579:
Act. Regulation 21 (2) required the person objecting to prove they held ".. a genuine belief that it is wrong to engage in warfare in any circumstances." The regulation further stated that "Evidence of active and genuine membership of a pacifist religious body may in general be accepted as evidence of the convictions of the objector..." Active and continuous membership of the
Society of Friends or Christadelphians prior to the outbreak of war was taken sufficient proof. The Appeal Boards set up under the regulations tended to take a very narrow and sometimes contradictory view of conscientious objectors. After an April 1941 British court case those deemed to be politically based were unlikely to be accepted. The continuation of conscription must have been ironic for Baxter as many members of the now governing
300:, all stating that they did not consider themselves soldiers, having never volunteered or taken the oath of allegiance. None was represented by legal counsel. The four were sentenced to 84 days imprisonment with hard labour, served at both the Terrace Gaol and Mount Cook Prison. At the end of their sentence they were to be sent back to Trentham Camp. Back at Trentham after release, Archibald Baxter continued to refuse orders and was sentenced to 28 days detention.
309:
460:, Commander of the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces. Godley gave orders that if Baxter and the others failed to comply, they were to be "summarily punished or dealt with at reinforcement camps, where they are now, and that they are not to be sent up to the front." Neither Allen nor Richardson had any such qualms and were likely to be the reason behind Baxter being taken to the front.
398:, 3rd Otago Reserve Battalion, who investigated his case, questioning him about his beliefs, but ultimately finding that he was considered a soldier by the New Zealand Government. Mitchell told Baxter that if he did not obey military orders he should expect to be punished, as determined by Mitchell. Eventually Mitchell punished Baxter with 28 days of
619:…the only apparent justification that war ever had was that by destroying some lives it might clumsily preserve others. But now even that justification is being stripped away. We make war chiefly on civilians and respect for human life seems to have become a thing of the past. To accept this situation would be to accept the Devil's philosophy.
287:
Reserve or face up to 3 months imprisonment or a fine of £50. Baxter had not enrolled. Failing to enroll and being convicted of it also meant that Baxter could be immediately called up for service. Failure to report for duty became either desertion or absence without leave, offences under the Army Act.
253:
That he was on the fourth day of August, nineteen hundred and fourteen, and has since continuously been a member of a religious body the tenets and doctrines of which religious body declare the bearing of arms and the performance of any combatant service to be contrary to Divine revelation, and also
578:
Both of Baxter's sons followed their parents' pacifism. His elder son, Terence, was imprisoned for refusing conscription during World War II. The
National Service Emergency Regulations 1940, under which he was called up, were almost as limiting on the grounds for conscientious objection as the 1916
484:
on 21 November, deduced that the
British Government had condemned the New Zealand government's sending of conscientious objectors to the front. The paper had written, "the Imperial authorities have no wish to be troubled with men who will not fight,..". This effectively ended such deportations, but
286:
were to be recognised as conscientious objectors. As Baxter was not a member of one of these, he could not apply for objector status. According to the Act, Baxter was automatically deemed to be a First
Division Reservist. The Act also required all eligible males to enroll in the Expeditionary Force
488:
In
February 1918 the National Peace Council of New Zealand, wrote to the Minister of Defence, James Allen, expressing concern about the treatment of Baxter and the others. Of particular concern was the sending of the objectors to the front, where they could be court-martialled and shot for not
433:
At one stage Booth, on direction from a
Captain Stevenson, placed Baxter by an ammunition dump being shelled by the Germans. Despite a heavy barrage, Baxter was unharmed. After further abusive treatment including starvation, he suffered a complete physical and mental breakdown, and was sent to
508:
Regarding
Archibald Baxter ... the sympathy of many earnest people who would like to see the lot of the conscientious objector alleviated, is wasted on men who are in no sense conscientious but are merely defiant of all control and willing to be subject to no law but their own inclinations.
268:
On the application of any person a
Magistrate may grant to the applicant a certificate of exemption from military training and service if the Magistrate is satisfied that the applicant objects in good faith to such training and service on the ground that it is contrary to his religious
531:
Brown opposed the marriage due to the disparity in the couple's backgrounds – Millicent, educated overseas, and Archie, who had received only a primary education. Millicent, in her autobiography, stated that she had heard of Baxter in 1918 and became a pacifist a short time later.
543:, a founder of the Labour Party in Britain, who notably spoke against war at a rally in London on 2 August 1914, two days before Britain (and New Zealand) declared war. James grew up to become one of New Zealand's most famous poets, and both sons became pacifists.
661:
The Trust proposed an annual lecture in Baxter's name, an annual essay competition commencing in August 2014, and a memorial in
Dunedin in Baxter's honour. The first lecture was given on 22 September 2014 by Australian historian and author Professor
290:
Baxter and two of his brothers – Alexander and John – were arrested by civilian police in mid March 1917 for failing to enroll under the Act and were first imprisoned in The
Terrace Gaol, Wellington. They were subsequently transferred directly to
324:. Accordingly, orders were given by Colonel H R Potter, Trentham Camp Commandant, that he along with 13 other conscientious objectors – his two brothers, William Little (Hikurangi), Frederick Adin (Foxton), Garth Carsley Ballantyne (Wellington),
698:
was not granted until July 2018. Construction of the memorial, which is estimated to cost $ 300,000, commenced in April 2021 at a site on the corner of George and Albany Streets, Dunedin and was officially opened on 29 October 2021.
678:
and was to be set against a backdrop of New Zealand History. There were two age group categories: Junior (New Zealand school years 9–11) and Senior (New Zealand school years 12–13). The senior section was won by Modi Deng of
346:
epidemic on board caused the ship to stop. Archibald, Jack and Sanderson and some troops were taken to hospital, and the ship was condemned by the port authorities as unfit for troops, necessitating the civilian liner
389:
There Baxter remained under detention and continued to refuse any military involvement. He had been assigned to E Company of the 28th Reinforcements, led by Captain Frederick Harold Batten, father of the aviator
295:
when their appeals as conscientious objectors were rejected. On 21 March Archibald and John Baxter and William Little, another objector, refused to put on Army uniform; Alexander Baxter refused to work. All were
194:, on 13 December 1881, to John Baxter and Mary McColl. His father had migrated to New Zealand from Scotland in 1861. Leaving school at 12, Baxter worked on a farm and became Head Ploughman at Gladbrook Station.
405:
A doctor examined Baxter before the punishment, and despite telling Baxter he thought he was unfit for it, spitefully passed him as fit. Because the personnel at Ouderdom would not punish him, he was moved to
492:
As further news came of the inhumane way Baxter had been treated by the military, it was the subject of a Women's International League delegation to the Acting Prime Minister and Minister of Defence,
550:
in 1931. The movement sought to end conscription and promote disarmament. His father-in-law died in the 1930s and the Baxters inherited enough from his estate to enable them to travel. They moved to
231:
690:
More than $ 100,000 were raised through grants and donations for what will be the first memorial to honour pacifism in New Zealand. The Trust hoped to unveil the memorial on the centenary of the
426:
Booth was put in charge of Baxter and at one time punched him in the face and beat him up, Booth saying he had been ordered to do so. Baxter was placed under Captain Phillips and taken to the
452:
The physical treatment given to Baxter can to a large extent be directly attributed to the attitudes of the Minister of Defence, Allen; the Commander of New Zealand forces based in England,
1670:
254:
that according to his own conscientious religious belief the bearing of arms and the performance of any combatant service is unlawful by reason of being contrary to Divine revelation.
496:
in June 1918. The treatment of both him and the other objectors continued to be raised after the war by Harry Holland MP and others. In 2014 a docu-drama of his treatment entitled
503:
The attitude of the military of the day towards Baxter was summed up in a letter from Colonel Robert Tate, Adjutant-General, New Zealand Military Headquarters, in which he stated
328:, David Robert Gray (Hinds. Canterbury), Thomas Percy Harland (Roslyn, Dunedin), Lawrence Joseph Kirwan (Hokitika), Daniel Maguire (Foxton), Lewis Edward Penwright (Geeverton,
260:
445:. He was returned to New Zealand, but during the voyage was diagnosed as being in good mental and physical health. He arrived on 21 September 1918, and returned to his
1384:
654:
National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, set up the Archibald Baxter Memorial Trust to honour Baxter and other conscientious objectors of the First World War.
332:), Henry Patton (Cobden Greymouth) and Albert Ernest Sanderson (Babylori, North Wairoa) – were to be shipped out. On 24 July they were embarked on the troopship
469:
476:, Maria Rountree, wrote about trying to find the fate of the 14 objectors, only to be stonewalled by the Commander of the New Zealand forces, Richardson.
1722:
213:
speak during his 1908 visit to New Zealand and concluded that war would not solve problems. He convinced six of his seven brothers that war was wrong.
1264:
1752:
1320:
War is a crime against humanity – The Story of War Resisters' International, Devi Prasad, War Resisters' International, London, 2005, page 184
1742:
761:
227:
1757:
1156:
914:
720:
1737:
1702:
1440:"Australia's own war ignored | Otago Daily Times Online News : Otago, South Island, New Zealand & International News"
395:
1717:
1712:
399:
205:, speak about pacifism before he did so and decided against enlisting. He read pacifist and anti-military literature, forming a
986:
435:
386:. British newspapers of the time reported that because he had been sent to the front he could be shot for disobeying orders.
366:, on 26 December. Baxter was still refusing to put on a uniform or do any work for the army. He was kept under detention at
1767:
1732:
493:
317:
434:
hospital in England about May 1918. According to his records, by the time he went to hospital he had been assigned to the
1727:
1632:
1615:
1597:
737:
472:. The Canterbury Women's Institute also wrote expressing concern. In late 1917 English Quaker and wife of the late
987:"Pacifist objection – conscientious objection in the First World War | NZHistory, New Zealand history online"
834:
1762:
867:
785:
559:
473:
1046:
1747:
1583:
468:
Concern about the fate of Baxter and the others sent to France began to be raised by the Dunedin branch of the
201:
New Zealand sent troops to help the British. Baxter considered enlisting, but heard a Dunedin lawyer, possibly
489:
fighting the enemy. Harry Holland MP also took up their cases, writing to the Prime Minister and newspapers.
320:, decided that all men claiming to be conscientious objectors but not accepted as such should be sent to the
1671:
Our clever, irreverent and courageous soldiers returned from war and wanted to forget – but we will remember
1021:
1655:
1025:
712:
279:
566:, 23–26 July. While living at Salisbury he wrote his account of his World War I experiences, published as
1707:
1518:
321:
1640:
1530:
1069:
964:
1772:
1299:
1268:
941:
663:
453:
1439:
635:
In 1965, Baxter's younger son James convinced both Archibald and Millicent to become Roman Catholics.
1575:
187:
655:
580:
325:
1607:
1506:
766:
691:
684:
427:
1151:
Field Punishment Number One, David Grant, Steel Roberts publishers, Wellington, 2008, page 106,
1360:
909:
Field Punishment Number One, David Grant, Steel Roberts publishers, Wellington, 2008, page 39,
667:
624:
During the 1950s–60s the Baxters also took a keen interest in botany, discovering on a trip to
292:
245:
202:
175:
1661:
1254:, Maoriland Workers Printing and Publishing Company, Brooklyn – Wellington, 1919, pages 75–87
607:
584:
528:
1646:
1338:
Chapter 7 Conscientious Objectors and Defaulters, The Home Front, Volume I, Nancy M Taylor,
1697:
1692:
625:
547:
1543:
535:
During the 1920s the Baxters farmed at Brighton and had two sons, Terence (born 1922) and
8:
729:
651:
206:
1104:
756:
591:
583:
had been imprisoned during World War I for opposing conscription. The prime minister,
1611:
1593:
1579:
1444:
1152:
910:
733:
716:
658:
is the trust's patron, and trustees include Baxter's granddaughter Katherine Baxter.
647:
786:"Baxter, Archibald McColl Learmond – Biography – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
590:
During the war Baxter was an active member of the Dunedin Branch of the New Zealand
926:
695:
520:
457:
423:
334:
132:
20:
414:, where he was put under two hours punishment each day. Eventually he was sent to
680:
536:
371:
354:
After recovery, Archibald and the other two COs were taken on the civilian liner
351:
being used to take the main military group, including the other COs, to England.
275:
198:
144:
1202:
Conscientiour objectors, Press, Volume LIV, Issue 16129, 6 February 1918, Page 9
806:
Advertisements Column 7, Otago Daily Times, Issue 14105, 8 January 1908, Page 1
603:
244:
The Act did not recognise their stand, as the only grounds for a man to claim
1686:
1410:
1289:
Conscientious objectors, Press, Volume LIV, Issue 16244, 21 June 1918, Page 2
477:
411:
297:
546:
With Millicent's support, he founded the Dunedin Branch of the New Zealand
524:
308:
1329:
Statutory Regulations 1940, Government Printer, Wellington, 1941, page 392
1300:"Baxter, Millicent Amiel – Biography – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
1675:
611:
540:
442:
418:
and back to Mitchell. On 5 March Mitchell ordered him up to the lines at
391:
239:
all war is wrong, futile, and destructive alike to victor and vanquished.
210:
164:
1521:, Tom Miller, Otago Daily Times, 3 July 2018, retrieved 12 October 2018
563:
375:
367:
259:
This was a considerable contraction of the exemption allowed under the
383:
1572:
King and Country Call: New Zealanders, Conscription and the Great War
1340:
The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945
555:
339:
167:
1627:
1533:
Otago Daily Times, Dunedin, 28 October 2021, retrieved 23 June 2024
1467:
672:
Discovering Archibald Baxter and the thoughts on war which followed
551:
379:
359:
329:
171:
234:, Baxter and his brothers refused to register on the grounds that
343:
283:
602:
After the war the Baxters continued their involvement with the
415:
1351:
Archibald Baxter, The Common Good, Christchurch, 11 June 2005
587:, had been very vocal opposing conscription during that war.
446:
419:
363:
191:
1509:, Otago Daily Times, 21 January 2021, retrieved 1 July 20121
1413:," Archibald Baxter Memorial Trust. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
1011:, West Midlands, England, Wednesday 5 December 1917, page 5
638:
Baxter lived in Dunedin until his death on 10 August 1970.
16:
New Zealand socialist, pacifist and conscientious objector
740:– the story in this book draws from Baxter's experiences.
441:
Baxter was said to have been diagnosed as suffering from
312:
Contemporary illustration of Field Punishment Number One.
1666:– 2014 TV Drama featuring the story of Archibald Baxter.
715:, Steel Roberts publishers, Wellington, 2008, page 106,
674:. The topic for the Trust's first essay competition was
539:(born 1926). James' middle name was chosen in honour of
527:, and Professor John Macmillan Brown, founding chair of
1652:
Book-length autobiographical account published in 1939
463:
570:
in 1939. The family returned to New Zealand in 1938.
485:
did not mean the release of those already in France.
19:
For the Scottish-American lawyer and politician, see
430:camp. He was then returned to Booth's supervision.
1142:, Volume LV, Issue 16785, 27 February 1918, Page 9
641:
606:. They lobbied against nuclear weapons, supported
1628:The Archibald Baxter Trust in Dunedin New Zealand
746:, (2014) – docu-drama based on David Grant's book
1684:
1643:Short autobiographical account published in 1919
1385:"Gingidia baxterae (J.W.Dawson) C.J.Webb (1977)"
1267:. Nzonair.govt.nz. 24 April 2014. Archived from
1215:, Volume XCV, Issue 41, 16 February 1918, Page 4
1544:"The Reading | Radio New Zealand National"
1184:, Volume 11, Issue 49, 21 November 1917, Page 6
1047:"Timespanner: Jean Batten's dad's surgery sign"
1171:, Volume 9, Issue 351, 30 January 1918, Page 4
1070:"XIII.—The Process of Conversion | NZETC"
104:Pacifist, socialist and conscientious objector
1421:
1419:
962:
900:, Volume XLVIII, Issue 83, 7 April 1917, p. 6
562:conference (the last before World War II) in
1491:Columba College newsletter – September 2014
887:, Volume XCIII, Issue 82, 5 April 1917, p. 8
558:, England in 1937. Baxter addressed the 5th
410:near Dickebusch (also known as Dikkebus) in
1679:, 10 November 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
1656:Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Article
1637:; digitised record at Archives New Zealand.
1049:. Timespanner.blogspot.co.nz. 6 August 2010
874:, Volume 10, Issue 3044, 3 April 1917, p. 8
762:Compulsory Military Training in New Zealand
303:
1592:. Whatamongo Bay, Cape Catley Ltd., 1981,
1416:
163:(13 December 1881 – 10 August 1970) was a
1067:
939:
263:, which had provided under Section 65(2)
1519:Pacifist's memorial approved for Dunedin
1389:Nga Tipu o Aotearoa – New Zealand Plants
1250:Archibald McC L Baxter, H E Holland MP,
829:
827:
825:
683:and the Junior section by Rhys Davie of
307:
1531:Trust hopes memorial will inspire peace
646:In 2013 a group in Dunedin, chaired by
454:Brigadiar-General Sir George Richardson
1753:New Zealand people of Scottish descent
1723:New Zealand anti–World War I activists
1685:
815:"Forced to the front", Bridget Jones,
702:
614:, about which in 1968 Archibald said:
519:On 12 February 1921 Archibald married
1502:
1500:
942:"VII.—Deported by Night | NZETC"
822:
436:3rd New Zealand Entrenching Battalion
402:at Ouderdom (near Ypres in Belgium).
1228:, Issue 17354, 29 June 1918, Page 11
1129:, Issue 697, 26 October 1918, Page 1
676:They also served who would not fight
1743:New Zealand conscientious objectors
1363:(1967) "The New Zealand species of
1265:"Field Punishment No.1 • NZ On Air"
514:
464:Reaction in New Zealand and England
13:
1497:
1391:. Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research
124:No More War and Peace Pledge Union
14:
1784:
1758:New Zealand people of World War I
1621:
1468:"Archibald Baxter Memorial Trust"
1425:"Pacifists Deserve Recognition",
1094:, Issue 680, 29 June 1918, Page 6
1022:"Archibald McColl Larmond Baxter"
989:. Nzhistory.net.nz. 23 March 1917
628:a new plant species now known as
316:In 1917 the Minister of Defence,
161:Archibald McColl Learmond Baxter
42:Archibald McColl Learmond Baxter
1738:New Zealand Christian pacifists
1703:19th-century New Zealand people
1590:The Memoirs of Millicent Baxter
1564:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1485:
1460:
1432:
1403:
1377:
1354:
1345:
1332:
1323:
1314:
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1283:
1257:
1244:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1174:
1161:
1145:
1132:
1119:
1097:
1084:
1061:
1039:
1014:
1001:
979:
965:"XV.—Mark Briggs. | NZETC"
956:
933:
919:
642:Archibald Baxter Memorial Trust
573:
521:Millicent Amiel Macmillan Brown
221:
55:Saddle Hill, Otago, New Zealand
1718:New Zealand anti-war activists
1634:Military Personnel File online
1193:Armageddon or Calvary, page 32
1167:"NZ Conscientious objectors",
1107:. Lest We Forget. 22 June 2007
963:H. E. Holland (13 July 1917).
903:
890:
877:
861:
858:Defence Act 1909 – definitions
852:
809:
800:
778:
597:
216:
1:
1507:Work Start on Baxter Memorial
1369:New Zealand Journal of Botany
772:
480:MP, citing an article in the
274:The 1916 Act meant that only
181:
1035:– via Online Cenotaph.
1026:Auckland War Memorial Museum
711:, David Grant, paintings by
560:War Resisters' International
470:Women's International League
7:
1768:New Zealand torture victims
1733:New Zealand autobiographers
1604:The Life of James K. Baxter
1224:"Conscientious objectors",
1211:"Conscientious objectors",
1125:"Conscientious objectors",
896:"Recalcitrant Reservists",
750:
709:Field Punishment Number One
374:, and then sent to France,
154:John Baxter and Mary McColl
10:
1789:
1728:New Zealand Army personnel
1713:Anti–Vietnam War activists
261:Defence Amendment Act 1912
18:
1576:Auckland University Press
1574:. Auckland, New Zealand,
1241:, 25 October 1919, Page 3
819:, Auckland, 19 April 2014
670:. His lecture was titled
232:Military Service Act 1916
226:With the introduction of
150:
139:
128:
120:
108:
100:
92:
84:
76:
60:
37:
30:
1641:ARCHIBALD MCC. L. BAXTER
1472:Archibaldbaxtertrust.com
1007:"The New Zealand CO's",
610:, and wrote against the
326:Mark Briggs (politician)
304:Deportation to the front
209:view. Baxter also heard
1608:Oxford University Press
767:List of peace activists
692:Battle of Passchendaele
685:Tokomairiro High School
523:, daughter of the late
428:Otago Infantry Regiment
246:conscientious objection
1763:New Zealand socialists
1663:Field Punishment No. 1
1138:"Military objectors",
1090:"Baxter's breakdown",
1072:. Nzetc.victoria.ac.nz
967:. Nzetc.victoria.ac.nz
944:. Nzetc.victoria.ac.nz
668:University of Tasmania
622:
512:
396:Lt Col George Mitchell
394:. He was placed under
313:
293:Trentham Military Camp
280:Seventh-day Adventists
272:
257:
242:
203:Alfred Richard Barclay
176:conscientious objector
1748:New Zealand pacifists
1252:Armageddon or Calvary
883:"Soldiers punished",
744:Field Punishment No 1
616:
608:Amnesty International
585:Michael Joseph Savage
505:
498:Field Punishment No 1
400:Field Punishment No.1
311:
265:
250:
236:
197:During the 1899–1902
1493:Better source wanted
1237:"Outrages alleged",
548:No More War Movement
449:farm after the war.
71:Dunedin, New Zealand
1448:. 23 September 2014
703:Literature and film
652:University of Otago
529:Canterbury College.
207:Christian Socialist
186:Baxter was born at
1708:Anglican pacifists
1429:, 30 December 2013
1140:New Zealand Herald
1105:"Archibald Baxter"
1009:Birmingham Gazette
868:Objectors on trial
817:New Zealand Herald
757:Christian pacifism
592:Peace Pledge Union
356:Llanstephan Castle
314:
135:(m. 1921, d. 1984)
1773:People from Otago
1649:We Will Not Cease
1445:Otago Daily Times
1427:Otago Daily Times
1367:(Umbelliferae)",
1226:Otago Daily Times
1180:"The objectors",
1157:978 1 877448 46 1
915:978 1 877448 46 1
721:978 1 877448 46 1
694:in 2017, however
648:Kevin P. Clements
630:Gingidia baxterae
568:We Will Not Cease
158:
157:
115:We Will Not Cease
1780:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1489:
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1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1271:on 29 April 2014
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1239:Grey River Argus
1235:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1169:Maoriland Worker
1165:
1159:
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1130:
1123:
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983:
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949:
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931:
927:Maoriland Worker
923:
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888:
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859:
856:
850:
849:
847:
845:
831:
820:
813:
807:
804:
798:
797:
795:
793:
782:
732:, Penguin, 2012
726:My Brother's War
696:resource consent
515:Inter-war period
424:Provost Sergeant
276:Christadelphians
133:Millicent Baxter
111:
67:
52:13 December 1881
51:
49:
32:Archibald Baxter
28:
27:
21:Archie E. Baxter
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1683:
1682:
1624:
1567:
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1505:
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1449:
1438:
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66:(1970-08-10)
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1693:1881 births
1676:stuff.co.nz
1602:McKay, F.
612:Vietnam War
598:Later years
541:Keir Hardie
443:melancholia
392:Jean Batten
217:World War I
211:Keir Hardie
188:Saddle Hill
165:New Zealand
80:New Zealand
77:Nationality
1687:Categories
1584:1869400348
1342:, page 251
773:References
730:David Hill
656:Ian Fraser
564:Copenhagen
537:James Keir
474:John Ellis
376:Folkestone
368:Sling Camp
342:, where a
230:under the
182:Early life
145:James Keir
93:Occupation
48:1881-12-13
1647:eText of
1395:18 August
1374:: 84–116.
1365:Gingidium
839:Nzlii.org
556:Salisbury
340:Cape Town
335:Waitemata
168:socialist
151:Parent(s)
85:Education
1610:, 1990,
1578:, 1988,
1553:29 April
1477:29 April
1452:29 April
1182:Dominion
1127:NZ Truth
1111:29 April
1092:NZ Truth
872:Dominion
844:29 April
751:See also
713:Bob Kerr
552:Wanganui
482:Dominion
408:Mud Farm
380:Boulogne
360:Plymouth
330:Tasmania
172:pacifist
140:Children
121:Movement
666:of the
650:of the
626:Dunstan
384:Étaples
344:measles
284:Quakers
269:belief.
88:Primary
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416:Abeele
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447:Otago
420:Ypres
364:Devon
192:Otago
1612:ISBN
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