224:
213:
202:
191:
180:
169:
158:
127:
269:
258:
247:
236:
139:
646:, forcing the Turks to temporarily abandon their offensive against Ağrı. In July, the Xoybun decided to send reinforcements from Syria to the revolt in the night from the 4–5 August. Five separate groups should have been led by Hadjo Agha, Kadri Cemilpasha, Khamil, the son of Ibrahim Pasha, Rassoul Agha Mohammed from the Bohtan area and Mustafa and Bozan Sahin. But the plan was not executed as planned, and three reinforcements returned after they noticed their men's exhaustion.
1889:
37:
726:
2065:
1152:
1140:
692:
to its peak, Turkey was unable to stop
Kurdish fighters from crossing the border at that location. To solve this problem Turkey demanded that it be ceded the entire mountain. On January 23, 1932, Persia and Turkey signed the Agreement related to the fixing of the frontier between Persia and Turkey
1544:
Boundary
Politics and International Boundaries of Iran: A Study of the Origin, Evolution, and Implications of the Boundaries of Modern Iran with Its 15 Neighbors in the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, the Caucasus, the Caspian Sea, Central Asia, and West Asia by a Number of Renowned Experts in the
661:
During the insurrection, the
Turkish Air Force also bombed several Kurdish tribes and villagers. For instance, Halikanli and Herki tribes were bombed on July 18 and August 2, respectively. Rebel villages were continually bombed from August 2–29. From June 10–12 Kurdish positions were extensively
672:
was suppressed. Squadrons of 10–15 aircraft were used in crushing the revolt. On July 16, two
Turkish planes were downed. Aerial bombardment continued for several days and forced Kurds to withdraw to the height of 5,000 m (16,000 ft). By July 21, bombardment had destroyed many Kurdish
673:
forts. During these operations, Turkish military mobilized 66,000 soldiers (contrary to this Robert W. Olson gives the number of 10,000–15,000 troops in another work, other works state these numbers as well) and 100 aircraft. The last reported major offensive by the Kurds was directed at
1126:, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean,
1128:
Syncretistic
Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April
697:. Turkey received total control over the Lesser Ararat and Ağrı Mountains and territory between the Armenian village of Guirberan and Kuch Dagh. As compensation, Persia gained ninety square miles in the neighbourhood of
1592:
Olson, Robert (2000). "The
Kurdish Rebellions of Sheikh Said (1925), Mt. Ararat (1930), and Dersim (1937–8): Their Impact on the Development of the Turkish Air Force and on Kurdish and Turkish Nationalism".
981:
British documents on foreign affairs – reports and papers from the
Foreign Office confidential print: From the First to the Second World War. Series B, Turkey, Iran, and the Middle East, 1918–1939, Vol.
1151:
Martin van
Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis',
861:
851:
1568:, with a preface by Ismet Cheriff Vanly, Éditions Kurdes, Geneva, 1985. (translated into Turkish: Ağrı Dağı İsyanı, Med Publications, Istanbul, 1992. (pp. 98, 105, 131, 141, 156 and 164)
357:
1734:
1749:
564:
and
Haydaran tribes in a rebellion (May 16–June 17, 1926). On 16 May, the Kurdish forces fought against the 28th Infantry Regiment of the 9th Infantry Division of the
2229:
677:
on the 2 September. The rebels were gradually crushed by the superior numbers of the
Turkish military. The campaign against the Kurds was over by September 17, 1930.
476:
614:
organization co-ordinating the rebellion, urgently appealed for help from Kurds. It was a Kurdish rebellion by mostly Kurmancî Kurds, which greatly outnumbered the
1744:
471:
1940:
2036:
577:
1784:
668:
reported that the Turkish air force was "raining down" Ağrı Dağı with bombs. Kurds, who escaped the bombings, were captured alive. On July 13, the rebellion in
2554:
2053:
2031:
1935:
837:
350:
2192:
2390:
1779:
2006:
2422:
3145:
2395:
2172:
1905:
1799:
1794:
1739:
2168:
3101:
1789:
1774:
1754:
1065:
343:
3191:
1296:
Le mouvement kurde de Turquie en exil: continuités et discontinuités du nationalisme kurde sous le mandat français en Syrie et au Liban (1925–1946)
2915:
2299:
2126:
2105:
1058:
3218:
Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
2417:
2026:
2455:
2021:
2016:
1950:
2834:
3119:
2308:
901:
1012:
2948:
1920:
1664:
654:
By the end of summer 1930 the Turkish Air Force was bombing Kurdish positions around Ağrı Dağı from all directions. According to Gen.
1240:
2706:
2864:
576:. On June 16/17, Heski and his forces were surrounded by the 28th and 34th regiments of the Turkish army and had to retreat over
2938:
3290:
2526:
790:
412:
708:
The commander of the rebellion documented the role of the Turkish air force in defeating the Ağrı revolt in his book entitled
3260:
3127:
2334:
1633:
1552:
1303:
1278:
1254:
762:
2752:
959:
572:
regiment in the Demirkapı region. The Turkish forces were defeated and the scattered 28th Regiment had to retreat towards
3158:
2881:
2373:
2292:
948:
Imperial meanderings and republican by-ways: essays on eighteenth century Ottoman and twentieth century history of Turkey
769:
2822:
1527:
1502:
1477:
1114:, October 3, 1930, "... die Türken in der Gegend von Zilan 220 Dörfer zerstört und 4500 Frauen und Greise massakriert."
3032:
2402:
1878:
1445:
1172:
1136:
1096:
928:
809:
743:
1493:
Burdett, Anita L.P., ed. (1998). "Accord relatif à la fixation de la ligne frontière entre la Perse et la Turquie".
3132:
2768:
2675:
2516:
776:
3088:
622:. That is why, much to the Turks' dismay, Xoybûn's appeal was answered on a wide front by a counteroffensive at
3049:
2285:
2146:
1657:
1436:
1396:
1008:
955:
747:
693:(official name in French "Accord relatif à la fixation de la ligne frontière entre la Perse et la Turquie") in
2904:
2655:
2928:
2569:
2361:
2262:
758:
2791:
2747:
1724:
3003:
2909:
2723:
2465:
1029:... Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15,000 kadardır. Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur...
662:
bombed, and this forced the Kurds to retreat to higher positions around Ağrı Dağı. On July 9 the newspaper
368:
28:
2153:
1062:
195:
3138:
2718:
2506:
2384:
2368:
2212:
2159:
206:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3265:
3043:
3008:
2844:
2839:
2817:
2712:
2592:
2564:
2511:
3235:
2991:
2612:
2606:
1650:
1465:
658:, the military superiority of the Turkish Air Force demoralized Kurds and led to their capitulation.
3062:
2650:
2407:
2378:
2096:
2083:
596:
to the rebellion were initiated by the Turkish military against the Ağrı insurgents. According to
162:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
2986:
2981:
2559:
2429:
1769:
736:
1960:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3083:
3067:
2933:
1804:
561:
481:
2277:
1413:
783:
3310:
2923:
2736:
2475:
2339:
2131:
2092:
1729:
1123:
976:
395:
390:
173:
3184:
2998:
2971:
2876:
2854:
2812:
2496:
1710:
569:
537:
384:
8:
3178:
3038:
2943:
2871:
2690:
2680:
2598:
2586:
2576:
2470:
2163:
2087:
1595:
996:
286:
2110:
2976:
2859:
2828:
2774:
2742:
2685:
2521:
2412:
2187:
1977:
1915:
1837:
1717:
1612:
1271:
Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers?: the Kurdish national movement in Turkey
1110:
896:
881:
593:
529:
491:
295:
228:
143:
108:
75:
1930:
1236:
680:
The insurrection was defeated in 1931, and Turkey resumed control over the territory.
2898:
2445:
2351:
2322:
2011:
2001:
1629:
1548:
1523:
1522:. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 92.
1498:
1473:
1469:
1441:
1392:
1299:
1274:
1250:
1168:
1132:
1092:
1004:
951:
924:
702:
273:
44:
1823:
623:
3111:
3094:
3055:
2730:
2665:
2660:
2632:
2531:
2137:
1842:
1604:
1457:
891:
573:
513:
456:
406:
2235:
2116:
2807:
2784:
2501:
2460:
1069:
433:
2122:
635:
184:
3198:
2779:
2762:
2757:
2627:
2250:
886:
669:
608:
486:
335:
3229:
3151:
2849:
2581:
2177:
2048:
1984:
1866:
1818:
1608:
689:
597:
553:
251:
217:
674:
36:
2548:
2450:
1965:
1847:
1813:
565:
3212:
2670:
2622:
2617:
2346:
2328:
2183:
2101:
823:
639:
611:
1577:
871:
Rohat Alakom, Bir Türk Subayının Ağrı Dağı İsyanı Anıları, Avesta, 2011
2201:
1990:
1861:
1616:
750: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
664:
655:
627:
541:
240:
48:
1414:"Ethnic Differentiation among the Kurds: Kurmancî, Kizilbash and Zaza"
979:, Kenneth Bourne, Donald Cameron Watt, Great Britain. Foreign Office:
1892:
1246:
1045:
615:
417:
1898:
1888:
725:
601:
303:
3025:
2965:
1996:
1642:
1001:
Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey: who is a Turk?
605:
449:
262:
52:
1626:
Islam, Secularism and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who is a Turk?
631:
1440:. Unpublished PhD thesis. Syracuse University, New York, p. 623.
557:
429:
3215:
and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
688:
Because the border between Turkey and Persia ran up the side of
2307:
2222:
2205:
2076:
2070:
1830:
694:
643:
619:
533:
131:
79:
540:. The leader of the guerrilla forces during the rebellion was
2356:
1437:
The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Its Origins and Development
1074:
698:
525:
439:
1871:
1854:
1497:. Cambridge: Cambridge Archive Editions. pp. 959–962.
581:
1389:
The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development
1108:"Der Krieg am Ararat" (Telegramm unseres Korrespondenten)
592:
On 11 June 1930, armed responses under the leadership of
1418:
Journal of Arabic, Islamic & Middle Eastern Studies
1089:
Belge, tanık ve yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926–1930
1520:
Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus
1495:
Armenia: Political and Ethnic Boundaries, 1878–1948
1242:
A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan
649:
1356:
1354:
984:, University Publications of America, 1997, p. 82.
2993:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
3227:
365:
3146:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
1468:. Introduction by Pietro A. Shakarian. London:
1351:
1078:, October 23, 2008, Retrieved August 16, 2010.
2456:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
2293:
1658:
972:
970:
968:
351:
1017:
2309:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
1298:(in French). Peter Lang. pp. 257–258.
942:
940:
902:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
866:"The Girl who is waiting for the Mountains"
856:"The Girl who is waiting for the Mountains"
846:"The Girl who is waiting for the Mountains"
2300:
2286:
1665:
1651:
1189:Devletin Gözüyle Türkiye'de Kürt İsyanları
1033:
965:
358:
344:
1405:
810:Learn how and when to remove this message
3192:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
1623:
1517:
1235:
1063:"Osmanlı'dan bugüne Kürtler ve Devlet-4"
937:
2865:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
1492:
1386:
992:
990:
16:1930 Kurdish uprising in eastern Turkey
3228:
1456:
1293:
1048:, 14 (Özel muhabirimiz bildiriyor) ...
715:
2281:
1646:
1591:
1411:
1374:
1361:
1345:
1332:
1319:
453:
339:
1672:
1263:
987:
748:adding citations to reliable sources
719:
454:
1052:
552:In 1926, before the Ararat revolt,
413:Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
13:
3102:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
2527:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
1091:, Pêrî Yayınları, İstanbul, 1997,
14:
3322:
2939:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt
1165:Hoybûn örgütü ve Ağrı ayaklanması
921:Hoybûn örgütü ve Ağrı ayaklanması
66:October 1927 – September 17, 1930
2977:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
2063:
1887:
724:
650:Last offensive against Ağrı Dağı
267:
256:
245:
234:
222:
211:
200:
189:
178:
167:
156:
137:
125:
35:
3159:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
3128:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
2882:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
1585:
1571:
1558:
1536:
1511:
1486:
1450:
1428:
1380:
1367:
1338:
1325:
1312:
1287:
1229:
1213:
1197:
1191:, Yön Yayıncılık, 1991, p. 79.
1181:
1157:
1145:
1117:
735:needs additional citations for
1547:, Universal-Publishers, 2007,
1102:
1081:
913:
524:), was a 1930 uprising of the
1:
2929:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
2570:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
1391:. Syracuse University Press.
907:
547:
78:(present-day Ağrı Province),
3133:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
3120:Turkish involvement in Syria
3004:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
2835:Political violence in Turkey
2769:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
2676:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
2555:Italian bombing of Palestine
2517:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
2466:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
1735:Raçkotan and Raman Operation
1294:Gorgas, Jordi Tejel (2007).
683:
370:Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
29:Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
7:
2385:Turkish War of Independence
2369:Unification of Saudi Arabia
2263:Iran-Turkey Frontier Treaty
875:
712:(The Mount Ararat revolt).
10:
3327:
3050:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
3044:Houthi insurgency in Yemen
3033:Balochi insurgency in Iran
3009:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
2845:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
2840:Islamist uprising in Syria
2818:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
2707:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
2593:Kurdish separatism in Iran
2512:Goharshad Mosque rebellion
2180:(Omurtak): Cdr of IX Corps
2147:First Inspectorate-General
3208:
3171:
3076:
3017:
2957:
2890:
2808:Black September in Jordan
2800:
2699:
2643:
2540:
2484:
2438:
2315:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1518:Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014).
1466:William Desborough Cooley
587:
466:
426:
379:
329:
324:
311:
279:
149:
118:
58:
34:
26:
21:
3291:History of Ağrı Province
3261:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
2910:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
2905:1980 Turkish coup d'état
2724:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
2656:1953 Iranian coup d'état
2651:1952 Egyptian revolution
2379:1919 Egyptian revolution
2362:Mount Lebanon starvation
1624:Cağaptay, Soner (2006).
1609:10.1163/1570060001569893
1566:La Révolte de L'Agridagh
710:La Révolte de L'Agridagh
3139:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
2987:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
2982:Yemeni Civil War (1994)
2792:1966 Syrian coup d'état
2719:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
2560:Allied invasion of Iraq
2507:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
2430:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
2257:International relations
1770:Second Ararat Operation
1542:Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh,
1434:Jwaideh, Wadie (1960).
1412:White, Paul J. (1995).
1387:Jwaideh, Wadie (2006).
477:Second Operation Ararat
3084:2011 Bahraini uprising
3068:South Yemen insurgency
2949:Abu Nidal's executions
2934:1986 Damascus bombings
2713:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2565:Syria–Lebanon campaign
2335:Middle Eastern theatre
1805:Third Ararat Operation
1745:First Ararat Rebellion
832:"The fork in the road"
517:
482:Third Operation Ararat
472:First Operation Ararat
150:Commanders and leaders
2924:South Yemen civil war
2823:Shatt al-Arab clashes
2748:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
2737:North Yemen civil war
2686:1958 Iraqi revolution
2613:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2607:Arab–Israeli conflict
2476:Sheikh Said rebellion
2340:Battle of Robat Karim
1730:Sheikh Said Rebellion
1725:Beytüşşebap Rebellion
1692:Leaders of Kurdistan
1124:Martin van Bruinessen
977:Robin Leonard Bidwell
544:of the Jibran tribe.
396:Sheikh Said rebellion
391:Beytussebab rebellion
325:Casualties and losses
3063:Fatah–Hamas conflict
2999:Operation Desert Fox
2972:1991 Iraqi uprisings
2966:Gulf War (1990–1991)
2877:Grand Mosque seizure
2855:Yemenite War of 1979
2813:Yemenite War of 1972
2753:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
2743:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
2497:Ahmed Barzani revolt
2408:Turkish–Armenian War
2154:İbrahim Tali Öngören
2054:Molla Hussein Sherif
2049:Sheikh Ahmed Barzani
1961:Kamuran Alî Bedirxan
1711:History of the Kurds
950:, Isis Press, 1996,
862:Dağları Bekleyen Kız
852:Dağları Bekleyen Kız
842:Dağları Bekliyen Kız
838:Esat Mahmut Karakurt
744:improve this article
508:, also known as the
317:10,000–15,000 troops
196:İbrahim Tali Öngören
3211:This list includes
3179:2021 Beirut clashes
3039:2004 Qamishli riots
2916:Turkey–PKK conflict
2872:1979 Qatif Uprising
2691:1959 Mosul uprising
2681:1958 Lebanon crisis
2628:1973 Yom Kippur War
2599:Iran crisis of 1946
2587:Al-Wathbah uprising
2577:1943 Barzani revolt
2471:Great Syrian Revolt
2451:Iraqi Revolt (1920)
2374:Simko Shikak revolt
2162:(Çalışlar): Cdr of
2156:: Inspector-General
1993:: General commander
1879:Lebanon & Syria
1780:Asi Resul Rebellion
1596:Die Welt des Islams
1273:, Zed Books, 2000,
716:Cultural influences
107:Dissolution of the
42:From left to right:
2860:Iranian Revolution
2829:Lebanese Civil War
2775:1948 Palestine war
2522:1935 Yazidi revolt
2413:Franco-Turkish War
2171:(Doğruer): Cdr of
1978:Republic of Ararat
1916:Celadet Bedir Khan
1785:Tendürek Operation
1750:Koçuşağı Rebellion
1718:Kurdish rebellions
1695:Leaders of Turkey
1564:Ihsan Nuri Pasha,
1111:Berliner Tageblatt
1068:2011-02-25 at the
1027:, 16 Temmuz 1930,
897:Kurdish rebellions
882:Republic of Ararat
759:"Ararat rebellion"
538:Turkish government
518:Ağrı ayaklanmaları
492:Republic of Ararat
229:Salih Hulusi Pasha
163:Gazi Mustafa Kemal
144:Republic of Ararat
109:Republic of Ararat
3306:Conflicts in 1929
3301:Conflicts in 1928
3296:Conflicts in 1927
3266:Conflicts in 1930
3223:
3222:
2446:Franco-Syrian War
2403:Greco-Turkish War
2391:Anglo-Turkish War
2357:Assyrian genocide
2352:Armenian genocide
2323:Italo-Turkish War
2275:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2012:Sheikh Abdulkadir
1763:Ararat rebellions
1635:978-1-134-17448-5
1553:978-1-58112-933-5
1472:. p. xxiii.
1470:Gomidas Institute
1462:Journey to Ararat
1458:Parrot, Friedrich
1305:978-3-03911-209-8
1279:978-1-85649-822-7
1256:978-1-85649-194-5
946:Robert W. Olson:
820:
819:
812:
794:
501:
500:
447:
446:
385:Koçgiri rebellion
334:
333:
114:
113:
95:Revolt suppressed
76:Karaköse Province
3318:
3236:Ararat rebellion
3185:Israel–Hamas war
3112:Syrian civil war
3095:Sinai insurgency
3056:2006 Lebanon War
2731:Dhofar Rebellion
2666:Cyprus Emergency
2661:Jebel Akhdar War
2633:1982 Lebanon War
2623:1967 Six-Day War
2532:Dersim rebellion
2492:Ararat rebellion
2396:Al-Jazeera Front
2302:
2295:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2186:(Solok): Cdr of
2069:
2067:
2066:
1891:
1800:Oramar Rebellion
1795:Zeylan Rebellion
1740:Sason rebellions
1683:
1682:
1674:Ararat rebellion
1667:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1620:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1464:. Translated by
1454:
1448:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1237:Chaliand, Gérard
1233:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1167:, Avesta, 1998,
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1121:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1056:
1050:
1039:Ahmet Kahraman,
1037:
1031:
1021:
1015:
994:
985:
974:
963:
944:
935:
934:
923:, Avesta, 1998,
917:
892:Dersim rebellion
815:
808:
804:
801:
795:
793:
752:
728:
720:
578:Yukarı Demirkapı
506:Ararat rebellion
461:
459:
458:Ararat Rebellion
451:
450:
407:Dersim rebellion
401:Ararat rebellion
374:
373:
371:
360:
353:
346:
337:
336:
272:
271:
270:
261:
260:
259:
250:
249:
248:
239:
238:
237:
227:
226:
225:
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214:
205:
204:
203:
194:
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192:
183:
182:
181:
172:
171:
170:
161:
160:
159:
142:
141:
140:
130:
129:
128:
91:Turkish victory
60:
59:
49:Ihsan Nuri Pasha
39:
22:Ararat rebellion
19:
18:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3204:
3167:
3089:Egyptian Crisis
3072:
3013:
2953:
2886:
2796:
2785:Second Intifada
2695:
2639:
2536:
2502:Simele massacre
2480:
2461:Adwan Rebellion
2434:
2311:
2306:
2276:
2271:
2216:
2213:Kemalettin Sami
2196:
2141:
2074:
2064:
2062:
1936:Kadri Cemîlpaşa
1931:Ekrem Cemilpaşa
1896:
1790:Savur Operation
1775:Bicar Operation
1755:Mutki Rebellion
1676:
1671:
1636:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1455:
1451:
1433:
1429:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1269:Paul J. White,
1268:
1264:
1257:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1131:, BRILL, 1997,
1122:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1086:
1082:
1070:Wayback Machine
1057:
1053:
1038:
1034:
1022:
1018:
995:
988:
975:
966:
945:
938:
932:
918:
914:
910:
878:
816:
805:
799:
796:
753:
751:
741:
729:
718:
686:
652:
590:
550:
502:
497:
496:
462:
457:
455:
448:
443:
437:
422:
375:
369:
367:
366:
364:
268:
266:
265:
257:
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246:
244:
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233:
223:
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212:
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187:
179:
177:
176:
168:
166:
165:
157:
155:
138:
136:
126:
124:
103:
82:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:1930 in Turkey
3283:
3281:1929 in Turkey
3278:
3276:1928 in Turkey
3273:
3271:1927 in Turkey
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3221:
3220:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3199:Red Sea crisis
3195:
3188:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2944:Mecca massacre
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2902:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2780:First Intifada
2777:
2765:
2763:1964 Hama riot
2760:
2758:Aden Emergency
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2254:
2253:
2251:Zilan Massacre
2241:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2218:
2217:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2134:(Gündüz): DCGS
2129:
2120:
2119:(Apaydın): MND
2114:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1941:Eminê Perîxanê
1938:
1933:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1827:
1826:
1824:Mount Tendürek
1821:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1714:
1713:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1621:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1557:
1535:
1529:978-0300153088
1528:
1510:
1504:978-1852079550
1503:
1485:
1479:978-1909382244
1478:
1449:
1427:
1404:
1397:
1379:
1366:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1311:
1304:
1286:
1262:
1255:
1249:. p. 55.
1228:
1212:
1196:
1180:
1156:
1144:
1116:
1101:
1080:
1051:
1032:
1023:Yusuf Mazhar,
1016:
997:Soner Çağaptay
986:
964:
936:
919:Rohat Alakom,
911:
909:
906:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
887:Zilan Massacre
884:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
859:
849:
835:
818:
817:
800:September 2018
732:
730:
723:
717:
714:
685:
682:
651:
648:
624:Mount Tendürek
589:
586:
549:
546:
536:, against the
510:Ağrı rebellion
499:
498:
495:
494:
489:
487:Zilan massacre
484:
479:
474:
468:
467:
464:
463:
445:
444:
427:
424:
423:
421:
420:
415:
410:
403:
398:
393:
388:
380:
377:
376:
363:
362:
355:
348:
340:
332:
331:
327:
326:
322:
321:
318:
314:
313:
309:
308:
307:
300:
299:
298:
293:
282:
281:
280:Units involved
277:
276:
231:
207:İzzettin Pasha
152:
151:
147:
146:
134:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
111:
105:
99:
98:
97:
96:
88:
84:
83:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3323:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:1930 protests
3254:
3252:
3251:1929 protests
3249:
3247:
3246:1928 protests
3244:
3242:
3241:1927 protests
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3216:
3214:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:Yemeni crisis
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2899:Iran–Iraq War
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:NDF Rebellion
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Alwaziri coup
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:United States
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:Memduh Şevket
2228:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2140:(Orbay): DCGS
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:Mustafa Kemal
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1970:"Baytar" Nuri
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Ağrı Province
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:Lesser Ararat
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1628:. Routledge.
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1446:0-8156-3093-X
1443:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1377:, p. 86)
1376:
1370:
1364:, p. 84)
1363:
1357:
1355:
1348:, p. 83)
1347:
1341:
1335:, p. 82)
1334:
1328:
1322:, p. 81)
1321:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1222:
1216:
1206:
1200:
1190:
1184:
1174:
1173:975-7112-45-3
1170:
1166:
1163:Rohat Alkom,
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1137:9789004108615
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1097:975-8245-01-5
1094:
1090:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:, Routledge,
1002:
998:
993:
991:
983:
978:
973:
971:
969:
961:
957:
953:
949:
943:
941:
930:
929:975-7112-45-3
926:
922:
916:
912:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
870:
868:, 1968, film)
867:
863:
860:
858:, 1955, film)
857:
853:
850:
847:
843:
839:
836:
833:
829:
825:
822:
821:
814:
811:
803:
792:
789:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:
764:
761: –
760:
756:
755:Find sources:
749:
745:
739:
738:
733:This section
731:
727:
722:
721:
713:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
690:Lesser Ararat
681:
678:
676:
671:
667:
666:
659:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:
607:
603:
599:
598:Wadie Jwaideh
595:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:Ibrahim Heski
545:
543:
539:
535:
532:, in eastern
531:
530:Ağrı Province
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
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473:
470:
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460:
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441:
435:
431:
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394:
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389:
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372:
361:
356:
354:
349:
347:
342:
341:
338:
328:
323:
319:
316:
315:
310:
305:
302:
301:
297:
294:
291:
290:
289:
288:
284:
283:
278:
275:
264:
253:
252:Ibrahim Heski
242:
232:
230:
219:
208:
197:
186:
175:
164:
154:
153:
148:
145:
135:
133:
123:
122:
117:
110:
106:
101:
100:
94:
93:
92:
89:
86:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
3311:Mount Ararat
3210:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3137:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3100:
3093:
3048:
3031:
3024:
2992:
2964:
2914:
2897:
2827:
2767:
2735:
2711:
2605:
2591:
2549:World War II
2547:
2491:
2383:
2327:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2243:
2220:
2219:
2200:
2199:
2145:
2144:
2113:(Renda): MND
2075:
2061:
2060:
2042:
2041:
2027:Sheikh Zahir
1976:
1975:
1969:
1966:Nuri Dersimi
1954:
1945:Ramanlı Emin
1944:
1924:
1910:Memduh Selim
1909:
1906:Memdûh Selîm
1897:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1853:
1852:
1848:Van Province
1829:
1828:
1814:Mount Ararat
1762:
1760:
1759:
1716:
1715:
1704:
1703:
1673:
1625:
1603:(1): 67–94.
1600:
1594:
1586:Bibliography
1578:www.imdb.com
1573:
1565:
1560:
1543:
1538:
1519:
1513:
1494:
1488:
1461:
1452:
1435:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1388:
1382:
1369:
1340:
1327:
1314:
1295:
1289:
1283:(in English)
1270:
1265:
1241:
1231:
1225:(in Turkish)
1220:
1215:
1209:(in Turkish)
1204:
1199:
1193:(in Turkish)
1188:
1187:Faik Bulut,
1183:
1177:(in Turkish)
1164:
1159:
1147:
1127:
1119:
1109:
1104:
1088:
1083:
1073:
1054:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1000:
980:
947:
933:(in Turkish)
920:
915:
865:
855:
845:
841:
831:
827:
806:
797:
787:
780:
773:
766:
754:
742:Please help
737:verification
734:
709:
707:
687:
679:
663:
660:
653:
636:Mount Süphan
591:
566:Turkish army
551:
521:
509:
505:
503:
405:
400:
383:
330:4,500–47,000
285:
274:Halis Öztürk
119:Belligerents
90:
53:Ferzende Bey
41:
3213:World War I
2671:Suez Crisis
2618:Suez Crisis
2347:Arab Revolt
2329:World War I
2195:(Alpdoğan):
2086:(Atatürk):
2022:Yusuf Abdal
2017:Seyit Resul
1987:: President
1955:Kör Hüseyin
1951:Kor Hussein
1843:Doğubeyazıt
1424:(2): 67–90.
1087:M. Kalman,
824:Kemal Tahir
612:nationalist
594:Salih Pasha
574:Doğubeyazıt
570:Gendarmerie
522:Ağrı isyanı
320:5,000–8,000
218:Salih Pasha
185:Fevzi Pasha
102:Territorial
3230:Categories
2164:Third Army
2125:(Çakmak):
2111:Addülhalik
1991:Îhsan Nûrî
1698:Incidents
1689:Locations
1398:081563093X
1375:Olson 2000
1362:Olson 2000
1346:Olson 2000
1333:Olson 2000
1320:Olson 2000
1043:, p. 211,
1025:Cumhuriyet
1009:1134174489
956:9754280975
931:, p. 180.
908:References
828:Yol Ayrımı
770:newspapers
675:Diyarbakır
665:Cumhuriyet
656:Ihsan Nuri
548:Background
542:Ihsan Nuri
287:Third Army
241:Ihsan Nuri
2245:Massacres
2232:(Esendal)
2188:VII Corps
2104:(Peker):
2095:(İnönü):
2088:President
1893:Kurdistan
1867:Chaldoran
1555:, p. 142.
1460:(2016) .
1281:, p. 78.
1247:Zed Books
1223:, p. 83.
1207:, p. 80.
1175:, p. 80.
1099:, p. 105.
684:Aftermath
616:Qizilbash
442:rebellion
436:rebellion
418:Serhildan
296:VII Corps
174:İsmet Bey
45:Halis Bey
3026:Iraq War
2238:(Gerede)
2215:(Gökçen)
2193:Abdullah
2173:IX Corps
2160:İzzettin
1997:Ferzende
1925:Haco Ağa
1921:Haco Axa
1686:History
1239:(1993).
1066:Archived
1059:Ayşe Hür
1046:Karaköse
876:See also
848:, novel)
834:, novel)
606:Kurmanci
556:led the
312:Strength
292:IX Corps
263:Ferzende
71:Location
27:Part of
2418:Revolts
2221:AMB to
2043:Support
1985:Îbrahîm
1705:Origins
1617:1571104
1219:Bulut,
1203:Bulut,
784:scholar
609:Kurdish
558:Hesenan
514:Turkish
434:Kurdish
104:changes
2236:Hüsrev
2223:Tehran
2206:Berlin
2077:Ankara
2071:Turkey
2068:
2037:Mehmed
1899:Xoybûn
1831:Turkey
1761:After
1632:
1615:
1551:
1526:
1501:
1476:
1444:
1395:
1302:
1277:
1253:
1171:
1153:p. 14.
1141:p. 13.
1135:
1095:
1007:
960:p. 142
954:
927:
786:
779:
772:
765:
757:
695:Tehran
644:Bitlis
620:Dersim
604:, the
602:Xoybûn
588:Xoybûn
568:and a
562:Jalali
534:Turkey
304:Xoybûn
132:Turkey
87:Result
80:Turkey
3172:2020s
3077:2010s
3018:2000s
2958:1990s
2891:1980s
2801:1970s
2700:1960s
2644:1950s
2541:1940s
2485:1930s
2439:1920s
2316:1910s
2184:Nazmi
2178:Salih
2169:Sedat
2138:Kâzım
2123:Fevzi
2117:Zekai
2102:Recep
2093:İsmet
2032:Nadir
2007:Zîlan
2002:Xalis
1613:JSTOR
1545:Field
1075:Taraf
1013:p. 38
791:JSTOR
777:books
699:Qotur
670:Zilan
632:Erciş
628:Iğdır
526:Kurds
430:Alevi
306:party
2132:Âsım
1872:Khoy
1862:Maku
1855:Iran
1630:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1221:ibid
1205:ibid
1169:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1129:1995
1093:ISBN
1041:ibid
1005:ISBN
952:ISBN
925:ISBN
763:news
703:قطور
642:and
582:Iran
504:The
440:Zaza
63:Date
2204:to
2202:AMB
2127:CGS
2106:MND
1605:doi
746:by
705:).
640:Van
618:of
580:to
528:of
520:or
438:2.
428:1.
3232::
2097:PM
1611:.
1601:40
1599:.
1420:.
1416:.
1353:^
1245:.
1139:,
1072:,
1061:,
1011:,
999::
989:^
982:32
967:^
958:,
939:^
840:,
826:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
626:,
600:,
584:.
560:,
516::
51:,
47:,
2301:e
2294:t
2287:v
1972:)
1968:(
1957:)
1953:(
1947:)
1943:(
1927:)
1923:(
1912:)
1908:(
1666:e
1659:t
1652:v
1638:.
1619:.
1607::
1532:.
1507:.
1482:.
1422:2
1401:.
1373:(
1360:(
1344:(
1331:(
1318:(
1308:.
1259:.
962:.
864:(
854:(
844:(
830:(
813:)
807:(
802:)
798:(
788:·
781:·
774:·
767:·
740:.
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512:(
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345:v
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