873:"The words 'regulator' and 'regulation' are not used in the Act and that status is not conferred upon the Board. It could be argued that the Board's assumption of this role is adverse to the public interest... A contrary proposition to the Board's claim is that an essential characteristic of a regulatory body in this context is to have jurisdiction or control over particular functions or activities in the supply of goods or services... whether or not the regulatory method is in conjunction with a system of certificating or licensing (such as applies to solicitors or places of entertainment)... The Board's claim to regulatory status appears to be the result of want of understanding how it can usefully go about fulfilling the services that have been assigned to it by statute for the public benefit..."
887:"The Board as 'Regulator'. It has been suggested that the Board is not a 'regulator' of the architects’ profession... The precise generic description that any individual chooses to give to the collection of statutory duties imposed upon, and the powers available to, the Board under the 1997 Act is in any event irrelevant for the purposes of the questions asked," "for they largely involve issues of statutory interpretation which require the legislation to be construed and not given epithets."
1006:"In our view it is only a matter of time before a UK student, who has been denied registration on the grounds that he or she has not passed the Part 3 examination, yet who has been educated in the UK and achieved two years practical experience in the UK, successfully challenges such a decision on the basis that it is irrational to require a UK based student to possess a higher level of qualification and experience than is required of a non-UK based student or architect."
904:), operates a voluntary "Chartered Practice" scheme. The use of the title "Chartered Practice" is authorised under Article 4.7 of the RIBA Charter (see reference below). The Institute's website explains that the scheme requires all architectural work of a Chartered Practice to be under the supervision of a Chartered Architect. A directory listing Chartered Practices has been published annually by the Institute from 2007.
175:: contracts of engagement for professional services are always between a business entity (whether individual, firm, partnership, or company) and the client, and are governed by the general law, including consumer protection legislation where applicable. Protection of the title ‘architect’ for business entities is of no practical relevance for securing the performance of architectural services.
776:, but the effect of the changes made by the 1996 Act is that Schools of Architecture have disappeared from the legislation without trace. The result has been a certain amount of wrangling between the Schools, the ARB and the RIBA which is the principal professional body, whose concerns inevitably include architectural education.
163:: this is essentially a cultural concern which was and remains one of the principal reasons for the formation and continuance of the Royal Institute of British Architects as a chartered body. It has connotations not only for the United Kingdom but world wide. It is beyond the ambit of statutory protection of title.
255:
By the 1990s it was almost universally accepted that the time had come to bring the statutory
Architects' Registration Council as it then was to an end. Opinion within the profession was divided among those who held that statutory registration should be discontinued altogether and those who held that
834:
Although a criminal conviction is an objective criterion, no statutory definition is given that defines the level of professional conduct or incompetence that will attract a sanction, judgment in the matter being given to the Board's
Professional Conduct Committee, subject to commonsense, reason and
207:" ... I do not conceive the purpose of the Registration Act to be that of protecting the Architectural profession. The interests of the Profession are of course legitimate but are best served by the Architectural Associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture are to be found.
179:
In the light of experience since the inception of the
Register under the 1931 Act, and more particularly under the Architects Registration Board’s regime from 1997, the recurring question has been whether protection of title serves useful purposes in respect of the three aspects mentioned above. The
155:
Opinions had been divided for well over a century about the merits of statutory registration of architects in the United
Kingdom. The result was that Parliament, as the legislator and guided by the government of the day, has had to maintain a state of benevolent neutrality among the holders of these
997:
on Mutual
Recognition of Qualifications in Architecture 85/384/EC. (Go to Article 4 of the main text for the required duration of training. The original Directive has been updated.) It is clearly stated in that Directive that "the total length of education and training shall consist of a minimum of
838:
The PCC is constituted under the Act, Schedule 1 Part II, as amended. The
Committee includes members of the Board, both elected and appointed, as well as persons appointed by the Board and nominees of the President of the Law Society. A bare quorum of the Committee meets for a disciplinary hearing,
259:
In the event the body was reconstituted as the
Architects Registration Board (1996/1997 Acts). But it was only after the event that many in the profession came to appreciate the effect of the new requirement that the majority of the Board should be non-architects and appointed by the government, as
608:
Its long title is "An Act to consolidate the enactments relating to architects". The Table of
Derivations printed at the end lists the enactments which it consolidated; and Schedule 3 lists the originating and two amending Acts which it repealed, namely: the Architects (Registration) Act 1931, the
535:
published – principal recommendation: abolition of protection of title "architect" and disbanding of ARCUK. RIBA Council initially supported this recommendation, but this was resisted by the RIBA membership. As a result RIBA campaigned for the retention of protection of title with a "stream-lined"
821:
has not delegated to the Board the power to define them. In practice, as technology and the building process continue to evolve new specialisms, the concept of architecture can be seen as becoming ever more fluid, extensive and comprehensive, and at the same time becoming narrower while ever more
800:
circumstances, events or conditions when a person's name shall be removed from the
Register; and other provisions prescribe for the Board certain ancillary, or derivative and secondary, duties in connection with the Board's primary responsibility for the maintenance and regular publication of the
137:
By subsection 20(3) corporate bodies, firms or partnerships can carry on business under a name, style or title containing the word "architect" provided that (in broad terms) the architectural business is run by a registered person. However the statutory registration Board may (by rules made under
604:
The Act is fairly short. That is partly due to its conciseness, but this quality makes it all the more necessary to remember that the Act must be read as a whole to ascertain the meaning and effect of its various parts. Care is needed not to read into it what is not there (whatever conventional
830:
Sanctions are available to the Board under Part III of the Act against any person on the register who is found guilty under section 15 of unacceptable professional conduct or serious professional incompetence, or else has been convicted with a criminal offence which has relevance to fitness to
620:
The changes made by the 1996 Act to the originating Act as amended can be deduced from the Table of
Derivations. This also shows that, for the purpose of the consolidation, certain definitions were inserted in the "Interpretation" section. These included one to make clear that where there is a
1001:
As this is a minimum requirement there is nothing to stop a country applying higher standards to those obtaining qualifications and experience within its own jurisdiction. However it is widely held (and expressed in the report of Michael Highton to the RIBA Council) that any challenge to this
799:
Subsection 3(4) states "The Board shall publish the current version of the Register annually...". Provisions of Part II of the Act prescribe how the Register shall be kept up to date, and who shall be entitled to be registered; other provisions of Parts II and III prescribe for the Board the
243:"The Architects' Registration Council stands at the gateway of the realm of Architectural practice, but within that realm the affairs of the Architect are best administered by those voluntary Associations to which he has allied himself and over the actions of which he has complete control."
605:
wisdom may have supposed or desired), and not to fail to notice what actually is there. In particular, like many such Acts, it can be better understood by looking at its beginning (Arrangement of Sections and long title) and its end (derivations), as well as the operative part in between.
511:: "It is not of itself disgraceful to disagree with a majority view and to act accordingly. It is only if a man has bound himself in honour to accept that view and to act according to the code that a deliberate breach of the code for his own profit can be called disgraceful."—Devlin J. (
672:
In the case of a business entity (body corporate, firm or partnership) it has opted for the other of the voluntary burdens, in that its business so far as it relates to architecture satisfies the statutory requirement to be under the control, management and supervision of a registered
141:
The rule-making power under subsection 20(4) appears to be limited to prescribing particular information to be provided to the Board viz. "such information necessary for statutory registration determining whether applies". The subsection makes no provision for levying any fee.
134:" if registered. There is no restriction on its use in any other circumstance. The words in the current Act follow those of the 1938 Architects Registration Act under which it was decided that the use of the suffix "FRIBA" in business notepaper constituted an infringement.
194:
The basis of the policy (on registration) had always been that the profession was governed by voluntary associations of practising architects and that the profession would retain control of registration. This was reflected in the composition of the registration body (the
138:
subsection 20(4) – see General Rules, Rule 25) effectively limit the application of subsection 20(3) to those corporate bodies firms or partnerships who have supplied information necessary for determining whether the architectural business is run by a registered person.
264:"Crucially, professional control of the Register was taken away by the government's decision which was realised in the 1996/97 Act. This had not been generally expected by those of the membership who before then had been in favour of continuing protection of the title '
203:) established by the 1931 Act. Shortly after, in the book published on occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, in the concluding paragraphs of the chapter on statutory registration., Harry Barnes FRIBA., Chairman of the Registration Committee, wrote:
156:
contending views, consistent with more general public policies for business competition, employment, professional education and so on. In relation to statutory protection of title, three aspects of the field in which architects practise invite examination. In summary:
462:
in proportion to the numbers of their memberships on the Register, and representatives from government departments and related professional bodies. Under ARCUK, the RIBA system of exams etc. was accepted for registration. (The provisions of the Act constituting the
560:, a consolidating act, brought together the provisions of Part III of the 1996 act and previous registration legislation. The Architects Registration Board then established with a majority of appointed lay members and a minority of elected Architect members.
334:– Architects and Engineers Registration Act Committee formed as an independent committee to promote a bill for registration of architects, engineers and surveyors. The bill was withdrawn after chief bodies representing engineers petitioned against it.
807:
Apart from officers, employees and agents of the Board, the Act creates no duties or obligations towards the Board which fall on any one else at all; and nothing in the Act itself creates any obligation which an architect owes to the Board.
621:
reference to "unacceptable professional conduct", it has the same meaning as it has in section 14 (not vice versa). In subsection 14(1) the phrase is expanded as: "conduct which falls short of the standard required of a registered person".
45:
and is required to publish the current version of the Register annually. Every person who is entitled to be registered under the Act has the right to be entered in the register. The act consolidated previous enactments originating with the
787:
The membership of the Board is the result of one of the changes made by the 1996 Act to the registration body's previous constitution when its name had been the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom. The Act abolished the
637:
generally, but at the same time giving to one particular group of persons a statutory right to choose instead to submit to another kind of burden, and to another group of persons the statutory right to choose to submit to a third kind of
483:, Lord Chief Justice, in the course of his judgment in the Queen's Bench Divisional Court in 1957 allowing the appeal of an architect (Hughes) against a professional misconduct decision of the Discipline Committee of ARCUK (later renamed
998:
either four years of full-time studies at a university or comparable educational establishment or at least six years of study at a university or comparable educational establishment of which at least three must be full time".
1022:
made a new departure and in 2012 announced an online version of the Register which registered persons were invited to use for demonstrating their professionalism to members of the public and to non-registered competitors.
475:– A letter is sent by "the president of the council" to the Institute of Chartered Surveyors recognizing the fact that there was nothing in the Bill which the council was then promoting (and which subsequently became the
713:
In the case of a registered person, to submit to the regime imposed on registered persons under sections 4 to 11 of Part II (payment of fees and satisfying requirements about qualifications and competence) and Part III –
919:
The Registrar is bound, under section 4 of the Architects Act, to register any person who applies for registration if that person has "such qualifications and has gained such practical experience as may be prescribed".
598:
569:
77:
816:
Section 20 of the Architects Act 1997 mentions "architecture" (subsection (3)(b)) and the "services" of a person enrolled under the Act (subsection (5)). These are not defined by the Act, and it is quite obvious that
732:
In the case of a business volunteer, to submit to the regime for control, management and supervision imposed by subsection 20(3) and be liable to supply the Board with information showing compliance.
298:
and several prominent architects. (After the grant of the charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892.)
1120:
187:
Statutory registration had its origin within the architectural profession in the latter part of the nineteenth century. It was then (as now) a matter of controversy. However, by 1905 the
225:' without giving evidence of his capacity, and under that of the Discipline Committee no one will retain the title whose character has been weighed in the balance and found wanting.
616:"the Council" means the Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom established under the 1931 Act, which was renamed as the Board by section 118(1) of the 1996 Act.
181:
92:
169:: the public interest is secured in the United Kingdom under Building Regulations and other enactments. This too is beyond the statutory protection of the title "architect".
17:
33:
imposes restrictions on the use of the name, style or title "architect" in connection with a business or a professional practice, and for that purpose requires a statutory
773:
1101:
1010:
If the Architects Registration Board reduced the registration requirement to four years full-time study, there is no reason why the RIBA should lower its entry standard.
1320:
1182:
1167:
455:
231:
196:
392:– RIBA Education Policy was adopted for statutory powers to secure satisfactory training for architects by way of registration of title, by and through the RIBA.
1250:
545:
923:
An alternative route to registration is to satisfy the Board that an equivalent standard of competence has been achieved. A matrix can be applied as follows:
761:
may only use this title in the course of professional practice if s/he has opted to submit to one of the voluntary burdens, normally as a registered person.
435:
584:
to register as architects in the United Kingdom. It also set out provisions for facilitating temporary and occasional professional services cross-border.
507:– Resulting from the 1938 legislation, an appeal by an architect against ARCUK is allowed by the High Court in a case which becomes a judicial precedent,
779:
Another side effect has been a claim by the ARB to be able to impose on registered persons certain requirements about Professional Indemnity Insurance.
400:– RIBA Licentiate Class formed, for architects who could show evidence of competence, without exams. On closure in 1913, over 2000 had been accepted.
1018:
At a time when there had occurred a hiatus in production under the legislation of printed copies of the Register in the annual series from 1933, the
523:– Government, in response to a request from ARCUK, commissioned review of the Architects Registration Acts by an independent assessor (John Warne).
642:
Here, the first is described as the "general burden"; the other two as the "voluntary burdens"; and the freedom to choose the "statutory choices".
87:
The recurring controversy about whether statutory protection of title serves useful purposes has been intensified by the legislative impact of the
1127:
692:
and paying the annual retention fee (under sections 4 to 11), or by enrolling in the statutory list of visiting EEA architects (under section 12).
723:
In the case of a person enrolled in the list of visiting EEA architects, to submit to the regime of section 12 and of Part III – Discipline.
1086:
In this chapter the author includes an informative account of the history of registration quoting extensively an article published in the
1282:
1152:
633:
It operates by imposing (under Part IV) one kind of burden, backed by threat of penal sanction, on persons carrying on business in the
701:
In the case of a business volunteer, by complying with the control, management and supervision requirements (of subsection 20(3)).
645:
The general burden is a prohibition imposed on all persons, firms, partnerships and bodies corporate carrying on business in the
629:
The scheme of the consolidation Act of 1997 is identical with that of the originating Act of 1931, as amended. It is as follows:
342:– Architects Registration Bill Committee put forward bills for registration of architects, which were strongly supported by the
1105:
373:
The Architect and his artists, an essay to assist the public in considering the question is architecture a profession or an art
744:
any person or business entity is free to supply services of the same kind as a registered person, but may only use the title "
212:"The object of the Registration Act is to ensure to the public that the architects they employ possess capacity and character.
897:
291:
269:
235:
247:
After more than half a century times have changed and a regime of quite another kind has been installed under the 1997 Act.
663:
In the case of an individual, s/he has opted for one of the voluntary burdens and is registered or enrolled under the Act.
793:
439:
1090:
of 8 August 1931 by Charles MacArthur Butler, Secretary of the RIBA Registration Committee and first Registrar to ARCUK.
1330:
384:– Architects Registration Bill Committee amalgamated with the Society of Architects as a joint Registration Committee.
81:
47:
1325:
818:
789:
496:
476:
464:
311:
295:
218:
55:
1186:
2 Q.B. 550, cited in Hudson's Building and Engineering Contracts, 11th ed., para 2.015, and 12th ed., para 2.007.
1171:
2 Q.B. 550, cited in Hudson's Building and Engineering Contracts, 11th ed., para 2.015, and 12th ed., para 2.007.
326:
formed, after a campaign by a group of ARIBA to be allowed to vote on RIBA affairs had been resisted by FRIBA.
1019:
880:
852:
484:
273:
38:
679:
Here, the first of these is described as a "practice volunteer", and the second as a "business volunteer".
512:
368:
792:, renamed the Council as the Board, and made this Board consist predominantly of persons appointed by the
609:
Architects Registration Act 1938 and parts of the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996.
901:
856:
100:
597:
The following analysis of the operative and other parts of the Architects Act 1997 as it was before the
61:
Section 2 of the act prescribes that the board shall appoint and regulate the functions ascribed to the
1257:
843:), a person from the Register and another not on the Register. PCC members are paid for their service.
234:
can never, therefore, on this view be a rival of any Architectural Association and least of all of the
548:, among other things, reconstituted the registration body as the Architects Registration Board (ARB).
268:'. The significance and effect of the change is now becoming more widely understood." (Report of the
70:
576:
established rules for the recognition of professional qualifications enabling migrants from the
1196:
913:
801:
689:
577:
451:
34:
855:
is admittedly not a professional body or society in the sense explained in Knowledge article "
772:
A side effect of the Act is the imposition of burdens on third parties under Part II, namely,
487:), a case which becomes cited in later cases and in legal text-books as a judicial precedent.
707:
The voluntary burdens which result from the exercise of the statutory choice are as follows:
458:(ARCUK). The Council was to be made up of representatives of all architectural bodies in the
423:
419:
343:
323:
1059:
1048:
573:
222:
191:
had established a policy to secure satisfactory training of architects by statutory means.
130:
may only practise or carry on business under any name, style or title containing the word "
96:
912:
The standard of qualification is not equal for all persons applying to be included in the
612:
The unbroken continuity of these enactments is shown by paragraph 19(2)(a) of Schedule 2:
434:– RIBA Registration Committee has draft bill introduced in Parliament, but opposed by the
8:
758:
650:
557:
123:
104:
30:
479:) to interfere with the activities of registered architects. The letter is mentioned by
994:
1276:
1146:
1074:
860:
51:
1233:
1204:
1200:
653:. The prohibition is against practising or carrying on business under the title of "
111:
1002:
disparity is likely to succeed on the grounds of irrationality. The report stated:
450:– Bill recast and enacted as the Architects (Registration) Act 1931, enabling the
294:(originally known as the Institute of British Architects in London) was formed by
646:
634:
459:
127:
1314:
362:
307:
883:
published a summary of a barrister's opinion which included the following:
865:
532:
480:
88:
1245:
688:
In the case of a practice volunteer, by applying for registration in the
581:
358:
346:
but opposed by an independent group of prominent architects and artists.
499:
changed the protected title from "Registered Architect" to "Architect".
839:
comprising a nominee of the President of the Law Society (invariably a
1234:
Legislative & Regulatory Reform Act 2006 and its Explanatory Note
840:
745:
654:
265:
131:
1013:
280:
624:
748:" in this connection subject to one of the voluntary burdens; and
66:
1071:
The Growth and Work of the Royal Institute of British Architects
509:
Hughes v. Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom
1305:
58:. It applies to England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
863:" was publicly considered in 2003. The June 2003 issue of the
467:
were repealed when ARCUK was reconstituted as ARB in 1996/7.)
825:
426:
members transferred to Licentiate class, which was reopened.
354:– Papers published, defining the profession of architecture:
200:
180:
question of obsolescence has been further intensified by the
1195:
For the statutory meaning of "burden" see: s.1(5)(b) of the
900:, which is a professional body (see Knowledge category list
415:
188:
1300:
117:
99:
under the European Communities Act 1972, namely No 1276 (
891:
601:
pays attention to details which sometimes go unnoticed.
114:, "regulatory function" is defined in subsection 32(2).
546:
Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996
456:
Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom
232:
Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom
197:
Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom
454:
to be established under a statutory body called the
436:
Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors
73:, this is not limited to an individual male person.
65:. The Act refers to the Registrar by the masculine
1014:Break in annually produced copies of the Register
907:
592:
281:Statutory Registration – chronology of key events
1321:Registration of architects in the United Kingdom
1312:
1221:The Status of the Architects Registration Board
256:the registration body should be reconstituted.
1248:and as explained in ARB ebulletin of May 2012
365:(eds.) "Architecture, A Profession or an Art".
43:Architects Registration in the United Kingdom
41:constituted under the Act is responsible for
18:Architects Registration in the United Kingdom
145:
1232:For curbs on regulatory functions, see the
782:
161:The design quality of the built environment
69:in the singular, but by the usual rules of
1205:Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006
826:The Board's Professional Conduct Committee
587:
112:Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006
1197:Deregulation and Contracting Out Act 1994
859:". The question whether or not it is a "
406:– RIBA Standing Registration Committee.
182:EU Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
822:ancillary specialities are identified.
14:
1313:
1281:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1219:, June 2003, referred to on page 1 of
1151:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
173:The business of architectural practice
167:The technical sufficiency of buildings
1306:Royal Institute of British Architects
898:Royal Institute of British Architects
682:The statutory choice is exercisable:
292:Royal Institute of British Architects
270:Royal Institute of British Architects
236:Royal Institute of British Architects
1099:about the RIBA Charter and Byelaws
440:Faculty of Architects and Surveyors
290:– The body which was to become the
24:
150:
48:Architects (Registration) Act 1931
25:
1342:
1294:
1118:|Text of the Charter and Byelaws
846:
250:
84:came into force on 20 June 2008.
1183:Architects’ Registration Council
1168:Architects' Registration Council
811:
790:Board of Architectural Education
497:Architects Registration Act 1938
477:Architects Registration Act 1938
465:Board of Architectural Education
296:Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey
221:no one will enjoy the title of '
219:Board of Architectural Education
56:Architects Registration Act 1938
1239:
1226:
1210:
767:
260:the following quotation shows:
95:implemented in May 2008 by two
1189:
1174:
1159:
1093:
1080:
1064:
1053:
1042:
1033:
993:The disparity arises from the
908:Qualification for registration
657:", with two exceptions, viz.:
593:Summary of legislative history
122:Under subsection 20(1) of the
13:
1:
1073:edited by J. A. Gotch PPRIBA
1026:
1020:Architects Registration Board
881:Architects Registration Board
853:Architects Registration Board
485:Architects Registration Board
274:Architects Registration Board
82:European Communities Act 1972
39:Architects Registration Board
513:Patrick Devlin, Baron Devlin
272:Council's Task Group on the
118:Use of the title "architect"
7:
902:British Professional Bodies
892:Use of "Chartered Practice"
857:British Professional Bodies
649:, including architects and
625:The "burdens" and "choices"
93:Unfair Commercial Practices
54:. c. 33) as amended by the
29:In the United Kingdom, the
10:
1347:
1246:The Register of Architects
1201:Regulatory Reform Act 2001
217:"Under the purview of the
1331:Law of the United Kingdom
146:Background to legislation
1039:Interpretation Act 1978.
869:included the following:
783:The Board and its duties
110:For the purposes of the
71:statutory interpretation
1326:Architectural education
774:Schools of Architecture
588:The present legislation
184:, effective from 2007.
914:Register of Architects
802:Register of Architects
690:Register of Architects
599:amendment of June 2008
578:European Economic Area
452:Register of Architects
37:to be maintained. The
35:Register of Architects
1102:"Charter and byelaws"
982:Obtained in other EU
979:Obtained in other EU
966:Obtained in other EU
956:Obtained in other EU
879:In November 2003 the
572:made in June 2008 by
424:Society of Architects
420:Society of Architects
344:Society of Architects
324:Society of Architects
306:– It was granted its
97:Statutory Instruments
932:Practical experience
651:Chartered Architects
574:Statutory Instrument
536:registration board.
223:Registered Architect
759:Chartered Architect
558:Architects Act 1997
124:Architects Act 1997
105:Consumer Protection
31:Architects Act 1997
1133:on 4 November 2013
995:European Directive
414:– Amalgamation of
276:, September 2004.)
126:, a person in the
101:Trade Descriptions
52:21 & 22 Geo. 5
1203:, and s.1 of the
1075:John Alfred Gotch
991:
990:
861:regulatory agency
835:judicial review.
16:(Redirected from
1338:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1256:. Archived from
1255:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1224:
1214:
1208:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1126:. Archived from
1125:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1108:on 26 April 2012
1104:. Archived from
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1037:
926:
925:
738:In consequence:
21:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1311:
1310:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1251:"Archived copy"
1249:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1194:
1190:
1179:
1175:
1164:
1160:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1121:"Archived copy"
1119:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1016:
969:Obtained in UK
953:Obtained in UK
943:Obtained in UK
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1217:RIBA Journal
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80:under the
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1166:Hughes v
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404:1924–1959
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63:Registrar
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1112:25 April
947:Required
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67:pronoun
495:– The
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230:"The
201:ARCUK
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418:and
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