1616:
1258:
1287:
2187:
1267:
1031:
860:
1587:
1605:
1634:
1754:
2367:
1558:
938:
5079:
4914:
331:
2385:
65:
1768:
25:
1090:
1596:
4979:
1022:
775:
766:
4956:
1467:
5043:
1449:
1013:
757:
2343:
5003:
4937:
349:
340:
1249:
7442:
34:
1625:
1680:
694:
1576:
1567:
1296:
222:
2418:
2205:
630:
621:
612:
5063:
445:
436:
427:
2196:
501:
492:
5019:
703:
1161:
1152:
45:
1278:
880:
871:
851:
685:
213:
547:
565:
556:
54:
1183:. In some cases, it is possible that illustrations were added to an already existing text at a later date. Fatimid illustration style can be demonstrated by one surviving piece of paper, which was excavated in Cairo. This single sheet of paper has drawings on both sides; one side showing a lion, and the other, a hare. While it is unclear whether this page originated from a work of, potentially, scientific or
6836:
534:). The surah headings of this codex are illuminated but do not represent the text found in the pages. The decorations of this Qur'an resembles those of the Umayyad mosaics of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. It's dated to the period after 72 AH / 691–692 CE or more probably during the last quarter of the 1st (early 8th) century
733:), From 1st / 2nd Century Hijra, is traditionally attributed to Uthman Ibn Affan. But the paleographic assessment indicates that the Topkapi manuscript comes closest to those writings that date back to the 8th century. Its illuminations are similar to those found in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the Umayyad Mosque in
809:
studies, it probably dates from the 8th or 9th century. Radio-carbon dating shows a 95.4% probability of a date between 775 and 995. However, one of the folios from another manuscript (held in the
Religious Administration of Muslims in Tashkent) was dated to between 595 and 855 A.D. with a likelihood
318:, an ancient pigment used from 300 BCE onwards, such motifs vary in color and shapes in this manuscript, in one folio, three wavy threads of orange-red colour separated by dots run parallel over the entire span of the page, In the outer margin, the three lines are interlaced to draw a highly stylized
1199:
Mamluk painting marks the last revival of miniature paintings in the Arab world. In this style, a more rigid style is found most commonly. A new interest is developed in the field of war treatises. Formalism is the main characteristic of the manuscripts of this period: the decorations are schematic
313:
marks to indicate short vowels, but consonants are occasionally differentiated with oblique dashes. The text is laid out in the format that was to become standard for complete Quran manuscripts, with chapter divisions indicated by a decorated line in the form of basic geometric shapes painted with
1073:
happen. The combination of these elements of interest may explain the commissioning of illuminated manuscripts of this text. It also explains the birth of a new genre of painting, representing realistically the details of daily life contemporary to the painter of the illustration. Finally, this
1341:
to fill these larger formats. Some manuscripts could be monumental in size; for example, one Qur'an manuscript produced for Sultan Sha'ban measured between 75 and 105 cm (30–41 in) tall. One of the stylistic features that distinguished Mamluk manuscript decoration was the presence of
7068:
888:
Double page display of two full pictures in the "Great
Umayyad Qur'an" of a courtyard mosque (left) and a prayer hall consisting of four naves with a two-storey elevation and a transept leading off the mihrab. mosque. Fragments of the extant folios showing Sūrah al-Fātiḥah and Sūrah
1498:, 54.33-114). It shows both Mongol and Persian influences, although it still remains faithful to the caliphal classical Arabic tradition. Subsequently, the few rare manuscripts still produced in this region lost their originality and almost totally assimilated to the
7139:
911:
of
Umayyads. Because of this the time of production of this Qur'an has been narrowed to between 691 and 743 CE. It is the only lavishly illuminated Qur'an codex extant that can be securely placed in the Umayyad period. It's currently housed in the
6799:
602:
This copy was written with 25 lines to the page on folios in vertical format. The average height of the line is about 11.5 mm. With homogenous quires with five bifolios. The surah headings of this codex are illuminated but irregularly.
199:
The following manuscripts are listed in a chronological order, it should be noted however that the date estimates of a codex may be concurrent or similar to those of other manuscripts due to the wide range of date estimates offered by
7043:
1110:
Another example are the
Fatimids who fueled a renaissance in Arabic figurative arts, thus developing a stylized and distinct style. The prevalence of books within the Fatimid empire was demonstrated by the existence of the
98:, usually book or manuscript illustrations but also sometimes separate artworks that occupy entire pages. The earliest example dates from around 690 AD, with a flourishing of the art from between 1000 and 1200 AD in the
6035:
S. al-Munajjid, Dirāsāt fī Tārīkh al-Khatt al-ʿArabī Mundhu
Bidayatihi ilā Nihayat al-ʿAsr al-Umawi (French Title: Etudes De Paleographie Arabe), 1972, Dār al-Kitāb al-Jadid: Beirut (Lebanon), pp. 56-57, Figs. 26 and
6874:
660:
caliph, however, the style of script and decorations seems to go against this claim. Therefore, it is more likely that this manuscript dates back to the second half of 1st century or first half of 2nd century
7013:
6025:
F. Déroche, "Colonnes, Vases Et
Rinceaux Sur Quelques Enluminures D'Époque Omeyyade", Comptes Rendus Des Séances / Académie Des Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres, 2004 (published 2006), pp. 227-264, esp. p.
6921:
968:
work was copied by the author's son himself, from models that already existed in the previous century. It is then necessary to wait until the end of the twelfth century to find a boom in miniatures in the
5862:
S. Noja Noseda, "Note
Esterne In Margin Al 1° Volume Dei ‘Materiali Per Un'edizione Critica Del Corano’", Rendiconti: Classe Di Lettere E Scienze Morali E Storiche, 2000, Vol. 134, Fasc. 1, pp. 19–25.
7047:
6148:
S. al-Munajjid, Dirāsāt fī Tārīkh al-Khatt al-ʿArabī Mundhu
Bidayatihi ilā Nihayat al-ʿAsr al-Umawi (French Title: Etudes De Paleographie Arabe), 1972, Dar al-Kitab al-Jadid: Beirut (Lebanon), p. 55.
638:
Pages from the “Qur'ān Of ʿUthmān” At The
Turkish and Islamic Art Museum, Istanbul, Turkey, second image reads: کٮٮه عٮماں ٮں عڡاں ڡى سںه ٮلٮىں ("ʿUthmān bin ʿAffān wrote it in the year thirty ").
6996:
5078:
1086:
of the ruling
Abbasid Caliphate. The movement had largely died out by the early 14th century, five decades following the invasion of the Mongols in 1258 and the downfall of the Abbasids' rule.
6925:
4913:
3628:
1143:
were dispersed, making it difficult to locate any complete manuscripts. Only fragments of text and paper are able to provide information of the content and style of Fatimid manuscripts.
4978:
1615:
7055:
161:
in the late Abbasid era (12th to 13th-centuries), was one of the pre-eminent exponents of the Baghdad school. In 1236-1237, he is known to have transcribed and illustrated the book,
6177:
A. Shebunin, "Kuficheskii Koran Imp. SPB. Publichnoi Biblioteki", Zapiski Vostochnago Otdieleniia Imperatorskago Russkago Arkheologicheskago Obshchestva, 1891, Volume 6, pp. 69-133.
1257:
676:
skin. While the folios from the restoration of 1437 CE are made out of paper. Every tenth ayah is marked with a circular gold medallion surrounded by blue, green, and red dots.
1767:
1286:
2186:
6066:
S. Şahin, The Museum Of Turkish And Islamic Arts - Thirteen Centuries Of Glory From The Umayyads To The Ottomans, 2009, Blue Dome Press: New York (NY), p. 23, pp. 24-25.
1642:(1st row) Various examples of early Umayyad paintings in Qusayr 'Amra. (2nd row) Examples of Abbasid Figural paintings from Samarra. (3rd row) Examples of Fatimid art.
6929:
7051:
1759:
5871:
W. Wright, Facsimiles Of Manuscripts And Inscriptions (Oriental Series), 1875–1883, The Palæographical Society, William Clowes and Sons, Ltd.: London, Plate LIX.
6913:
6917:
6909:
6848:
2501:
7075:
4955:
1082:, also known as the Arab school, it was a relatively short-lived yet influential center of Arab art developed during the late 12th century in the capital
6887:
2244:
1229:
829:. Its verse endings are marked by small panels of diagonals lines; the tenth verse is marked with a square medallion illuminated in blue, green, red and
818:
6100:
S. al-Munajjid, Dirāsāt fī Tārīkh al-Khatt al-ʿArabī Mundhu Bidayatihi ilā Nihayat al-ʿAsr al-Umawi (French Title: Etudes De Paleographie Arabe), 1972,
2366:
1661:
surrounded by their courts. Among these works, although intended for commoners, wealthy merchants or others, some have retained the frontispiece of the
1466:
997:(1218-1259), contributing to the prosperity of the region and the emergence of a rich cultural background. It is also in this city the class of wealthy
410:
in London (KFQ 60), attributed to the 7th century, six oval dots ranked in three pairs also punctuate the verses. Every fifth verse is marked by a red
2152:, or by mixing other primary colours such as indigo blue and orpimente. Adding other pigments such as vermillion helped to add tonality to the colour.
579:
The “Umayyad Codex of Fusṭāṭ” (Codex Marcel 13) of the 1st century of hijra, is a manuscript that may have been one of the mus'hafs that were sent by
7287:
744:
Its surahs are separated by ornamented horizontal bands. The manuscript also contains large circular rosettes, these are found after every 5 and 10
5567:
5018:
1333:
in Iran. The production of high-quality paper at this time also allowed for pages to be larger, which in turn encouraged artists to elaborate new
5745:
5707:
1001:
were likely to order such works. The manuscripts still conserved today correspond to the end of this period of prosperity, the first half of the
5042:
2173:
and northern Syria were the main centers for the manufacturing of manuscripts, usually the origin of the works is often difficult to determine.
8129:
6356:
6307:
5412:
1266:
6984:
7087:
1448:
1030:
859:
1753:
1699:
At the end of the twelfth century, a new influence appeared; it was medieval painting that came through Byzantine illumination developed in
6700:
1679:
483:(Kuwait). Six oval dots ranked in three pairs punctuate the verses. Every tenth verse is marked by a red hollow circle surrounded by dots.
7091:
6813:
6738:
179:. The narrative concerns the travels of a middle-aged man as he uses his charm and eloquence to swindle his way across the Arabic world.
2384:
748:, while rectangular shaped signs are found after every 100 verses and signs of similar shape following every 200 verses in some surahs.
8113:
6533:
Hoffman, Eva R. (2008-01-01). "Between East and West: The Wall Paintings of Samarra and the Construction of Abbasid Princely Culture".
4304:
7421:
5062:
2616:
2342:
1586:
8204:
8166:
5002:
4892:
8086:
7363:
6977:
5682:
8020:
7008:
4279:
1604:
163:
1731:. But this influence can be found in manuscripts without any relation with ancient subjects, as in several manuscripts of the
1204:
compositions, stylized folds of clothing. The features of the characters sometimes take on those of Mongol rulers, depicting "
322:, in another folio, the separator is covered with blackheads. The verse endings are indicated by intertextual clustered dots.
7584:
7490:
7210:
7134:
7063:
6283:
6125:
5975:
5839:
5396:
1417:
895:
The only surviving Arabic illuminated manuscript dating from before the 11th century is the "Great Umayyad Qur'an". Found in
4936:
6881:
5915:
Y. Dutton, "Some Notes On The British Library's 'Oldest Qur'an Manuscript' (Or. 2165)", Journal Of Qur'anic Studies, 2004,
3668:
1366:
in 1258 by the Mongol armies marked the beginning of a decline in the art of illuminated books. The miniature survived in
1061:
are reminiscent of the figurines from these shows. In addition, the epoch featured a great enthusiasm for the sessions or
138:
in the Caliphate, it wasn't until the 14th century that the artistic skill reached the non-Arab regions of the Caliphate.
8093:
4284:
4046:
3210:
3643:
573:
Folios from codex Marcel 13 (the "Umayyad Codex of Fusṭāṭ"): Arabe 330c, f. 18r, Marcel 13, f. 15r and Marcel 13, f. 3r.
468:
376:
6057:(Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi Nüshası), 2007, Volumes I and II, İslam Araştırmaları Merkezi (İSAM): Istanbul (Turkey).
4943:
4289:
1176:
1058:
115:
6862:
1039:(From right to left) Book of Fixed Stars; Constellation of Draco, sagittarius and Ursa Major (The Great Bear), 1009 AD
8214:
8134:
8014:
7994:
7983:
6509:
6448:
6332:
5940:
5892:
5804:
5111:
4319:
3633:
1716:
1633:
295:
6944:
5721:
141:
Despite the considerable changes in Arabic miniature style and technique, even during their last decades, the early
8010:
7299:
6693:
5500:
M. Stuiver & H. A. Polach, "Discussion: Reporting Of C Data", Radiocarbon, 1977, Volume 19, No. 3, pp. 355-363.
5339:
1905:
7979:
6167:
5600:
4145:
2830:
645:
531:
299:
7948:
7687:
5273:"Review of Qur'ans of the Umayyads: A First Overview (Leiden Studies in Islam & Society), François Déroche"
3726:
2840:
7973:
7958:
7252:
5069:
4021:
1390:
and Persian empires and only the centers far away from the Arab world of these empires perpetuated this art.
364:
7353:
8156:
8151:
8000:
7963:
7328:
7257:
6717:
5655:
4885:
4566:
2427:
1673:(highly formalised) and frozen characters. These are generally literary works intended for entertainment.
1557:
899:, ornamentation of this manuscript incorporated motifs that are very similar to those used to decorate the
7020:
6117:
Al-Muṣḥaf al-sharif : attributed to ʻUthmān bin ʻAffān : (the copy at the Topkapı Palace Museum)
5218:
330:
8209:
8124:
8036:
7968:
7282:
6686:
4454:
4212:
4207:
4150:
3721:
2102:, (الهيماتيت or الشَاذَنَج or الشَادَنَه or حَجَر الدَّم or الحجر الهندي or حجر الطور or الحديد الصيني),
459:
In the Codex B. L. Or. 2165, a Qur'ānic manuscript from the 1st century Hijra, with its fragments in the
237:
64:
5575:
5172:
793:(also known as the Uthman Quran, Samarkand codex, Samarkand manuscript and Tashkent Quran) at Tashkent (
134:) owe their existences to Arabic miniatures, as Arab patrons were the first to demand the production of
8052:
7879:
4336:
4217:
3284:
2541:
2390:
2328:. The other particularity of the manuscript is being one of the rare illustrated works produced in the
1098:
476:
388:
154:
5196:
1187:
subject matter, it is an example of larger patterns of naturalistic and figural representation within
937:
102:. The art form went through several stages of evolution while witnessing the fall and rise of several
8062:
7990:
7277:
7267:
7203:
7002:
6370:
van Dyke, Yana; Centeno, Silvia A.; Carò, Federico; Frantz, James H.; Wypyski, Mark T. (2018-09-14).
4269:
4264:
3731:
3638:
2877:
2771:
1089:
368:
24:
7303:
5420:
8224:
5604:
5571:
4135:
3215:
3002:
2287:
994:
273:
249:
245:
4531:
2213:(From right to left) Al-Jazari elephant clock, water device and a page from a codex about zoology.
6869:
6794:
6275:
Arts of the City Victorious : Islamic art and architecture in Fatimid North Africa and Egypt
5088:
4923:
4878:
4771:
2946:
2872:
2825:
1777:
1595:
1458:
1423:
1363:
6958:
6592:
Knipe, Penley; Eremin, Katherine; Walton, Marc; Babini, Agnese; Rayner, Georgina (2018-09-19).
5332:
The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: Kitáb fí ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya
4384:
4299:
4202:
4140:
4011:
3961:
3610:
3598:
3180:
2448:
1473:
1431:
1326:
1180:
135:
7472:
7247:
3546:
1021:
8079:
7559:
6991:
4947:
4349:
4274:
3951:
2443:
2401:
2372:
2324:
1408:
1225:
1139:
dissolved during the twelfth century, the libraries and collections of books that existed in
951:
896:
790:
649:
6187:
5683:"Worldwide media frenzy as 'oldest Koran' found lying forgotten at University of Birmingham"
2219:
The main field in which illustrated manuscripts proliferated were scientific works. Usually
8042:
8006:
7852:
7692:
7667:
7348:
7343:
7333:
7323:
7318:
7308:
7262:
7242:
7227:
7196:
7082:
6937:
6843:
6806:
5831:
La transmission écrite du Coran dans les débuts de l'islam le codex parisino-petropolitanus
5523:
5151:
3736:
2860:
2855:
2743:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2438:
2318:
directly inspired by daily life in the Arab towns of the time. Love stories are present in
1954:
1495:
774:
765:
515:
Simple ornaments of the borders and openings of the surahs in the pages of the 1st century
509:
Folios from the codex TIEM ŞE 321 (the "Damascus Umayyad Qur'an"): Folio 33v and Folio 57v.
8:
8219:
7806:
7763:
7677:
7313:
7292:
6709:
6012:
5769:
5479:
The use and abuse of P52 : papyrological pitfalls in the dating of the Fourth Gospel
4494:
4484:
4409:
4098:
4041:
4031:
4001:
3966:
3946:
2760:
2566:
2536:
2473:
2224:
1488:
1334:
1078:
in the arts during this period. One of the most famous centers in the Arab world was the
956:
580:
407:
6000:
5527:
5249:
Architekturbilder im Koran : eine Prachthandschrift der Umayyadenzeit aus dem Yemen
3252:
1012:
8119:
7781:
7771:
7615:
7569:
7272:
7160:
7116:
7109:
6623:
6401:
6350:
6301:
5549:
5458:
5300:
5136:
5126:
4993:
4965:
4424:
4359:
4344:
4314:
4113:
4108:
4093:
3986:
3981:
3675:
3648:
3247:
2835:
2805:
2791:
2353:
2077:
1735:. For example, In the Hariri of 1222 (BNF Ar.6094), the figures in the miniatures wear
1720:
1522:
1119:
1094:
1075:
756:
718:
657:
269:
253:
201:
186:
in western museums, Arabic miniatures occupy very little space in modern Arab culture.
176:
6972:
7753:
7748:
7730:
7038:
6951:
6904:
6855:
6831:
6615:
6550:
6515:
6505:
6444:
6393:
6338:
6328:
6289:
6279:
6215:
6131:
6121:
5981:
5971:
5946:
5936:
5898:
5888:
5845:
5835:
5810:
5800:
5541:
5483:
5450:
5392:
5292:
5253:
5146:
5131:
4600:
4581:
4127:
4088:
4036:
4026:
4016:
3991:
3976:
3939:
3570:
2954:
2698:
2319:
2073:
2052:
1662:
1654:
1534:
1503:
1499:
1351:
1062:
738:
315:
310:
142:
127:
123:
99:
8183:
6627:
6405:
5553:
3825:
1781:
1712:
722:
8030:
8026:
7866:
7705:
7625:
7416:
6605:
6542:
6383:
6008:
5531:
5384:
5284:
5173:"Research Guides: Medieval Studies and Research: Manuscripts: Art & Techniques"
4571:
4556:
4541:
4489:
4394:
4294:
4197:
4160:
4103:
4083:
4078:
4051:
3971:
3830:
3593:
3501:
3391:
3386:
3170:
3075:
3013:
2978:
2970:
2810:
2713:
2546:
2357:
2279:
2093:
2081:
1862:
1375:
961:
900:
392:
348:
339:
146:
131:
6091:, pp. 106-107 (Volume I, Turkish section), pp. 120-121 (Volume I, Arabic section).
4611:
1248:
8057:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7743:
7579:
7546:
7463:
6965:
6436:
5051:
4848:
4721:
4576:
4504:
4469:
4369:
4259:
4165:
4006:
3810:
3536:
3401:
3267:
3257:
3220:
2986:
2653:
2596:
2586:
2376:
2107:
1922:
1901:
1872:
1820:
1686:
1383:
1136:
950:
The first illustrated Arabic manuscript still preserved from the 11th century is
460:
414:
urrounded by dots (rather than hollow circles like in Codex B. L. Or. 2165). The
399:
277:
5413:"الكنوز الضائعة.. هكذا انتقلت أشهر المخطوطات العربية إلى مكتبات العالم المختلفة"
5352:
4616:
3531:
3496:
2165:
Two types of works were illustrated; scientific books and literary manuscripts.
530:(This manuscript belongs to the Şam Evrakı ‘Papers of Syria’ collection, at the
33:
7910:
7796:
7672:
7574:
7531:
7526:
7170:
5629:
5106:
4761:
4546:
4521:
4192:
4073:
4065:
3865:
3795:
3511:
3486:
3339:
3289:
3237:
3175:
3120:
3023:
2887:
2845:
2708:
2693:
2601:
2576:
2521:
2511:
2417:
2118:
2048:
2024:
1850:
1724:
1575:
1542:
1538:
1514:
1387:
1338:
1079:
916:
The manuscript includes full illustrations that take up entire pages, and also
908:
904:
693:
119:
118:, and at last, got totally assimilated and subsequently disappeared due to the
7441:
6610:
6593:
6546:
6388:
6371:
5536:
5511:
3491:
2322:, but only two illustrated manuscripts are known, the most famous of which is
1624:
1566:
1329:
and exhibit stylistic similarities with those produced under the contemporary
1295:
221:
8198:
7923:
7811:
7682:
7662:
7564:
6619:
6554:
6397:
6342:
6293:
6219:
6135:
5985:
5950:
5849:
5814:
5545:
5487:
5454:
5296:
5257:
4803:
4641:
4586:
4364:
3890:
3872:
3381:
3043:
2962:
2917:
2850:
2776:
2248:
595:
280:
6519:
6441:
The Art of the Qu'ran: Treasures from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts
6162:
E. A. Rezvan, "On The Dating Of An “'Uthmanic Qur'an” From St. Petersburg",
5902:
2204:
1670:
629:
620:
611:
8171:
8046:
7816:
7519:
7509:
7501:
7338:
5378:
5121:
4833:
4756:
4646:
4551:
4434:
4227:
3615:
3588:
3506:
3436:
3416:
3205:
3165:
3154:
2939:
2902:
2668:
2409:
1969:
1836:
1347:
1233:
1002:
806:
384:
303:
6322:
6273:
5388:
5288:
3885:
3877:
3756:
2230:
1379:
1228:, A.125 Inf.). One of the most exemplary manuscripts of this style is the
986:
Several Islamic monarchs enjoyed a long reign, such as the Abbasid caliph
444:
435:
426:
7888:
7697:
7486:
7480:
7468:
7219:
5335:
5141:
4843:
4798:
4696:
4536:
3900:
3521:
3476:
3411:
3319:
3242:
3095:
3090:
2897:
2815:
2786:
2781:
2636:
2315:
2299:
2236:
2195:
1965:
1918:
1728:
1708:
1403:
1398:
Arab miniaturists had to adapt to the tastes of their new rulers and the
1188:
1054:
802:
500:
491:
480:
111:
107:
7406:
7176:
5462:
5442:
5304:
5272:
2176:
1849:, (hist. :الإسرنج, current. :أكسيد الرصاص الثنائي والرباعي), chemically
375:. With its largest part of the fragmentary manuscript being held at the
294:. It was on display at the University of Birmingham in 2015 and then at
145:
Arab influence could still be noticed. Arabic miniature artists include
8177:
7536:
7391:
7376:
5092:
4927:
4808:
4736:
4716:
4711:
4309:
4175:
3996:
3805:
3583:
3516:
3463:
3329:
3232:
3115:
2882:
2738:
2673:
2561:
2506:
2333:
2220:
2103:
2085:
2020:
1949:
1840:
1217:
1205:
1184:
1179:
of the same page, which makes it difficult to gather information about
1128:
970:
826:
798:
702:
527:
265:
261:
257:
183:
8161:
2658:
2305:
1487:
One of the last important illustrated Arabic manuscripts is a copy of
1160:
1151:
122:
occupation of the Arab world. Nearly all forms of Islamic miniatures (
8139:
7874:
7476:
6754:
6678:
6209:
6115:
5965:
5930:
5829:
5794:
5477:
5247:
4989:
4818:
4788:
4651:
4479:
4444:
4419:
4222:
4180:
4170:
3820:
3344:
3105:
3053:
3018:
2728:
2531:
2496:
2295:
2267:
2149:
2145:
2089:
2036:
1868:
1439:
1413:
1354:
were often decorated with star-shaped or hexagonal geometric motifs.
1330:
1322:
1277:
1201:
1070:
965:
927:
830:
794:
319:
291:
241:
103:
44:
5882:
5770:"Codex Arabe 328c – A Qur'anic Manuscript From 1st Century Of Hijra"
2571:
2084:
MnO 2. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral
1321:
were among the main centers of manuscript production. Mamluk-period
922:
dividers and ornamental borders. One of the miniatures representing
879:
870:
850:
684:
8144:
7918:
7801:
7791:
7554:
7411:
6732:
5033:
4853:
4766:
4746:
4731:
4526:
4499:
3855:
3815:
3761:
3349:
3130:
3085:
3038:
3028:
2912:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2581:
2291:
2283:
2271:
2252:
2099:
1876:
1846:
1832:
1816:
1666:
1314:
1132:
998:
987:
822:
734:
726:
403:
212:
91:
5884:
Islamic art in the Kuwait National Museum: the al-Sabah Collection
5601:"Birmingham Qur'an manuscript dated among the oldest in the world"
4686:
4681:
4626:
3895:
1707:
was taken up but adapted to the Muslim context. The manuscript of
918:
564:
555:
546:
298:
until 5 August 2016. The Cadbury Research Library has carried out
7842:
7821:
7401:
4858:
4828:
4783:
4751:
4706:
4701:
4691:
4636:
4631:
4561:
4516:
4474:
4354:
3956:
3783:
3658:
3653:
3334:
3294:
3262:
3080:
3048:
2688:
2329:
2258:
2166:
2002:
1979:
1973:
1897:
1744:
1399:
1343:
1213:
1083:
1074:
emergence of the image is also explained by the weakening of the
1046:
1045:
The Arab society present at that time showed a great interest in
673:
287:
158:
53:
3697:
1406:
influences. This influence is felt in particular in the book of
745:
7894:
7826:
7776:
7646:
7641:
7620:
7605:
7396:
6787:
6769:
5116:
4985:
4961:
4838:
4823:
4813:
4666:
4621:
4464:
4459:
4449:
4429:
4379:
3850:
3845:
3835:
3800:
3766:
3714:
3707:
3692:
3687:
3623:
3577:
3551:
3541:
3441:
3426:
3421:
3406:
3396:
3371:
3359:
3354:
3324:
3314:
3309:
3200:
3185:
3125:
3110:
3058:
3033:
2922:
2907:
2892:
2733:
2703:
2683:
2678:
2663:
2641:
2349:
2311:
2274:
used to be written, and in particular the most famous of them,
2139:
1999:
1736:
1732:
1546:
1530:
1526:
1318:
1066:
1050:
931:
923:
730:
653:
584:
464:
83:
7188:
3556:
3376:
3272:
2043:
with vinegar, and covering that with decaying matter, such as
1216:. The oldest manuscript of this style dates back to 1273 with
73:
Various examples of pages from Arabic illuminated manuscripts.
7884:
7847:
7786:
7600:
7514:
7371:
6443:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 104–105.
6372:"On the formation of hörnesite in a Fatimid manuscript folio"
4863:
4793:
4726:
4676:
4671:
4656:
4439:
4404:
4399:
4389:
4374:
4242:
4232:
4155:
3905:
3840:
3682:
3663:
3526:
3481:
3471:
3446:
3431:
3304:
3195:
3140:
3135:
3100:
3070:
2723:
2718:
2591:
2556:
2516:
2491:
2486:
2263:
2170:
2044:
1740:
1700:
1658:
1518:
1371:
1367:
1310:
1140:
991:
814:
589:
472:
380:
372:
284:
194:
95:
783:
Pages from the Uthman Qur'an. (notice the square medallions)
7610:
7386:
7381:
5009:
4741:
4661:
4414:
4247:
4237:
3751:
3702:
3299:
3190:
2606:
2551:
2526:
2122:
2040:
1704:
1525:
times. Many examples of figurative representations such as
1435:
1237:
1209:
834:
283:
and is still clearly legible. The leaves preserve parts of
5510:
Scott, E Marian; Cook, Gordon T; Naysmith, Philip (2007).
1442:
and the network of local sponsors gradually disappeared.
1350:
over pastel-coloured backgrounds set within wide margins.
587:
that contained reformed orthography, it is written in the
398:
Two additional folia have been preserved, one kept in the
276:. The manuscript is written in ink on parchment, using an
248:
are written. In 2015 the manuscript, which is held by the
6369:
5659:
5633:
5630:"'Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University"
1933:, It forms gradually from realgar under exposure to light
6120:. Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture.
5656:"Tests show UK Quran manuscript is among world's oldest"
272:
of Middle Eastern manuscripts, held by the university's
6591:
1739:
while having Byzantine features and attitudes close to
1386:, most Arab countries became peripheral regions of the
941:
9th century Qur'anic fragments written in Kufic script.
2255:, often drawn from the texts of ancient doctors. The
2177:
Scientific manuscripts (الْمَخْطُوطَات الْعِلْمِيَّة)
175:), a series of anecdotes of social satire written by
7076:
The Wonders of Creatures and the Marvels of Creation
2228:
1434:(C.Ar.464). However, this art continued regressing,
1112:
5512:"Error and Uncertainty in Radiocarbon Measurements"
2306:
Literary manuscripts (الْمَخْطُوطَات الْأَدَبِيَّة)
1378:, however, the style became less refined, and more
1057:. The appearance of the characters depicted in the
672:The manuscript is written on parchment made out of
652:that attributes the scribal work of the mus'haf to
5219:"Islamic Miniature Painting and Book Illumination"
151:Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices,
6594:"Materials and techniques of Islamic manuscripts"
6158:
6156:
6154:
5881:Jenkins, Marilyn; al-Ahmad, Nasser Sabah (1983).
5509:
840:
8196:
5624:
5622:
5380:Art, Awakening, and Modernity in the Middle East
2314:manuscripts provide an opportunity to employ an
6087:(Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi Nüshası), 2007,
5967:Qur'ans of the Umayyads : a first overview
5880:
2070:Ultramarine, vermilion, realgar and pararealgar
1961:Chemical- and mineral-based colors, including:
1533:of humans and animals adorn the palaces of the
1428:The marvels of creation and their peculiarities
1194:
1175:It is rare to have an example of both text and
1105:
981:
813:Written in the territory of modern Iraq in the
8130:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
6435:
6151:
5189:
2005:produced by weathering of copper ore deposits.
1101:from the 1237 manuscript (BNF ms. arabe 5847).
357:Folios from the Codex Parisino-Petropolitanus.
7204:
6694:
6324:Fatimid art at the Victoria and Albert Museum
5963:
5619:
4886:
1438:gradually becoming a satellite region of the
1382:. With the fall of the Mamluks following the
1208:", similar to those of certain turkic Mamluk
5932:Essays in honour of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Munajjid
5792:
1694:
1665:from which they were inspired. These prince
1474:ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt wa-gharāʾib al-mawjūdāt
6431:
6429:
6427:
6278:. Institute of Ismaili Studies. New Haven.
6207:
5928:
5440:
1789:
230:Pages from the Birmingham Quran manuscript.
8114:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
7211:
7197:
6701:
6687:
6355:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6306:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5441:Thābit, Mahmūd; Albin, Michael W. (1977).
5226:Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
4893:
4879:
4305:On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
2276:The Book of Knowledge of Mechanical Tricks
1968:, (صبغة اللازورد), made from the minerals
1875:, HgS, and found in nature as the mineral
195:Non-figurative ornaments in early Mus'hafs
6609:
6387:
6320:
6113:
5935:. Al-Furqān Islamic Heritage Foundation.
5535:
1127:was reported to contain 6,500 volumes of
8167:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
6424:
5443:"The Tragedy of Arabic Manuscripts, (1)"
2262:is the most famous example, inspired by
1088:
936:
8087:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
6532:
5998:
5827:
5595:
5593:
5475:
5245:
1494:dated around 1370 and 1380 in Baghdad (
648:is the "Qur'an of 'Uthman", due to its
387:. And another 46 folia are kept in the
8197:
7009:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
6708:
6327:. Victoria and Albert Museum. London.
6001:"A Qurʾanic Script from Umayyad Times"
5270:
5211:
4280:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
2138:Green was achieved by using a base of
1416:(Pierpont Morgan Library, M.500), the
7192:
7135:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
7064:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
6682:
6499:
6271:
6267:
6265:
5680:
5376:
5324:
2282:in 1206, Who was the engineer of the
2125:. Dark brown-red: realgar, pararealga
1774:Book of Selected Maxims and Aphorisms
1097:, illustration by the Abbasid artist
453:Folios from the Codex B. L. Or. 2165.
260:(in the Islamic calendar, between 56
6882:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
5590:
5241:
5239:
1648:
1549:, or the harems of the Abbasid era.
8094:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
6166:, 2000, Volume 6, No. 3, pp. 19-22.
5648:
5377:Esanu, Octavian, ed. (2017-11-22).
4285:The Incoherence of the Philosophers
3940:National literatures of Arab States
721:, also called “Qur'ān Of ʿUthmān” (
583:to many important cities including
13:
6262:
6208:al-Munaǧǧid, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn (1972).
6013:10.1093/oso/9780190498931.003.0003
5929:al-Munaǧǧid, Ṣalāḥ-ad-Dīn (2002).
5722:"The Birmingham Qur'an Manuscript"
5170:
5012:, c. 1230 AD, by an Iraqi painter.
4290:The Incoherence of the Incoherence
1169:Examples from the Fustat fragments
14:
8236:
7995:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
6674:
6188:"Tashkent's hidden Islamic relic"
5708:"FAQs - University of Birmingham"
5311:
5236:
5112:Byzantine illuminated manuscripts
1952:, (نيلي), derived from the plant
1861:, found in nature as the mineral
644:Another manuscript housed in the
296:Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
86:: ٱلْمُنَمْنَمَات ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة,
7440:
5999:Déroche, François (2017-12-21).
5077:
5061:
5041:
5017:
5001:
4977:
4954:
4935:
4912:
2416:
2383:
2365:
2341:
2203:
2194:
2185:
1946:Plant-based substances such as:
1865:, or made by heating white lead;
1766:
1752:
1678:
1653:Several Arabic manuscripts have
1632:
1623:
1614:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1465:
1447:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1159:
1150:
1076:ban on figurative representation
1029:
1020:
1011:
878:
869:
858:
849:
773:
764:
755:
701:
692:
683:
628:
619:
610:
563:
554:
545:
499:
490:
443:
434:
425:
383:, as BnF Arabe 328(ab), with 70
377:Bibliothèque nationale de France
347:
338:
329:
220:
211:
63:
52:
43:
32:
23:
8205:Islamic illuminated manuscripts
7218:
6658:
6646:
6634:
6585:
6573:
6561:
6526:
6493:
6481:
6469:
6457:
6412:
6363:
6314:
6250:
6238:
6226:
6201:
6180:
6171:
6142:
6107:
6094:
6069:
6060:
6039:
6029:
6019:
5992:
5957:
5922:
5909:
5874:
5865:
5856:
5821:
5796:Catalogue des manuscrits arabes
5793:Déroche, François (1983–1985).
5786:
5762:
5738:
5714:
5700:
5674:
5560:
5503:
5494:
5469:
5434:
5405:
5340:Springer Science+Business Media
711:Pages from the Topkapi Mus'haf.
646:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum
532:Turkish and Islamic arts Museum
5681:Authi, Jasbir (22 July 2015).
5370:
5353:"Baghdad school – Islamic art"
5345:
5264:
5164:
4970:The Story of the Lost Traveler
1871:, (مسحوق الزنجفر), chemically
1482:
1393:
976:
841:Emergence of Arabic miniatures
1:
6985:Risālat al-Ṣūfī fī al-kawākib
6214:. New Book Publishing House.
5157:
1509:
1304:Examples from Mamluk codices.
406:1605/1) and the other in the
365:codex Parisino-petropolitanus
106:. Arab miniaturists absorbed
8152:Mathematics and architecture
6211:Etudes de paléographie arabe
6081:Osman’a Nisbet Edilen Mushaf
6051:Osman’a Nisbet Edilen Mushaf
5419:. 2017-08-30. Archived from
5232:(10): 166–171. October 1933.
5048:1310 Syrian illustration of
2076:, (أكسيد المنغنيز الرباعي),
2023:, (أبيض الرصاص), chemically
1685:Page of a manuscript of the
1426:(Ms.161) dated 1307 or even
1195:Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)
1106:Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)
982:Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)
665:. The codex was restored by
7:
6753:Earliest known illuminated
5321:Genève, Skira, 1977, 209 p.
5277:Journal of Qur'anic Studies
5100:
4455:One Thousand and One Nights
2229:
2088:, which is the main ore of
2047:, to provide the necessary
2035:, and historically made by
1715:takes up models taken from
1113:
990:or the regent then king of
238:Birmingham Quran manuscript
182:With most surviving Arabic
88:Al-Munamnamāt al-ʿArabīyyah
10:
8241:
6814:The Speech of Wild Animals
6502:Five essays on Islamic art
6114:Altıkulaç, Tayyar (2007).
5828:Déroche, François (2009).
5799:. Bibliothèque nationale.
5246:von Bothmer, Hans-Caspar.
5070:Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani
4905:
4218:Arcs of Descent and Ascent
3285:Andalusian classical music
3211:Arabic musical instruments
2542:Islamic geometric patterns
2391:Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti
2247:. There are also books on
1900:, (رهج الغار), chemically
1357:
1200:and reduced to a minimum,
1099:Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti
960:, dated from around 1009 (
897:the Great Mosque in Sana'a
477:Dār al–Athar al–Islāmiyyah
389:National Library of Russia
244:on which two leaves of an
189:
149:, who illustrated his own
114:influences brought by the
8135:Influences on Western art
8103:
8071:
7947:
7909:
7865:
7835:
7762:
7729:
7720:
7655:
7634:
7593:
7545:
7500:
7456:
7449:
7438:
7362:
7235:
7226:
7153:
7126:
7101:
7030:
6896:
6823:
6779:
6761:
6748:
6725:
6716:
6611:10.1186/s40494-018-0217-y
6547:10.1163/22118993-90000127
6389:10.1186/s40494-018-0221-2
6005:Oxford Scholarship Online
5774:www.islamic-awareness.org
5568:"Virtual Manuscript Room"
5537:10.1017/s0033822200042351
4992:, circa 1300. Maqamat of
4984:Abû Zayd preaches in the
4265:The Theology of Aristotle
3732:Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
3629:Love in Arabic literature
2878:Arabic geometric patterns
2841:Islamic hardstone carving
2772:Ancient South Arabian art
1819:, (رهج أصفر), chemically
1719:that can be found in the
1695:Syro-Byzantine influences
1222:Banquet of the Physicians
930:, and, on the reverse, a
667:Dāwūd bin ʿAlī al-Kaylānī
523:A notable example is the
418:are separated by a space.
369:oldest extant manuscripts
8215:Islamic arts of the book
6439:; Rettig, Simon (2016).
6321:Contadini, Anna (1998).
6272:Bloom, Jonathan (2007).
5750:University of Birmingham
5726:University of Birmingham
5605:University of Birmingham
5572:University of Birmingham
5085:"Kitāb mukhtār al-ḥikam"
4920:"Kitāb mukhtār al-ḥikam"
3634:Arabic erotic literature
2831:Palestinian wood carving
2160:
1790:Materials and techniques
1455:kitab fawa'id al hayawan
905:Great Mosque of Damascus
274:Cadbury Research Library
250:University of Birmingham
246:early Quranic manuscript
157:, who probably lived in
153:and the Abbasid artist,
16:Small paintings on paper
6870:The Book of Fixed Stars
6795:The Book of Fixed Stars
5476:Nongbri, Brent (2005).
5089:Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik
4924:Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik
4141:Islamic Aristotelianism
4136:Early Arabic Philosophy
1894:Orpiment and vermillion
1459:Pierpont Morgan Library
1424:University of Edinburgh
1181:illuminated manuscripts
1069:character to whom many
945:
669:on 3 December 1437 CE.
256:to between 568 and 645
136:illuminated manuscripts
8125:Indo-Saracenic Revival
6164:Manuscripta Orientalia
5334:, transl. & anno.
5317:Richard Ettinghausen,
5271:Dutton, Yasin (2016).
5199:. The David Collection
4778:South Arabian deities
4300:Theologus Autodidactus
3181:Rhythm in Arabic music
2241:Book of Veterinary Art
1760:Dioscorides of Topkapi
1432:Bavarian State Library
1402:who brought with them
1232:, probably painted in
1102:
942:
519:Qur'ans are also found
469:Bibliothèque Nationale
302:of the manuscript and
300:multispectral analysis
8080:Empire of the Sultans
6992:Hadith Bayad wa Riyad
6945:Kitāb naʿt al-ḥayawān
6500:Terry, Allen (1988).
5389:10.4324/9781315121970
5289:10.3366/jqs.2016.0227
4607:North Arabian deities
4511:Fictional Arab people
4350:Atlantis of the Sands
4275:The Book of the Apple
2856:Islamic ivory carving
2373:Hadith Bayad wa Riyad
2325:Hadith Bayad wa Riyad
1982:, (اللَّازَوَرْد), Cu
1721:Dioscorides of Vienna
1717:Byzantine manuscripts
1705:Christian iconography
1092:
952:Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi
940:
268:). It is part of the
8043:Arab World Institute
7853:Ottoman illumination
7021:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
6807:Timbuktu Manuscripts
5359:. www.britannica.com
5197:"Miniature Painting"
5152:History of the Arabs
3737:Modern Arabic poetry
3412:Gnawa (North Africa)
3253:Classical Arab music
2288:Nasir ad-Din Mahmoud
2025:basic lead carbonate
1998:, a soft, deep-blue
1955:Indigofera tinctoria
1831:, found in volcanic
1496:Freer Gallery of Art
1477:, library of Bavaria
1419:Vestiges of the past
1065:, tales featuring a
1049:and particularly in
6739:Letters by Muhammad
6504:. Solipsist Press.
5964:Déroche, François.
5528:2007Radcb..49..427S
5030:Book of the Animals
4410:Iram of the Pillars
3669:Mirrors for princes
3216:Great Book of Music
2949:(Arabian Peninsula)
2537:Islamic calligraphy
2302:were also written.
2225:veterinary medicine
2092:and a component of
2074:Manganese(IV) oxide
1796:
1795:Painting materials
1663:Persian manuscripts
1492:Wonders of Creation
1135:subjects. When the
1003:fourteenth century.
957:Book of Fixed Stars
791:“Qur'ān Of ʿUthmān”
408:Khalili Collections
167:(also known as the
116:Mongol destructions
8210:Miniature painting
8120:Aniconism in Islam
8058:Toronto (Aga Khan)
8015:Khalili Collection
7880:Geometric patterns
7288:Bahmani and Deccan
7161:Arabic calligraphy
7117:Galland Manuscript
7110:Bijapur Collection
6710:Arabic manuscripts
5319:La Peinture arabe,
5171:Mihram, Danielle.
5137:Islamic Golden age
5127:Arabic calligraphy
5026:"Kitāb al-ḥayawān"
4996:Syrian manuscript.
4532:Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
4360:Beast of the Earth
4315:Sicilian Questions
4146:Islamic Platonism
4099:Arabic mathematics
3649:Arabic short story
3644:Literary_criticism
2836:Islamic embroidery
2806:Arabic calligraphy
2117:, widely found in
2078:inorganic compound
1835:, low-temperature
1794:
1689:, 13th century AD.
1537:period, as on the
1517:has been known to
1409:Manafi' al-hayawan
1123:. In 1045 CE, the
1120:House of Knowledge
1103:
1093:The 7th Maqāma of
995:Badr al-Din Lu'lu'
964:, Marsh144). This
943:
817:. Now kept in the
654:'Uthman bin' Affan
467:(United Kingdom);
270:Mingana Collection
202:radiocarbon dating
177:Al-Hariri of Basra
128:Ottoman miniatures
124:Persian miniatures
104:Islamic caliphates
8192:
8191:
7861:
7860:
7716:
7715:
7688:Hardstone carving
7585:Chinese influence
7436:
7435:
7422:Stucco decoration
7186:
7185:
7149:
7148:
7083:Jami' al-tawarikh
7039:Maqamat al-Hariri
6952:De materia medica
6905:Maqamat al-Hariri
6888:MS Huntington 264
6856:De materia medica
6832:Maqamat al-Hariri
6665:La Peinture arabe
6653:La Peinture arabe
6641:La Peinture arabe
6580:La Peinture arabe
6568:La Peinture arabe
6488:La Peinture arabe
6476:La Peinture arabe
6464:La Peinture arabe
6419:La Peinture arabe
6285:978-0-300-13542-8
6257:La Peinture arabe
6245:La Peinture arabe
6233:La Peinture arabe
6127:978-92-9063-167-5
5977:978-1-306-21029-4
5841:978-90-04-17272-2
5578:on 25 August 2015
5398:978-1-315-12197-0
5177:libguides.usc.edu
5147:Islamic miniature
5132:Persian miniature
4903:
4902:
4203:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
4114:Arabic technology
4109:Arabic psychology
4094:Arabic Golden Age
2861:Islamic Metalwork
2617:Stucco decoration
2320:Arabic literature
2245:Ahmed Ibn Hussein
2227:and particularly
2158:
2157:
2148:, (زنجار), using
2094:manganese nodules
2053:chemical reaction
1782:palace of topkapi
1649:Persian influence
1230:Maqamat of Vienna
1226:Ambrosian Library
1063:Maqamat al-Harīrī
914:Dar al-Makhtutat.
819:Hast Imam library
254:radiocarbon dated
132:Mughal miniatures
100:Abbasid caliphate
80:Arabic miniatures
8232:
8031:Majorelle Garden
7727:
7726:
7560:Hispano-Moresque
7454:
7453:
7444:
7253:Anatolian Seljuk
7233:
7232:
7213:
7206:
7199:
7190:
7189:
7166:Arabic miniature
7014:Esad Efendi 3636
6959:Kitāb al-bayṭara
6922:Esad Efendi 2961
6723:
6722:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6680:
6679:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6613:
6598:Heritage Science
6589:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6497:
6491:
6485:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6437:Massumeh, Farhad
6433:
6422:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6391:
6376:Heritage Science
6367:
6361:
6360:
6354:
6346:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6305:
6297:
6269:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6242:
6236:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6184:
6178:
6175:
6169:
6160:
6149:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6111:
6105:
6098:
6092:
6073:
6067:
6064:
6058:
6043:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6023:
6017:
6016:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5926:
5920:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5626:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5597:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5574:. Archived from
5564:
5558:
5557:
5539:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5349:
5343:
5328:
5322:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5243:
5234:
5233:
5223:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5168:
5081:
5065:
5045:
5021:
5005:
4981:
4958:
4939:
4916:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4572:Princess Jasmine
4557:Layla and Majnun
4542:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
4490:She-Camel of God
4485:Shams al-Ma'arif
4295:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
4161:Sufi metaphysics
4089:Arabic geography
4084:Arabic astronomy
4079:Arabic astrology
4074:Arabic chemistry
3639:Arabic grimoires
3619:
3392:Chaabi (Morocco)
3387:Chaabi (Algeria)
3171:Arab tone system
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2821:Arabic miniature
2547:Islamic ornament
2420:
2397:
2396:
2387:
2369:
2358:Saint Petersburg
2345:
2234:
2207:
2198:
2189:
1810:أَحْمَر/وَرْدِي
1797:
1793:
1770:
1756:
1682:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1469:
1451:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1163:
1154:
1126:
1116:
1047:theatrical shows
1033:
1024:
1015:
962:Bodleian Library
901:Dome of the Rock
882:
873:
862:
853:
777:
768:
759:
705:
696:
687:
632:
623:
614:
593:or perhaps late
567:
558:
549:
503:
494:
475:(France) and in
447:
438:
429:
393:Saint-Petersburg
351:
342:
333:
224:
215:
147:Ismail al-Jazari
67:
56:
47:
36:
27:
8240:
8239:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8230:
8229:
8225:Arab inventions
8195:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8157:Moorish Revival
8105:
8099:
8067:
7984:Calligraphy Art
7950:
7943:
7905:
7857:
7831:
7758:
7722:
7712:
7678:Enamelled glass
7651:
7630:
7589:
7541:
7496:
7457:Regional styles
7445:
7432:
7358:
7329:Sudano-Sahelian
7236:Regional styles
7222:
7217:
7187:
7182:
7145:
7122:
7097:
7059:
7026:
6973:Kalīla wa-Dimna
6966:Kitab al-Aghani
6938:Kitāb al-Diryāq
6933:
6892:
6844:Kitāb al-Diryāq
6819:
6775:
6757:
6744:
6712:
6707:
6677:
6672:
6671:
6663:
6659:
6651:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6590:
6586:
6578:
6574:
6566:
6562:
6535:Muqarnas Online
6531:
6527:
6512:
6498:
6494:
6486:
6482:
6474:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6434:
6425:
6417:
6413:
6368:
6364:
6348:
6347:
6335:
6319:
6315:
6299:
6298:
6286:
6270:
6263:
6255:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6231:
6227:
6206:
6202:
6193:
6191:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6176:
6172:
6161:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6128:
6112:
6108:
6099:
6095:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6044:
6040:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6020:
5997:
5993:
5978:
5962:
5958:
5943:
5927:
5923:
5914:
5910:
5895:
5879:
5875:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5857:
5842:
5826:
5822:
5807:
5791:
5787:
5778:
5776:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5754:
5752:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5730:
5728:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5687:Birmingham Mail
5679:
5675:
5665:
5663:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5637:
5628:
5627:
5620:
5610:
5608:
5599:
5598:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5474:
5470:
5439:
5435:
5426:
5424:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5375:
5371:
5362:
5360:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5329:
5325:
5316:
5312:
5269:
5265:
5244:
5237:
5221:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5181:
5179:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5103:
5096:
5082:
5073:
5068:The Maqamat of
5066:
5057:
5052:Kalila wa-Dimna
5046:
5037:
5024:A giraffe from
5022:
5013:
5006:
4997:
4982:
4973:
4959:
4950:
4940:
4931:
4926:, 13th century
4917:
4908:
4899:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4772:Isāf and Nā'ila
4603:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4505:Zarqa al Yamama
4370:Book of Wonders
4339:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4260:Liber de Causis
4166:Sufi philosophy
4130:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4104:Arabic medicine
4068:
4058:
4057:
4056:
3617:
3611:Epic literature
3573:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3402:Fann at-Tanbura
3221:Kitab al-Aghani
3157:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2811:Arabic graffiti
2763:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2654:Albarrana tower
2597:Reflecting pool
2587:Nagash painting
2479:
2430:
2393:
2388:
2379:
2377:Vatican Library
2370:
2361:
2346:
2308:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2163:
2115:
2111:
2034:
2030:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1932:
1928:
1923:arsenic sulfide
1915:
1911:
1902:arsenic sulfide
1873:mercury sulfide
1860:
1856:
1830:
1826:
1821:arsenic sulfide
1792:
1785:
1771:
1762:
1757:
1697:
1690:
1687:Kitāb al-Aghānī
1683:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1512:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1396:
1384:Battle of Anjar
1364:sack of Baghdad
1360:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1197:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1137:Fatimid dynasty
1124:
1108:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:
984:
979:
948:
893:
892:
891:
890:
885:
884:
883:
875:
874:
865:
864:
863:
855:
854:
843:
787:
786:
785:
784:
780:
779:
778:
770:
769:
761:
760:
715:
714:
713:
712:
708:
707:
706:
698:
697:
689:
688:
642:
641:
640:
639:
635:
634:
633:
625:
624:
616:
615:
577:
576:
575:
574:
570:
569:
568:
560:
559:
551:
550:
513:
512:
511:
510:
506:
505:
504:
496:
495:
461:British Library
457:
456:
455:
454:
450:
449:
448:
440:
439:
431:
430:
400:Vatican Library
361:
360:
359:
358:
354:
353:
352:
344:
343:
335:
334:
234:
233:
232:
231:
227:
226:
225:
217:
216:
197:
192:
155:Yahya Al-Wasiti
77:
76:
75:
74:
70:
69:
68:
59:
58:
57:
49:
48:
39:
38:
37:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8238:
8228:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8186:
8184:Topkapı Scroll
8181:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8142:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8109:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8090:
8083:
8075:
8073:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8039:
8034:
8023:
8018:
8007:British Museum
8003:
7998:
7991:Islamic Museum
7987:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7955:
7953:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7915:
7913:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7897:
7892:
7882:
7877:
7871:
7869:
7863:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7768:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7735:
7733:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7702:Stained glass
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7673:Damascus steel
7670:
7665:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7644:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7551:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7512:
7506:
7504:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7484:
7466:
7460:
7458:
7451:
7447:
7446:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7368:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7239:
7237:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7216:
7215:
7208:
7201:
7193:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7173:
7171:Baghdad School
7168:
7163:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7113:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7079:
7072:
7060:
7044:Or. Add. 22114
7034:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7017:
7005:
7000:
6997:Vat. Arabo 368
6988:
6981:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6878:
6866:
6863:Kitāb-al-Daraj
6859:
6852:
6840:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6810:
6803:
6791:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6752:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6735:
6729:
6727:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6706:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6683:
6676:
6675:External links
6673:
6670:
6669:
6657:
6645:
6633:
6584:
6572:
6560:
6541:(1): 107–132.
6525:
6510:
6492:
6480:
6468:
6456:
6449:
6423:
6411:
6362:
6333:
6313:
6284:
6261:
6249:
6237:
6225:
6200:
6179:
6170:
6150:
6141:
6126:
6106:
6093:
6075:T. Altikulaç,
6068:
6059:
6045:T. Altikulaç,
6038:
6028:
6018:
5991:
5976:
5956:
5941:
5921:
5908:
5893:
5873:
5864:
5855:
5840:
5820:
5805:
5785:
5761:
5737:
5713:
5699:
5673:
5662:. 22 July 2015
5647:
5636:. 22 July 2015
5618:
5607:. 22 July 2015
5589:
5559:
5522:(2): 427–440.
5502:
5493:
5468:
5433:
5404:
5397:
5369:
5344:
5336:Donald R. Hill
5323:
5310:
5283:(1): 153–157.
5263:
5235:
5210:
5188:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5107:Baghdad School
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5083:
5076:
5074:
5072:, 9th century.
5067:
5060:
5058:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5023:
5016:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4998:
4983:
4976:
4974:
4968:(43rd maqam),
4960:
4953:
4951:
4941:
4934:
4932:
4918:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Kara Ben Nemsi
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4522:Abdul Alhazred
4519:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4322:
4320:Fusus al-Hikam
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4193:Al-aql al-faal
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3875:
3866:Arabic prosody
3862:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3618:(ryhmed prose)
3613:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Qudud Halabiya
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Andalusi nubah
3287:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Arabic hip hop
3235:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3176:Algerian scale
3173:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3121:Robe of honour
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3054:Tarboush (fez)
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3007:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:(North Africa)
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:Damascus steel
2885:
2880:
2875:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Islamic garden
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2826:Arabic pottery
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Medina quarter
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2577:Multifoil arch
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Horseshoe arch
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2410:Arabic culture
2406:
2405:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2340:
2336:at that time.
2307:
2304:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2113:
2109:
2097:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2049:carbon dioxide
2032:
2028:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1959:
1958:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1851:lead tetroxide
1844:
1828:
1824:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1725:Constantinople
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1543:desert castles
1539:Mshatta Facade
1515:Figurative art
1511:
1508:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1446:
1395:
1392:
1359:
1356:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1196:
1193:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1107:
1104:
1080:Baghdad School
1055:shadow theatre
1038:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
983:
980:
978:
975:
947:
944:
926:is based on a
909:desert castles
887:
886:
877:
876:
868:
867:
866:
857:
856:
848:
847:
846:
845:
844:
842:
839:
782:
781:
772:
771:
763:
762:
754:
753:
752:
751:
750:
723:Topkapi Museum
719:Topkapi Mushaf
710:
709:
700:
699:
691:
690:
682:
681:
680:
679:
678:
637:
636:
627:
626:
618:
617:
609:
608:
607:
606:
605:
572:
571:
562:
561:
553:
552:
544:
543:
542:
541:
540:
508:
507:
498:
497:
489:
488:
487:
486:
485:
452:
451:
442:
441:
433:
432:
424:
423:
422:
421:
420:
356:
355:
346:
345:
337:
336:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
229:
228:
219:
218:
210:
209:
208:
207:
206:
196:
193:
191:
188:
72:
71:
62:
61:
60:
51:
50:
42:
41:
40:
31:
30:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8237:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8179:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8115:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8102:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8076:
8074:
8070:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7908:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7834:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7765:
7761:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7725:
7719:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7693:Ivory carving
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7499:
7492:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7443:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7361:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7214:
7209:
7207:
7202:
7200:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7152:
7141:
7137:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7040:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7010:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6875:TSMK, A. 3493
6872:
6871:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6704:
6699:
6697:
6692:
6690:
6685:
6684:
6681:
6666:
6661:
6654:
6649:
6642:
6637:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6576:
6569:
6564:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6511:0-944940-00-5
6507:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6484:
6477:
6472:
6465:
6460:
6452:
6450:9781588345783
6446:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6420:
6415:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6366:
6358:
6352:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6334:1-85177-178-6
6330:
6326:
6325:
6317:
6309:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6268:
6266:
6258:
6253:
6246:
6241:
6234:
6229:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6204:
6189:
6183:
6174:
6168:
6165:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6145:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6110:
6103:
6097:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6063:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6032:
6022:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5995:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5942:1-873992-70-X
5938:
5934:
5933:
5925:
5918:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5894:0-85667-174-6
5890:
5886:
5885:
5877:
5868:
5859:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5806:2-7177-1396-4
5802:
5798:
5797:
5789:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5751:
5747:
5741:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5709:
5703:
5688:
5684:
5677:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5623:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5497:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5472:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5449:(12): 16–19.
5448:
5444:
5437:
5423:on 2022-10-05
5422:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5400:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5383:. Routledge.
5382:
5381:
5373:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5320:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5242:
5240:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5214:
5198:
5192:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5163:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5053:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4896:
4891:
4889:
4884:
4882:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4588:
4587:Talia al Ghul
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Book of Idols
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4198:Aql bi-l-fi'l
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:Islamic Logic
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Egyptian folk
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2987:Arab Maghreb
2985:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2965:(Mesopotamia)
2961:
2959:
2955:Arab Mashriq
2953:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Pseudo-Arabic
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Islamic glass
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Nabataean art
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2249:pharmacopoeia
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1924:
1921:, chemically
1920:
1917:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1783:
1779:
1778:Al-Mubashshir
1775:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:sixth century
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:representing
1656:
1655:frontispieces
1635:
1626:
1617:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1504:Persian style
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1352:Frontispieces
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:illustrations
1162:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
974:
972:
967:
963:
959:
958:
953:
939:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
881:
872:
861:
852:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
808:
807:palaeographic
804:
800:
796:
792:
776:
767:
758:
749:
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
704:
695:
686:
677:
675:
670:
668:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
631:
622:
613:
604:
600:
598:
597:
592:
591:
586:
582:
566:
557:
548:
539:
537:
533:
529:
526:
522:
518:
502:
493:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
446:
437:
428:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:, one of the
366:
350:
341:
332:
323:
321:
317:
312:
309:There are no
307:
306:of the inks.
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
282:
281:Hijazi script
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
223:
214:
205:
203:
187:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
66:
55:
46:
35:
26:
8176:
8172:Pseudo-Kufic
8112:
8092:
8085:
8078:
8001:Kuala Lumpur
7899:
7738:
7426:
7278:Indo-Islamic
7268:Great Seljuk
7228:Architecture
7175:
7165:
7133:
7127:17th century
7115:
7108:
7102:15th century
7081:
7074:
7062:
7037:
7031:14th century
7019:
7007:
6990:
6983:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6943:
6936:
6903:
6897:13th century
6880:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6842:
6830:
6824:12th century
6812:
6805:
6793:
6786:
6780:11th century
6768:
6762:10th century
6737:
6664:
6660:
6652:
6648:
6640:
6636:
6601:
6597:
6587:
6579:
6575:
6567:
6563:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6501:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6475:
6471:
6463:
6459:
6440:
6418:
6414:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6323:
6316:
6274:
6256:
6252:
6244:
6240:
6232:
6228:
6210:
6203:
6192:. Retrieved
6190:. 2006-01-05
6182:
6173:
6163:
6144:
6116:
6109:
6101:
6096:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6071:
6062:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6031:
6021:
6004:
5994:
5966:
5959:
5931:
5924:
5916:
5911:
5883:
5876:
5867:
5858:
5830:
5823:
5795:
5788:
5777:. Retrieved
5773:
5764:
5753:. Retrieved
5749:
5740:
5729:. Retrieved
5725:
5716:
5702:
5690:. Retrieved
5686:
5676:
5664:. Retrieved
5650:
5638:. Retrieved
5609:. Retrieved
5580:. Retrieved
5576:the original
5562:
5519:
5515:
5505:
5496:
5478:
5471:
5446:
5436:
5425:. Retrieved
5421:the original
5416:
5407:
5379:
5372:
5361:. Retrieved
5356:
5347:
5331:
5326:
5318:
5313:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5248:
5229:
5225:
5213:
5201:. Retrieved
5191:
5180:. Retrieved
5176:
5166:
5122:Arab culture
5084:
5049:
5029:
5025:
4969:
4919:
4834:Dhul Khalasa
4777:
4776:
4606:
4601:Spirituality
4577:Ra's al Ghul
4552:King Marsile
4510:
4509:
4435:Magic carpet
4324:
4253:
4252:
4186:
4185:
4022:Saudi Arabia
3938:
3937:
3864:
3863:
3789:
3788:
3742:
3741:
3713:
3712:
3674:
3673:
3604:
3603:
3576:
3451:
3377:Algerian Raï
3365:
3364:
3278:
3277:
3226:
3225:
3206:Quarter tone
3166:Arabic maqam
3160:
3064:
3063:
3008:
2927:
2903:Hedwig glass
2866:
2865:
2820:
2799:
2798:
2766:
2748:
2669:Caravanserai
2647:
2646:
2480:
2478:
2433:
2428:Architecture
2323:
2309:
2275:
2256:
2240:
2239:such as the
2218:
2164:
2133:
2063:
2013:
1970:lapis lazuli
1960:
1953:
1941:
1887:
1837:hydrothermal
1809:
1773:
1698:
1652:
1513:
1491:
1489:Al-Qazwini's
1486:
1472:
1454:
1427:
1418:
1407:
1397:
1361:
1325:were richly
1309:
1221:
1198:
1174:
1118:
1109:
1044:
985:
955:
949:
917:
913:
894:
815:Kufic script
812:
803:orthographic
788:
743:
716:
671:
666:
662:
656:, the third
643:
601:
594:
588:
578:
535:
524:
520:
516:
514:
458:
415:
411:
397:
362:
308:
304:XRF analysis
288:18 (Al-Kahf)
235:
198:
181:
172:
168:
162:
150:
140:
90:) are small
87:
79:
78:
8104:Principles,
8072:Exhibitions
8025:Marrakech (
8021:Los Angeles
7989:Jerusalem (
7951:collections
7902:Calligraphy
7782:Indo-Muslim
7764:Calligraphy
7698:Mosque lamp
7656:Other media
7575:Mina'i ware
7464:Bangladeshi
7220:Islamic art
6749:9th century
6726:7th century
6718:Manuscripts
6667:, p.125-128
6655:, p.120-124
6490:, p.179-181
6478:, p.135-142
6466:, p.183-184
6421:, p.143-149
5887:. Sotheby.
5516:Radiocarbon
5330:al-Jazari,
5203:30 December
5142:Islamic art
5095:circa 1250.
4537:Battal Gazi
3722:Anthologies
3522:Raqs Sharqi
3477:Belly dance
3320:Iraqi maqam
3248:Arabic jazz
3243:Arabic rock
3096:Fouta towel
2898:Girih tiles
2816:Arab carpet
2787:Fatimid art
2782:Islamic art
2637:Windcatcher
2502:Arabic dome
2316:iconography
2300:cosmography
2266:. Books on
2253:anti-poison
2142:, such as:
1966:Ultramarine
1919:Pararealgar
1841:hot springs
1839:veins, and
1709:Dioscorides
1523:pre-Islamic
1483:Last traces
1394:Mongol rule
1376:Mamluk rule
1327:illuminated
1189:Fatimid art
1125:Dār al-'Ilm
1114:Dār al-'Ilm
977:Development
801:, based on
789:As for the
741:monuments.
525:TIEM ŞE 321
481:Kuwait city
311:diacritical
184:manuscripts
8220:Arabic art
8199:Categories
8178:Stilfragen
8106:influences
7978:Istanbul (
7911:The garden
7867:Decoration
7836:Other arts
7731:Miniatures
7616:Embroidery
7570:Lustreware
7429:Decoration
7392:Mashrabiya
7300:Indonesian
7140:Arabe 1489
6978:Arabe 3465
6918:Arabe 5847
6914:Arabe 6094
6910:Arabe 3929
6849:Arabe 2964
6837:Arabe 3924
6194:2022-06-10
5779:2022-06-11
5755:2022-06-11
5731:2022-06-11
5447:MELA Notes
5427:2022-05-27
5363:2022-05-23
5357:Britannica
5338:. (1973),
5182:2022-05-27
5158:References
5093:manuscript
4946:featuring
4928:manuscript
4809:Dhat-Badan
4737:Theandrios
4717:Baalshamin
4712:Atarsamain
4567:Palamedes
4310:Muqaddimah
4270:Al-isharat
4176:Avicennism
4128:Philosophy
3997:Mauritania
3806:Muwashshah
3771:Khamriyyah
3571:Literature
3517:Ouled Nail
3330:Muwashshah
3233:Arabic pop
2792:Mamluk art
2739:Well house
2674:Bimaristan
2562:Mashrabiya
2334:Al-Andalus
2221:bestiaries
2104:iron oxide
2086:pyrolusite
2039:sheets of
2021:White lead
1803:Source(s)
1723:copied in
1669:represent
1510:Influences
1348:scrollwork
1218:Ibn Butlan
1206:Asian eyes
1185:zoological
1129:scientific
1071:adventures
1059:miniatures
971:Arab world
827:Uzbekistan
799:Uzbekistan
737:and other
169:Assemblies
8140:Grotesque
8053:Singapore
8037:Melbourne
7875:Arabesque
7304:Malaysian
7069:Or Ms 161
7056:Marsh 458
6800:Marsh 144
6643:, p.83-97
6620:2050-7445
6604:(1): 55.
6582:, p.67-80
6570:, p.61-65
6555:0732-2992
6398:2050-7445
6351:cite book
6343:652126056
6302:cite book
6294:165081886
6259:, p.82-83
6235:, p.53-54
6220:469853665
6136:713324877
5986:973051902
5951:231972727
5850:494418883
5834:. Brill.
5815:489708670
5546:0033-8222
5488:746495806
5455:0364-2410
5417:ساسة بوست
5297:1465-3591
5258:258068564
5091:, Syrian
4994:al-Hariri
4990:Samarkand
4966:al-Hariri
4948:Al-Harith
4944:miniature
4652:Al-Kutbay
4480:Shadhavar
4445:Mount Qaf
4420:Karkadann
4337:Mythology
4223:Asabiyyah
4181:Averroism
4012:Palestine
3934:Mutadārik
3931:Mutaqārib
3922:Mujtathth
3774:Tardiyyah
3594:Classical
3537:Schikhatt
3502:Khaleegy
3279:Art music
3106:Jellabiya
3019:Battoulah
2873:Arabesque
2867:Features
2729:Shadirvan
2532:Hypostyle
2497:Arabesque
2481:Features
2449:Nabataean
2354:Al-Hariri
2296:cosmogony
2292:Treatises
2280:Al-Jazari
2268:mechanics
2237:hippiatry
2231:furūsiyya
2150:malachite
2146:Verdigris
2090:manganese
2080:with the
2037:corroding
1869:Vermilion
1833:fumaroles
1808:Red/pink
1667:portraits
1541:, or the
1440:Ilkhanate
1430:from the
1414:Bukhtishu
1331:Ilkhanids
1202:geometric
1117:, or the
1095:Al-Hariri
999:merchants
966:astronomy
928:cosmogram
831:manganese
795:Samarkand
581:al-Hajjaj
320:palm leaf
292:20 (Taha)
242:parchment
92:paintings
8145:Moresque
8005:London (
7949:Museums,
7934:Paradise
7919:Charbagh
7900:See also
7802:Nastaliq
7792:Muhaqqaq
7723:the book
7635:Woodwork
7594:Textiles
7555:Fritware
7427:See also
7412:Muqarnas
7407:Mocárabe
7364:Elements
7177:Sharbūsh
7154:Concepts
7088:Or Ms 20
7048:Or. 7293
6926:Or. 9718
6733:PERF 558
6628:52832431
6520:19270867
6406:53635955
6104:, p. 55.
6102:op. cit.
6089:op. cit.
5919:, p. 44.
5917:op. cit.
5903:10098227
5554:59572018
5463:29785032
5305:44031130
5101:See also
5034:Al-Jahiz
4767:Yarhibol
4747:Malakbel
4617:Al-‘Uzzá
4527:Ali Baba
4500:Zulfiqar
4187:Concepts
4171:Farabism
3962:Djibouti
3919:Muqtaḍab
3913:Munsariħ
3856:Ghinnawa
3831:Riddles
3816:Mathnawi
3578:Language
3532:Shamadan
3497:Hagallah
3350:Tahmilah
3131:Takchita
3091:Durra'ah
3086:Djellaba
3065:Clothing
3039:Madhalla
3029:Keffiyeh
3009:Headwear
2963:Mashriq
2957:(Levant)
2913:Muqarnas
2632:Voussoir
2627:Vaulting
2622:Tadelakt
2612:Socarrat
2582:Muqarnas
2402:a series
2400:Part of
2272:automata
2257:Book of
2134:أَخْضَر
2100:Hematite
2051:for the
2014:أَبْيَض
1942:أَزْرَق
1888:أَصْفَر
1877:cinnabar
1847:Red lead
1817:Orpiment
1800:Color(s)
1745:apostles
1671:hieratic
1527:frescoes
1374:, under
1346:foliate
1315:Damascus
1214:monarchs
1133:literary
988:An-Nasir
907:and the
837:design.
823:Tashkent
810:of 95%.
735:Damascus
727:Istanbul
658:Rashidun
650:colophon
599:script.
404:Vat. Ar.
316:red lead
173:Sessions
8162:Mudéjar
8063:Tripoli
8041:Paris (
8011:V&A
7939:Persian
7929:Ottoman
7843:Muraqqa
7822:Thuluth
7807:Persian
7754:Persian
7749:Ottoman
7721:Arts of
7706:Shabaka
7580:Persian
7547:Pottery
7532:Turkish
7527:Persian
7502:Carpets
7491:Ottoman
7487:Turkish
7481:Safavid
7469:Persian
7402:Minaret
7377:Banna'i
7349:Umayyad
7344:Timurid
7334:Swahili
7324:Ottoman
7319:Moorish
7309:Iranian
7283:Bengali
7263:Fatimid
7258:Chinese
7248:Ayyubid
7243:Abbasid
7052:ÖNB AF9
7003:MS 5229
6755:Qur'ans
6085:I Şerîf
6055:I Şerîf
5692:23 July
5666:22 July
5640:22 July
5611:22 July
5582:25 July
5524:Bibcode
4962:Maqamat
4942:Arabic
4906:Gallery
4859:Yaghūth
4829:Basamum
4784:Almaqah
4752:Orotalt
4707:Al-Qaum
4702:Aglibol
4637:Chaabou
4632:Dushara
4582:Sindbad
4562:Othello
4517:Aladdin
4475:Shaddad
4355:Bahamut
4066:Science
4042:Tunisia
4027:Somalia
4002:Morocco
3987:Lebanon
3957:Comoros
3952:Bahrain
3947:Algeria
3925:Muḍāriʿ
3860:Humayni
3784:Hamasah
3676:Islamic
3659:Tezkire
3654:Tabaqat
3547:Tanoura
3487:Deheyeh
3382:Bedouin
3335:Qasidah
3295:Bashraf
3268:Khaliji
3263:Al Jeel
3116:Macawis
3081:Burnous
3049:Tantour
3044:Taqiyah
2981:(Sudan)
2979:Mawset
2973:(Egypt)
2971:Mawset
2947:Khalij
2940:Cuisine
2883:Banna'i
2689:Madrasa
2659:Alcázar
2512:Gardens
2507:Banna'i
2469:Moorish
2464:Fatimid
2459:Abbasid
2454:Umayyad
2439:Islamic
2350:Maqamat
2330:Maghreb
2312:Maqamat
2286:sultan
2284:Artukid
2259:Theriac
2167:Baghdad
2082:formula
2064:بُنِيّ
2031:·Pb(OH)
2027:, 2PbCO
2003:mineral
1980:Azurite
1974:azurite
1898:Realgar
1886:Yellow
1743:or his
1737:turbans
1733:Maqamat
1727:in the
1713:Topkapi
1659:princes
1545:of the
1535:Umayyad
1531:reliefs
1500:Ottoman
1422:of the
1412:by Ibn
1404:Chinese
1400:Mongols
1388:Ottoman
1358:Decline
1339:designs
1323:Qur'ans
1084:Baghdad
1051:puppets
889:al-Nās.
835:stellar
833:with a
739:Umayyad
674:gazelle
528:Mus'haf
371:of the
363:In the
264:and 25
190:Origins
171:or the
164:Maqamat
159:Baghdad
143:Umayyad
120:Ottoman
112:Persian
108:Chinese
8047:Louvre
8027:Museum
7974:Ghazni
7959:Berlin
7924:Mughal
7895:Zellij
7827:Tughra
7777:Diwani
7772:Arabic
7744:Mughal
7739:Arabic
7647:Minbar
7642:Khatam
7626:Suzani
7621:Soumak
7606:Damask
7537:Prayer
7520:Motifs
7417:Sitara
7397:Mihrab
7354:Yemeni
7314:Mamluk
7293:Mughal
7092:MSS 77
6788:Maqama
6770:Maqama
6626:
6618:
6553:
6518:
6508:
6447:
6404:
6396:
6341:
6331:
6292:
6282:
6247:, p.81
6218:
6134:
6124:
5984:
5974:
5949:
5939:
5901:
5891:
5848:
5838:
5813:
5803:
5746:"FAQs"
5552:
5544:
5486:
5461:
5453:
5395:
5303:
5295:
5256:
5117:Maqama
4986:mosque
4839:Haukim
4824:Qaynan
4819:Ta'lab
4814:Haubas
4804:Salman
4799:Athtar
4667:Azizos
4622:Al-Lat
4495:Wāḳwāḳ
4465:Qutrub
4460:Qareen
4450:Nasnas
4430:Luqman
4425:Kujata
4380:Dandan
4345:Ababil
4047:U.A.E.
3982:Kuwait
3977:Jordan
3916:Khafīf
3906:Rajaz
3851:Nabati
3846:Mawwal
3836:Kharja
3826:Nasīb
3821:Ruba'i
3811:Urjūza
3801:Qasida
3796:Diwan
3777:Khawal
3767:Ghazal
3757:Rithā'
3743:Genres
3715:Poetry
3708:Aqidah
3693:Hadith
3688:Tafsir
3624:Maqama
3599:Modern
3552:Yowlah
3542:Tahtib
3512:Mizmar
3492:Guedra
3442:Shaabi
3427:Mezwed
3422:Mawwal
3407:Fijiri
3372:Ataaba
3360:Waslah
3355:Taqsim
3345:Sama'i
3325:Mawwal
3315:Malhun
3310:Layali
3227:Genres
3201:Teslim
3186:Taqsim
3161:Theory
3126:Sirwal
3111:Kaftan
3059:Turban
3034:Litham
2923:Zellij
2908:Kiswah
2893:Damask
2767:Styles
2744:Zawiya
2734:Tekyeh
2704:Mosque
2684:Kasbah
2679:Hammam
2664:Bazaar
2642:Zellij
2572:Mosaic
2474:Mamluk
2444:Yemeni
2434:Styles
2140:copper
2132:Green
2062:Brown
2012:White
2000:copper
1950:Indigo
1863:minium
1741:Christ
1547:Levant
1521:since
1344:gilded
1335:motifs
1319:Aleppo
1317:, and
1067:jester
932:mosque
924:Jannah
903:, the
731:Turkey
596:ḥijāzī
585:Fusṭāṭ
465:London
416:surahs
412:alif s
285:Surahs
278:Arabic
252:, was
84:Arabic
7964:Cairo
7889:tiles
7885:Girih
7848:Hilya
7817:Taliq
7797:Naskh
7787:Kufic
7683:Glass
7668:Brass
7663:Music
7601:Batik
7565:Iznik
7515:Kilim
7477:Qajar
7473:Early
7372:Ablaq
7339:Tatar
7273:Hausa
6624:S2CID
6402:S2CID
6382:(1).
5550:S2CID
5459:JSTOR
5301:JSTOR
5222:(PDF)
5032:) by
5008:Arab
4864:Yatha
4854:Ya'uq
4794:Anbay
4732:Suwa'
4727:Hubal
4697:Abgal
4687:Manāt
4682:Manāt
4677:Quzah
4672:Bajir
4657:Asira
4642:Manaf
4627:Manāt
4612:Allah
4440:Marid
4405:Ifrit
4400:Houri
4390:Ghoul
4385:Falak
4375:Buraq
4254:Texts
4243:Qadar
4233:Irfan
4213:Peace
4208:Dhati
4156:Kalam
4052:Yemen
4037:Syria
4032:Sudan
4017:Qatar
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