628:, is the presence of non-native seed eating species, in particular mammals, which have been shown to severely restrict the reproduction of the tree in comparison to native seed eaters. However it is still unclear as to how large a role these invasive species play in threatening this species of tree. One study in particular found that native species played a larger role in preventing reproduction through seed destruction. However this may be due to the relatively recent introduction of the selected species, causing their population to be smaller than other invasive species.
33:
1153:
1189:
825:
833:
693:
1051:
1033:
1103:
1137:
1122:
1165:
1067:
94:
328:
1091:
1079:
317:
52:
732:, where other nut crops do not grow well. A group of six female trees with one male for pollination could yield several thousand seeds per year. Since the cones drop, harvesting is easy. The tree, however, does not yield seeds until it is around 30 to 40 years old, which discourages investment in planting orchards (although yields at maturity can be immense); once established, individuals can achieve ages beyond 1,000 years. Pest losses to rodents and
510:
648:
is a popular garden tree, planted for the unusual effect of its thick, "reptilian" branches with very symmetrical appearance. It prefers temperate climates with abundant rainfall, tolerating temperatures down to about â20 °C (â4 °F). It is far and away the hardiest member of its genus, and
1878:
Aguilera-Betti, Isabella; Muñoz, Ariel A.; Stahle, Daniel; Figueroa, Gino; Duarte, Fernando; GonzĂĄlez-Reyes, Ălvaro; Christie, Duncan; Lara, Antonio; GonzĂĄlez, Mauro E.; Sheppard, Paul R.; Sauchyn, David; Moreira-Muñoz, AndrĂ©s; Toledo-Guerrero, Isadora; Olea, MatĂas; Apaz, Pablo; Fernandez, Alfonso
2297:
Canale, Antonella; Ladio, Ana H. (March 2020). "La recolección de piñones de pewen (Araucaria araucana): Una situación significativa que conecta a niños mapuches con la naturaleza" [Harvesting pewen (Araucaria araucana, monkey puzzle tree) seeds: a significant situation that connects
Mapuche
1364:; Kitzberger, Thomas; Burns, Bruce R.; Rebertus, Alan J. (1995). "Perturbaciones y dinĂĄmica de regeneraciĂłn en bosques andinos del sur de Chile y Argentina" [Natural disturbance and regeneration dynamics in Andean forests of southern Chile and Argentina]. In Armesto, Juan J.;
536:(latitude 38°30' S) at an altitude of 640 m asl. Juvenile trees exhibit a broadly pyramidal or conical habit which naturally develops into the distinctive umbrella form of mature specimens as the tree ages. It prefers well-drained, slightly acidic, volcanic
608:
Logging, long a major threat, was finally banned in 1990. Large fires burned thousands of acres of
Araucaria forest in 2001â2002, and areas of national parks have also burned, destroying trees over 1300 years old. Overgrazing and
954:â remarked, "It would puzzle a monkey to climb that". As the species had no existing popular name, first "monkey puzzler", then "monkey puzzle" stuck. Pencarrow in the current century has an avenue of mature Monkey Puzzles.
540:, but will tolerate almost any soil type provided it drains well. Seedlings are often not competitive enough to survive unless grown in a canopy gap or exposed isolated area. It is almost never found together with
391: in) broad at the base, and with sharp edges and tips. According to the scientist Christopher Lusk, the leaves have an average lifespan of 24 years and so cover most of the tree except for the older branches.
1781:
forest genetic resources in
Argentina. Pages 105-132 in Barbara Vinceti, Weber Amaral and Brien Meilleur (eds). Challenges in managing forest genetic resources for livelihoods: examples from Argentina and Brazil.
728:, and are harvested by indigenous peoples in Argentina and Chile. The tree has some potential to be a food crop in other areas in the future, thriving in climates with cool oceanic summers, e.g., western
600:. Adult trees are highly resistant to large ecological disturbances caused by volcanic activity, after events like these the parakeets play their role by dispersing the seeds far from affected territory.
770:. Timber from these trees, was used for railway sleepers in order to access many industrial areas around the port of Chile. Before the tree became protected by law in 1971, lumber mills in
836:
The silhouette of the araucaria is very recognizable and has become a symbol for the southern regions of
Argentina and Chile. For example, araucarias appear on the coats of arms of
781:(CITES) meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permitting system and commercial trade in wild sourced specimens is prohibited.
444: in) broad at pollen release. It is wind pollinated. The female (seed) cones, which mature in autumn about 18 months after pollination, are globose, large, 12â20 cm (
1473:
1777:
Gallo, L., F. Izquierdo, L.J. Sanguinetti, A. Pinna, G. Siffredi, J. Ayesa, C. Lopez, A. Pelliza, N. Strizler, M. Gonzales Peñalba, L. Maresca and L. Chauchard. 2004.
2256:[Botanical dissertation on the genera Tovaria, Actinophyllum, Araucaria and Salmia, with the recombining of some that Linnaeus had published as distinct].
1403:"Retrospective analysis of wood anatomical traits and tree-ring isotopes suggests site-specific mechanisms triggering Araucaria araucana drought-induced dieback"
778:
614:
2359:
1942:
1707:"Impacts of cattle on the South American temperate forests: Challenges for the conservation of the endangered monkey puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana) in Chile"
1885:
2522:
1894:
3601:
1617:"Large-scale impacts of multiple co-occurring invaders on monkey puzzle forest regeneration, native seed predators and their ecological interactions"
752:
has a high degree of inter-year variability in mast volume, and this variation is synchronous within a given area. This evolved to take advantage of
1796:
1164:
278:
growing to a trunk diameter of 1â1.5 m (3.3â4.9 ft) and a height of 30â40 m (98â131 ft). It is native to central and southern
3202:
1783:
2254:"Disertacion botanica sobre los generos Tovaria, Actinophyllum, Araucaria y Salmia, con la reunion de algunos que Linneo publicĂł como distintos"
1992:
Sanguinetti, Javier; Kitzberger, Thomas (6 January 2008). "Patterns and mechanisms of masting in the large-seeded southern hemisphere conifer
1188:
402:
on separate trees, though occasional individuals bear cones of both sexes. The male (pollen) cones are oblong and cucumber-shaped, 4 cm (
3267:
1136:
809:
1828:
1009:, discovered in southeast Australia, is classed in the plant family Araucariaceae. Their common ancestry dates to a time when Australia,
3329:
3541:
1050:
1301:
3448:
3150:
2215:
872:(an illegitimate name, as it did not use Molina's older species epithet). Finally, in 1873, after several further redescriptions,
3571:
3461:
3215:
3163:
1102:
3246:
2397:
2056:
1498:
1032:
3220:
1705:
Zamorano-Elgueta, Carlos; Cayuela, Luis; GonzĂĄlez-Espinosa, Mario; Lara, Antonio; Parra-VĂĄzquez, Manuel R. (1 August 2012).
2072:
1752:
784:
Many young specimens and seeds were brought or sent back to the UK by
Cornish miners in the nineteenth century, during the
2348:
932:
3129:
1492:
1385:
764:
93:
3586:
2173:
1932:
Sanguinetti, Javier; Kitzberger, Thomas (10 May 2009). "Factors controlling seed predation by rodents and non-native
1152:
1090:
1951:
813:
56:
3272:
458:â8 in) in diameter, and hold about 200 seeds. The cones disintegrate at maturity to release the 3â4 cm (
3556:
3474:
3189:
2162:""Belvedere," or the principle of seeing and looking in the gardens of Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen at Cleves"
1810:
LĂŒning, Sebastian; GaĆka, Mariusz; Bamonte, Florencia Paula; RodrĂguez, Felipe GarcĂa; Vahrenholt, Fritz (2019).
631:
A study conducted found that cattle ranching by small landowners and larger timber companies within the range of
613:
are also threats. Extensive human harvesting of piñones (Araucaria seeds) can prevent new trees from growing. A
3566:
2567:
2530:
3492:
3347:
2474:
3591:
3254:
2279:
Dendrologie. BÀume, StrÀucher und
HalbstrÀucher, welche in Mittel- und Nord-Europa im Freien kultivirt werden
1666:"Seed removal of Araucaria angustifolia by native and invasive mammals in protected areas of Atlantic Forest"
3142:
3069:
2148:
3551:
3355:
2253:
1057:
296:. Because of the prevalence of similar species in ancient prehistory, it is sometimes called an animate
3581:
3487:
3466:
3342:
1121:
857:
577:
species, and rodents are important consumers and dispersers of its seeds. The long-haired grass mouse,
3168:
1706:
3596:
3576:
3282:
3241:
2689:
2343:
2284:
Dendrology. Trees, shrubs, and subshrubs which are cultivated outdoors in Middle and
Northern Europe.
591:. This rodent buries seeds whole in locations favorable for seed germination, unlike other animals.
2717:
2694:
2381:
1819:
1179:
793:
759:
Once valued because of its long, straight trunk, its current rarity and vulnerable status mean its
3334:
2441:
2232:
1249:
308:
by the IUCN in 2013 due to the dwindling population caused by logging, forest fires, and grazing.
3561:
1377:
951:
927:
The origin of the popular
English language name "monkey puzzle" lies in its early cultivation in
888:
who used the nuts (seeds) of the tree in Chile â a group of
Araucanians living in the Andes, the
865:
533:
1665:
1450:
1066:
3207:
3137:
3031:
2992:
2789:
2498:
1597:
964:
789:
301:
2277:
2258:
Memorias de la Real
Academia MĂ©dica de Madrid (Memoirs of the Royal Medical Academy of Madrid)
2203:
2112:
2987:
2161:
2101:
1615:
Tella, José L.; Lambertucci, Sergio A.; Speziale, Karina L.; Hiraldo, Fernando (April 2016).
1401:
Puchi, Paulina F.; Camarero, J. Julio; Battipaglia, Giovanna; Carrer, Marco (December 2021).
972:
from Brazil which differs in the width of the leaves. Members of other sections of the genus
220:
3308:
2311:
2130:
1365:
3233:
3101:
3009:
2870:
2811:
2662:
2620:
2009:
1836:
1718:
873:
797:
579:
237:
32:
8:
2915:
2795:
2615:
1811:
1319:
1298:
1078:
989:
936:
853:
709:
526:
521:
The tree's native habitat is the lower slopes of the Chilean and Argentine south-central
41:
2209:
2013:
1840:
1722:
1402:
841:
837:
824:
788:, and as a result Cornwall is reckoned to have a high genetic diversity of the species.
771:
3546:
3513:
3394:
2835:
2560:
2325:
2286:] (in German). Vol. 2, part 2. Erlangen, Germany: Ferdinand Enke. p. 206.
2048:
1971:
1914:
1860:
1484:
1175:
832:
753:
700:, but larger; these roasted seeds are 3 cm and 5 cm long, from two different
554:
548:
305:
88:
3321:
1547:
692:
3435:
3303:
3078:
2816:
2684:
2642:
2603:
2393:
2329:
2193:
2169:
2147:
However, there are claims that the monkey puzzle tree was introduced to Europe after
2052:
2025:
2021:
1963:
1918:
1906:
1864:
1852:
1734:
1687:
1646:
1551:
1488:
1432:
1424:
1381:
1369:
1013:, and South America were linked by land â all three continents were once part of the
931:
in about 1850, when the species was still very rare in gardens and not widely known.
193:
2418:
1975:
1339:
1226:
924:) are celebrated in both Chile and Argentina in gratitude to the tree's sustenance.
669:(north to Baranof Island in Alaska), and locally on the east coast, as far north as
658:
525:, approximately between 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and 1,700 m (5,600 ft). In the
3518:
3440:
3399:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2679:
2652:
2436:
2315:
2307:
2017:
2005:
1955:
1898:
1844:
1797:"It's hard to be leaf but Scotland can save the monkey puzzle tree from extinction"
1726:
1682:
1677:
1664:
Rosa, Clarissa; Hegel, Carla Grasiele Zanin; Passamani, Marcelo (4 December 2020).
1636:
1628:
1543:
1530:
1414:
1361:
1334:
1244:
947:, was showing it to a group of friends, when one of them â the noted barrister and
785:
717:
610:
595:
3083:
2154:
2096:
The tree was first mentioned in 1780 by the Spaniard Francisco Dendariarena. See:
3426:
3373:
3290:
3093:
2969:
2860:
2840:
2782:
2767:
2647:
2630:
2608:
2354:
2219:
1848:
1730:
1574:
1305:
1143:
542:
3360:
3259:
1756:
1632:
3316:
2657:
1014:
118:
1959:
1902:
1616:
3535:
3228:
3054:
2902:
2865:
2855:
2553:
2427:
2389:
2202:] (in Italian and Latin). Bologna, (Italy): S. Tomasso d'Aquino. p.
2029:
1967:
1910:
1856:
1738:
1691:
1650:
1555:
1428:
1235:
928:
745:
741:
limits the yields for human consumption and forage fattening of livestock by
666:
654:
574:
327:
297:
171:
61:
1704:
1320:"Leaf life spans of some conifers of the temperate forests of South America"
3505:
2937:
2829:
2757:
2674:
1436:
1274:
399:
161:
3386:
3295:
2510:
3176:
3063:
2777:
2585:
2576:
674:
670:
487:
2486:
2320:
2106:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh, Scotland: (Privately printed). pp. 45â46.
316:
3453:
3155:
2977:
2957:
2895:
2882:
2732:
2458:
1641:
1010:
997:
948:
913:
805:
801:
737:
682:
583:, is the most important animal responsible for dispersing the seeds of
131:
3181:
1419:
1112:
3114:
2982:
2908:
2845:
2801:
2722:
1531:"Araucaria araucana â Die ökologische Strategie einer Reliktkonifere"
981:
889:
701:
697:
686:
678:
509:
395:
292:
283:
272:
181:
3025:
812:
former extractive minerals sites, which he presented in 2017 in the
3500:
3420:
3381:
3048:
2999:
2927:
2823:
2669:
2637:
2625:
1832:
1018:
1005:
944:
729:
725:
498:
3479:
3194:
3119:
2149:
an expedition by the Dutch in 1642 from Brazil to Valdivia, Chile.
848:
First identified by Europeans in Chile in the 1780s, it was named
3014:
2762:
2747:
2742:
2416:
2239:
The genera of plants: arranged according to the natural orders, âŠ
1877:
1224:
885:
767:
287:
151:
141:
3106:
2349:"Riddle of how the monkey puzzle tree came to be a UK favourite"
3004:
2850:
2806:
2752:
2737:
2727:
2712:
1614:
940:
662:
650:
594:
Another important seed dispersal agent is the parakeet species
1987:
1985:
1400:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
892:, owe their name to their diet based on the harvesting of the
3368:
2890:
2772:
2704:
2598:
2593:
2241:] (in Latin). Paris, France: Herissant. pp. 413â414.
1360:
1042:
733:
522:
279:
105:
78:
72:
920:
to nourish their offspring; many pewen gathering festivals (
2042:
1982:
1925:
1809:
1568:
Shepherd, J.D. & R.S. Ditgen, 2013. Rodent handling of
1209:
868:
published a new description of the species which he called
760:
537:
339:
are thick, tough, and scale-like, triangular, 3â4 cm (
336:
275:
2135:. Vol. 2. London, England: Weddell. pp. 106â108.
2234:
Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, âŠ
2073:"Regreening of barren lands as new biodiversity reserves"
816:, with Professor Hylke Glass, also of CSM, as co-author.
2545:
1940:
forests: potential effects on seedling establishment".
976:
occur in Pacific Islands and in Australia, and include
779:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
828:
A monkey puzzle tree at Salesforce Park, San Francisco
416: in) long at first, expanding to 8â12 cm (3â
1991:
1931:
2168:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 49â80.
1745:
1308:, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved: 2012-09-20.
2347:
1663:
1529:
681:and south east Ireland. It is tolerant of coastal
1803:
1471:
916:. They believe the pewen was given by a deity or
777:The species is protected under Appendix I of the
304:of Chile. Its conservation status was changed to
3533:
1871:
1528:Finckh, Manfred; Paulsch, Axel (November 1995).
2342:
2336:
1812:"The Medieval Climate Anomaly in South America"
1784:International Plant Genetic Resources Institute
2417:Premoli, A.; Quiroga, P.; Gardner, M. (2013).
2213:(Royal Botanical Garden), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
1225:Premoli, A.; Quiroga, P.; Gardner, M. (2013).
763:is now rarely used; it is also sacred to some
2561:
2442:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T31355A2805113.en
2380:
1527:
1354:
1250:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T31355A2805113.en
880:, validating Molina's species name. The name
2100:Elwes, Henry John; Henry, Augustine (1906).
635:severely affects regeneration of seedlings.
2296:
2166:The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century
2159:
2043:Anna Lewington & Edward Parker (1999).
1829:International Union for Quaternary Research
1481:Landscape Plants For Texas And Environs 3rd
1142:Monkey puzzle trees are popularly grown as
2568:
2554:
2117:Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society
2099:
617:project that planted 2000 trees found a 90
50:
31:
2523:"Araucaria araucana â Monkey Puzzle Tree"
2440:
2319:
1681:
1640:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1453:(in Spanish). Ministry of National Assets
1418:
1338:
1248:
1197:in Botanical Garden Jevremovac (Belgrade)
3602:Flora of the Valdivian temperate forests
2103:The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland
1374:EcologĂa de los bosques nativos de Chile
831:
823:
691:
624:Another major threat to the survival of
508:
326:
315:
2312:10.22478/ufpb.1981-1268.2020v14n1.47620
2230:
2128:
1952:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
1753:"Araucaria araucana in Ă
lesund, Norway"
1269:
1267:
640:
3534:
2195:Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili
2191:
2110:
1581:
3030:
3029:
2549:
2362:from the original on 10 December 2022
2251:
2200:Essay on the natural history of Chile
1443:
1096:Part of a branch of a cultivated tree
649:can grow well in western and central
3283:5fa5199c-eca8-48d7-9cf6-04f92e49d841
3130:16017188-ccbc-464f-a267-da9a9060e083
2454:Listed as Vulnerable (VU B1+2c v2.3)
2275:
2231:Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789).
2078:. Science in Parliament. Summer 2017
1523:
1521:
1519:
1317:
1264:
685:, but does not tolerate exposure to
558:, because they typically outcompete
286:. It is the hardiest species in the
2428:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1327:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
1236:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1003:The recently found 'Wollemi pine',
935:, the owner of a young specimen at
864:based on the species, and in 1797,
13:
2132:A Description of the Genus Pinus âŠ
1879:(2017). "The First Millennium-Age
808:area as part of his research into
14:
3613:
2499:"Threatened Trees: Monkey Puzzle"
2479:Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora
2410:
2192:Molina, Giovanni Ignazio (1782).
1516:
1376:(in Spanish). Santiago de Chile:
565:
430: in) long by 5â6 cm (2â
3542:IUCN Red List endangered species
3493:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262776-1
3348:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:261681-1
2386:Alan Mitchell's Trees of Britain
2022:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01792.x
1187:
1163:
1151:
1135:
1120:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1049:
1031:
92:
2374:
2290:
2269:
2245:
2224:
2185:
2141:
2129:Lambert, Aylmer Bourke (1832).
2090:
2065:
2036:
1789:
1771:
1698:
1657:
1621:Global Ecology and Conservation
1608:
1562:
1340:10.4067/S0716-078X2001000300017
962:The nearest extant relative is
724:) are edible, similar to large
621:percent 10-year survival rate.
3572:Trees of mild maritime climate
1683:10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2020-1111
1465:
1394:
1311:
1292:
311:
1:
2164:. In Hunt, John Dixon (ed.).
2160:Diedenhofen, Wilhelm (1990).
1548:10.1016/s0367-2530(17)30679-5
1318:Lusk, Christopher H. (2001).
1202:
900:or its Hispanicized spelling
800:planted specimens in disused
774:specialized in Chilean pine.
532:can be found as far south as
367: in) long, 1â3 cm (
1849:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.10.041
1731:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.03.037
957:
7:
2298:children with nature].
1633:10.1016/j.gecco.2016.01.001
884:is derived from the native
860:erected a new genus called
696:The piñones are similar to
398:, with the male and female
16:Chilean/Argentine pine tree
10:
3618:
1755:. Scanpalm. Archived from
1472:Michael A. Arnold (2004).
1024:
876:published the combination
603:
504:
3410:
3038:
2968:
2881:
2703:
2583:
2527:Conifers Around the World
1960:10.1007/s10530-009-9474-8
1903:10.3959/1536-1098-73.1.53
819:
226:
219:
89:Scientific classification
87:
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
3587:Plants described in 1782
2993:Queensland macadamia nut
2575:
1820:Quaternary International
1180:Nahuelbuta National Park
1058:ConguillĂo National Park
794:Camborne School of Mines
792:, a botanist working at
597:Enicognathus ferrugineus
497:may be an adaptation to
2218:8 November 2016 at the
1711:Biological Conservation
1378:Editorial Universitaria
1158:Juvenile tree in winter
713:
3557:Flora of central Chile
2790:Johnstone River almond
2459:"Gymnosperm Database:
2252:PavĂłn, Joseph (1797).
1451:"Villa las Araucarias"
986:Araucaria heterophylla
978:Araucaria cunninghamii
965:Araucaria angustifolia
933:Sir William Molesworth
845:
829:
790:Christopher Nigel Page
721:
705:
518:
332:
324:
251:, commonly called the
3567:Edible nuts and seeds
2718:Australian cashew nut
2503:Global trees campaign
2111:Hansen, Carl (1892).
1407:Global Change Biology
835:
827:
695:
665:), the west coast of
615:Global Trees Campaign
512:
330:
319:
3592:Pinales of Argentina
3127:Euro+Med PlantBase:
2487:"Araucaria araucana"
2475:"Araucaria araucana"
2435:: e.T31355A2805113.
2211:Real JardĂn BotĂĄnico
1943:Biological Invasions
1474:"Araucaria Araucana"
1380:. pp. 169â198.
1275:"Appendices | CITES"
1243:: e.T31355A2805113.
1111:, Botanical Garden,
798:University of Exeter
641:Cultivation and uses
580:Abrothrix longipilis
534:Villa Las Araucarias
513:Distribution map of
2796:Irvingia gabonensis
2533:on 6 September 2013
2511:"The growth stages"
2276:Koch, Karl (1873).
2266: ; see p. 199.
2155:Devon Gardens Trust
2049:Collins & Brown
2014:2008AusEc..33...78S
1841:2019QuInt.508...70L
1799:. 28 November 2017.
1723:2012BCons.152..110Z
1366:VillagrĂĄn, Carolina
1304:16 May 2012 at the
994:Araucaria bidwillii
990:Norfolk Island pine
968:, a South American
870:Araucaria imbricata
527:Chilean Coast Range
42:Conservation status
3552:Trees of Argentina
3094:Araucaria_araucana
3070:Araucaria araucana
3040:Araucaria araucana
2953:Single-leaf pinyon
2515:Araucaria araucana
2461:Araucaria araucana
2421:Araucaria araucana
1994:Araucaria araucana
1938:Araucaria araucana
1886:Tree-Ring Research
1881:Araucaria Araucana
1779:Araucaria araucana
1570:Araucaria araucana
1485:Aggie Horticulture
1370:Arroyo, Mary Kalin
1229:Araucaria araucana
1195:Araucaria araucana
1056:Bark of a tree in
1039:Araucaria araucana
896:seeds; hence from
878:Araucaria araucana
856:in 1782. In 1789,
846:
830:
706:
646:Araucaria araucana
571:Araucaria araucana
555:Nothofagus pumilio
549:Nothofagus dombeyi
519:
495:Araucaria araucana
493:The thick bark of
333:
325:
253:monkey puzzle tree
248:Araucaria araucana
230:Araucaria araucana
25:Araucaria araucana
3582:Vulnerable plants
3529:
3528:
3304:Open Tree of Life
3032:Taxon identifiers
3023:
3022:
2921:Monkey-puzzle nut
2783:Shellbark hickory
2768:Mockernut hickory
2728:Borneo tallow nut
2399:978-0-00-219972-8
2113:"Pinetum danicum"
2058:978-1-85585-974-6
1895:Tree-Ring Society
1759:on 9 October 2009
1420:10.1111/gcb.15881
1413:(24): 6394â6408.
1362:Veblen, Thomas T.
300:. It is also the
244:
243:
82:
65:
3609:
3597:Pinales of Chile
3577:Ornamental trees
3522:
3521:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3456:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3403:
3402:
3390:
3389:
3377:
3376:
3364:
3363:
3351:
3350:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3312:
3311:
3299:
3298:
3286:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3263:
3262:
3260:NHMSYS0000456023
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3224:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3027:
3026:
2778:Shagbark hickory
2680:Malabar chestnut
2570:
2563:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2529:. Archived from
2518:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2404:
2403:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2351:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2228:
2222:
2207:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2124:
2107:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2006:Wiley Publishing
1989:
1980:
1979:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1670:Biota Neotropica
1661:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1594:
1579:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1533:
1525:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1497:. Archived from
1478:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1222:
1191:
1170:Mixed forest of
1167:
1155:
1144:ornamental trees
1139:
1124:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1053:
1035:
912:means people in
842:AraucanĂa Region
838:Neuquén Province
786:Cornish diaspora
772:AraucanĂa Region
754:predator satiety
620:
588:
517:in central Chile
485:
484:
480:
477:
471:
470:
466:
463:
457:
456:
452:
449:
443:
442:
438:
435:
429:
428:
424:
421:
415:
414:
410:
407:
390:
389:
385:
382:
376:
375:
371:
366:
365:
361:
358:
352:
351:
347:
344:
331:A young specimen
257:monkey tail tree
232:
212:A. araucana
97:
96:
76:
59:
54:
53:
35:
21:
20:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3439:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3406:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3367:
3359:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3333:
3328:
3320:
3315:
3307:
3302:
3294:
3291:Observation.org
3289:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3034:
3024:
3019:
2964:
2938:Colorado pinyon
2877:
2699:
2579:
2574:
2536:
2534:
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2355:Financial Times
2346:(5 July 2013).
2344:Wilson, Matthew
2341:
2337:
2295:
2291:
2274:
2270:
2250:
2246:
2229:
2225:
2220:Wayback Machine
2190:
2186:
2176:
2146:
2142:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2041:
2037:
1998:Austral Ecology
1990:
1983:
1930:
1926:
1883:in Patagonia".
1876:
1872:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1703:
1699:
1662:
1658:
1613:
1609:
1598:"Monkey Puzzle"
1596:
1595:
1582:
1575:Austral Ecology
1567:
1563:
1526:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1504:on 4 March 2016
1501:
1495:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1306:Wayback Machine
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1223:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1192:
1183:
1168:
1159:
1156:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1106:
1097:
1094:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1070:
1061:
1054:
1045:
1043:Argentine Andes
1036:
1027:
960:
822:
677:, southeastern
643:
618:
606:
586:
568:
543:Chusquea culeou
507:
486: in) long
482:
478:
475:
473:
468:
464:
461:
459:
454:
450:
447:
445:
440:
436:
433:
431:
426:
422:
419:
417:
412:
408:
405:
403:
387:
383:
380:
378:
373:
369:
368:
363:
359:
356:
354:
349:
345:
342:
340:
314:
240:
234:
228:
215:
91:
83:
66:
55:
51:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:Trees of Chile
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:wfo-0000273879
3510:
3497:
3484:
3471:
3458:
3445:
3432:
3416:
3414:
3412:Pinus araucana
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:wfo-0000260165
3391:
3378:
3365:
3352:
3339:
3326:
3313:
3300:
3287:
3277:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3147:
3134:
3124:
3111:
3098:
3091:Conifers.org:
3088:
3075:
3060:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2948:Mexican pinyon
2945:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2866:English walnut
2863:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2812:Planted karuka
2804:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2690:Red bopple nut
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:European hazel
2650:
2645:
2643:American hazel
2635:
2634:
2633:
2631:Sweet chestnut
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2609:European beech
2606:
2604:American beech
2596:
2590:
2588:
2586:botanical nuts
2581:
2580:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2455:
2412:
2411:External links
2409:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2373:
2335:
2302:(in Spanish).
2289:
2268:
2260:(in Spanish).
2244:
2223:
2208:Available at:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2157:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2126:
2108:
2089:
2064:
2057:
2035:
1981:
1924:
1870:
1802:
1788:
1770:
1744:
1697:
1656:
1607:
1580:
1561:
1542:(4): 365â382.
1515:
1494:978-1588747464
1493:
1464:
1442:
1393:
1387:978-9561112841
1386:
1353:
1333:(3): 711â718.
1310:
1291:
1263:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1015:supercontinent
959:
956:
952:Charles Austin
850:Pinus araucana
821:
818:
653:(north to the
642:
639:
611:invasive trees
605:
602:
567:
566:Seed dispersal
564:
506:
503:
394:It is usually
320:The leaves of
313:
310:
242:
241:
235:
224:
223:
217:
216:
209:
207:
203:
202:
191:
187:
186:
179:
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169:
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159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
122:
121:
116:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
84:
71:
68:
67:
49:
46:
45:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3614:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Macadamia nut
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Chilgoza pine
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2896:Burrawang nut
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Chilean hazel
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2695:Yellow walnut
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:Alan Mitchell
2377:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:Gaia Scientia
2293:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2177:
2175:9780884021872
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2125:, see p. 341.
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2074:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:Ancient Trees
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
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814:UK Parliament
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694:
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688:
684:
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672:
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667:North America
664:
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655:Faroe Islands
652:
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496:
491:
490:-like seeds.
489:
401:
397:
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338:
329:
323:
318:
309:
307:
303:
302:national tree
299:
295:
294:
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281:
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274:
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262:
258:
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250:
249:
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222:
221:Binomial name
218:
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208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
196:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:Araucariaceae
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
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143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
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120:
119:Tracheophytes
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
74:
69:
63:
58:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3411:
3039:
3000:Paradise nut
2920:
2907:
2856:Black walnut
2830:Panda oleosa
2828:
2794:
2648:Beaked hazel
2535:. Retrieved
2531:the original
2526:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2467:Conifers.org
2466:
2460:
2446:. Retrieved
2432:
2426:
2420:
2385:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2353:
2338:
2321:11336/108775
2303:
2299:
2292:
2283:
2278:
2271:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2238:
2233:
2226:
2210:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2180:, see p. 69.
2165:
2143:
2131:
2120:
2116:
2102:
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2067:
2044:
2038:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1824:
1818:
1805:
1791:
1778:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:the original
1747:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1602:Global Trees
1601:
1578:, 38: 23â32.
1573:
1569:
1564:
1539:
1535:
1506:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1480:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1445:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1373:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1330:
1326:
1313:
1299:Native areas
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1278:
1254:. Retrieved
1240:
1234:
1228:
1194:
1171:
1127:
1108:
1072:Female cones
1038:
1004:
1002:
993:
985:
977:
973:
969:
963:
961:
939:garden near
926:
921:
917:
909:
905:
904:which means
901:
897:
894:A. araucaria
893:
881:
877:
869:
861:
849:
847:
804:pits in the
783:
776:
758:
749:
742:
736:
707:
645:
644:
637:
632:
630:
625:
623:
607:
596:
593:
584:
578:
570:
569:
559:
553:
547:
541:
529:
520:
514:
494:
492:
393:
334:
321:
291:
282:and western
269:Chilean pine
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
246:
245:
229:
227:
211:
210:
198:
194:
182:
162:Araucariales
132:Gymnospermae
125:
112:
24:
18:
3177:iNaturalist
3064:Wikispecies
3010:Peanut tree
2970:Angiosperms
2943:Korean pine
2883:Gymnosperms
2817:Wild karuka
2663:Asian hazel
2491:Chilebosque
2448:12 November
2082:13 February
1954:: 689â706.
1717:: 110â118.
1642:11336/60818
1256:12 November
1128:A. araucana
1109:A. araucana
886:Araucanians
750:A. araucana
743:A. araucana
708:Its seeds (
675:New Zealand
671:Long Island
661:in western
633:A. araucana
626:A. araucana
560:A. araucana
530:A. araucana
515:A. araucana
322:A. araucana
312:Description
3536:Categories
3317:Plant List
2978:Brazil nut
2958:Stone pine
2903:Ginkgo nut
2733:Breadfruit
2264:: 191â204.
2123:: 257â480.
1934:Sus scrofa
1835:): 70â87.
1346:6 November
1284:14 January
1203:References
1084:Male cones
1011:Antarctica
998:bunya pine
949:Benthamist
914:Mapudungun
890:Pehuenches
858:de Jussieu
810:regreening
806:St Austell
802:china clay
765:indigenous
738:Sus scrofa
710:Mapudungun
683:salt spray
306:Endangered
138:Division:
75:Appendix I
57:Endangered
3547:Araucaria
3427:Q17275218
3322:kew-14339
3143:220014634
2983:Macadamia
2916:Bunya nut
2909:Araucaria
2861:Butternut
2846:Pistachio
2836:Pekea nut
2758:Gabon nut
2723:Betel nut
2675:Kurrajong
2621:Candlenut
2584:True, or
2330:226066386
2306:(1): 14.
2030:1442-9985
2008:: 78â87.
1968:1387-3547
1919:133405753
1911:1536-1098
1897:: 53â56.
1865:133405753
1857:1040-6182
1786:. 271 pp.
1739:0006-3207
1692:1676-0611
1651:2351-9894
1556:0367-2530
1429:1354-1013
1279:cites.org
1172:Araucaria
1017:known as
982:hoop pine
974:Araucaria
970:Araucaria
958:Relatives
937:Pencarrow
922:ngillatun
918:gwenachen
906:Araucaria
862:Araucaria
726:pine nuts
702:cultivars
698:pine nuts
687:pollution
679:Australia
673:, and in
396:dioecious
293:Araucaria
284:Argentina
273:evergreen
236:(Molina)
206:Species:
199:Araucaria
190:Section:
183:Araucaria
152:Pinopsida
142:Pinophyta
102:Kingdom:
3506:50227301
3501:Tropicos
3480:262776-1
3421:Wikidata
3382:Tropicos
3369:Species+
3208:10587800
3195:261681-1
3049:Wikidata
2928:Pine nut
2871:Heartnut
2841:Pili nut
2824:Mongongo
2802:Jack nut
2685:Palm nut
2670:Kola nut
2638:Hazelnut
2626:Chestnut
2616:Breadnut
2537:26 March
2384:(1996).
2360:Archived
2216:Archived
1976:21054740
1833:Elsevier
1627:: 1â15.
1437:34514686
1372:(eds.).
1302:Archived
1115:, Poland
1019:Gondwana
1006:Wollemia
945:Cornwall
882:araucana
730:Scotland
589:araucana
499:wildfire
271:, is an
261:piñonero
168:Family:
62:IUCN 3.1
3454:5284393
3387:2300010
3242:MoBotPF
3156:2684984
3107:1034857
3055:Q158780
3015:Soybean
2763:Hickory
2748:Coconut
2658:Filbert
2390:Collins
2010:Bibcode
1837:Bibcode
1763:27 June
1719:Bibcode
1572:seeds.
1182:, Chile
1113:WrocĆaw
1060:, Chile
1041:in the
1025:Gallery
929:Britain
768:Mapuche
722:piñones
718:Spanish
714:ngulliw
604:Threats
575:masting
505:Habitat
481:⁄
467:⁄
453:⁄
439:⁄
425:⁄
411:⁄
386:⁄
372:⁄
362:⁄
348:⁄
288:conifer
238:K. Koch
178:Genus:
158:Order:
148:Class:
106:Plantae
77: (
60: (
3335:ARAR23
3330:PLANTS
3309:963047
3296:114687
3280:NZOR:
3247:276630
3221:183482
3182:126404
3005:Peanut
2851:Walnut
2807:Karuka
2753:Durian
2738:Cashew
2713:Almond
2705:Drupes
2396:
2366:14 May
2328:
2172:
2055:
2028:
1974:
1966:
1917:
1909:
1863:
1855:
1737:
1690:
1649:
1554:
1508:13 May
1491:
1435:
1427:
1384:
1176:coigĂŒe
1130:branch
988:, the
941:Bodmin
902:pehuen
854:Molina
820:Naming
663:Norway
651:Europe
619:
587:
552:, and
337:leaves
298:fossil
290:genus
197:sect.
3467:28413
3441:4J22L
3374:25968
3273:42754
3234:31355
3203:IRMNG
3120:ARUAR
2912:spp.
2891:Cycad
2773:Pecan
2599:Beech
2594:Acorn
2326:S2CID
2282:[
2237:[
2198:[
2151:See:
2076:(PDF)
2004:(1).
1972:S2CID
1950:(3).
1915:S2CID
1893:(1).
1861:S2CID
1815:(PDF)
1536:Flora
1502:(PDF)
1477:(PDF)
1457:8 May
1323:(PDF)
898:pewen
866:PavĂłn
734:feral
659:SmĂžla
573:is a
523:Andes
400:cones
280:Chile
265:pewen
126:Clade
113:Clade
79:CITES
73:CITES
3488:POWO
3475:IPNI
3462:GRIN
3449:GBIF
3361:1456
3343:POWO
3268:NCBI
3229:IUCN
3216:ITIS
3190:IPNI
3169:3834
3164:GRIN
3151:GBIF
3115:EPPO
3084:G67B
2577:Nuts
2539:2013
2450:2021
2433:2013
2394:ISBN
2368:2016
2170:ISBN
2084:2024
2053:ISBN
2026:ISSN
1964:ISSN
1907:ISSN
1853:ISSN
1765:2009
1735:ISSN
1688:ISSN
1647:ISSN
1552:ISSN
1510:2016
1489:ISBN
1459:2023
1433:PMID
1425:ISSN
1382:ISBN
1348:2017
1286:2022
1258:2021
1241:2013
1174:and
992:and
908:and
874:Koch
840:and
761:wood
746:mast
657:and
538:soil
335:The
276:tree
3514:WFO
3436:CoL
3395:WFO
3356:RHS
3255:NBN
3138:FNA
3102:EoL
3079:CoL
2437:doi
2316:hdl
2308:doi
2204:355
2018:doi
1996:".
1956:doi
1936:in
1899:doi
1845:doi
1825:508
1727:doi
1715:152
1678:doi
1637:hdl
1629:doi
1544:doi
1540:190
1415:doi
1335:doi
1245:doi
1178:in
943:in
910:che
852:by
488:nut
267:or
3538::
3516::
3503::
3490::
3477::
3464::
3451::
3438::
3423::
3397::
3384::
3371::
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3332::
3319::
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748:.
720::
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704:.
689:.
585:A.
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