Archery - Knowledge

529:, India, Japan, Korea, Turkey and elsewhere, almost every culture that gained access to even early firearms used them widely, to the neglect of archery. Early firearms were inferior in rate-of-fire, and were very sensitive to wet weather. However, they had longer effective range and were tactically superior in the common situation of soldiers shooting at each other from behind obstructions. They also required significantly less training to use properly, in particular penetrating steel armor without any need to develop special musculature. Armies equipped with guns could thus provide superior firepower, and highly trained archers became obsolete on the battlefield. However, the bow and arrow is still an effective weapon, and archers have seen military action in the 21st century. Traditional archery remains in use for sport, and for hunting in many areas. 74: 538: 1771: 786: 1591: 1205:, the fletches are equally spaced around the shaft, with one placed such that it is perpendicular to the bow when nocked on the string, though variations are seen with modern equipment, especially when using the modern spin vanes. This fletch is called the "index fletch" or "cock feather" (also known as "the odd vane out" or "the nocking vane"), and the others are sometimes called the "hen feathers". Commonly, the cock feather is of a different color. However, if archers are using fletching made of feather or similar material, they may use same color vanes, as different dyes can give varying stiffness to vanes, resulting in less precision. When an arrow is 1844:

by still hunting, stalking, or waiting in a blind or tree stand. In many countries, including much of the United States, bow hunting for large and small game is legal. Bow hunters generally enjoy longer seasons than are allowed with other forms of hunting such as black powder, shotgun, or rifle. Usually, compound bows are used for large game hunting due to the relatively short time it takes to master them as opposed to the longbow or recurve bow. These compound bows may feature fiber optic sights, stabilizers, and other accessories designed to increase accuracy at longer distances. Using a bow and arrow to take fish is known as "

1759:, reducing the overall amount released when the bow is shot. Of the remaining energy, some is dampened both by the limbs of the bow and the bowstring. Depending on the arrow's elasticity, some of the energy is also absorbed by compressing the arrow, primarily because the release of the bowstring is rarely in line with the arrow shaft, causing it to flex out to one side. This is because the bowstring accelerates faster than the archer's fingers can open, and consequently some sideways motion is imparted to the string, and hence arrow nock, as the power and speed of the bow pulls the string off the opening fingers. 1608:

types under World Archery. Modern compound bows automatically limit the draw length to give a consistent arrow velocity, while traditional bows allow great variation in draw length. Some bows use mechanical methods to make the draw length consistent. Barebow archers often use a sight picture, which includes the target, the bow, the hand, the arrow shaft and the arrow tip, as seen at the same time by the archer. With a fixed "anchor point" (where the string is brought to, or close to, the face), and a fully extended bow arm, successive shots taken with the sight picture in the same position fall on the same

1619:. Instinctive aiming is used by many archers who use traditional bows. The two most common forms of a non-mechanical release are split-finger and three-under. Split-finger aiming requires the archer to place the index finger above the nocked arrow, while the middle and ring fingers are both placed below. Three-under aiming places the index, middle, and ring fingers under the nocked arrow. This technique allows the archer to better look down the arrow since the back of the arrow is closer to the dominant eye, and is commonly called "gun barreling" (referring to common aiming techniques used with firearms). 732: 504:, as "Those Who Draw the Bow". For example, Xiong-nu mounted bowmen made them more than a match for the Han military, and their threat was at least partially responsible for Chinese expansion into the Ordos region, to create a stronger, more powerful buffer zone against them. It is possible that "barbarian" peoples were responsible for introducing archery or certain types of bows to their "civilized" counterparts – the Xiong-nu and the Han being one example. Similarly, short bows seem to have been introduced to Japan by northeast Asian groups. 1721: 1178:. Wooden arrows are prone to warping. Fiberglass arrows are brittle, but can be produced to uniform specifications easily. Aluminium shafts were a very popular high-performance choice in the latter half of the 20th century, due to their straightness, lighter weight, and subsequently higher speed and flatter trajectories. Carbon fiber arrows became popular in the 1990s because they are very light, flying even faster and flatter than aluminium arrows. Today, the most popular arrows at tournaments and Olympic events are made of composite materials. 1797:

after shooting. Even with a carefully made arrow, the slightest imperfection or air movement causes some unbalanced turbulence in air flow. Consequently, rotation creates an equalization of such turbulence, which, overall, maintains the intended direction of flight i.e. accuracy. This rotation is not to be confused with the rapid gyroscopic rotation of a rifle bullet. Fletching that is not arranged to induce rotation still improves accuracy by causing a restoring drag any time the arrow tilts from its intended direction of travel.

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bow arm and the string hand arm simultaneously, especially when using bows having draw weights from 45 kg (99 lb) to over 80 kg (180 lb). Heavily stacked traditional bows (recurves, long bows, and the like) are released immediately upon reaching full draw at maximum weight, whereas compound bows reach their maximum weight around the last 4 cm (1.6 in), dropping holding weight significantly at full draw. Compound bows are often held at full draw for a short time to achieve maximum accuracy.

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Arrows can spread or concentrate force, depending on the application. Practice arrows, for instance, have a blunt tip that spreads the force over a wider area to reduce the risk of injury or limit penetration. Arrows designed to pierce armor in the Middle Ages used a very narrow and sharp tip ("bodkinhead") to concentrate the force. Arrows used for hunting used a narrow tip ("broadhead") that widens further, to facilitate both penetration and a large wound.

1186: 566: 1501:. This point is consistent from shot to shot, and is usually at the corner of the mouth, on the chin, to the cheek, or to the ear, depending on preferred shooting style. The archer holds the bow arm outwards, toward the target. The elbow of this arm should be rotated so that the inner elbow is perpendicular to the ground, though archers with hyper extendable elbows tend to angle the inner elbow toward the ground, as exemplified by the Korean archer 1016: 6330: 1412: 6340: 113: 1660: 1538: 4506: 1428:

produce the most consistently repeatable shots, and therefore may provide greater accuracy of the arrow flight. Some believe that the hand with the greatest dexterity should therefore be the hand that draws and releases the string. Either eye can be used for aiming, and the less dominant eye can be trained over time to become more effective for use. To assist with this, an eye patch can be temporarily worn over the dominant eye.

627: 85: 451: 1284: 62: 1836: 1767:. Dry firing refers to releasing the bowstring without a nocked arrow. Because there is no arrow to receive the stored potential energy, almost all the energy stays in the bow. Some have suggested that dry firing may cause physical damage to the bow, such as cracks and fractures—and because most bows are not specifically made to handle the high amounts of energy dry firing produces, should never be done. 1090: 1358: 105: 1822: 1116:. Crossbows typically have shorter draw lengths compared to compound bows. Because of this, heavier draw weights are required to achieve the same energy transfer to the arrow. These mechanically drawn bows also have devices to hold the tension when the bow is fully drawn. They are not limited by the strength of a single archer and larger varieties have been used as 424:. The French army relied more on the crossbow. Like their predecessors archers were more likely to be peasants or yeomen than men-at-arms. The longbow had a range of up to 270 m (890 ft). However its lack of accuracy at long ranges made it a mass weapon rather than an individual one. Significant victories attributable to the longbow, such as the 1755:, and when the bowstring is released, this stored energy is imparted to the arrow much more quickly than can be delivered by the muscles, resulting in much higher velocity and, hence, greater distance. This same process is employed by frogs, which use elastic tendons to increase jumping distance. In archery, some energy dissipates through 748:. These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery; traditional bows are in a minority. Archery returned to the Olympics in 1972. In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding. Much of this expertise is available in the 1748:, and even at the optimal contraction speed for power production, total work by the muscle is less than half of what it would be if the muscle contracted over the same distance at slow speeds, resulting in less than 1/4 the projectile launch velocity possible without the limitations of the force–velocity relationship. 496:. Their tactic was to shoot at the enemy infantry, and use their superior mobility to prevent the enemy from closing with them. Empires throughout the Eurasian landmass often strongly associated their respective "barbarian" counterparts with the usage of the bow and arrow, to the point where powerful states like the 660: 1843:

Using archery to take game animals is known as "bow hunting". Bow hunting differs markedly from hunting with firearms, as distance between hunter and prey must be much shorter to ensure a humane kill. The skills and practices of bow hunting therefore emphasize very close approach to the prey, whether

1476:(a small locking groove located at the proximal end of the arrow). This step is called "nocking the arrow". Typical arrows with three vanes should be oriented such that a single vane, the "cock feather", is pointing away from the bow, to improve the clearance of the arrow as it passes the arrow rest. 578:

for the competitors. The clubs were "the drawing rooms of the great country houses placed outside" and thus came to play an important role in the social networks of the local upper class. As well as its emphasis on display and status, the sport was notable for its popularity with females. Young women

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Instinctive shooting is a style of shooting that includes the barebow aiming method that relies heavily upon the subconscious mind, proprioception, and motor/muscle memory to make aiming adjustments; the term used to refer to a general category of archers who did not use a mechanical or fixed sight.

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and other modern materials offer high strength for their weight and are used on most modern bows. Linen and other traditional materials are still used on traditional bows. Several modern methods of making a bowstring exist, such as the 'endless loop' and 'Flemish twist'. Almost any fiber can be made

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are designed to reduce the force required to hold the string at full draw, hence allowing the archer more time to aim with less muscular stress. Most compound designs use cams or elliptical wheels on the ends of the limbs to achieve this. A typical let-off is anywhere from 65% to 80%. For example, a

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While there is great variety in the construction details of bows (both historical and modern), all bows consist of a string attached to elastic limbs that store mechanical energy imparted by the user drawing the string. Bows may be broadly split into two categories: those drawn by pulling the string

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The innovative aspect of the invention of the bow and arrow was the amount of power delivered to an extremely small area by the arrow. The huge ratio of length vs. cross sectional area, coupled with velocity, made the arrow more powerful than any other hand held weapon until firearms were invented.

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Even with a release aid mechanism some of this effect is usually experienced, since the string always accelerates faster than the retaining part of the mechanism. This makes the arrow oscillate in flight—its center flexing to one side and then the other repeatedly, gradually reducing as the arrow's

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are used to pull the arrow to the anchor point. Some modern recurve bows are equipped with a mechanical device, called a clicker, which produces a clicking sound when the archer reaches the correct draw length. , traditional English Longbow shooters step "into the bow", exerting force with both the

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The archer then raises the bow and draws the string, with varying alignments for vertical versus slightly canted bow positions. This is often one fluid motion for shooters of recurves and longbows, which tend to vary from archer to archer. Compound shooters often experience a slight jerk during the

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Another type of string hold, used on traditional bows, is the type favoured by the Mongol warriors, known as the "thumb release", style. This involves using the thumb to draw the string, with the fingers curling around the thumb to add some support. To release the string, the fingers are opened out

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as "Ta-Seti," or "The Land of the Bow," since the Nubians were known to be expert archers, and by the 16th Century BC Egyptians were using the composite bow in warfare. The Bronze Age Aegean Cultures were able to deploy a number of state-owned specialized bow makers for warfare and hunting purposes

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The accurate flight of an arrow depends on its fletchings. The arrow's manufacturer (a "fletcher") can arrange fletching to cause the arrow to rotate along its axis. This improves accuracy by evening pressure buildups that would otherwise cause the arrow to "plane" on the air in a random direction

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Modern arrows are made to a specified 'spine', or stiffness rating, to maintain matched flexing and hence accuracy of aim. This flexing can be a desirable feature, since, when the spine of the shaft is matched to the acceleration of the bow(string), the arrow bends or flexes around the bow and any

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Mechanical sights can be affixed to the bow to aid in aiming. They can be as simple as a pin, or may use optics with magnification. Modern compound bows usually also have a peep sight (rear sight) built into the string, which aids in a consistent anchor point, but this is not allowed for other bow

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To shoot an arrow, an archer first assumes the correct stance. The body should be at or nearly perpendicular to the target and the shooting line, with the feet placed shoulder-width apart. As an archer progresses from beginner to a more advanced level other stances such as the "open stance" or the

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fletching, to introduce a stabilizing spin to the arrow while in flight. Whether helical or straight fletched, when natural fletching (bird feathers) is used it is critical that all feathers come from the same side of the bird. Oversized fletchings can be used to accentuate drag and thus limit the

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is traditionally made from bird feathers, but solid plastic vanes and thin sheet-like spin vanes are used. They are attached near the nock (rear) end of the arrow with thin double sided tape, glue, or, traditionally, sinew. The most common configuration in all cultures is three fletches, though as

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shooting is a technique eschewing sights and is often preferred by traditional archers (shooters of longbows and recurves). In either the split finger or three finger under case, the string is usually placed in the first or second joint, or else on the pads of the fingers. When using a mechanical

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where all archers are trained to hold the bow in the left hand.) Therefore, if one is right-eye dominant, they would hold the bow in the left hand and draw the string with the right hand. However, not everyone agrees with this line of thought. A smoother, and more fluid release of the string will

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obsolete in warfare, although efforts were sometimes made to preserve archery practice. In England and Wales, for example, the government tried to enforce practice with the longbow until the end of the 16th century. This was because it was recognized that the bow had been instrumental to military

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The bowstring and arrow are held with three fingers, or with a mechanical arrow release. Most commonly, for finger shooters, the index finger is placed above the arrow and the next two fingers below, although several other techniques have their adherents around the world, involving three fingers

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Stabilizers aid in aiming by improving the balance of the bow. Sights, quivers, rests, and design of the riser (the central, non-bending part of the bow) make one side of the bow heavier. One purpose of stabilizers are to offset these forces. A reflex riser design will cause the top limb to lean

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Gap shooting is an aiming method used by instinctive shooters. It involves consciously focusing on the tip of the arrow while maintaining awareness of the target. The archer must adjust the arrow's trajectory by gauging the distance between the arrow tip and the target, ensuring accurate shots.

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A release aid is a mechanical device designed to give a crisp and precise loose of arrows from a compound bow. In the most commonly used, the string is released by a finger-operated trigger mechanism, held in the archer's hand or attached to their wrist. In another type, known as a back-tension

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event was first recorded in 1483. (In this event, archers shoot vertically from the base of an abbey tower to dislodge a wood pigeon placed approximately 30 m (98 ft) above.) The Royal Company of Archers was formed in 1676 and is one of the oldest sporting bodies in the world. Archery

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The arrowhead is the primary functional component of the arrow. Some arrows may simply use a sharpened tip of the solid shaft, but separate arrowheads are far more common, usually made from metal, stone, or other hard materials. The most commonly used forms are target points, field points, and

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of various hard materials. Many surviving Turkish and Chinese examples are works of considerable art. Some are so highly ornamented that the users could not have used them to loose an arrow. Possibly these were items of personal adornment, and hence value, remaining extant whilst leather had

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Stabilizers improve the forgiveness and accuracy by increasing the moment of inertia of the bow to resist movement during the shooting process. Lightweight carbon stabilizers with weighted ends are desirable because they improve the moment of inertia while minimizing the weight added.

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If shooting according to eye dominance, right-eye-dominant archers shooting conventionally hold the bow with their left hand. If shooting according to hand dexterity, the archer draws the string with the hand that possesses the greatest dexterity, regardless of eye dominance.

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and motor-muscle memory, similar to that used when throwing a ball. With sufficient practice, such archers can normally achieve good practical accuracy for hunting or for war. Aiming without a sight picture may allow more rapid shooting, not however increasing accuracy.

1468:"closed stance" may be used, although many choose to stick with a "neutral stance". Each archer has a particular preference, but mostly this term indicates that the leg furthest from the shooting line is a half to a whole foot-length from the other foot, on the ground. 651:

in 1844 and over the next decade the extravagant and festive practices of the past were gradually whittled away and the rules were standardized as the 'York Round' - a series of shoots at 55 m (180 ft), 73 m (240 ft), and 91 m (299 ft).

1520:), or triggering the mechanical release aid. Usually the release aims to keep the drawing arm rigid, the bow hand relaxed, and the arrow is moved back using the back muscles, as opposed to using just arm motions. An archer should also pay attention to the recoil or 480:. Lightly armoured, but highly mobile archers were excellently suited to warfare in the Central Asian steppes, and they formed a large part of armies that repeatedly conquered large areas of Eurasia. Shorter bows are more suited to use on horseback, and the 890:

when Odysseus returns home in disguise and then bests the suitors in an archery competition after hinting at his identity by stringing and drawing his great bow that only he can draw, a similar motif is present in the Turkic Iranian heroic archeheroic poem

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being presented as a reward to the victor. General meetings were held from 1789, in which local lodges convened together to standardise the rules and ceremonies. Archery was also co-opted as a distinctively British tradition, dating back to the lore of

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The medieval shortbow was technically identical with the classical era bows, having a range of approximately 91 m (299 ft). It was the primary ranged weapon of the battlefield through the early medieval period. Around the tenth century the

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Anecdotes of Archery; from the earliest ages to the year 1791. Including an account of the most famous archers of ancient and modern times; with some curious particulars in the life of Robert Fitz-Ooth Earl of Huntington, vulgarly called Robin Hood

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When using short bows or shooting from horseback, it is difficult to use the sight picture. The archer may look at the target, but without including the weapon in the field of accurate view. Aiming then involves hand-eye coordination—which includes

723:, founded in 1961 and named in honor of Pope and his friend, Arthur Young, became one of North America's leading bowhunting and conservation organizations. Founded as a nonprofit scientific organization, the Club was patterned after the prestigious 1497:

drawback, at around the last 4 cm (1.6 in), where the draw weight is at its maximum—before relaxing into a comfortable stable full draw position. The archer draws the string hand towards the face, where it should rest lightly at a fixed

184:, where the remains of bone and stone arrowheads have been found dating approximately 72,000 to 60,000 years ago. Based on indirect evidence, the bow also seems to have appeared or reappeared later in Eurasia, near the transition from the 1471:

To load, the bow is pointed toward the ground, tipped slightly clockwise of vertical (for a right handed shooter) and the shaft of the arrow is placed on the arrow rest or shelf. The back of the arrow is attached to the bowstring with the

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Archery societies were set up across the country, each with its own strict entry criteria and outlandish costumes. Recreational archery soon became extravagant social and ceremonial events for the nobility, complete with flags, music and

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I amused myself by making blunt arrows... Plugging hats became one of my favorite pastimes. The boys would put their hats off about a hundred yards and bet me the drinks that I could not hit them. I would get the drinks every

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could not only compete in the contests but retain and show off their sexuality while doing so. Thus, archery came to act as a forum for introductions, flirtation and romance. It was often consciously styled in the manner of a

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Backwell L, Bradfield J, Carlson KJ, Jashashvili T, Wadley L, d'Errico F.(2018). The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave. Journal of Archaeological Science, 92:289–303.

1874:, shot at targets generally set at various distances in a wooded setting. Competitive archery in the United States is governed by USA Archery and National Field Archery Association (NFAA), which also certifies instructors. 1493:

and the thumb relaxes to allow the string to slide off the thumb. When using this type of release, the arrow should rest on the same side of the bow as the drawing hand i.e. Left hand draw = arrow on left side of bow.

1295:(also known as an arm-guard) to protect the inside of the bow arm from being hit by the string and prevent clothing from catching the bowstring. The bracer does not brace the arm; the word comes from the armoury term " 1086:. The arrows are released from the right hand side of the bow, and this affects construction of the bow. In western archery, the arrow is usually released from the left hand side of the bow for a right-handed archer. 200:, Switzerland, alongside the remains of both a bear and a hunter, with flint fragments found in the bear's third vertebra, suggest the use of arrows at 13,500 years ago. Other signs of its use in Europe come from the 1479:

A compound bow is fitted with a special type of arrow rest, known as a launcher, and the arrow is usually loaded with the cock feather/vane pointed either up, or down, depending upon the type of launcher being used.

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Stabilizers are mounted at various points on the bow. Common with competitive archery equipment are special brackets that allow multiple stabilizers to be mounted at various angles to fine tune the bow's balance.

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A Bibliography of Archery: an indexed catalogue of 5,000 articles, books, films, manuscripts, periodicals and theses on the use of the bow for hunting, war, and recreation, from the earliest times to the present

1740:. However, the energy must be imparted over a limited distance (determined by arm length) and therefore (because the projectile is accelerating) over a limited time, so the limiting factor is not work but rather 3117: 871:

were known for their shooting skills. The famous archery competition of hitting the eye of a rotating fish while watching its reflection in the water bowl was one of the many archery skills depicted in the

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From the 1920s, professional engineers took an interest in archery, previously the exclusive field of traditional craft experts. They led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern

149:, meaning bow. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is mainly a competitive sport and recreational activity. A person who practices archery is typically called an 1303:

have developed highly ornamented bracers as non-functional items of adornment. Some archers (nearly all female archers) wear protection on their chests, called chestguards or plastrons. The myth of the

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was introduced in Europe. Crossbows generally had a longer range, greater accuracy and more penetration than the shortbow, but suffered from a much slower rate of fire. Crossbows were used in the early

192:. The earliest definite remains of bow and arrow from Europe are possible fragments from Germany found at Mannheim-Vogelstang dated 17,500 to 18,000 years ago, and at Stellmoor dated 11,000 years ago. 3060:

Archery: The Technical Side. A compilation of scientific and technical articles on theory, construction, use and performance of bows and arrows, reprinted from journals of science and of archery

1793:. It maintains accuracy, for if part of the arrow struck a glancing blow on discharge, some inconsistency would be present, and the excellent accuracy of modern equipment would not be achieved. 262:

bladelets found embedded in a skull and within the thoracic cavity of another skeleton, suggest the use of stone-tipped arrows as weapons about 10,000 years ago. Bows eventually replaced the

698:. Maurice was president in its inaugural year and Will was president in 1882, 1903, and 1904. The 1910 President was Frank E Canfield. Today it is known as USA Archery and is recognized by 3776: 1385:

towards the shooter. In this case a heavier front stabilizer is desired to offset this action. A deflex riser design has the opposite effect and a lighter front stabilizer may be used.

982:, is claimed by legend to have been a near-godlike archer. Archery features in the story of Oguz Khagan. Similarly, archery and the bow feature heavily into historical Korean identity. 1862:

Competitive archery involves shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances. This is the most popular form of competitive archery worldwide and is called

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helped to improve archery standards and pioneered new archery techniques. He won the Grand National 11 times in a row and published a highly influential guide to the sport in 1856.

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Backwell L, d'Errico F, Wadley L.(2008). Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35:1566–1580.

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Chief Master Sgt. Kevin Peterson demonstrates safe archery techniques while aiming an arrow at a target on the 28th Force Support Squadron trap and skeet range at

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Stabilizers can reduce noise and vibration. These energies are absorbed by viscoelastic polymers, gels, powders, and other materials used to build stabilizers.

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When a bow is used, the muscles are able to perform work much more slowly, resulting in greater force and greater work done. This work is stored in the bow as

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in the 1960s (a US patent was filed in 1966 and granted in 1969) and it has become the most widely used type of bow for all forms of archery in North America.

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flight proceeds. This is clearly visible in high-speed photography of arrows at discharge. A direct effect of these energy transfers can clearly be seen when

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In different cultures, the arrows are released from either the left or right side of the bow, and this affects the hand grip and position of the bow. In

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Zutterman, C. (2003). "The bow in the Ancient Near East. A re-evaluation of archery from the late 2nd Millennium to the end of the Achaemenid empire".

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and some types of longbow have tips that curve away from the archer when the bow is unstrung. The cross-section of the limb also varies; the classic

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bow, invented by Frank Loring (Chief Big Thunder) about 1900. It consists of a small bow attached by cables on the back of a larger main bow.

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use cords as the back of the bow; the draw weight of the bow can be adjusted by changing the tension of the cable. They were widespread among

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became more popular among the middle class. By 1889, just 50 archery clubs were left in Britain, but it was still included as a sport at the

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Lahr, M. Mirazón; Rivera, F.; Power, R.K.; Mounier, A.; Copsey, B.; Crivellaro, F.; Edung, J.E.; Fernandez, J.M. Maillo; Kiarie, C. (2016).

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and it served as a patriotic form of entertainment at a time of political tension in Europe. The societies were also elitist, and the new

201: 3449: 2463: 2078:—"imaginary proper name invented by Ascham, and hence title of his book (1545), intended to mean 'lover of the bow'." "toxophilite, n." 3831:. York: printed for E. Hargrove, bookseller, Knaresbro' (later editions: York, 1845 and facsimile reprint, London: Tabard Press, 1970) 545:

Early recreational archery societies included the Finsbury Archers and the Ancient Society of Kilwinning Archers. The latter's annual

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Hunting for flying birds from the back of a galloping horse was considered the top category of archery. The favourite hobby of Prince

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Ok, Gwang; Seokgyu, Choi; Surk Jeong, Hee (2010). "'The Disturbance of War': The Ancient Origin and Development of Korean Archery".

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is one of several deities of the hunt who are identified with bow and arrow iconography and other insignia associated with archery.

3716: 525:. Despite the high social status, ongoing utility, and widespread pleasure of archery in Armenia, China, Egypt, England and Wales, 3272:

Arab Archery: An Arabic manuscript of about AD 1500, "A book on the excellence of the bow & arrow" and the description thereof

2687: 1744:, which determines how much energy can be added in the limited time available. Power generated by muscles, however, is limited by 537: 73: 3691: 2213:

Lombard M (2011). "Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa".

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remained a small and scattered pastime, however, until the late 18th century when it experienced a fashionable revival among the

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Eurasiatic archers who used the thumb or Mongolian draw protected their thumbs, usually with leather according to the author of

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Lombard M, Phillips L (2010). "Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa".

1323:. A simple tab of leather is commonly used, as is a skeleton glove. Medieval Europeans probably used a complete leather glove. 2803: 2659: 4001: 3675: 2956: 1031:

Directly drawn bows may be further divided based upon differences in the method of limb construction, notable examples being

5069: 2704: 2264:« La grotte du Bichon, un site préhistorique des montagnes neuchâteloises », Archéologie neuchâteloise 42, 2009. 4535: 4451: 1423:

The standard convention on teaching archery is to hold the bow depending upon eye dominance. (One exception is in modern

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The Penobscot War Bow. Gordon M Day. Contributions to Canadian Ethnology 1975. Canadian Ethnology Service Paper no. 31.

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Digital illustration of skilled archer Arjuna aiming arrow at fish hung from revolving wheel above by Doring Kindersley

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Towards the end of the 19th century, the sport experienced declining participation as alternative sports such as

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arrow-rest, and consequently the arrow, and fletchings, have an un-impeded flight. This feature is known as the

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and advocated responsible bowhunting by promoting quality, fair chase hunting, and sound conservation practices.

6384: 5968: 4528: 4474: 4407: 3002: 2837: 2624: 2551: 2543: 1685: 1559: 644: 609:, the sport became increasingly popular among all classes, and it was framed as a nostalgic reimagining of the 5572: 5978: 5963: 4459: 1257:

describes the refusal of a wife, Hallgerður, to cut her hair to make an emergency bowstring for her husband,

417:, with models having a range of 274 m (899 ft) and being able to penetrate armour or kill a horse. 238:

point. There are no definite earlier bows; previous pointed shafts are known, but may have been launched by

5211: 1913: 274:, though spear-throwers persisted alongside the bow in parts of the Americas, notably Mexico and among the 3279: 6042: 5973: 4469: 4419: 3795: 558:, an antiquarian and collector, formed the Toxophilite Society in London in 1781, with the patronage of 399:, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea was well known for its regiments of exceptionally skilled archers. 4942: 4107: 3836:

Brazilian Indian Archery: a preliminary ethno-toxological study of the archery of the Brazilian Indians

2481: 1968: 1857: 1590: 1312:

mentions one archer, presumably with an unusual shooting style, who wore a leather guard for his face.

493: 469: 2546:; republished in 2003 under the title The Comanches: The History of a People. New York: Anchor Books. 1209:, two opposing fletches are often cock feathers, and occasionally the fletches are not evenly spaced. 1150:

at the other end. Arrows across time and history have normally been carried in a container known as a

793: 6389: 6379: 6047: 4509: 3329: 695: 2566:

The Horse, The Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the World

2100:

Lombard M (2020). "The tip cross-sectional areas of poisoned bone arrowheads from southern Africa".

886:

normally depict him as an archer. Archery, and the bow, play an important part in the epic poem the

6374: 6070: 5286: 4989: 4112: 1752: 1681: 1670: 1555: 1416: 1163: 31: 3523: 420:

During the late medieval period the English army famously relied on massed archers armed with the

6343: 6062: 5915: 5494: 5142: 5084: 5037: 4974: 3334: 2003: 1674: 1548: 1220:

cut (generally shaped like half of a narrow shield), and is often attached at an angle, known as

1067:

who lacked easy access to good bow wood. One variety of cable-backed bow is the Penobscot bow or

979: 724: 691: 310: 38: 17: 4340: 3234: 5905: 4187: 4117: 3815:

The Book of Archery: being the complete history and practice of the art, ancient and modern ...

3045: 1609: 1404: 705:

In the United States, primitive archery was revived in the early 20th century. The last of the

1604:

There are two main forms of aiming in archery: using a mechanical or fixed sight, or barebow.

5996: 5404: 5074: 5057: 5052: 4979: 4935: 4916: 4844: 4829: 4575: 4053: 3342: 3077: 2430: 1998: 1728:

used a smaller bow suitable for horse archery. BnF. MS. Supplément Persan 1113. 1430–1434 AD.

522: 5692: 3522:

Sung, LokMan; Kesha, Kilak; Avedschmidt, Sarah; Root, Kelly; Hlavaty, Leigh (12 June 2017).

2892: 1524:

of his or her body, as it may indicate problems with form (technique) that affect accuracy.

1258: 6369: 5874: 5712: 5644: 5189: 5184: 5079: 5042: 5022: 5014: 4969: 4787: 4715: 4666: 4102: 3860: 2660:

http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Bows_and_arrows_deadly_weapons_of_rural_Kenyas_war_999.html

2287: 2222: 2109: 1375: 1106: 901: 643:

The 1840s saw the second attempts at turning the recreation into a modern sport. The first

5601: 3915: 2941:

1910 Spalding Official Archery Guide, Spalding Athletic Library & Library of Congress.

1756: 8: 6333: 6297: 6205: 5992: 5758: 5624: 5614: 5409: 5399: 5364: 5329: 5094: 5064: 5032: 4839: 4735: 4730: 4671: 4585: 4133: 3924: 3897: 3813: 3804: 2658:

Bows and arrows: deadly weapons of rural Kenya's war. Njoro, Kenya (AFP) 2 February 2008

1877:

Para-archery is an adaptation of archery for athletes with a disability, governed by the

1805: 1790: 1778: 720: 680: 429: 316: 3880: 3864: 3720: 3083:

The Bowhunting and Bowmaking World of the Nation's Top Crafters of Longbows and Recurves

2917: 2291: 2226: 2113: 2068:

The noun "toxophilite", meaning "a lover or devotee of archery, an archer" derives from

1885:. There are also several other lesser-known and historical forms of archery, as well as 1720: 1182:

broadheads, although there are also other types, such as bodkin, judo, and blunt heads.

1154:, which can take many different forms. Shafts of arrows are typically composed of solid 1105:) to hold at full draw. Up to 99% let-off is possible. The compound bow was invented by 799:

Deities and heroes in several mythologies are described as archers, including the Greek

686:

The National Archery Association of the United States was organized in 1879, in part by

6104: 6034: 5781: 5629: 5047: 4607: 4080: 3906: 3569: 3473:"One Point Lessons: A collection of simple lessons and explanations of Kyudo technique" 3212: 3149: 2684: 2311: 2195: 2125: 1782: 1175: 1135: 963: 368: 328: 170: 5754: 2275: 1732:

When a projectile is thrown by hand, the speed of the projectile is determined by the

1366:

release, the string is automatically released when drawn to a pre-determined tension.

1201:

many as six have been used. Two makes the arrow unstable in flight. When the arrow is

381: 234:

and consisted of a main shaft and a 15–20 cm (5.9–7.9 in) fore shaft with a

180:

The oldest known evidence of the bow and arrow comes from South African sites such as

51: 6329: 5895: 5854: 5389: 5201: 5194: 4912: 4757: 4431: 4143: 3997: 3984: 3976: 3963: 3950: 3825: 3671: 3596: 3589: 3561: 3553: 3502: 3409: 3385: 3361: 3230: 3216: 3176: 3006: 2978: 2833: 2782: 2743: 2671:

Peace and Poison Arrows in Kenya. By Alexis Okeowo/Nairobi Friday, 29 February 2008.

2620: 2596: 2569: 2547: 2539: 2516: 2433: 2303: 2199: 2129: 1048: 879: 808: 610: 513: 332: 320: 290: 185: 3573: 2954: 1254: 6364: 4822: 4590: 4499: 4386: 4192: 4046: 3868: 3543: 3535: 3204: 2778: 2643: 2535: 2508: 2315: 2295: 2276:"Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya" 2249: 2230: 2187: 2143: 2117: 1882: 1725: 1509: 1292: 1060: 760: 687: 546: 356: 352: 348: 344: 302: 197: 96: 3323: 1335:

virtually no intrinsic value and would also deteriorate with time. In traditional

6010: 5549: 5509: 5431: 5419: 5384: 5127: 5122: 4777: 4772: 4212: 4138: 4095: 4085: 3784: 3665: 2960: 2691: 2121: 1993: 1973: 1828: 1741: 1516:

The arrow is typically released by relaxing the fingers of the drawing hand (see

1167: 1079: 1047:

of the limbs when unstrung; in contrast to traditional European straight bows, a

989: 771: 759:

In 2021, five people were killed and three injured by an archer in Norway in the

606: 477: 445: 433: 425: 360: 2712: 2593:

Ancient China & Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History

1400: 1101:

27 kg (60 lb) bow with 80% let-off only requires 53 N (12 lb

6264: 5955: 5899: 5839: 5796: 5766: 5499: 5394: 5234: 5174: 5162: 5117: 5112: 4896: 4891: 4762: 4622: 4580: 4570: 4556: 4391: 4305: 4227: 3130:

Zhimunsky, Victor (1966). "The Epic of 'Alpamysh' and the Return of Odysseus".

3097:"Suspect in Norway attack named as police say they're treating it as terrorism" 2807: 1988: 1863: 1737: 1733: 1624: 1616: 731: 653: 473: 364: 324: 255: 243: 3208: 2234: 2191: 2147: 1231:. Misplacement of fletchings can change the arrow's flight path dramatically. 1112:

Mechanically drawn bows typically have a stock or other mounting, such as the

6358: 6219: 6187: 6090: 5890: 5849: 5639: 5534: 5504: 5459: 5414: 5296: 5246: 5239: 5157: 4881: 4782: 4683: 4676: 4661: 4552: 4520: 4381: 4376: 4330: 4320: 4232: 4197: 4165: 3557: 1948: 1943: 1886: 1878: 1871: 1774: 1612:. This lets the archer adjust aim with successive shots to achieve accuracy. 1596: 1300: 1227: 1040: 1036: 1010: 587: 575: 517: 489: 481: 377: 263: 239: 132: 46: 3539: 2394: 1055:

is a tall bow with narrow limbs that are D-shaped in cross section, and the

623:

that depicted the heroic character Lockseley winning an archery tournament.

6200: 5910: 5864: 5786: 5744: 5707: 5659: 5606: 5514: 5454: 5354: 5291: 5281: 5224: 4958: 4862: 4797: 4767: 4740: 4710: 4698: 4644: 4639: 4257: 4202: 3821: 3565: 3300: 2647: 2307: 2075: 1908: 1825: 1508:

In modern form, the archer stands erect, forming a "T". The archer's lower

1502: 1309: 1171: 1117: 1097: 1075: 820: 745: 717:, learned many of Ishi's traditional archery skills, and popularized them. 614: 596: 555: 485: 340: 206: 55: 4023: 3548: 659: 6149: 5816: 5776: 5719: 5529: 5229: 5152: 4651: 4325: 4247: 4155: 3943:. : Bois d'Arc Press; New York, N.Y.: Distributed by Lyons & Burford 2852: 2253: 1978: 1845: 1816: 1352: 1059:

has flat wide limbs that are approximately rectangular in cross-section.

986: 874: 775: 741: 714: 664: 599: 551: 497: 271: 267: 227: 181: 120: 3750: 2999:

Ishi in Two Worlds: a biography of the last wild Indian in North America

2299: 1963: 476:(after gaining access to horses by Europeans) became extremely adept at 6052: 5806: 5734: 5664: 5634: 5619: 5590: 5578: 5544: 5474: 5369: 5349: 5179: 4817: 4725: 4656: 4617: 4595: 4481: 4366: 4361: 4345: 4310: 4283: 4242: 4090: 3806:

American Archery; a Vade Mecum of the Art of Shooting with the Long Bow

2767:"Archery, Romance and Elite Culture in England and Wales, c. 1780–1840" 2512: 2070: 1983: 1958: 1933: 1928: 1764: 1562: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1424: 1336: 1331: 1320: 1316: 1278: 1274: 1185: 1083: 962:

appear in several early Chinese myths, and the historical character of

828: 752:(see Further reading). Modern game archery owes much of its success to 592: 583: 565: 541:

A print of the 1822 meeting of the "Royal British Bowmen" archery club.

392: 301:, artifacts that could be arrow-shaft straighteners are known from the 247: 189: 3872: 1015: 6307: 6302: 6292: 6252: 6247: 6182: 6177: 6137: 6132: 6075: 6057: 5859: 5771: 5739: 5697: 5687: 5649: 5524: 5489: 5479: 5379: 5338: 5316: 5169: 5107: 4834: 4812: 4802: 4612: 4315: 4295: 4290: 4262: 4174: 2348:

Mc Leod, W.E. (January 1962). "Egyptian Composite Bows in New York".

2083: 1411: 1287:

A right-hand finger tab to protect the hand while the string is drawn

1240: 1197: 1143: 1139: 959: 941: 929: 917: 899: 844: 824: 753: 559: 465: 294: 66: 5324: 3844:

Archery, romance and elite culture in England and Wales, c.1780–1840

3472: 2538:(1974) The Comanches: The Destruction of a People. Knopf, New York, 2368: 2159:

Wadley, Lyn (2008). "The Howieson's Poort industry of Sibudu Cave".

1659: 1537: 112: 5801: 5729: 5677: 5449: 5359: 5306: 5268: 5256: 5132: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4747: 4693: 4688: 4634: 4252: 4207: 4182: 4148: 3268: 2008: 1923: 1867: 1517: 1296: 1147: 1113: 1068: 1032: 975: 883: 779: 580: 501: 414: 409: 396: 388: 306: 259: 136: 2893:"Inductee – J. Maurice Thompson - Archery Hall of Fame and Museum" 459: 450: 380:

proved its worth for the first time in Continental warfare at the

84: 6277: 6232: 6167: 6117: 5844: 5829: 5824: 5724: 5682: 5584: 5539: 5484: 5344: 5301: 4792: 4705: 4237: 4222: 4217: 2086:>; accessed 10 March 2011. Earlier version first published in 1305: 1190: 1056: 1052: 971: 913: 856: 848: 800: 672: 626: 619: 602:

were excluded from the clubs due to their lack of social status.

421: 336: 251: 223: 193: 3299:. Millicent Rogers Museum of Northern New Mexico. Archived from 1283: 912:) were worshipped on the Greek island of Delos as attendants of 706: 6287: 6272: 6242: 6227: 6195: 6172: 6157: 6127: 6112: 6085: 5791: 5567: 5519: 5469: 5444: 4927: 4886: 4807: 4629: 4371: 4335: 4300: 3809:

Columbus, OH: National Archery Association of the United States

1953: 1938: 1835: 1340: 1270: 1245: 1159: 1151: 993: 967: 955: 852: 836: 816: 804: 676: 631: 298: 89: 61: 2918:"Inductee – Will H. Thompson- Archery Hall of Fame and Museum" 2041: 1357: 1089: 384:. In the Americas archery was widespread at European contact. 5920: 5672: 5464: 5439: 4278: 3442:"What is eye dominance? Why does it matter for my first bow?" 3247: 2044:"Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, arcus" 1903: 1129: 1064: 1044: 947: 935: 923: 907: 868: 860: 840: 812: 372: 286: 282: 275: 235: 143: 139: 77: 4033: 1308:

was that they had one breast removed to solve this problem.

1028:

directly and those that use a mechanism to pull the string.

6282: 6237: 6162: 6122: 5374: 5334: 5276: 5219: 5147: 4752: 4720: 4169: 3692:"The Physics of Archery AstraZeneca Science Teaching Trust" 3058:

Hickman, C. N.; Nagler, Forrest; Klopsteg, Paul E. (1947),

1155: 864: 832: 710: 648: 231: 104: 4038: 2480:. Royal Armouries Collections. 24 May 2018. Archived from 2082:. Second edition, 1989; online version November 2010. < 1505:. This keeps the forearm out of the way of the bowstring. 1343:

is used that has a ridge to assist in drawing the string.

1225:

range of the arrow significantly; these arrows are called

395:, came to refer to martial arts in general. In East Asia, 2832:(in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 123. 1821: 4015: 3851:

Klopsteg, Paul E. (1943). "Physics of Bows and Arrows".

3521: 3421: 713:, came out of hiding in California in 1911. His doctor, 5559: 3379: 1315:

The drawing digits are normally protected by a leather

2617:

Armed Martial Arts of Japan: Swordsmanship and Archery

2507:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2273: 1023:

method. Selfbows are made from a single piece of wood.

882:

was a famous archer. Earlier Greek representations of

3926:

The Witchery of Archery: a Complete Manual of Archery

3095:

Frater, James; Smith-Spark, Laura (14 October 2021).

3057: 2685:

http://www.ogiek.org/election-war/election-war-4.htm

2048:

Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary

1489:

release aid, the release is hooked onto the D-loop.

1216:

cut (short feathers in a smooth parabolic curve) or

735:

Five women taking part in an archery contest in 1931

3194: 2448:Duvernay, Thomas A.; Duvernay, Nicholas Y. (2007), 2420:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 2161:

South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series

1893:, where the aim is to shoot the greatest distance. 634:, based on the 1669 seal of the old town of Brahea. 3588: 3322: 3042:Adventurous Bowmen: field notes on African archery 2505:Trebuchet Energy Efficiency – Experimental Results 1431:The hand that holds the bow is referred to as the 532: 359:fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. 3637:"Breaking Trad: Archery Lessons from Tom Clum Sr" 3197:The International Journal of the History of Sport 3094: 1484:below the arrow, or an arrow pinching technique. 1123: 484:enabled mounted archers to use powerful weapons. 6356: 3882:A Chapter in the Evolution of Archery in America 3321: 2642:, Past and Present, (2010) Vol. 209 (1): 53–81. 2447: 2369:"Composite Bows in Minoan And Mycenaean Warfare" 700:United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee 613:rural Britain. Particularly influential was Sir 313:shouldered Khiam-points may well be arrowheads. 230:, about 10,000–9000 BC. The arrows were made of 3150:"Nymphai Hyperboreioi at Theoi Greek Mythology" 2586: 2584: 2177: 1253:suggests the hide of a young, emaciated camel. 756:, an American bow hunter and bow manufacturer. 266:as the predominant means for launching shafted 4550: 3269:Nabih Amin Faris; Robert Potter Elmer (1945). 1395: 175: 4943: 4536: 4054: 3624:, Garden City, NJ.: Doubleday, pp. 36–43 2443: 2441: 1851: 1736:imparted by the thrower's muscles performing 1189:Shield cut straight fletching – here the hen 92:, traditional Korean archery (Kuk Kung), 2009 37:"Archer" redirects here. For other uses, see 3278:. Princeton University Press. Archived from 2581: 2557: 1881:(WA) and is one of the sports in the Summer 1866:. A form particularly popular in Europe and 1299:", meaning an armoured sleeve or badge. The 1134:The most common form of arrow consists of a 131:is the sport, practice, or skill of using a 69:archer competes at Brazil's Indigenous Games 3496: 3262: 2241: 1688:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4950: 4936: 4543: 4529: 4505: 4061: 4047: 4034:USA Archery is the National Governing Body 3749:. World Archery Foundation. Archived from 2438: 2102:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2093: 1637:In other words, it is shooting "by feel." 1615:Modern archery equipment usually includes 667:taken while grizzly hunting at Yellowstone 488:used mounted archers against the European 387:Archery was highly developed in Asia. The 3547: 3129: 3088: 3051: 2614: 2608: 2328: 2042:Charlton T. Lewis; Charles Short (1879). 2022: 1708:Learn how and when to remove this message 1578:Learn how and when to remove this message 367:in war according to the victory stele of 3920:Berkeley: University of California Press 3850: 3834:Heath, E. G. & Chiara, Vilma (1977) 3803:Elmer, Robert P. (Robert Potter) (1917) 3663: 2975:The Traditional Bowyer's Bible, Volume 4 2590: 2418:1985 Peoples of Prehistoric South Dakota 2206: 1834: 1820: 1769: 1719: 1589: 1410: 1399: 1356: 1282: 1184: 1088: 1014: 784: 770: 730: 658: 625: 564: 536: 449: 119: 111: 103: 95: 83: 72: 60: 45: 5942: 3885:Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution 3667:Beginner's Guide to Traditional Archery 3591:Nine years among the Indians, 1870–1879 2996: 2683:The National Disaster in Sad Pictures! 2640:Archery Practice in Early Tudor England 2563: 2347: 2212: 2136: 2099: 1631: 1264: 14: 6357: 4447:World University Archery Championships 3893:. Manchester: Simon Archery Foundation 3838:. Manchester: Simon Archery Foundation 3586: 3580: 3470: 3373: 3355: 3349: 2972: 2777:(294). Swansea.academia.edu: 193–208. 2764: 2502: 2171: 2158: 1724:Mongol archers during the time of the 843:(also known as Radheya/son of Radha), 819:, continuing in legends like those of 376:already from the 15th century BC. The 5941: 5002: 4931: 4524: 4042: 3659: 3657: 3634: 3403: 3289: 3170: 3164: 2709:Ancient Society of Kilwinning Archers 2415: 2366: 1043:. Bows can also be classified by the 916:, presiding over aspects of archery; 507: 281:Bows and arrows have been present in 3902:Salem, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum 3888:Lake, Fred & Wright, Hal (1974) 3619: 3613: 3448:. Easton Foundations. Archived from 3343:participating institution membership 3039: 3024: 1686:adding citations to reliable sources 1653: 1560:adding citations to reliable sources 1531: 305:, (c. 10,800–8,300 BC) onwards. The 50:Archery competition in June 1983 at 3996:; Volume 4. The Lyons Press, 2008. 3358:Toxophilus – the School of Shooting 2973:Allely, Steve; et al. (2008), 1019:A Pacific yew selfbow drawn by the 402: 24: 5003: 3797:The Theory and Practice of Archery 3769: 3654: 3595:, University of New Mexico Press, 3380:Strickland, M.; Hardy, R. (2005), 3132:Proceedings of the British Academy 3064:National Field Archery Association 2733: 2478:"People of the Hundred Years' War" 2084:http://www.oed.com:80/Entry/204131 1439:. The opposite hand is called the 966:features in many fictional forms. 630:An archery in the coat of arms of 500:referred to their neighbours, the 439: 226:, Germany and dates from the late 25: 6401: 5870:Marine Corps Martial Arts Program 4009: 3899:Additional notes on arrow release 3497:St. Charles, Glenn (March 1996). 2503:Rhoten, Ronald (9 January 2006). 2215:Journal of Archaeological Science 1527: 690:(the author of the seminal text “ 638: 250:swamp in Denmark. At the site of 6338: 6328: 5835:Historical European martial arts 4957: 4551: 4504: 4495: 4494: 3078:Traditional Bowyers Encyclopedia 2853:Branea–Brahma - Projekt Runeberg 2783:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2004.00297.x 2740:Yeomen of the Queen's Body Guard 1658: 1536: 1249:into a bowstring. The author of 1004: 569:Fashionable female archers, 1799 436:becoming part of military lore. 6339: 3735: 3709: 3684: 3628: 3515: 3490: 3464: 3434: 3397: 3315: 3240: 3223: 3188: 3142: 3123: 3111: 3069: 3033: 3029:, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons 3018: 2990: 2966: 2947: 2935: 2910: 2885: 2860: 2846: 2822: 2796: 2758: 2727: 2697: 2677: 2665: 2652: 2632: 2529: 2496: 2470: 2456: 2435:"句驪一名貊耳有別種依小水為居因名曰小水貊出好弓所謂貊弓是也" 2424: 2409: 2383: 2360: 2350:American Journal of Archaeology 2341: 2322: 2267: 2258: 1640: 1547:needs additional citations for 1346: 533:18th century revival as a sport 3994:The Traditional Bowyer's Bible 3973:The Traditional Bowyer's Bible 3960:The Traditional Bowyer's Bible 3947:The Traditional Bowyer's Bible 3941:The Traditional Bowyer's Bible 3908:Hunting with the Bow and Arrow 3175:, Hong Kong University Press, 3027:Hunting with the Bow and Arrow 3003:University of California Press 2804:"The Royal Company of Archers" 2615:Hurst III, G. Cameron (1998), 2595:, Cambridge University Press, 2568:, Princeton University Press, 2152: 2062: 2035: 1777:- testing bows, circa 1837 by 1462: 1369: 1124:Types of arrows and fletchings 645:Grand National Archery Society 88:Master Heon Kim demonstrating 13: 1: 3929:New York: Scribner & Sons 3911:New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons 3635:Freel, Tyler (9 April 2019). 3501:. Saint Charles Enterprises. 2868:"Archery results – Pari 1900" 2464:"The Bow In Medieval Warfare" 2015: 1839:A modern compound hunting bow 1093:Modern (takedown) recurve bow 289:culture since its respective 3812:Hansard, George Agar (1841) 3528:Journal of Forensic Sciences 3471:Deprospero, Dan and Jackie. 2122:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102477 1914:Archery Association of India 1455:follow the same convention. 1234: 1212:The fletching may be either 999: 942: 930: 918: 900: 766: 270:, on every continent except 246:known so far comes from the 7: 4068: 3853:American Journal of Physics 3664:Sorrells, Brian J. (2004). 2452:, Handong Global University 1896: 1746:force–velocity relationship 1396:Shooting technique and form 1291:Most modern archers wear a 928:), represented distancing, 750:Traditional Bowyer's Bibles 560:George, the Prince of Wales 468:of Central Asia (after the 319:civilizations, notably the 176:Origins and ancient archery 27:Using a bow to shoot arrows 10: 6406: 4108:Modern competitive archery 3934:FITA-Style Archery Targets 3404:Faris, Nabih Amin (2007), 2997:Kroeber, Theodora (2004), 2736:"Royal Company of Archers" 2564:Anthony, David W. (2007), 2450:Korean Traditional Archery 1969:Modern competitive archery 1858:Modern competitive archery 1855: 1852:Modern competitive archery 1814: 1810: 1803: 1649: 1373: 1350: 1268: 1238: 1127: 1008: 948: 936: 924: 908: 494:Battle of Dorylaeum (1097) 470:domestication of the horse 443: 168: 164: 142:. The word comes from the 36: 29: 6324: 6261: 6216: 6146: 6101: 6031: 5952: 5948: 5937: 5883: 5815: 5753: 5658: 5600: 5558: 5430: 5315: 5267: 5210: 5093: 5013: 5009: 4998: 4965: 4905: 4855: 4563: 4490: 4400: 4354: 4271: 4164: 4126: 4076: 3923:Thompson, Maurice (1878) 3524:"The Modern Compound Bow" 3330:Oxford English Dictionary 3209:10.1080/09523360903556824 2922:www.archeryhalloffame.com 2897:www.archeryhalloffame.com 2705:"About Us - Club History" 2619:, Yale University Press, 2591:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2001), 2536:Fehrenbach, Theodore Reed 2235:10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001 2192:10.1017/S0003598X00100134 2148:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006 2080:Oxford English Dictionary 2050:. Oxford. Clarendon Press 709:tribe, a native known as 4113:World Archery Federation 3783:31 December 2021 at the 2830:Suomen kunnallisvaakunat 2379:. University of Catania. 2030:Encyclopaedia of Archery 1753:elastic potential energy 1419:, S.D., 11 October 2012. 1417:Ellsworth Air Force Base 371:. Egyptians referred to 32:Archery (disambiguation) 6067:Former official sports 5495:Northern Praying Mantis 5070:Mainland Southeast Asia 3800:London: Longmans, Green 3777:Philosophies of Archery 3587:Lehman, Herman (1927), 3540:10.1111/1556-4029.13503 3335:Oxford University Press 3171:Selby, Stephen (2000), 2765:Johnes, Martin (2004). 2674:accessed 21at July 2012 2004:List of notable archers 980:Three Kingdoms of Korea 794:Émile Antoine Bourdelle 725:Boone and Crockett Club 692:The Witchery of Archery 39:Archer (disambiguation) 5906:Professional wrestling 5573:Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu 4188:Austroasiatic crossbow 4118:World Archery Rankings 3879:Klopsteg, Paul (1963) 3356:Ascham, Roger (1545), 2963:Retrieved Dec 11, 2020 2944:Retrieved Dec 11, 2020 2367:Bakas, Spyros (2016). 2088:New English Dictionary 1840: 1832: 1785: 1729: 1601: 1420: 1408: 1405:Historical reenactment 1362: 1288: 1261:, who is then killed. 1194: 1142:at the front end, and 1094: 1024: 796: 782: 778:archery training from 736: 668: 635: 570: 542: 462: 363:were the first to use 242:rather than bows. The 125: 117: 109: 101: 93: 81: 70: 58: 6385:Summer Olympic sports 6002:Demonstration sports 4917:Winter Olympic sports 4845:Greco-Roman wrestling 4557:Summer Olympic sports 3937:Bow and Arrow Targets 3896:Morse, Edward (1922) 3791:, vol.2, 2021, 22–37. 3384:, Sutton Publishing, 3040:Pope, Saxton (1926), 3025:Pope, Saxton (1925), 2694:accessed 21 July 2012 2662:accessed 21 July 2012 2431:Book of the Later Han 1999:List of archery terms 1887:archery novelty games 1838: 1824: 1804:Further information: 1773: 1723: 1593: 1414: 1403: 1360: 1286: 1188: 1092: 1018: 788: 774: 734: 662: 629: 568: 540: 453: 123: 115: 107: 100:Archers in East Timor 99: 87: 76: 64: 49: 6262:Martial arts at the 6217:Martial arts at the 6147:Martial arts at the 6102:Martial arts at the 6082:Invitational sports 6032:Martial arts at the 5953:Martial arts at the 5875:Pencak Silat Harimau 5713:Pencak Silat Harimau 5645:Submission wrestling 5350:Luta Livre esportiva 4856:Discretionary sports 4452:Military World Games 4103:History of crossbows 3914:Pope, Saxton (1918) 3905:Pope, Saxton (1925) 3794:Ford, Horace (1887) 3285:on 25 February 2009. 2690:4 March 2022 at the 2648:10.1093/pastj/gtq029 2484:on 29 September 2022 2416:Zimmerman, Larry J. 2254:10.15184/aqy.2018.11 1682:improve this section 1632:Instinctive shooting 1556:improve this article 1376:Stabiliser (archery) 1265:Protective equipment 1107:Holless Wilbur Allen 902:Nymphai Hyperboreioi 647:meeting was held in 492:, especially at the 478:archery on horseback 30:For other uses, see 5943:International games 5625:Full contact karate 5615:Professional boxing 5330:Brazilian jiu-jitsu 4840:Freestyle wrestling 4736:Rhythmic gymnastics 4731:Artistic gymnastics 4420:World Championships 3865:1943AmJPh..11..175K 3670:. Stackpole Books. 3620:Bear, Fred (1980), 3452:on 30 December 2016 3431:(1952), pp. 345–349 3333:(Online ed.). 3303:on 8 September 2008 3046:G. P. Putnam's Sons 2977:, The Lyons Press, 2959:8 July 2020 at the 2810:on 25 November 2012 2397:on 20 December 2016 2300:10.1038/nature16477 2292:2016Natur.529..394L 2227:2011JArSc..38.1918L 2114:2020JArSR..33j2477L 1779:Alfred Jacob Miller 1407:of medieval archery 1176:composite materials 958:and his apprentice 940:), trajectory, and 790:Herakles the Archer 721:Pope and Young Club 694:”) and his brother 681:1900 Paris Olympics 521:success during the 512:The development of 430:Battle of Agincourt 6105:Pan American Games 5782:Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu 5693:Jieitaikakutōjutsu 5630:Mixed martial arts 4024:Paralympic archery 3975:; Volume 3. 1994. 3962:; Volume 2. 1992. 3949:; Volume 1. 1992. 3818:London: H. G. Bohn 3622:The Archer's Bible 3248:"99% Let Off Bows" 3120:, Fine Art America 2715:on 2 February 2017 2513:10.2514/6.2006-775 1841: 1833: 1786: 1783:Walters Art Museum 1757:elastic hysteresis 1730: 1602: 1421: 1409: 1363: 1289: 1259:Gunnar Hámundarson 1195: 1095: 1025: 909:Νύμφαι Ὑπερβόρειοι 797: 783: 737: 669: 636: 571: 543: 523:Hundred Years' War 508:Decline of archery 463: 391:term for archery, 369:Naram-Sin of Akkad 171:History of archery 126: 118: 110: 102: 94: 82: 71: 59: 6352: 6351: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6315: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5896:Martial arts film 4925: 4924: 4913:Paralympic sports 4758:Modern pentathlon 4586:Marathon Swimming 4518: 4517: 4144:Ballista elephant 4002:978-0-9645741-6-8 3873:10.1119/1.1990474 3753:on 18 August 2016 3723:on 5 January 2015 3677:978-0-8117-3133-1 3341:(Subscription or 3250:. Concept Archery 2734:Norton, William. 2286:(7586): 394–398. 1718: 1717: 1710: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1510:trapezius muscles 1061:Cable-backed bows 285:and neighbouring 213:Ahrensburg valley 186:Upper Paleolithic 116:Archery in Bhutan 16:(Redirected from 6397: 6390:Medieval archery 6380:Precision sports 6342: 6341: 6332: 5950: 5949: 5939: 5938: 5011: 5010: 5000: 4999: 4952: 4945: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4823:Beach volleyball 4564:Mandatory sports 4555: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4508: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4306:Cresting machine 4193:Cable-backed bow 4134:Archer's paradox 4063: 4056: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4018:at Archery Topic 3876: 3841:Johnes, Martin. 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3719:. Archived from 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3661: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3594: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3551: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3446:Discover Archery 3438: 3432: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3382:The Great Warbow 3377: 3371: 3370: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3338: 3326: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3277: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3244: 3238: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3092: 3086: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2970: 2964: 2953:Geneva Archery. 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2806:. Archived from 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2746:on 31 March 2017 2742:. Archived from 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2711:. Archived from 2701: 2695: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2561: 2555: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2445: 2436: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2393:. Archived from 2387: 2381: 2380: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2221:(8): 1918–1930. 2210: 2204: 2203: 2186:(325): 635–648. 2175: 2169: 2168: 2156: 2150: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2097: 2091: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2039: 2033: 2026: 1883:Paralympic Games 1806:Archer's paradox 1791:archer's paradox 1726:Mongol conquests 1713: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1662: 1654: 1583: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1540: 1532: 1447:. Terms such as 1435:and its arm the 1337:Japanese archery 1330:, but also with 1084:Japanese archery 951: 950: 945: 939: 938: 933: 927: 926: 921: 911: 910: 905: 761:Kongsberg attack 728: 688:Maurice Thompson 586:with titles and 432:resulted in the 403:Medieval archery 303:Natufian culture 297:origins. In the 221: 210: 198:Grotte du Bichon 196:points found in 21: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6375:Hunting methods 6355: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6312: 6263: 6257: 6218: 6212: 6148: 6142: 6103: 6097: 6033: 6027: 5956:Summer Olympics 5954: 5944: 5925: 5879: 5811: 5749: 5663: 5654: 5605: 5596: 5554: 5550:Yoshukai Karate 5510:Shaolin kung fu 5426: 5311: 5287:Practice weapon 5263: 5206: 5096: 5089: 5015:Regional origin 5005: 4994: 4961: 4956: 4926: 4921: 4901: 4851: 4667:Mountain biking 4559: 4549: 4519: 4514: 4486: 4396: 4350: 4267: 4213:English longbow 4173: 4160: 4139:Mounted archery 4122: 4072: 4067: 4012: 3789:Popular Inquiry 3785:Wayback Machine 3775:Enea Bianchi, “ 3772: 3770:Further reading 3767: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3662: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3633: 3629: 3618: 3614: 3603: 3585: 3581: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3499:Billets to Bows 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3477:Meishin Kyudojo 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3228: 3224: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3173:Chinese Archery 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3093: 3089: 3075:Bertalan, Dan. 3074: 3070: 3056: 3052: 3038: 3034: 3023: 3019: 3013: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2971: 2967: 2961:Wayback Machine 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2692:Wayback Machine 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2589: 2582: 2576: 2562: 2558: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2446: 2439: 2429: 2425: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2391:"Bow Evolution" 2389: 2388: 2384: 2365: 2361: 2346: 2342: 2331:Iranica Antiqua 2327: 2323: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2246: 2242: 2211: 2207: 2176: 2172: 2157: 2153: 2141: 2137: 2098: 2094: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2040: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2013: 1994:Turkish archery 1974:Mounted archery 1899: 1860: 1854: 1829:hunter-gatherer 1819: 1813: 1808: 1714: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1679: 1663: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1584: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1553: 1541: 1530: 1465: 1398: 1378: 1372: 1355: 1349: 1281: 1269:Main articles: 1267: 1243: 1237: 1168:aluminium alloy 1132: 1126: 1104: 1080:Turkish archery 1013: 1007: 1002: 978:kingdom of the 835:and Babylonian 815:, the Germanic 769: 718: 641: 617:'s 1819 novel, 607:Napoleonic Wars 535: 510: 472:) and American 448: 446:Mounted archery 442: 440:Mounted archery 434:English longbow 426:Battle of Crecy 405: 382:Battle of Crécy 215: 204: 178: 173: 167: 124:Archer in Benin 108:Japanese archer 52:Mönchengladbach 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6403: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6269: 6267: 6265:European Games 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6224: 6222: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6107: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6011:Pistol dueling 6008: 6000: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5946: 5945: 5935: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5840:Huiyen Lallong 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5797:Shorinji Kempo 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5767:American Kenpo 5763: 5761: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5667: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5609: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5587: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5500:Russian boxing 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5332: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5247:Ranged weapons 5244: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5235:Stick-fighting 5232: 5230:Knife fighting 5222: 5216: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5101: 5099: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5007: 5006: 5004:Classification 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4970:List of styles 4966: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4788:Sport climbing 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4502: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4392:Target archery 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4228:Holmegaard bow 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4136: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4066: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4020: 4019: 4011: 4010:External links 4008: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3991: 3970: 3957: 3938: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3886: 3877: 3859:(4): 175–192. 3848: 3847:, 89, 193–208. 3839: 3832: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3743:"Para Archery" 3734: 3708: 3683: 3676: 3653: 3627: 3612: 3601: 3579: 3549:2027.42/141095 3534:(1): 130–139. 3514: 3508:978-0965139403 3507: 3489: 3463: 3433: 3429:Target Archery 3420: 3415:978-1432628833 3414: 3396: 3391:978-0750931670 3390: 3372: 3367:978-1846643699 3366: 3360:, Read Books, 3348: 3314: 3288: 3261: 3239: 3237:. Ottawa 1975. 3222: 3203:(3): 523–536. 3187: 3182:978-9622095014 3181: 3163: 3141: 3122: 3110: 3087: 3085:, 2007. p. 73. 3068: 3050: 3032: 3017: 3012:978-0520240377 3011: 2989: 2984:978-0964574168 2983: 2965: 2946: 2934: 2909: 2884: 2859: 2845: 2838: 2821: 2795: 2757: 2726: 2696: 2676: 2664: 2651: 2631: 2625: 2607: 2602:978-0521770644 2601: 2580: 2575:978-0691058870 2574: 2556: 2528: 2522:978-1624100390 2521: 2495: 2469: 2455: 2437: 2423: 2408: 2382: 2359: 2340: 2321: 2266: 2257: 2240: 2205: 2170: 2151: 2135: 2092: 2061: 2034: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1989:Target archery 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1891:flight archery 1864:target archery 1856:Main article: 1853: 1850: 1815:Main article: 1812: 1809: 1734:kinetic energy 1716: 1715: 1666: 1664: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1625:proprioception 1586: 1585: 1544: 1542: 1535: 1529: 1528:Aiming methods 1526: 1522:follow through 1464: 1461: 1397: 1394: 1374:Main article: 1371: 1368: 1351:Main article: 1348: 1345: 1266: 1263: 1239:Main article: 1236: 1233: 1203:three-fletched 1193:are barred red 1128:Main article: 1125: 1122: 1102: 1041:composite bows 1037:laminated bows 1009:Main article: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 768: 765: 654:Horace A. Ford 640: 639:A modern sport 637: 588:laurel wreaths 576:21-gun salutes 534: 531: 509: 506: 474:Plains Indians 458:, engraved by 444:Main article: 441: 438: 404: 401: 365:composite bows 256:Turkana County 240:spear-throwers 177: 174: 169:Main article: 166: 163: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6402: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6345: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6220:African Games 6215: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6100: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6030: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5936: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5891:Fighting game 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884:Entertainment 5882: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5855:Krabi–krabong 5853: 5851: 5850:Kalaripayattu 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5640:Shootfighting 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5607:combat sports 5603: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5535:Tien Shan Pai 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5460:Choi Kwang-Do 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5297:Pushing hands 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5240:Swordsmanship 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5225:Melee weapons 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4990:Hard and soft 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4941: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4930: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4882:Flag football 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4830:Weightlifting 4828: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783:Skateboarding 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4677:Track cycling 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4662:Freestyle BMX 4660: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4511: 4503: 4501: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4382:Field archery 4380: 4378: 4377:Clout archery 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4321:Flu-flu arrow 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4233:Laminated bow 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4198:Composite bow 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3989:1-55821-311-2 3986: 3982: 3981:1-58574-087-X 3978: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3968:1-58574-086-1 3965: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3955:1-58574-085-3 3952: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3822:Hargrove, Ely 3820: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3752: 3748: 3747:World Archery 3744: 3738: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3660: 3658: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3623: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3602:0-8263-1417-1 3598: 3593: 3592: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3430: 3427:Elmer, R. P. 3424: 3417: 3411: 3408:, Kessinger, 3407: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3325: 3318: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3281: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3151: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3114: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2854: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2638:Steven Gunn, 2635: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2585: 2577: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2524: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2465: 2459: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2419: 2412: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1949:Field archery 1947: 1945: 1944:Clout archery 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879:World Archery 1875: 1873: 1872:field archery 1869: 1865: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:Snake Indians 1772: 1768: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1722: 1712: 1709: 1701: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1667:This section 1665: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1647: 1638: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1597:Hokusai Manga 1592: 1582: 1579: 1571: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1545:This section 1543: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1469: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1418: 1413: 1406: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1367: 1359: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1332:special rings 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1301:Navajo people 1298: 1294: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1207:four-fletched 1204: 1199: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1118:siege engines 1115: 1110: 1108: 1099: 1098:Compound bows 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1011:Bow and arrow 1005:Types of bows 997: 995: 991: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 956:Yi the archer 953: 944: 932: 920: 915: 904: 903: 896: 894: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 795: 791: 787: 781: 777: 773: 764: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 733: 729: 726: 722: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 696:Will Thompson 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 666: 661: 657: 655: 650: 646: 633: 628: 624: 622: 621: 616: 612: 611:preindustrial 608: 603: 601: 598: 594: 589: 585: 582: 577: 567: 563: 561: 557: 553: 548: 539: 530: 528: 524: 519: 518:bow and arrow 516:rendered the 515: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490:First Crusade 487: 483: 482:composite bow 479: 475: 471: 467: 461: 457: 452: 447: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 411: 400: 398: 394: 390: 385: 383: 379: 378:Welsh longbow 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 264:spear-thrower 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 219: 214: 208: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 172: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 138: 134: 130: 122: 114: 106: 98: 91: 86: 79: 75: 68: 63: 57: 53: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6201:Pencak silat 5911:Stage combat 5865:Mardani khel 5787:Jeet Kune Do 5745:Silat Melayu 5708:Pencak silat 5660:Self-defense 5602:Full contact 5589: 5577: 5515:Shoot boxing 5455:Chess boxing 5355:Malla-yuddha 5292:Punching bag 5282:Boxing glove 5251: 5139:Leg strikes 5118:Elbow strike 5104:Arm strikes 4959:Martial arts 4909: 4798:Table tennis 4768:Rugby sevens 4741:Trampolining 4711:Field hockey 4699:Show jumping 4672:Road cycling 4645:Canoe sprint 4640:Canoe slalom 4602: 4456:Continental 4401:Competitions 4258:Takedown bow 4203:Compound bow 4069: 3993: 3972: 3959: 3946: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3917:Yahi Archery 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3881: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3835: 3826: 3814: 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Retrieved 2047: 2037: 2029: 2024: 1909:Arab archery 1876: 1861: 1842: 1799: 1795: 1787: 1761: 1750: 1731: 1704: 1695: 1680:Please help 1668: 1644: 1641:Gap shooting 1635: 1621: 1614: 1606: 1603: 1595: 1574: 1565: 1554:Please help 1549:verification 1546: 1521: 1515: 1507: 1503:Jang Yong-Ho 1499:anchor point 1498: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1457: 1453:string elbow 1452: 1449:bow shoulder 1448: 1444: 1441:drawing hand 1440: 1436: 1432: 1430: 1422: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1364: 1347:Release aids 1328:Arab Archery 1327: 1325: 1319:, glove, or 1314: 1310:Roger Ascham 1290: 1251:Arab Archery 1250: 1244: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1180: 1172:carbon fiber 1133: 1111: 1096: 1076:Arab archery 1073: 1030: 1026: 1021:split finger 1020: 987:West African 984: 970:, the first 954: 897: 892: 887: 873: 821:Wilhelm Tell 807:, the Roman 798: 789: 758: 749: 746:compound bow 738: 704: 685: 670: 642: 618: 615:Walter Scott 604: 597:middle class 572: 556:Ashton Lever 544: 527:the Americas 511: 486:Seljuk Turks 464: 419: 406: 386: 315: 280: 179: 158: 154: 150: 146: 128: 127: 80:archer, 1938 56:West Germany 43: 6370:Competition 6150:Asian Games 6035:World Games 5997:Greco-Roman 5817:Battlefield 5777:Chun Kuk Do 5720:Suffrajitsu 5530:Tang Soo Do 5405:Greco-Roman 5158:Knee strike 5075:Philippines 4442:Universiade 4437:Paralympics 4326:Release aid 4248:Recurve bow 4156:Run archery 3727:12 February 3696:Docstoc.com 3152:. Theoi.com 2872:olympic.org 2814:17 December 2401:12 December 1979:Run archery 1846:bow fishing 1831:in Tanzania 1817:Bow hunting 1486:Instinctive 1463:Modern form 1445:string hand 1370:Stabilizers 1361:Release aid 1353:Release aid 1255:Njál's saga 1049:recurve bow 875:Mahabharata 831:. Armenian 776:Vishwamitra 715:Saxton Pope 707:Yahi Indian 665:Saxton Pope 663:Picture of 600:bourgeoisie 552:aristocracy 498:Han dynasty 393:dhanurvidya 291:predynastic 272:Australasia 268:projectiles 244:oldest bows 228:Paleolithic 216: [ 205: [ 182:Sibudu Cave 159:toxophilite 6359:Categories 6192:2018 Only 6053:Kickboxing 5807:Qwan Ki Do 5735:To-Shin Do 5665:combatives 5635:Pankration 5620:Kickboxing 5591:Xingyiquan 5579:Baguazhang 5545:Wudangquan 5475:Kickboxing 5370:Shuai jiao 5180:Joint lock 5097:techniques 4818:Volleyball 4726:Gymnastics 4684:Equestrian 4657:BMX racing 4618:Basketball 4596:Water polo 4367:Bowhunting 4362:Bowfishing 4355:Activities 4346:Thumb ring 4311:Finger tab 4243:Mongol bow 3757:24 January 3717:"About Us" 3482:24 January 3456:24 January 3345:required.) 3138:: 267–286. 3103:15 October 2927:7 February 2902:7 February 2839:9517730853 2750:24 January 2719:24 January 2626:0300049676 2552:1400030498 2544:0394488563 2108:: 102477. 2071:Toxophilus 2016:References 1984:Sagittarii 1934:Bowhunting 1929:Bowfishing 1919:3D archery 1765:dry firing 1698:March 2011 1568:March 2011 1339:a special 1321:thumb ring 1279:Thumb ring 1275:Finger tab 1164:fiberglass 1144:fletchings 1138:, with an 878:. 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