wood and Men of Iron: A Norwegian-Canadian Saga of Exploration in the High Arctic (Google eBook)
1879:
1611:
759:
751:
would serve as chair of the Arctic Council when Canada assumed the Chairmanship from Sweden in May 2013.
680:
610:
590:
446:
158:
6479:
5204:
5178:
5171:
4622:
4523:
4515:
4498:
4116:
3662:
3514:
3453:
2892:
426:
359:
257:
191:
82:
4911:
1565:
6302:
5912:
5608:
5407:
5192:
5074:
4877:
4759:
4610:
4459:
4397:
4384:
4257:
3983:
3635:
3223:
2728:
1883:
1754:
1616:
1577:
1308:
1053:
1045:
can be found throughout Canada the majority, 44,470 (88.1%), live in four regions lying north of the
837:
620:
396:
250:
71:
2602:
Arctic Shipping â Navigating the Legal Landscape for Marine Infrastructure and Off-Shore Development
2382:
Premier`s Office, Yukon; Premier`s Office, Northwest Territories; Premier`s Office, Nunavut (2007).
6576:
6452:
6043:
6037:
5955:
5829:
5614:
5340:
5216:
5066:
4954:
4738:
3039:
2680:
1518:
1513:
1237:
763:
605:
484:
184:
137:
3754:
2002:
1911:
Estimated population of Nordland, Troms, Finnmark, Svalbard and Jan Mayen from December 31, 2012.
1791:
1248:. Canada has slated $ 109 million, to be spent before 2014, for research to substantiate extended
6519:
6182:
5335:
5209:
5129:
4638:
4465:
3667:
2713:
1671:
1587:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1486:
1345:
829:
625:
552:
537:
328:
316:
272:
2402:
6457:
6023:
3955:
3372:
3027:
2635:
1888:
1714:"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses"
1543:
1337:
1155:
585:
354:
332:
309:
164:
125:
5290:
6462:
6431:
6236:
6189:
6088:
5892:
5811:
5754:
5503:
5497:
5347:
5305:
5267:
5247:
4842:
4617:
4453:
4363:
4345:
4262:
4233:
4223:
4111:
4048:
3822:
3007:
2994:
2984:
2937:
2723:
1658:
1076:
774:
499:
453:
4503:
112:
6316:
6308:
6251:
5839:
5703:
5629:
5621:
5421:
5361:
5320:
4933:
4924:
4795:
4790:
4694:
4558:
4315:
4277:
3884:
3654:
3622:
3566:
3546:
3397:
1963:
1642:
1262:
1246:
over its northern regions was its number one and "non-negotiable priority" in Arctic policy
1151:
1139:
1135:
992:
USA â 731,449 (includes entire population of Alaska, most which is below the Arctic Circle)
907:
767:
600:
218:
42:
5684:
4089:
4072:
8:
6437:
6359:
5824:
5747:
5663:
5444:
5436:
5385:
5025:
4983:
4478:
4441:
4330:
4094:
3964:
3767:
3572:
3298:
3208:
3064:
2791:
2336:
1823:. Studies in International Relations. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 242.
1301:
1131:
1046:
595:
384:
4077:
6158:
6050:
6031:
5595:
5570:
5112:
5006:
4970:
4946:
4837:
4684:
4659:
4655:
4645:
4551:
4529:
4508:
4389:
4379:
4126:
4014:
3942:
3615:
3606:
3598:
3509:
3489:
3387:
3017:
2957:
2761:
2685:
2675:
1676:
1061:
1042:
968:
817:
805:
794:
66:
20:
1090:. In Nunavut the Inuit population forms a majority in all communities and is the only
844:. In 1821, the rest of the present-day Northwest Territories and Nunavut south of the
6530:
6336:
6330:
6286:
6271:
6200:
6172:
6080:
6017:
5927:
5899:
5879:
5817:
5725:
5689:
5563:
5530:
5523:
5476:
5458:
5375:
5124:
4993:
4941:
4847:
4800:
4728:
4717:
4429:
4419:
4411:
4307:
4297:
4208:
4203:
4186:
4152:
4019:
4006:
3827:
3733:
3691:
3686:
3476:
3382:
3377:
3185:
3049:
2869:
2854:
2771:
2553:
2435:
2392:
2362:
2305:
2275:
2247:
2208:
2180:
2149:
2118:
2087:
2032:
1977:
1967:
1824:
1797:
1409:
1249:
1162:
755:
489:
153:
2445:
1285:
1121:
Canadian sovereignty over the lands of the Arctic Archipelago is no longer disputed.
6547:
6279:
5971:
5851:
5677:
5650:
5590:
5465:
5395:
5380:
5119:
5048:
5043:
5017:
5012:
4894:
4817:
4770:
4537:
4357:
4322:
4218:
4213:
4147:
4061:
3843:
3835:
3721:
3641:
3593:
3583:
3556:
3243:
2801:
1626:
1582:
1143:
870:
849:
833:
821:
230:
196:
1820:
Negotiating the Arctic: The Construction of an International Region (Google eBook)
6537:
6484:
6469:
6375:
6370:
6294:
6259:
6195:
6094:
6009:
5976:
5708:
5491:
5483:
5452:
5368:
5328:
5082:
5038:
4978:
4902:
4872:
4867:
4827:
4805:
4753:
4689:
4679:
4630:
4352:
4337:
4190:
4159:
4121:
3871:
3799:
3793:
3716:
3681:
3541:
3421:
3293:
3022:
2932:
2849:
2844:
2511:
Coates, Ken; Lackenbauer, P. Whitney; Morrion, William R.; Poelzer, Greg (2008).
2471:
2326:
1919:
1818:
1652:
1198:
896:
809:
728:
724:
658:
547:
5060:
2304:(2nd ed.). Toronto, ON: Natural Heritage/Natural History Inc. p. 125.
1774:
462:
6511:
6494:
6447:
6406:
6396:
6365:
6224:
6214:
6106:
6056:
5921:
5871:
5844:
5789:
5585:
5580:
5429:
5282:
5136:
5098:
5055:
4988:
4962:
4916:
4889:
4862:
4832:
4775:
4733:
4723:
4603:
4596:
4493:
4473:
4285:
4245:
4176:
3972:
3947:
3902:
3866:
3860:
3852:
3812:
3807:
3781:
3761:
3529:
3218:
3180:
2969:
2776:
2703:
1466:
1452:
748:
744:
740:
712:
567:
148:
2526:
1197:
off of Greenland. Russia, Denmark and Canada all claim common sections of the
1097:
6570:
6474:
6416:
6411:
6401:
6351:
6346:
6322:
6266:
6143:
6137:
6132:
5731:
5642:
5635:
5390:
5185:
5164:
5032:
4810:
4780:
4748:
4743:
4580:
4486:
4369:
4164:
3977:
3927:
3920:
3912:
3817:
3726:
3561:
3367:
3283:
3268:
3097:
3059:
2962:
2927:
2887:
2766:
2733:
1981:
1438:
1401:
1349:
1127:
1014:
995:
940:
884:
646:
6505:
6499:
6111:
6075:
5941:
5768:
5718:
5657:
5511:
5199:
5150:
5000:
4822:
4785:
4765:
4706:
4240:
4228:
4171:
4099:
4000:
3897:
3891:
3788:
3776:
3649:
3627:
3551:
3504:
3238:
3130:
3092:
3069:
2781:
2230:
1375:
venture through the Northwest Passage, the Canadian government enacted the
1333:
1290:
1190:
845:
2608:. Connecticut Maritime Association Shipping Conference 2012. Stamford, CT.
1075:
As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 4,165 (10.1%) Inuit living in the
6542:
6442:
6390:
6208:
5995:
5783:
5158:
5090:
4852:
4711:
4674:
4574:
4566:
4374:
3710:
3392:
3303:
3278:
3253:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3012:
2952:
1243:
1194:
1069:
1057:
883:
The term "Arctic" varies in its usage. It can be defined as north of the
786:
211:
77:
653:
6341:
6244:
6228:
6070:
6003:
5904:
5313:
5262:
5222:
4544:
4270:
4198:
4140:
3533:
3501:
3117:
3087:
2811:
1647:
1637:
1631:
1405:
1189:. The United States and Canada do not agree on their boundaries in the
1105:
As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 10,950 (21.7%) Inuit living in
1086:
As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 24,640 (84.0%) Inuit living in
1079:. The majority, about 3,115 (6.2%), live in the six communities of the
963:
946:
841:
762:. It considers the waters between the islands of the Archipelago to be
732:
93:
29:
5863:
4700:
4252:
4035:
3233:
3157:
3135:
2907:
2806:
2786:
1932:
1329:
1217:
The Government of Canada has a clear vision for the North, in which:
1052:
As of the 2006 Canada Census there were 4,715 (9.3%) Inuit living in
1035:
953:
911:
900:
888:
59:
3445:
1344:. It helps connect high schools across Canada with those conducting
5795:
3122:
2902:
1341:
1065:
958:
919:
2974:
739:
Canada, along with the 7 other Arctic nations, is a member of the
562:
6422:
5802:
4067:
4043:
4031:
3263:
3112:
3102:
2947:
2942:
2922:
2912:
1110:
1087:
790:
778:
4589:
2627:
2083:"2006 Aboriginal Population Profile (Newfoundland and Labrador)"
1173:
4668:
3993:
3288:
3258:
3228:
3190:
3162:
3107:
2821:
2658:
2574:"CTV News â Cambridge Bay to host High Arctic Research Station"
2510:
2431:
Canada's Northern Strategy: Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future
1178:
1106:
924:
720:
716:
2598:
2332:
The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953â55 Relocation
785:, although geographically and in some cases legally, parts of
4054:
3248:
2979:
2335:. Canadian Government Publishing. p. 190. Archived from
1031:
782:
2354:
2114:"2006 Aboriginal Population Profile (Northwest Territories)"
2599:
Pamel, Peter G; Borden Ladner Gervais LLP (21 March 2012).
2552:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 193.
2549:
The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law
1130:
explored in the high Arctic. He discovered the islands of
2006:
1947:
934:
832:(HBC) charter. The HBC charter gave the company title to
1404:
was chosen after a feasibility study that also included
1355:, to do field research with the ArcticNet science team.
5259:
2385:
A Northern Vision: a stronger north and a better Canada
1566:
Arctic (section International cooperation and politics)
766:. The United States among others considers those to be
797:, approximately 107,265 Canadians live in the Arctic.
2355:
Porteous, John Douglas; Smith, Sandra Eileen (2001).
1561:
Foreign relations of Canada (section Arctic disputes)
1382:
1882:, Population Division. December 2012. Archived from
1428:
1336:Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources at the
1064:(Labrador Metis or Inuit-metis) living in southern
2204:"2006 Aboriginal Population Profile (Nunatsiavut)"
1316:
2527:"Schools on Board: An ArcticNet Outreach Program"
2465:Arctic Sovereignty "Non-Negotiable" â Canada's PM
2243:"2006 Aboriginal Population Profile (Inuvialuit)"
899:definitions much of this territory is considered
6568:
1366:
1332:'s Schools on Board program is based out of The
914:index, having ten natural and human components:
816:Government interest in the North began with the
2744:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2324:
1497:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
518:Proposed annexation of Turks and Caicos Islands
2271:"2006 Aboriginal Population Profile (Nunavik)"
2145:"2006 Aboriginal Population Profile (Nunavut)"
1622:Category:People from the Northwest Territories
1280:
3461:
2643:
2495:"STATEMENT ON CANADA'S ARCTIC FOREIGN POLICY"
2176:"2006 Aboriginal Population Profile (Quebec)"
2028:"2006 Aboriginal Population Profile (Canada)"
1109:. The majority, about 9,565 (19.0%), live in
688:
192:Provincial and territorial executive councils
1995:
1913:Estimated population at the term of the year
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1780:Random House, Inc. Retrieved on May 2, 2009.
3055:Effects of global warming on marine mammals
2719:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
2424:
2422:
1852:"Socio-demographic situation in the Arctic"
857:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
3468:
3454:
2650:
2636:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1193:. Canada and Denmark both claim the small
1094:where Aboriginal peoples form a majority.
695:
681:
2361:. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 102â03.
1837:
1816:
1116:
6526:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
2545:
2539:
2419:
2358:Domicide: The Global Destruction of Home
2170:
2168:
2139:
2137:
2108:
2106:
2077:
2075:
1810:
1793:Fundamentals of the physical environment
1482:Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy
1284:
1268:Promote economic and social development,
1172:
1096:
1041:Although the 50,480 Inuit listed in the
869:
804:
6101:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2048:
1864:
1789:
1731:
1701:
1255:Canada's Arctic policy priorities are:
878:
338:Courts of the Provinces and Territories
6569:
2483:U.S. Strategic Interests in the Arctic
2343:Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
2297:
2291:
2020:
1753:. Historica Foundation. Archived from
1390:
1377:Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act
297:Provincial and territorial parliaments
5245:
3487:
3475:
3449:
2631:
2592:
2165:
2134:
2103:
2072:
2069:Figures refer to all Inuit in Canada.
743:. On August 23, 2012, Prime Minister
2580:from the original on August 28, 2010
1935:. Statistics Iceland. 1 October 2002
1744:
1204:
5887:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
4084:Norse colonization of North America
3429:
3274:Northern indigenous Russian peoples
2515:. Markham: Thomas Allen Publishers.
1271:Protect the arctic environment, and
13:
5416:United States Exploring Expedition
3333:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
1778:Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1).
1539:Arctic policy of the United States
1492:Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement
1416:
1383:Improving and devolving governance
14:
6603:
6490:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
5858:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2657:
2616:
1655:, Liberal critic on Arctic policy
1606:Canadian individuals of influence
1600:Nunavut Implementation Commission
1187:conflicting claims of sovereignty
1154:to the High Arctic. In the 1990s
1013:Denmark â 106,079 (Greenland and
365:Peace, order, and good government
6384:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5777:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3428:
3417:
3416:
3003:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
2860:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate
2739:Territorial claims in the Arctic
1933:"Statistics Iceland:Key figures"
1472:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
1445:
1431:
1168:
652:
640:
28:
2709:Arctic cooperation and politics
2566:
2519:
2504:
2487:
2476:
2458:
2375:
2348:
2318:
2263:
2235:
2224:
2196:
1925:
1509:Arctic policy of European Union
1477:Arctic cooperation and politics
1317:Economic and social development
1274:Improve and devolve governance.
1181:with the Arctic Circle in blue.
1056:and about 2,160 (4.3%) live in
812:'s 1914 map of Arctic explorers
513:CanadaâEuropean Union relations
246:Opposition Leader in the Senate
241:Government Leader in the Senate
2817:Populated places in the Arctic
1905:
1783:
1768:
1690:
1358:
855:In 1880 the government of the
508:CanadaâLatin America relations
409:Provincial electoral districts
370:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
278:His Majesty's Loyal Opposition
273:Opposition Leader in the house
268:Government Leader in the house
170:President of the Privy Council
1:
5763:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
5698:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
5246:
3340:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean
2865:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone
1817:Keskitalo, Eva C. H. (2004).
1683:
1367:Protection of the environment
1252:claims in the Arctic region.
1161:The waterways, including the
1060:. There are also about 6,000
1038:, the language of the Inuit.
978:
6120:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
5936:ShackletonâRowett Expedition
5742:French Antarctic Expeditions
5672:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
5558:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
3676:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
3045:Climate change in the Arctic
2797:Impact craters of the Arctic
2546:Rothwell, Donald R. (1996).
1549:Arctic policy of South Korea
1324:
1289:Bathymetric features of the
1081:Inuvialuit Settlement Region
1025:
865:
558:Indigenous Peoples in Canada
531:Crown and Indigenous peoples
7:
5205:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
4884:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
3749:Andrée's balloon expedition
2898:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
2840:Canadian Arctic Rift System
1880:United States Census Bureau
1634:, former premier of Nunavut
1612:List of people from Nunavut
1555:Foreign relations of Canada
1424:
1281:The exercise of sovereignty
1240:, Stephen Harper said that
1101:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
969:degree of economic activity
392:Federal electoral districts
159:List of Canadian ministries
10:
6608:
4406:Franklin's lost expedition
4106:Christian IV's expeditions
3488:
2893:British Arctic Territories
2470:December 31, 2010, at the
2003:"CIA â The World Factbook"
1918:November 10, 2013, at the
1796:. Routledge. p. 482.
828:in the 1500s and the 1670
800:
747:announced that Nunavut MP
543:Aboriginal self-government
175:Clerk of the Privy Council
6223:
5954:
5541:
5281:
5258:
5254:
5241:
4760:Great Northern Expedition
4654:
4436:RaeâRichardson expedition
4185:
4030:
3636:British Arctic Expedition
3528:
3500:
3496:
3483:
3411:
3358:
3315:
3199:
3171:
3078:
2993:
2878:
2830:
2752:
2729:Inuit Circumpolar Council
2694:
2666:
1956:Greenland in Figures 2013
1876:2012 Population Estimates
1790:Addison, Kenneth (2002).
1751:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1666:Arctic concepts and terms
1617:List of people from Yukon
1578:Canadian Polar Commission
1461:International initiatives
1054:Newfoundland and Labrador
787:Newfoundland and Labrador
616:Provinces and territories
414:Politics of the provinces
402:List of federal elections
99:Monarchy in the provinces
6582:Arctic policy by country
6044:British Antarctic Survey
6038:Captain Arturo Prat Base
5283:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3040:Arctic methane emissions
1519:Arctic policy of Finland
1514:Arctic policy of Denmark
1238:Prime Minister of Canada
1236:On August 23, 2010, the
764:Canadian Internal Waters
397:Federal electoral system
283:Leader of the Opposition
6592:Canadian foreign policy
6587:Public policy in Canada
6520:Pole of inaccessibility
6183:Antarctic Treaty System
4524:2nd Grinnell expedition
2714:Arctic Ocean Conference
2298:Kenney, Gerard (2005).
1922:from Statistics Norway]
1672:North Atlantic triangle
1588:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
1534:Arctic policy of Sweden
1529:Arctic policy of Russia
1524:Arctic policy of Norway
1487:Arctic Ocean Conference
1346:climate change research
1242:protection of Canada's
709:Arctic policy of Canada
538:Canadian Aboriginal law
329:Chief Justice of Canada
143:List of prime ministers
3373:Arctic shipping routes
1544:Arctic policy of China
1503:Nation states policies
1338:University of Manitoba
1293:
1234:
1182:
1117:The Arctic Archipelago
1102:
1092:jurisdiction of Canada
875:
813:
793:are included as well.
473:Diplomatic missions of
165:29th Canadian Ministry
6190:Transglobe Expedition
6089:Operation Deep Freeze
5498:Challenger expedition
4364:Coppermine expedition
3885:Drifting ice stations
3328:Petroleum exploration
3008:Arctic dipole anomaly
2985:North American Arctic
2938:Northwest Territories
2724:Ilulissat Declaration
1661:, 1879â1962, explorer
1659:Vilhjalmur Stefansson
1572:Canadian institutions
1288:
1215:
1176:
1100:
1077:Northwest Territories
873:
808:
775:Northwest Territories
454:Global Affairs Canada
236:Speaker of the Senate
3398:Transpolar Sea Route
2231:NunatuKavut About Us
1964:Statistics Greenland
1747:"Arctic Sovereignty"
1643:Louis-Edmond Hamelin
1263:Canadian sovereignty
1152:Government of Canada
954:means other than air
908:Louis-Edmond Hamelin
906:Canadian geographer
891:roughly follows the
879:Definition of Arctic
830:Hudson's Bay Company
768:international waters
731:. This includes the
723:region and Canada's
434:Municipal government
263:Speaker of the house
180:Privy Council Office
133:Kingâs Privy Council
104:Lieutenant governors
6360:South magnetic pole
5026:Brusilov expedition
4135:Danish colonization
3573:North magnetic pole
3299:Arctic Winter Games
3065:Polar amplification
3033:ecology and history
2792:Greenland ice sheet
2339:on August 22, 2013.
1893:on February 5, 2009
1391:Scientific Research
659:Politics portal
548:First Nations bands
224:List of parliaments
6051:Operation Windmill
6032:Operation Highjump
5007:Rusanov expedition
4912:A. E. Nordenskiöld
4656:North East Passage
4460:McClure expedition
3388:Northern Sea Route
3018:Arctic oscillation
2762:Arctic Archipelago
2686:History of whaling
2676:Arctic exploration
2341:, produced by the
2279:. January 15, 2008
2251:. January 15, 2008
2212:. January 15, 2008
2184:. January 15, 2008
2153:. January 15, 2008
2122:. January 15, 2008
2091:. January 15, 2008
2036:. January 15, 2008
1677:Territorial waters
1334:Clayton H. Riddell
1307:and, in 1985, the
1294:
1183:
1126:From 1898 to 1902
1103:
1068:in what is called
1062:NunatuKavut people
1043:2006 Canada Census
989:Russia â 2,000,000
876:
814:
760:Arctic Archipelago
729:Arctic territories
711:includes both the
591:Constitutional law
219:Federal parliament
21:Politics of Canada
6564:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6018:Operation Tabarin
5880:Far Eastern Party
5726:Nimrod Expedition
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
4796:M. Pronchishcheva
4718:Siberian Cossacks
4187:Northwest Passage
3520:Research stations
3477:Polar exploration
3443:
3442:
3403:Search and rescue
3383:Northwest Passage
3378:Northeast Passage
3323:Natural resources
3214:Subarctic peoples
3186:Arctic vegetation
3050:Climate of Alaska
2870:Ungava Fault Zone
2855:Innuitian orogeny
2772:Arctic Cordillera
2441:978-0-662-05765-9
2398:978-1-55362-329-8
2368:978-0-7735-2258-9
2276:Statistics Canada
2248:Statistics Canada
2209:Statistics Canada
2181:Statistics Canada
2150:Statistics Canada
2119:Statistics Canada
2088:Statistics Canada
2033:Statistics Canada
1973:978-87-986787-7-9
1757:on March 16, 2012
1398:Northern Strategy
1250:continental shelf
1205:Policy statements
1163:Northwest Passage
1007:Finland â 184,000
1001:Iceland â 321,857
952:accessibility by
874:The Arctic region
756:continental shelf
719:in regard to the
705:
704:
647:Canada portal
611:Political culture
495:Visa requirements
447:Foreign relations
360:Constitution Acts
113:Royal prerogative
6599:
6065:Ronne Expedition
5550:
5544:
5408:Dumont d'Urville
5256:
5255:
5243:
5242:
4791:V. Pronchishchev
3498:
3497:
3485:
3484:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3432:
3431:
3420:
3419:
3307:
3306:(New Year's Day)
2802:Innuitian Region
2652:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2444:, archived from
2426:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2401:. Archived from
2390:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2327:Erasmus, Georges
2325:Dussault, René;
2322:
2316:
2315:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2239:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2079:
2070:
2067:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1929:
1923:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1835:
1834:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1742:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1716:. Archived from
1710:
1699:
1694:
1627:Nellie Cournoyea
1594:Canadian history
1583:Canadian Rangers
1455:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1144:Sverdrup Islands
1004:Sweden â 250,000
820:explorations of
697:
690:
683:
657:
656:
645:
644:
643:
427:Local government
405:
325:
322:List of justices
258:House of Commons
251:Senate divisions
227:
162:
146:
91:
83:Governor General
75:
51:
32:
16:
15:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6577:Northern Canada
6567:
6566:
6565:
6552:
6227:
6219:
6095:McMurdo Station
5964:Modern research
5962:
5950:
5685:O. Nordenskjöld
5548:
5542:
5537:
5453:Ross expedition
5277:
5250:
5229:
4658:
4650:
4191:Northern Canada
4189:
4181:
4034:
4026:
3532:
3524:
3492:
3479:
3474:
3444:
3439:
3407:
3393:Polar air route
3354:
3345:Protected areas
3311:
3305:
3195:
3167:
3074:
2989:
2933:Northern Canada
2874:
2850:Greenland Plate
2845:Eurekan orogeny
2826:
2748:
2690:
2681:Arctic research
2662:
2656:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2544:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2477:
2472:Wayback Machine
2463:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2442:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1974:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1920:Wayback Machine
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1838:
1831:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1745:Morrison, W.R.
1743:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1653:Carolyn Bennett
1451:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1419:
1417:Legal landscape
1393:
1385:
1369:
1361:
1327:
1319:
1283:
1207:
1199:Lomonosov Ridge
1171:
1156:this relocation
1119:
1028:
1020:
981:
973:
897:natural science
881:
868:
810:Stephen Leacock
803:
791:Northern Quebec
725:domestic policy
701:
672:
668:Other countries
663:
651:
641:
639:
631:
630:
581:
573:
572:
533:
523:
522:
504:
485:Nationality law
481:
469:
449:
439:
438:
429:
419:
418:
399:
387:
377:
376:
348:Military courts
319:
312:
302:
301:
221:
214:
204:
203:
156:
140:
128:
118:
117:
85:
69:
62:
52:
45:
23:
12:
11:
5:
6605:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6512:Vostok Station
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6465:
6463:Cherry-Garrard
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6303:Southern Cross
6299:
6298:
6297:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6269:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6233:
6231:
6225:Farthest South
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6186:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6140:
6135:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6097:
6092:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6047:
6040:
6035:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5986:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5922:Ross Sea party
5918:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5883:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5854:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5787:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5722:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5706:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5616:Southern Cross
5609:Southern Cross
5605:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5553:
5551:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5474:
5468:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5355:Bellingshausen
5345:
5338:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5252:
5251:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5214:
5202:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
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5643:Discovery Hut
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5173:A. Sibiryakov
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5145:Glavsevmorput
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4534:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4447:J. Richardson
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:M. Corte-Real
4207:
4205:
4204:G. Corte-Real
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4127:C. Richardson
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3936:Georgiy Sedov
3932:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Riiser-Larsen
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3436:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Arctic Bridge
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Bowhead whale
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Polar climate
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Arctic Alaska
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Arctic Circle
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Saami Council
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2561:
2559:0-521-56182-5
2555:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2528:
2522:
2514:
2507:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2448:on 2015-03-20
2447:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2408:on 2012-03-30
2404:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2311:1-897045-06-9
2307:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1830:0-415-94712-X
1826:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1803:0-415-23293-7
1799:
1795:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1720:on 2020-01-19
1719:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1443:
1440:
1439:Canada portal
1429:
1422:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:Cambridge Bay
1399:
1388:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1300:In 1969, the
1298:
1292:
1287:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1175:
1169:Arctic Circle
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:Amund Ringnes
1137:
1136:Ellef Ringnes
1133:
1129:
1128:Otto Sverdrup
1124:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1047:54th parallel
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1016:
1015:Faroe Islands
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:Arctic Norway
994:
991:
988:
987:
985:
976:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
951:
948:
944:
942:
941:precipitation
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
915:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:Arctic Circle
872:
863:
860:
858:
853:
851:
850:Rupert's Land
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:Rupert's Land
831:
827:
823:
819:
811:
807:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
737:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
698:
693:
691:
686:
684:
679:
678:
676:
675:
669:
666:
665:
660:
655:
650:
648:
638:
637:
635:
634:
627:
626:Republicanism
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
577:
576:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
532:
527:
526:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
478:
474:
471:
470:
464:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
451:
448:
443:
442:
435:
432:
431:
428:
423:
422:
415:
412:
410:
407:
403:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
386:
381:
380:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
353:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
330:
327:
326:
323:
318:
317:Supreme court
315:
314:
311:
306:
305:
298:
295:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
220:
217:
216:
213:
208:
207:
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
160:
155:
152:
150:
144:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
122:
121:
114:
111:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
95:
89:
84:
81:
80:
79:
73:
68:
65:
64:
61:
56:
55:
49:
44:
40:
39:
36:
35:
31:
27:
26:
22:
18:
17:
6518:
6506:Pole of Cold
6504:
6430:
6421:
6389:
6382:
6358:
6329:
6315:
6309:Borchgrevink
6301:
6288:
6273:
6253:
6238:
6207:
6188:
6181:
6165:
6151:
6142:
6125:
6118:
6099:
6087:
6063:
6049:
6042:
6030:
6016:
6002:
5988:
5981:
5942:
5934:
5920:
5913:
5911:
5893:
5885:
5878:
5865:
5856:
5818:
5810:
5801:
5794:
5782:
5775:
5761:
5749:Pourquoi-Pas
5748:
5740:
5732:
5724:
5719:Orcadas Base
5717:
5709:
5696:
5690:C. A. Larsen
5678:
5670:
5656:
5649:
5636:
5628:
5622:Borchgrevink
5615:
5607:
5564:
5556:
5531:C. A. Larsen
5524:
5505:
5496:
5478:
5460:
5451:
5438:
5423:
5414:
5401:
5362:
5348:
5341:
5322:
5307:
5217:
5210:
5193:
5186:
5172:
5157:
5143:
5130:
5105:
5091:
5089:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5031:
5024:
5005:
4971:
4969:
4955:
4953:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4903:
4901:
4882:
4758:
4716:
4699:
4667:
4631:
4629:
4609:
4608:
4588:
4587:
4573:
4560:
4545:
4531:
4522:
4509:
4480:
4468:Investigator
4467:
4458:
4434:
4421:
4413:
4404:
4391:
4362:
4339:
4324:
4309:
4279:
4264:
4234:
4153:
4133:
4104:
4100:Erik the Red
4082:
4060:
4053:
4010:submersibles
4007:
4001:Arktika 2007
3999:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3966:
3957:
3954:
3935:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3890:
3883:
3859:
3845:
3844:
3836:
3834:
3800:
3798:
3769:
3766:
3755:S. A. Andrée
3747:
3734:
3709:
3701:
3698:
3674:
3656:
3643:
3634:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3571:
3427:
3415:
3304:Quviasukvik
3093:Beluga whale
3070:Polar vortex
2782:Arctic Ocean
2601:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2568:
2548:
2541:
2530:. Retrieved
2521:
2513:Arctic Front
2512:
2506:
2489:
2478:
2460:
2450:, retrieved
2446:the original
2430:
2410:. Retrieved
2403:the original
2384:
2377:
2357:
2350:
2337:the original
2331:
2320:
2300:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2246:
2237:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2207:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2179:
2155:. Retrieved
2148:
2124:. Retrieved
2117:
2093:. Retrieved
2086:
2038:. Retrieved
2031:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1955:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1927:
1907:
1897:December 24,
1895:. Retrieved
1884:the original
1875:
1866:
1855:. Retrieved
1819:
1812:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1770:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1750:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:the original
1692:
1420:
1394:
1386:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1351:
1328:
1320:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:Arctic Ocean
1254:
1241:
1235:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1191:Beaufort Sea
1184:
1160:
1148:
1132:Axel Heiberg
1125:
1120:
1104:
1085:
1074:
1051:
1040:
1029:
1021:
982:
974:
935:types of ice
905:
882:
861:
854:
846:Arctic coast
815:
772:
753:
738:
727:towards its
708:
706:
586:Conservatism
463:MĂ©lanie Joly
355:Constitution
6209:Lake Vostok
6159:Tryoshnikov
6081:Schlossbach
5972:Christensen
5914:James Caird
5835:E. R. Evans
5601:Dobrowolski
5571:de Gerlache
5273:Expeditions
5159:Aviaarktika
5113:Samoylovich
4984:Kolomeitsev
4878:Middendorff
4838:Gedenshtrom
4258:I. Fyodorov
4020:Chilingarov
3908:E. Fyodorov
3515:Expeditions
3434:WikiProject
3013:Arctic haze
2953:Nunatsiavut
2584:20 November
2283:October 20,
2255:October 20,
2216:October 20,
2188:October 20,
2157:October 20,
2126:October 20,
2095:October 20,
2040:October 20,
1987:2 September
1373:Manhattan's
1359:Health Care
1244:sovereignty
1195:Hans Island
1177:Map of the
1142:, known as
1070:NunatuKavut
1058:Nunatsiavut
959:air service
930:annual cold
925:summer heat
500:Visa policy
212:Legislative
78:Charles III
6571:Categories
6432:Terra Nova
6337:Shackleton
6280:J. C. Ross
6239:Resolution
6229:South Pole
6004:New Swabia
5928:Mackintosh
5900:Shackleton
5819:Terra Nova
5812:Terra Nova
5546:Heroic Age
5506:Challenger
5466:J. C. Ross
5376:Bransfield
5308:Resolution
5223:icebreaker
5187:Chelyuskin
4928:expedition
4906:Expedition
4848:Matyushkin
4806:Kh. Laptev
4801:Chelyuskin
4695:Heemskerck
4685:Chancellor
4680:Willoughby
4675:Koch boats
4618:Stefansson
4552:McClintock
4516:Inglefield
4358:J. C. Ross
4265:Resolution
4117:Cunningham
4015:Sagalevich
3704:expedition
3663:Stephenson
3623:C. F. Hall
3610:expedition
3584:J. C. Ross
3547:Heemskerck
3534:North Pole
3118:Polar bear
3088:Arctic fox
2918:Inuvialuit
2812:North Pole
2696:Government
2576:. Ctv.ca.
2532:2012-07-12
2452:2012-07-11
2412:2012-07-08
2012:6 February
1857:2011-07-18
1761:2012-07-09
1724:2013-11-10
1684:References
1648:Mary Simon
1638:Bill Lyall
1632:Eva Aariak
1406:Pond Inlet
979:Population
964:population
947:vegetation
842:Hudson Bay
795:As of 2011
733:devolution
601:Liberalism
596:Federalism
94:Mary Simon
43:Government
6531:Tolstikov
6317:Discovery
6287:HMS
6272:HMS
6254:Adventure
6252:HMS
6237:HMS
6173:Tolstikov
5894:Endurance
5679:Antarctic
5664:Drygalski
5637:Discovery
5630:Discovery
5591:Arctowski
5504:HMS
5477:HMS
5471:Abernethy
5459:HMS
5437:USS
5424:Vincennes
5422:USS
5402:Astrolabe
5342:San Telmo
5323:Adventure
5321:HMS
5306:HMS
5301:Kerguelen
5263:Continent
5248:Antarctic
5125:Urvantsev
5083:Vilkitsky
4936:Jeannette
4934:USS
4926:Jeannette
4890:Weyprecht
4868:Pakhtusov
4818:Chichagov
4811:D. Laptev
4754:Permyakov
4729:Stadukhin
4724:Perfilyev
4701:Mangazeya
4639:H. Larsen
4604:Rasmussen
4559:HMS
4530:USS
4479:HMS
4466:HMS
4430:Collinson
4420:HMS
4412:HMS
4390:HMS
4338:HMS
4323:HMS
4308:HMS
4293:Mackenzie
4280:Discovery
4278:HMS
4263:HMS
4235:Discovery
4214:Frobisher
4177:Rasmussen
4090:Gunnbjörn
4036:Greenland
3965:USS
3956:USS
3828:Ellsworth
3770:Roosevelt
3700:Nansen's
3657:Discovery
3655:HMS
3642:HMS
3589:Abernethy
3557:Marmaduke
3360:Transport
3244:Icelandic
3234:Karelians
3158:Snowy owl
2908:Greenland
2807:Nordicity
2754:Geography
1982:1602-5709
1775:"arctic."
1330:ArcticNet
1325:Education
1310:Polar Sea
1304:Manhattan
1261:Exercise
1036:Inuktitut
1026:The Inuit
998:â 470,757
912:nordicity
901:subarctic
889:tree line
866:Geography
838:watershed
822:Frobisher
477:in Canada
385:Elections
126:Executive
60:The Crown
48:structure
6543:A. Fuchs
6500:V. Fuchs
6480:McKinley
6443:E. Evans
6402:Bjaaland
6397:Amundsen
6347:Marshall
6260:Furneaux
6112:V. Fuchs
6076:E. Ronne
6071:F. Ronne
6010:Ritscher
5864:SY
5852:Filchner
5796:Framheim
5790:Amundsen
5596:RacoviÈÄ
5581:Amundsen
5576:Lecointe
5445:Ringgold
5439:Porpoise
5329:Furneaux
5165:Shevelev
5120:Begichev
5099:Amundsen
5061:NagĂłrski
5039:Brusilov
5033:Sv. Anna
4947:Melville
4917:Palander
4873:Tsivolko
4833:Sannikov
4828:Billings
4771:Chirikov
4690:Barentsz
4632:St. Roch
4623:Bartlett
4597:Amundsen
4581:Sverdrup
4481:Resolute
4370:Franklin
4298:Kotzebue
4165:Sverdrup
4148:Scoresby
4122:Lindenov
3973:Plaisted
3958:Nautilus
3903:Shirshov
3877:Belyakov
3872:Baydukov
3846:Nautilus
3808:Amundsen
3768:SS
3727:Sverdrup
3722:Johansen
3692:Brainard
3687:Lockwood
3542:Barentsz
3422:Category
3294:Yukaghir
3254:Gwich'in
3224:Chukotka
3123:Reindeer
2903:Finnmark
2578:Archived
2468:Archived
2329:(1994).
1916:Archived
1425:See also
1410:Resolute
1352:Amundsen
1342:Winnipeg
1066:Labrador
945:natural
920:latitude
893:isotherm
758:and the
490:Passport
459:Minister
310:Judicial
197:Premiers
6548:Messner
6495:Hillary
6475:Balchen
6423:Polheim
6417:Wisting
6295:Crozier
6267:Weddell
6245:J. Cook
6215:Kapitsa
6196:Fiennes
6138:Klenova
6107:Hillary
6057:Ketchum
5983:BANZARE
5958:·
5803:Polheim
5769:Shirase
5755:Charcot
5565:Belgica
5484:Crozier
5396:Morrell
5391:Weddell
5369:Lazarev
5314:J. Cook
5268:History
5218:Arktika
5194:Krassin
5179:Voronin
5151:Schmidt
5137:Ushakov
5076:Vaygach
5044:Albanov
5013:Rusanov
4994:Kolchak
4989:Matisen
4963:Makarov
4942:De Long
4843:Wrangel
4823:Lyakhov
4776:Malygin
4734:Dezhnev
4561:Pandora
4532:Advance
4499:Kennedy
4494:Belcher
4487:Kellett
4474:McClure
4398:Beechey
4392:Blossom
4385:Simpson
4353:Crozier
4346:Hoppner
4303:J. Ross
4271:J. Cook
4219:Gilbert
4112:J. Hall
4078:IngĂłlfr
4068:Naddodd
4062:Vikings
4049:Brendan
4044:Pytheas
4032:Iceland
3986:Arktika
3978:Herbert
3943:Badygin
3913:Krenkel
3898:Papanin
3867:Chkalov
3853:Wilkins
3818:Wisting
3762:F. Cook
3668:Markham
3628:Bessels
3617:Polaris
3608:Polaris
3579:J. Ross
3562:Carolus
3510:History
3316:Economy
3264:Koryaks
3219:Chukchi
3201:Culture
3131:bearded
3113:Narwhal
3103:Lemming
3028:decline
2995:Climate
2948:Nunavut
2943:Nunavik
2923:Karelia
2913:Iceland
2880:Regions
2832:Geology
2668:History
1111:Nunavik
1088:Nunavut
818:English
801:History
779:Nunavut
621:Regions
154:Cabinet
67:Monarch
6458:Bowers
6453:Wilson
6412:Hassel
6407:Helmer
6376:Mackay
6366:Mawson
6331:Nimrod
6289:Terror
6274:Erebus
6201:Burton
5996:Rymill
5872:Mawson
5866:Aurora
5845:Lashly
5830:Wilson
5733:Nimrod
5710:Scotia
5517:Murray
5492:Cooper
5479:Terror
5461:Erebus
5430:Wilkes
5381:Palmer
5349:Vostok
5296:Bouvet
5220:-class
5200:Gakkel
5068:Taymyr
5049:Konrad
5018:Kuchin
4956:Yermak
4863:Lavrov
4781:Ovtsyn
4766:Bering
4744:Ivanov
4707:Hudson
4669:Pomors
4646:Cowper
4611:Karluk
4510:Isabel
4504:Bellot
4454:Austin
4422:Terror
4414:Erebus
4310:Griper
4286:Clerke
4246:Baffin
4229:Hudson
4160:Nansen
4073:GarĂ°ar
3994:Barneo
3861:ANT-25
3837:Italia
3813:Nobile
3782:Henson
3741:Amedeo
3717:Nansen
3682:Greely
3552:Hudson
3490:Arctic
3289:Yakuts
3284:Selkup
3269:Nenets
3259:Khanty
3229:Evenks
3191:Tundra
3163:Walrus
3151:ringed
3146:ribbon
3141:hooded
3108:Muskox
2822:Tundra
2661:topics
2659:Arctic
2556:
2438:
2395:
2365:
2308:
1980:
1970:
1939:2 July
1827:
1800:
1179:Arctic
1107:Quebec
939:total
836:, the
781:, and
721:Arctic
717:Canada
231:Senate
6538:Crary
6485:Dufek
6448:Oates
6438:Scott
6371:David
6352:Adams
6323:Barne
6144:Mirny
6133:Somov
5943:Quest
5840:Crean
5825:Scott
5704:Bruce
5658:Gauss
5651:Gauss
5525:Jason
5512:Nares
5386:Davis
5363:Mirny
5336:Smith
5291:Roché
5211:Lenin
5131:Sadko
5056:Wiese
5001:Sedov
4972:Zarya
4895:Payer
4858:Litke
4853:Anjou
4786:Minin
4749:Vagin
4739:Popov
4712:Poole
4567:Young
4380:Dease
4325:Hecla
4316:Parry
4241:Bylot
4224:Davis
4199:Cabot
4172:Peary
4154:Jason
4141:Egede
4055:Papar
3967:Skate
3948:Wiese
3928:NP-37
3921:NP-36
3801:Norge
3789:Sedov
3777:Peary
3735:Jason
3650:Nares
3644:Alert
3599:Hayes
3567:Parry
3505:Ocean
3249:Inuit
3173:Flora
3127:Seal
3080:Fauna
2980:Yukon
2975:SĂĄpmi
2970:Sakha
2963:North
2606:(PDF)
2498:(PDF)
2406:(PDF)
2389:(PDF)
1960:(PDF)
1350:CCGS
1032:Inuit
949:cover
826:Davis
783:Yukon
563:MĂ©tis
6470:Byrd
6391:Fram
6342:Wild
6024:Marr
5990:BGLE
5977:Byrd
5905:Wild
5784:Fram
5586:Cook
5107:AARI
5092:Maud
4979:Toll
4904:Vega
4590:GjĂža
4575:Fram
4538:Kane
4375:Back
4340:Fury
4331:Lyon
4253:Munk
3892:NP-1
3794:Byrd
3711:Fram
3702:Fram
3594:Kane
3279:Sami
3239:Komi
3136:harp
2928:Komi
2586:2011
2554:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2285:2013
2257:2013
2218:2013
2190:2013
2159:2013
2128:2013
2097:2013
2042:2013
2014:2018
1989:2013
1978:ISSN
1968:ISBN
1941:2011
1899:2012
1825:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1408:and
1138:and
1030:The
824:and
789:and
707:The
88:list
72:list
6167:3rd
6153:2nd
6127:1st
5960:IGY
5956:IPY
4546:Fox
4442:Rae
4008:Mir
3984:NS
2007:CIA
1889:CSV
1340:in
1302:SS
1228:and
840:of
715:of
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